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Artificial kidney Detecting kidney disease before the kidneys start to shut down is uncommon, with high blood pressure and decreased appetite being symptoms that indicate a problem. Diabetes and high blood pressure are seen as the 2 most common causes of kidney failure. Experts predict that the demand for dialysis will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Artificial kidney The growth of dialysis facilities in the United States is the result of more Americans developing end-stage renal disease. From 2001 to 2011 the number increased by about 49.7% from 411,000 citizens to 615,000 citizens. In 2001 there were only 296,000 Americans on some form of dialysis. Ten years late... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Artificial kidney Modern dialysers typically consist of a cylindrical rigid casing enclosing hollow fibers cast or extruded from a polymer or copolymer, which is usually a proprietary formulation. The combined area of the hollow fibers is typically between 1-2 square meters. Intensive research has been conducted by man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Artificial kidney The microchips will also act as a platform for which living kidney cells will reside and grow on and around the filters with the goal of imitating the natural functions of the kidney. The bio-hybrid device will not be in reach of the body’s immune response which allows it to be protected against being... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Artificial kidney A healthy individual's kidneys filter blood 24 hours/day, 168 hours/week compared to an individual with end-stage renal disease whose dialysis treatment plan is approximately 12 hours a week. The treatment results in a lower quality of life as well as a higher mortality rate for patients with end stag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Artificial kidney For example, a main goal that these experiments are trying to achieve is to make sure that the WAK can function like a regular kidney. One experiment that took place included eight people who wore the WAK for four to eight hours. As the participants wore the WAK, several outcomes occurred. For example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Artificial kidney Although, it has been argued by researchers that using nine-volt batteries are not effective enough for the WAK because it does not power the device long enough and indirectly it makes the WAK less affordable when having to constantly change the batteries. Due to this, other energy sources are being e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Artificial kidney Current dialysis cartridges are too large and require superphysiologic pressures for blood circulation, and pores in current polymer membranes have too broad of a size distribution and irregular features. Manufacturing a silicon, nanoporous membrane with narrow pore size distributions improves the mem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Artificial kidney The artificial kidney project, which is targeted for clinical trials in 2017, was selected for its transformative potential in treating end stage kidney disease and for its potential to benefit from early interactions with the FDA in the approval process. The FDA effort will involve close contact betw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400647 |
Molecular Borromean rings are an example of a mechanically-interlocked molecular architecture in which three macrocycles are interlocked in such a way that breaking any macrocycle allows the others to disassociate. They are the smallest examples of Borromean rings. The synthesis of molecular Borromean rings was reporte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2401526 |
Molecular Borromean rings True to a Borromean system, cleavage of just one imine bond (to an amine and an acetal) in this structure breaks the mechanical bond between the three constituent macrocycles, releasing the other two individual rings. Organic synthesis of this seemingly complex compound is in reality fairly si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2401526 |
Electron Microscopy Center The (abbr.: EMC) is a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The EMC works to solve materials problems using their unique capabilities for electron beam characterization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2403503 |
Magnetization In classical electromagnetism, magnetization or magnetic polarization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material. The origin of the magnetic moments responsible for magnetization can be either microscopic electric currents resultin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2404348 |
Magnetization The magnetization field or M-field can be defined according to the following equation: Where formula_2 is the elementary magnetic moment and "formula_3" is the volume element; in other words, the M-field is the distribution of magnetic moments in the region or manifold concerned. This is better illustrate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2404348 |
Magnetization Instead the parameter that is listed is residual flux density, denoted formula_13. Physicists often need the magnetization to calculate the moment of a ferromagnet. To calculate the dipole moment m (A⋅m) using the formula: we have that thus where: The behavior of magnetic fields (B, H), electric fields (E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2404348 |
Magnetization " and for the "bound surface current": so that the total current density that enters Maxwell's equations is given by where J is the electric current density of free charges (also called the "free current"), the second term is the contribution from the magnetization, and the last term is related to the ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2404348 |
