text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Blockbuster (DC Comics) Blockbuster is the name of four fictional supervillain characters and a criminal organization appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The first one was primarily a foe of Batman and Robin, while the second was the archenemy to Nightwing. The latest version first appeared in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444903 |
Blockbuster (DC Comics) Later, Amanda Waller recruited Desmond for her revived Suicide Squad. He was killed fighting Darkseid's creation, Brimstone. In Pre-Crisis, Blockbuster absorbed energies from the Alfred Memorial which gave him some powers and was once substituted for the super-strong undead villain Solomon Grund... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444903 |
Blockbuster (DC Comics) When Catwoman breaks out of Arkham Asylum, Mark Desmond and Signalman confronted Catwoman on a rooftop, which ended with Catwoman being knocked out. Roland Desmond became the second Blockbuster after a severe illness forced him to be treated with experimental steroids. Like his brother Mark, Rol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444903 |
Blockbuster (DC Comics) Despite his swift and vicious consolidation of power, Blockbuster's hold on Blüdhaven's organized crime was nevertheless weakened by the intervention of the city's new protector, Nightwing (Dick Grayson, the former Robin), who, with Oracle's help, foiled Desmond's plans at every turn. Oracle oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444903 |
Blockbuster (DC Comics) Little is revealed about this Blockbuster, save for the fact that Luthor possesses some measure of control over his actions and level of strength. Luthor also comments that he is stronger than either of the previous two Blockbusters. This brute's cognitive abilities and appearance are very simil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444903 |
Blockbuster (DC Comics) The Roland Desmond version of Blockbuster appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #1 and DC Comics Presents: Wonder Woman Adventures #1. In "Batman: Arkham Knight-Genesis", a prequel comic to "", the Mark Desmond version of Blockbuster and Catman brutally beat Jason Todd, the second Robin, whil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444903 |
Light crude oil is liquid petroleum that has a low density and flows freely at room temperature. It has a low viscosity, low specific gravity and high API gravity due to the presence of a high proportion of light hydrocarbon fractions. It generally has a low wax content. receives a higher price than heavy crude oil on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444991 |
Light crude oil This variation in definition occurred because countries such as Canada and Mexico tend to have heavier crude oils than are commonly found in the United States, whose large oil fields historically produced lighter oils than are found in many other countries. Canada also uses the SI of units to measure oi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444991 |
Light crude oil From below $20 a barrel in early 2002, it rose to an intraday peak of $70.85 at the end of August 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. A new intraday record high of $78.40 was set on July 14, 2006, prompted by the firing of at least six missiles by North Korea on July 4–5, 2006, and escalating Mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2444991 |
Deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) is a highly anisotropic etch process used to create deep penetration, steep-sided holes and trenches in wafers/substrates, typically with high aspect ratios. It was developed for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which require these features, but is also used to excavate trenches f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2445044 |
Deep reactive-ion etching The Bosch process, named after the German company Robert Bosch GmbH which patented the process, also known as pulsed or time-multiplexed etching, alternates repeatedly between two modes to achieve nearly vertical structures: Each phase lasts for several seconds. The passivation layer protects ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2445044 |
Deep reactive-ion etching DRIE of glass requires high plasma power, which makes it difficult to find suitable mask materials for truly deep etching. Polysilicon and nickel are used for 10–50 µm etched depths. In DRIE of polymers, Bosch process with alternating steps of SF etching and CF passivation take place. Metal ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2445044 |
N,N-Diisopropylethylamine N","N"-Diisopropylethylamine, or Hünig's base, is an organic compound and an amine. It is named after the German chemist Siegfried Hünig. It is used in organic chemistry as a base. It is commonly abbreviated as DIPEA, DIEA, or i"-PrNEt. DIPEA consists of a central nitrogen that is bonded to an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2445897 |
N,N-Diisopropylethylamine DIPEA has been investigated for its use as a selective reagent in the alkylation of secondary amines to tertiary amines by alkyl halides. This is often hampered by an unwanted Menshutkin reaction forming a quaternary ammonium salt but this side-reaction is absent when DIPEA is present. DIPEA c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2445897 |
Markush structure A is a representation of chemical structure used to indicate a group of related chemical compounds. They are commonly used in chemistry texts and in patent claims. Markush structures are depicted with multiple independently variable groups, such as R groups in which a side chain can have varying struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2447580 |
Markush structure Separately, patent claims in the United States can be rejected or invalidated as indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter of the invention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2447580 |