Magnetization As it is known today, there are only a few possible ways to reverse the magnetization of a metallic magnet: Demagnetization is the reduction or elimination of magnetization. One way to do this is to heat the object above its Curie temperature, where thermal fluctuations have enough energy to overcome exch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2404348 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, also called Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS), is a form of spectroscopy used primarily in chemistry, physics and related fields. It is sensitive to the same vibrational signatures of molecules as seen in Raman spec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Terhune, in which the CARS phenomenon was reported for the first time. Maker and Terhune used a pulsed ruby laser to investigate the third order response of several materials. They first passed the ruby beam of frequency ω through a Raman shifter to create a second beam at ω-ω, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy This driving mechanism is similar to hearing the low combination tone when striking two different high tone piano keys: your ear is sensitive to the difference frequency of the high tones. Similarly, the Raman oscillator is susceptible to the difference frequency of two optical w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy A virtual state is not an eigenstate of the molecule and it can not be occupied but it does allow for transitions between otherwise unoccupied real states. If a Stokes beam is simultaneously present along with the pump, the virtual state can be used as an instantaneous gateway to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Raman can be done using a single continuous wave (CW) laser whereas CARS requires (generally) two pulsed laser sources. The Raman signal is detected on the red side of the incoming radiation where it might have to compete with other fluorescent processes. The CARS signal is detec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy This non-resonant signal can be considered as the result of (several) far off-resonance transitions that also add coherently. The resonant amplitude contains a phase shift of π radians over the resonance whereas the non-resonant part does not. The spectroscopic line shape of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy One example is given below under the explicit warning that just changing the pulse duration by one order of magnitude changes the CARS signal by three orders of magnitude. The comparison should only be used as an indication of the order of magnitude of the signals. 200 mW average... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy If we allow two factors of three (line strength and line width) then the spontaneous Raman signal per molecule still exceeds the CARS per molecule by more than two orders of magnitude. The coherent addition of the CARS signal from the molecules however yields a total signal that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy CARS spectroscopy can be used for temperature measurements; because the CARS signal is temperature dependent. The strength of the signal scales (non-linearly) with the difference in the ground state population and the vibrationally excited state population. Since the population o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405272 |
Enthalpy of atomization The enthalpy of atomization (also atomisation in British English) is the enthalpy change that accompanies the total separation of all atoms in a chemical substance (either a chemical element or a chemical compound). This is often represented by the symbol Δ"H" or Δ"H". All bonds in the compound ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405440 |
Air Liquide S.A. (; ; literally "liquid air"), is a French multinational company which supplies industrial gases and services to various industries including medical, chemical and electronic manufacturers. Founded in 1902, after Linde it is the second largest supplier of industrial gases by revenues and has operations ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide Georges Claude developed a process for liquefying air in order to separate the components (oxygen, nitrogen, argon), On November 8, 1902, Paul Delorme gathered twenty-four subscribers, mainly engineers, to financially support the project and became the first president of "Air liquide, a company for the stud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide In 1945, after the Second World War, Jean Delorme, the son of Paul Delorme and the second president of the group, wanted to renovate and develop industrial tools. In 1946, founded La Spirotechnique , a design and marketing company for regulators and other diving equipment. The same year, La Spirotechnique l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide In 1995, created Healthcare, a structure fully dedicated to the medical sector and specializing in the supply of medical gases, material and services for hospitals, and patient homes, In 1996, acquired the German company Schuelke and May. Since the 2000 decade, increased significantly its investments in hy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide During the same year, it acquired Scott Specialty Gases, LLC. Global E&C Solutions GmbH (formerly Lurgi GmbH), a German engineering, construction, and chemical process licensing company. has been a part of S. A. since 2007. The head office is located in Frankfurt am Main. In early 2008, entered a long-term ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide On March 25, 2014, announced an equity investment, via ALIAD, the venture capital investor of the Group, in three companies specializing in sustainable and renewable energy: McPhy Energy, Solumix and Xylowatt. ALIAD also invested in startups specializing in the Internet of Things (Sigfox in 2015) and artifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide The centers enable real-time analysis of the data and activities of connected factories and production units. In May 2017, announced the sale of Welding, its subsidiary of 2,000 employees, specialized in the production of welding gas, to Lincoln Electric. In August of the same year, took control of Skagerak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide The campus includes Air Liquide’s largest Research & Development Center, fully renovated with an investment of €50 million. On this occasion, announced the creation of a deep-tech start-up accelerator on the Innovation Campus by 2019. At the end of 2018, announced its climate objectives and aims to reduce i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide SMEs use gas in small and medium quantities, in very diversified sectors (food, heat treatment of metals, manufacture of glass or welding-cutting of metal parts, etc.). These gases are delivered and stored in liquid form, packaged in bottles or produced directly on the customers' site. Air liquide also prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide For its activities in research and development in the health sector, formed partnerships with several international research centers such as MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA), ICM (Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, France), Pasteur Institute, (France) or Leuven University (Belgiu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide It includes all the activities developing the use of gases in offshore energy production and the transport of high value-added molecules. Air liquide's activities dedicated to new energies focus on cross-cutting projects that include hydrogen energy, biogas upgrading and refrigerated transport. In the fiel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide For space missions, creates cryogenic equipment for launchers, orbital systems, firing points and sensors cooled at very low temperatures. In Sassenage, France, it builds liquid oxygen tanks for Ariane 5, and in Les Mureaux, the propellant tanks of the launcher’s first level. Global Markets & Technologies g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Air Liquide Between 2001 and 2006, Alain Joly (Chairman of the Supervisory Board) and Benoît Potier (Chairman of the Executive Board) led the management team in pairs, before Benoît Potier took charge of the group. By 29 February 2016, the company had a share value of 33,434 million euros, distributed in 344,222,603 sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405447 |
Elastica theory The elastica theory is a theory of mechanics of solid materials developed by Leonhard Euler that allows for very large scale elastic deflections of structures. Euler (1744) and Jakob Bernoulli developed the theory for elastic lines (yielding the solution known as the elastica curve) and studied buckling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2406419 |
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution A nucleophilic aromatic substitution is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry in which the nucleophile displaces a good leaving group, such as a halide, on an aromatic ring. There are 6 nucleophilic substitution mechanisms encountered with aromatic systems: The most important o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2408688 |
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution Since 2,4-dinitrophenol is in a lower energy state it will not return to form the reactant, so after some time has passed, the reaction reaches chemical equilibrium that favors the 2,4-dinitrophenol. The formation of the resonance-stabilized Meisenheimer complex is slow because it is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2408688 |
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution As such, the following pattern is seen with regard to halogen leaving group ability for SAr: F > Cl ≈ Br > I (i.e. an inverted order to that expected for an S2 reaction). If looked at from the point of view of an S2 reaction this would seem counterintuitive, since the C-F bond is amon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2408688 |
Supramolecular electronics is the experimental field of supramolecular chemistry that bridges the gap between molecular electronics and bulk plastics in the construction of electronic circuitry at the nanoscale . In supramolecular electronics, assemblies of pi-conjugated systems on the 5 to 100 nanometer length scale a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2408819 |
Small t intron Plasmid vectors are circular strands of DNA found in virions that are used in genetic engineering to integrate new genes into a host cell genome. The small T intron is an intron that is used in some plasmid vectors in order to induce gene expression in mammalian cells. The function of this intron in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2409019 |
Hazardous powders testing kit The BioCheck(TM) Powder Screening Test Kit, manufactured by 2020Gene Systems, Inc., is the primary test used by numerous US and international governmental agencies and hazmat units to determine if a powdered substance is possibly a hazardous biological material. It makes an initial test fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2409069 |
Hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) products are foodstuffs obtained by protein hydrolysis and are used as ingredients with an authentic bouillon (broth) taste. Regarding the production process, a distinction can be made between acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein (aHVP), enzymatically produced HVP, and other seasonings, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2410182 |