Moses Gomberg (February 8, 1866 – February 12, 1947) was a chemistry professor at the University of Michigan. He was born in Yelisavetgrad, Russian Empire. His parents were the son of a merchant, Hershko (Hirsh) Gomberg and Maryam-Ethel née Reznikova. In 1884, the family emigrated to Chicago to escape the pogroms follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2447800 |
Moses Gomberg Gomberg was a mentor to Werner Emmanuel Bachmann who also carried on his work and together they discovered the Gomberg-Bachmann reaction. In 1923, he claimed to have synthesized chlorine tetroxide via the reaction of silver perchlorate with iodine, but was later shown to have been mistaken. Gomberg was th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2447800 |
Moses Gomberg Gomberg postulated that some non-tetravalent carbon structure existed in solution because of the observed activity towards oxygen and the halogens. Gomberg and Bachmann later found that treatment of "hexaphenylethane" with magnesium resulted in a Grignard reagent, the first instance of the formation of su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2447800 |
Moses Gomberg Gomberg never married, living with his sister Sophia in Ann Arbor for his adult life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2447800 |
Aziridine is the organic compounds consisting of the three-membered heterocycle (CH)NH. It is a colorless, toxic, volatile liquid that is of significant practical interest. The class of aziridines are of broader interest in medicinal chemistry. The bond angles in aziridine are approximately 60°, considerably less than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2447910 |
Aziridine As an alkylating agent, it also a mutagen. It is subject to attack and ring-opening by endogenous nucleophiles such as nitrogenous bases in DNA base pairs, resulting in potential mutagenicity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2447910 |
Velocity potential A velocity potential is a scalar potential used in potential flow theory. It was introduced by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788. It is used in continuum mechanics, when a continuum occupies a simply-connected region and is irrotational. In such a case, where denotes the flow velocity. As a result, can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2448955 |
Boron oxide may refer to one of several oxides of boron: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2454533 |
TATB TATB, triaminotrinitrobenzene or 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5- trinitrobenzene is an aromatic explosive, based on the basic six-carbon benzene ring structure with three nitro functional groups (NO) and three amine (NH) groups attached, alternating around the ring. is a powerful explosive (somewhat less powerful than RDX, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2455122 |
TATB At a pressed density of 1.80, has a velocity of detonation of 7,350 meters per second. has a crystal density of 1.93 grams/cm, though most use forms have no higher density than 1.80. melts at 350 °C. The chemical formula for is C(NO)(NH). has a bright yellow color. has been found to remain stable at temperatures a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2455122 |
Table of explosive detonation velocities This is a compilation of published detonation velocities for various high explosive compounds. Detonation velocity is the speed with which the detonation shock wave travels through the explosive. It is a key, directly measurable indicator of explosive performance, but depends on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2456044 |
Octafluoropropane (data page) This page provides supplementary chemical data on octafluoropropane. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its direction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2456429 |
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is a technology used to separate some gas species from a mixture of gases under pressure according to the species' molecular characteristics and affinity for an adsorbent material. It operates at near-ambient temperatures and differs significantly from cryogenic distillation techniques o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2457822 |
Pressure swing adsorption This is the process used in medical oxygen concentrators used by emphysema patients and others requiring oxygen-enriched air for breathing. Using two adsorbent vessels allows near-continuous production of the target gas. It also permits so-called pressure equalisation, where the gas leaving th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2457822 |
Pressure swing adsorption One of the primary applications of PSA is in the removal of carbon dioxide (CO) as the final step in the large-scale commercial synthesis of hydrogen (H) for use in oil refineries and in the production of ammonia (NH). Refineries often use PSA technology in the removal of hydrogen sulfide (HS)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2457822 |
Pressure swing adsorption With this variation of PSA developed for use in Laboratory Nitrogen Generators generation of nitrogen gas is divided into two steps: in the first step, the compressed air is forced to pass through a carbon molecular sieve to produce nitrogen at a purity of approximately 98%; in the second step... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2457822 |
Pressure swing adsorption This means that unadsorbed gases progress along the column much faster and are vented at the distal end, while adsorbed gases do not get the chance to progress and are vented at the proximal end. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2457822 |
Muon spin spectroscopy is an experimental technique based on the implantation of spin-polarized muons in matter and on the detection of the influence of the atomic, molecular or crystalline surroundings on their spin motion. The motion of the muon spin is due to the magnetic field experienced by the particle and may pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy Its two main features are the local nature of the muon probe, due to the short effective range of its interactions with matter, and the characteristic time-window (10 – 10 s) of the dynamical processes in atomic, molecular and condensed media that can be investigated by this technique. The closes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy Anderson in 1936, pioneer experiments on its properties were performed with cosmic rays. Indeed, with one muon hitting each square centimeter of the earth's surface every minute, the muons constitute the foremost constituent of cosmic rays arriving at ground level. However, µSR experiments requir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy They are collected over a certain solid angle by quadrupole magnets and directed on to a decay section consisting of a long superconducting solenoid with a field of several Tesla. If the pion momentum is not too high, a large fraction of the pions will have decayed before they reach the end of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy Finally, positive muon beams of even lower energy ("ultra slow muons" with energy down to the eV-keV range) can be obtained by further reducing the energy of an Arizona beam by utilizing the energy-loss characteristics of large band-gap solid moderators. This technique was pioneered by researcher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy In addition to the above-mentioned classification based on energy, muon beams are also divided according to the time structure of the particle accelerator, i.e. continuous or pulsed. For "continuous" muon sources no dominating time structure is present. By selecting an appropriate muon incoming r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy The virtual absence of background allows the extension of the time window for measurements up to about ten times the muon mean lifetime. The reverse of the medal is that the width of the muon pulse limits the time resolution. ISIS Neutron and Muon Source and J-PARC are the two "pulsed" muon sourc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy The decay of the positive muon into a positron and two neutrinos occurs via the weak interaction process after a mean lifetime of τ = 2.197034(21) μs: Parity violation in the weak interaction leads in this more complicated case (three body decay) to an anisotropic distribution of the positron emi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy In this case the asymmetry shows up as an imbalance between the positron counts in two equivalent detectors placed in front and behind the sample, along the beam axis. Each of them records an exponentially decaying rate as a function of the time "t" elapsed from implantation, according to with fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy Muon spin rotation and relaxation are mostly performed with positive muons. They are well suited to the study of magnetic fields at the atomic scale inside matter, such as those produced by various kinds of magnetism and/or superconductivity encountered in compounds occurring in nature or artific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Muon spin spectroscopy This is presently achieved at few large scale facilities in the world: the CMMS continuous source at TRIUMF in Vancouver, Canada; the SµS continuous source at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) in Villigen, Switzerland; the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source and RIKEN-RAL pulsed sources at the Rutherford... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458954 |
Spin polarization is the degree to which the spin, i.e., the intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles, is aligned with a given direction. This property may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment, of conduction electrons in ferromagnetic metals, such as iron, giving rise to spin-polarized currents. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2459057 |
Spin polarization Of these 1% are collected by the detector and then about 30% of the electrons hit the detector at the wrong position. Both devices work due to spin orbit coupling. The circular polarization of electromagnetic fields is due to spin polarization of their constituent photons. In the most generic context,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2459057 |
High-frequency approximation A high-frequency approximation (or "high energy approximation") for scattering or other wave propagation problems, in physics or engineering, is an approximation whose accuracy increases with the size of features on the scatterer or medium relative to the wavelength of the scattered particl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2460410 |
Nitrosylsulfuric acid is the chemical compound with the formula NOHSO. It is a colourless solid that is used industrially in the production of caprolactam, and was formerly part of the lead chamber process for producing sulfuric acid. The compound is the mixed anhydride of sulfuric acid and nitrous acid. In organic che... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2463012 |
Herbicidal warfare is the use of substances primarily designed to destroy the plant-based ecosystem of an area. Although herbicidal warfare use chemical substances, its main purpose is to disrupt agricultural food production and/or to destroy plants which provide cover or concealment to the enemy, not to asphyxiate or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2463718 |
Herbicidal warfare This was part of larger set of proposed measures to starve the Japanese. The plan calculated that ammonium thiocyanate would not be seen as "gas warfare" because the substance was not particularly dangerous to humans. On the other hand, the same plan envisaged that if the U.S. were to engage in "gas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2463718 |