Hydrolyzed vegetable protein In industry, hydrochloric acid is used to perform this process, The remaining acid is then neutralized by mixing with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, which leaves behind table salt, which comprises up to 20% of the final product. The manufacturing process for HVP varies depending on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2410182 |
Hydrolyzed vegetable protein For the production process of enzymatic HVP, enzymes are used to break down the proteins. To break down the protein to amino acids, proteases are added to the mixture of defatted protein and water. Since no salt is formed during the production process, adding salt as an ingredient is common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2410182 |
Hydrolyzed vegetable protein Therefore, HVP is used in a wide variety of products such as in the spice, meat, fish, fine-food, snack, flavor, and soup industries. According to European law, wheat and soy are subject to allergen labelling in terms of Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 on food information to consumers. Since whea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2410182 |
Propanol There are two isomers of propanol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2411365 |
Glutamatergic means "related to glutamate". A glutamatergic agent (or drug) is a chemical that directly modulates the excitatory amino acid (glutamate/aspartate) system in the body or brain. Examples include excitatory amino acid receptor agonists, excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists, and excitatory amino acid r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2412338 |
Isolated system In physical science, an isolated system is either of the following: Though subject internally to its own gravity, an isolated system is usually taken to be outside the reach of external gravitational and other long-range forces. This can be contrasted with what (in the more common terminology used in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2413037 |
Isolated system This postulate is a very useful idealization. In the attempt to explain the idea of a gradual approach to thermodynamic equilibrium after a thermodynamic operation, with entropy increasing according to the second law of thermodynamics, Boltzmann’s H-theorem used equations, which assumed a system (for ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2413037 |
Isolated system He was considering the internal thermal radiative equilibrium of a thermodynamic system in a cavity initially devoid of substance. He did not mention what he imagined to surround his perfectly reflective and thus perfectly conductive walls. Presumably, since they are perfectly reflective, they isolate t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2413037 |
Isolated system For the thermal equilibrium problem, however, he considers walls that contain charged particles that interact with the radiation inside the cavity; such cavities are of course not isolated, but may be regarded as in a heat bath. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2413037 |
Degree of polymerization The degree of polymerization, or DP, is the number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or polymer or oligomer molecule. For a homopolymer, there is only one type of monomeric unit and the "number-average" degree of polymerization is given by formula_1, where M is the number-average molecular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2414080 |
Degree of polymerization Long reaction times increase the polymer yield, but have little effect on the average molecular weight. The degree of polymerization is related to the kinetic chain length, which is the average number of monomer molecules polymerized per chain initiated. However it often differs from the kineti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2414080 |
Vanadium redox battery The vanadium redox battery (VRB), also known as the vanadium flow battery (VFB) or vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), is a type of rechargeable flow battery that employs vanadium ions in different oxidation states to store chemical potential energy. The vanadium redox battery exploits the abilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415493 |
Vanadium redox battery The main advantages of the vanadium redox battery are that it can offer almost unlimited energy capacity simply by using larger electrolyte storage tanks; it can be left completely discharged for long periods with no ill effects; if the electrolytes are accidentally mixed, the battery suffers no ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415493 |
Vanadium redox battery 05, stated by the US Department of Energy and the European Commission Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan, respectively. The main disadvantages with vanadium redox technology are a relatively poor energy-to-volume ratio in comparison with standard storage batteries, and the relatively poor rou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415493 |
Vanadium redox battery The electrodes in a VRB cell are carbon based; the most common types being carbon felt, carbon paper, carbon cloth, and graphite felt. Recently, carbon nanotube based electrodes have gained marked interest from the scientific community. Both electrolytes are vanadium-based, the electrolyte in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415493 |
Vanadium redox battery Studies by the University of New South Wales have shown that they can achieve a response time of under half a millisecond for a 100% load change, and allowed overloads of as much as 400% for 10 seconds. The response time is mostly limited by the electrical equipment. Unless specifically designed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415493 |