Herbicidal warfare The British were keen to avoid accusations like the allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War leveled against the U.S. The British government found that the simplest solution was to deny that a war was going on in Malaya. They declared the insurgency to be an internal security matter, thus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2463718 |
Herbicidal warfare Success with Project AGILE field tests with herbicides in South Vietnam in 1961 and inspiration by the British use of herbicides and defoliants during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s led to the formal herbicidal program Trail Dust (1961–1971). Operation Ranch Hand, a U.S. Air Force program to use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2463718 |
Herbicidal warfare Ranch Hand pilots were the first to make an accurate 1:125,000 scale map of the Ho Chi Minh trail south of Tchepone, Laos by defoliating swaths perpendicular to the trail every half mile or so. Use of herbicides in Vietnam caused a shortage of commercial pesticides in mid-1966 when the Defense Depart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2463718 |
Herbicidal warfare The impurity, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was a suspected carcinogen that may have affected the health of over 17,000 United States servicemen, 4,000 Australians, 1,700 New Zealanders, Koreans, countless Vietnamese soldiers and civilians, and with over 40,000 children of veterans possi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2463718 |
Spodium Spodium, (Latin for "ashes" or "soot") refers to burned bone (usually used for medical purposes), or the act of divination with ash. may also refer to other types of ash, such as the scrapings from the inside of a furnace. has a long history of medical usage, mentioned by Hippocrates and, for example, in the "M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2464777 |
Sulfur cycle The sulfur cycle is the collection of processes by which sulfur moves between rocks, waterways and living systems. Such biogeochemical cycles are important in geology because they affect many minerals. Biochemical cycles are also important for life because sulfur is an essential element, being a constituen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle However, the biosphere does not act as a major sink for sulfur, instead the majority of sulfur is found in seawater or sedimentary rocks including: pyrite rich shales, evaporite rocks (anhydrite and baryte), and calcium and magnesium carbonates (i.e. carbonate-associated sulfate). The amount of sulfate in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle However, it is a significant factor in the climate system, as it is involved in the formation of clouds. Through the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway, sulfate can be reduced either bacterially (bacterial sulfate reduction) or inorganically (thermochemical sulfate reduction). This pathway involves th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle These two different regimes appear because at higher temperatures most sulfate-reducing microbes can no longer metabolize due to the denaturation of proteins or deactivation of enzymes, so TSR takes over. However, in hot sediments around hydrothermal vents BSR can happen at temperatures up to 110°C. BSR an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle Approximately, 10% (of the total gas) of HS is produced in BSR settings, whereas 90% of the HS is produced in TSR settings. If there is more than a few percent of HS in any deep reservoir, then it is assumed that TSR has taken over. This is due to the fact that thermal cracking of hydrocarbons doesn't prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle The ratio of these two isotopes is fixed in our solar system and has been since its formation. The bulk Earth sulfur isotopic ratio is thought to be the same as the ratio of 22.22 measured from the Canyon Diablo troilite (CDT), a meteorite. That ratio is accepted as the international standard and is theref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle In general positive excursions in the sulfur isotopes mean that there is an excess of pyrite deposition rather than oxidation of sulfide minerals exposed on land. The sulfur cycle in marine environments has been well-studied via the tool of sulfur isotope systematics expressed as δS. The modern global ocea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle The total inventory of sulfur compounds on the surface of the Earth (nearly S) represents the total outgassing of sulfur through geologic time. Rocks analyzed for sulfur content are generally organic-rich shales meaning they are likely controlled by biogenic sulfur reduction. Average seawater curves are ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle 5 Ga anoxyogenic photosynthesis is established and provides a weak source of sulfate to the global ocean with sulfate concentrations incredibly low the δS is still basically 0. Shortly after, at 3.4 Ga the first evidence for minimal fractionation in evaporitic sulfate in association with magmatically deriv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle 8 Ga, Banded iron formations (BIF) are common sedimentary rocks throughout the Archean and Paleoproterozoic; their disappearance marks a distinct shift in the chemistry of ocean water. BIFs have alternating layers of iron oxides and chert. BIFs only form if the water is allowed to supersaturate in dissolve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle In the Paleoproterozoic the sulfate in seawater had increased to an amount greater than in the Archean, but was still lower than present day values. The sulfate levels in the Proterozoic also act as proxies for atmospheric oxygen because sulfate is produced mostly through weathering of the continents in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle Oxygen is continually incorporated into the sulfur cycle through sulfate oxidation and then released when that sulfate is reduced once again. Since different sulfate sources within the ocean have distinct oxygen isotopic values it may be possible to use oxygen to trace the sulfur cycle. Biological sulfate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle Before the Great Oxidation Event, the sulfur cycle was heavily influenced by the ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the associated photochemical reactions, which induced the sulfur isotope mass-independent fractionation (ΔS ≠ 0). The preservation of sulfur isotope mass-independent fractionation signals require... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle If the system runs out of reactive hydrocarbons economically viable elemental sulfur deposits may form. Sulfur also acts as a reducing agent in many natural gas reservoirs and generally ore forming fluids have a close relationship with ancient hydrocarbon seeps or vents. Important sources of sulfur in ore ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle When present, the δS values of barite are generally consistent with a seawater sulfate source, suggesting baryte formation by reaction between hydrothermal barium and sulfate in ambient seawater. Once fossil fuels or precious metals are discovered and either burned or milled, the sulfur become a waste prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle Humans are mining coal and extracting petroleum from the Earth's crust at a rate that mobilizes 150 x 10 gS/yr, which is more than double the rate of 100 years ago. The result of human impact on these processes is to increase the pool of oxidized sulfur (SO) in the global cycle, at the expense of the stora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Sulfur cycle In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all SO and 1/4 of all NO come from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels, like coal. As it is an important nutrient for plants, sulfur is increasingly used as a component of fertilizers. Recently sulfur deficiency has become widespread in many co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465352 |
Hydrogen cycle The hydrogen cycle consists of hydrogen exchanges between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) sources and sinks of hydrogen-containing compounds. Hydrogen (H) is the most abundant element in the universe. On Earth, common H-containing inorganic molecules include water (HO), hydrogen gas (H), methane... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465480 |
Hydrogen cycle This may have been an important process in the upper regions of early Earth's Archaean oceans. Because H is the lightest element, atmospheric H can readily be lost to space via Jeans escape, an irreversible process that drives Earth's net mass loss. Photolysis of heavier compounds not prone to escape, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465480 |
Hydrogen cycle Anaerobic H oxidation often occurs during interspecies hydrogen transfer in which H produced during fermentation is transferred to another organism, which uses the H to reduce CO to CH or acetate, SO to HS, or Fe to Fe. Interspecies hydrogen transfer keeps H concentrations very low in most environments b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465480 |
Quantum yield The quantum yield (Φ) of a radiation-induced process is the number of times a specific event occurs per photon absorbed by the system. The "event" is typically a kind of chemical reaction. The quantum yield for the decomposition of a reactant molecule in a decomposition reaction is defined as: can also be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2466027 |
Quantum yield The fluorescence quantum yield is defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photons absorbed. Experimentally, relative fluorescence quantum yields can be determined by measuring fluorescence of a fluorophore of known quantum yield with the same experimental parameters (excitat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2466027 |
Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion The (MPI CEC) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society. It is located in the German town of Mülheim. The MPI CEC investigates fundamental chemical processes in energy transformation and contributes to the development of new and efficient catalysts. Its approa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467132 |
Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Following a significant restructuring and expansion of its departments in 2011, it was re-established in 2012 as the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467132 |
Titanium metals may mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467153 |
Molecular autoionization (or self-ionization) is a reaction between molecules of the same substance to produce ions. If a pure liquid partially dissociates into ions, it is said to be self-ionizing. In most cases the oxidation number on all atoms in such a reaction remains unchanged. Such autoionization can be "protic"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467284 |
Fluidized bed A fluidized bed is a physical phenomenon occurring when a quantity of a solid particulate substance (usually present in a holding vessel) is placed under appropriate conditions to cause a solid/fluid mixture to behave as a fluid. This is usually achieved by the introduction of pressurized fluid through th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467556 |
Fluidized bed As the "density", (actually the solid volume fraction of the suspension), of the bed can be altered by changing the fluid fraction, objects with different densities comparative to the bed can, by altering either the fluid or solid fraction, be caused to sink or float. In fluidised beds, the contact of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467556 |
Fluidized bed The fluid used in Fluidized beds may also contain a fluid of catalytic type; that's why it is also used to catalyse the chemical reaction and also to improve the rate of reaction. Fluidized beds are also used for efficient bulk drying of materials. technology in dryers increases efficiency by allowing for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467556 |