Vanadium redox battery A number of research groups worldwide have reported capacity loss in VRFBs over prolonged periods of use. While several causes have been considered, the influence of electrode microstructure on cell electrochemistry within the electrode is poorly known. Electrolytic wetting of carbon electrodes i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415493 |
Vanadium redox battery Their ability to fully cycle and stay at 0% state of charge makes them suitable for solar + storage applications where the battery must start each day empty and fill up depending upon the load and weather. Lithium ion batteries, for example, are typically damaged when they are allowed to discharg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415493 |
Pourbaix diagram In electrochemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E-pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, maps out possible stable (equilibrium) phases of an aqueous electrochemical system. Predominant ion boundaries are represented by lines. As such a can be read much like a standard phase diagr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416505 |
Pourbaix diagram On either side of the line, one form of the species will instead be said to be predominant. In order to draw the position of the lines with the Nernst equation, the activity of the chemical species at equilibrium must be defined. Usually, the activity of a species is approximated as equal to the concen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416505 |
Pourbaix diagram The diagrams also do not take kinetic effects into account, meaning that species shown as unstable might not react to any significant degree in practice. A simplified indicates regions of "immunity", "corrosion" and "passivity", instead of the stable species. They thus give a guide to the stability of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416505 |
Pourbaix diagram When no electrons are exchanged ("n"=0), the equilibrium between "r" and "r" is not affected by electrode potential, and the boundary line will be a vertical line with a particular value of pH. The reaction equation may be written: and the energy balance is written as formula_8 where "K" is the equilib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416505 |
Pourbaix diagram The reaction equation may be written: Using the expressions for the free energy in terms of potentials, the energy balance is given by a Nernst equation: For the iron and water example, consider the boundary line between the ferrous ion Fe and hematite FeO. The reaction equation is found to be: with fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416505 |
Pourbaix diagram Above this line, water will be oxidized to form oxygen gas, and it will usually not be possible to pass beyond this line as long as there is still water present to be oxidized. Pourbaix diagrams have several uses, for example, in corrosion studies, geoscience and in environmental studies. Using the cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416505 |
Nazi gold (, "stolen gold") is gold allegedly transferred by Germany to overseas banks during World War II; it is believed to have executed a policy of looting the assets of its victims to finance the war by collecting the looted assets in central depositories. The occasional transfer of gold in return for currency too... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416673 |
Nazi gold </ref> It is believed that these three sources boosted German official gold reserves by US $71m between 1937 and 1939. To mask the acquisition, the Reichsbank understated its official reserves in 1939 by $40m relative to the Bank of England's estimates. During the war, Nazi Germany continued the practice on a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416673 |
Nazi gold The two women told Mootz that the mine contained gold stored by the Germans, along with other treasures. Once back in his unit, he attempted to tell his three other comrades, but they weren't interested in listening. So he called other military personnel. By noon, the story had passed on up to the chief of st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416673 |
Nazi gold Tupper Barrett, Chief, Financial Branch, G-5, 12th Army Group, flew to SHAEF Forward at Rheims where he spent the night, it being too late by then to fly into Germany. At noon on Monday, he arrived at General George S. Patton's Third Army Headquarters with instructions from Eisenhower to check the contents of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416673 |
Nazi gold State Department received a Top Secret report from US Treasury Agent Emerson Bigelow. The report established that Bigelow received reliable information on the matter from the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) or CIC intelligence officials of the US Army. The document, referred to as the "Bigelow Rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416673 |
Nazi gold The German armaments industry was nearly entirely dependent on the supplies from Portugal. During the war, Portugal was the second largest recipient of Nazi gold, after Switzerland. Initially the Nazi trade with Portugal was in hard currency, but in 1941 the Central Bank of Portugal established that much of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416673 |