Fluidized bed For a free-standing bed there will exist a point, known as the minimum or incipient fluidisation point, whereby the bed's mass is suspended directly by the flow of the fluid stream. The corresponding fluid velocity, known as the "minimum fluidisation velocity", formula_1. Beyond the minimum fluidisation v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467556 |
Fluidized bed Design methods for fluidised beds can be tailored based upon the particle's Geldart grouping: Group A For this group the particle size is between 20 and 100 µm, and the particle density is typically less than 1.4g/cm. Prior to the initiation of a bubbling bed phase, beds from these particles will expand b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467556 |
Fluidized bed If the inlet fluid is disabled, the bed may settle, pack onto the plate or trickle down through the plate. Many industrial beds use a sparger distributor instead of a distributor plate. The fluid is then distributed through a series of perforated tubes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2467556 |
Chemurgy is a branch of applied chemistry that is concerned with preparing industrial products from agricultural raw materials. The word "chemurgy" was coined by chemist William J. Hale and first publicized in his 1934 book "The Farm Chemurgic", the concept was mildly well-developed by the early years of the 20th centu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2468801 |
Chemurgy First placing much of its emphasis on demonstrating the benefits of Agrol (a line of blended motor fuels that included ethanol), the Council drew strong opposition from the petroleum industry. The Agrol pilot plant, which also experienced management and financial difficulties, shut down in 1938. Wheeler McMill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2468801 |
Chemurgy Corn was used as raw material in much of the synthetic rubber produced during the war. Various other plants, including guayule and kok-saghyz (Russian dandelion), were investigated as rubber sources. In the American Midwest, school children were encouraged to gather milkweed floss, previously considered a nuis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2468801 |
Chemurgy The conference served to launch the New Uses Council, which seeks to further the cause formerly promoted by the Chemurgic Council. George Washington Carver was one of the most famous scientists of this field. In the Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver titled "My Work is that of Conservation" au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2468801 |
List of military nuclear accidents This article lists notable military accidents involving nuclear material. Civilian accidents are listed at List of civilian nuclear accidents. For a general discussion of both civilian and military accidents, see nuclear and radiation accidents. In listing military nuclear accidents, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2468942 |
Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid. It plays a key role in chain elongation in fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide biosynthesis. In the former, it provides 2-carbon units to fatty acids and commits them to fatty acid chain synthesis. is formed by carboxylating acetyl-CoA using the enzyme acetyl-C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2468995 |
Underglaze is a method of decorating pottery in which painted decoration is applied to the surface before it is covered with a transparent ceramic glaze and fired in a kiln. Because the glaze subsequently covers it, such decoration is completely durable, and it also allows the production of pottery with a surface that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2470123 |
Underglaze An archaeological excavation at the Tongguan kiln Site proved that the technology of underglazed color figure arose in the Tang and Five Dynasties periods and originated from Tonguan, Changsha. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2470123 |
Burgess reagent The (methyl "N"-(triethylammoniumsulfonyl)carbamate) is a mild and selective dehydrating reagent often used in organic chemistry. It was developed in the laboratory of Edward M. Burgess at Georgia Tech. The is used to convert secondary and tertiary alcohols with an adjacent proton into alkenes. Dehydrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2470340 |
Controlled substance A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture, possession, or use is regulated by a government, such as illicitly used drugs or prescription medications that are designated by law. Some treaties, notably the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2471575 |
Controlled substance During the Obama Administration, the federal government also voluntarily suspended enforcement of federal laws restricting marijuana where people were operating in compliance with state law. Some states in the U.S. have statutes against health care providers self-prescribing and/or administering su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2471575 |
Controlled substance This incorrect view maybe further re-enforced by R&D chemical suppliers often stating and asking scientists to confirm that anything bought is for research use only. A further misconception is that controlled substances laws simply list a few hundred substances (e.g. MDMA, Fentanyl, Amphetamine, et... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2471575 |
Controlled substance Has limited exemptions to some Directory E substances, but which substances are covered and what the exemption allows depends on the substance, for example compounds similar to Fentanyl allow for “"Von der Kontrolle ausgenommen ist die industrielle und die wissenschaftliche Verwendung. Der private ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2471575 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.