Iatrochemistry (or chemical medicine) is a branch of both chemistry and medicine (ἰατρός ("iatrós") was the Greek word for "physician" or "medicine"). Having its roots in alchemy, iatrochemistry seeks to provide chemical solutions to diseases and medical ailments. This area of science has fallen out of use in Europe si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry Paracelsus believed that diseases were caused by poisons, but that poisons were not entirely negative. He suggested that poisons, or diseases, could also be cured by poisons; thus, poisons could have beneficial medical effects. Paracelsus's claim led to many chemically prepared medicines in this period w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry Although he began as a follower of Paracelsus, van Helmont rejected many of his theories, most notably Galenic concept of the macrocosm with microcosm. In addition, van Helmont refused to accept the Paracelsian first principles (sulphur, salt, and mercury) as pre-existent in matter, believing instead tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry This implied a common pool of it fluid, participating in more than one of what the Galenists took to be distinct humours. His collected works were edited and published by his son under the title "Ortus medicinae" (1648). In it, Helmont shows that the Galenists are in confusion, supposing urine and sweat ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry Didier published a "Refutation de la doctrine nouvelle du Sieur Helmont touchant es fievres" at Sedan in 1653, and, four years later, Helmontian iatrochemistry was censured in a book published by the Paris physician Gabriel Fontaine. Possibly being one of the most famous physicians of the 17th and 18th c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry " Boerhaave is, perhaps, most well known in the realm of iatrochemistry for his discussions and understanding of the nervous system. Historians believe that Boerhaave's understanding of the human body and mechanisms in relation to the nervous and physical anatomy came from his personal interactions with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry He rationalized that the body functioned mainly as a result of chemical reactions, of which acids and alkali were the essential reactants and were products which needed to be kept in balance to be in a healthy state. Although Sylvius did not take on the more observation-based style of medicine that was b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry Such a view, he wrote, "resolves all Bodies into Particles of Spirit, Sulphur, Salt, Water, and Earth ... Because this Hypothesis determinates Bodies into sensible parts, and cutts open things as it were to the life, it pleases us before the rest." Willis derived many of his conclusions from observations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry That is, a cold was an excess of heat (hot quality), so it can be cured by reducing hot quality or by increasing cold quality. The iatrochemists, influenced by Paracelsus's belief, believed that the sickness was from the outside source, not because of the imbalance of the body. Another controversy betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
Iatrochemistry The use of plants, minerals and metals in medical therapeutics also existed in India. In Ayurvedic medicine, substances used in these therapeutics were known as 'Rasa dravyas.' Ayurvedic medicine instills the belief that every material had the potential to be used as a substance. This drove the creation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419633 |
International Association for Cereal Science and Technology The (ICC) was founded in 1955 and was originally called the International Association for Cereal Chemistry. It was set up to develop international standard testing procedures for cereals and flour. It has currently more than fifty member countries and headquar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419876 |
Rheometry (from the Greek ῥέος – rheos, "n", meaning "stream") generically refers to the experimental techniques used to determine the rheological properties of materials, that is the qualitative and quantitative relationships between stresses and strains and their derivatives. The techniques used are experimental. inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419994 |
Rheometry For some, the techniques, particularly the qualitative rheological trends, can yield the classification of materials based on the main interactions between different possible elementary components and how they qualitatively affect the rheological behavior of the materials. The viscosity of a non-Newtonian flu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2419994 |
Autoreceptor An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of presynaptic nerve cells. It serves as part of a negative feedback loop in signal transduction. It is only sensitive to the neurotransmitters or hormones released by the neuron on which the autoreceptor sits. Similarly, a heteroreceptor is se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420212 |
Autoreceptor Similarly, acetylcholine released from parasympathetic neurons may interact with M and M receptors to inhibit further release of acetylcholine. An atypical example is given by the β-adrenergic autoreceptor in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system, which acts to "increase" transmitter release. The D2sh ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420212 |
Autoreceptor The feedback cell releases a neurotransmitter to which the autoreceptor of the presynaptic neuron is receptive. The autoreceptor causes the inhibition of calcium channels (slowing calcium ion influx) and the opening of potassium channels (increasing potassium ion efflux) in the presynaptic membrane. These ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420212 |
Color of water The color of water varies with the ambient conditions in which that water is present. While relatively small quantities of water appear to be colorless, pure water has a slight blue color that becomes a deeper blue as the thickness of the observed sample increases. The blue hue of water is an intrinsic p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420418 |
Color of water In liquid state at 20°C these vibrations are red-shifted due to hydrogen bonding, resulting in red absorption at 740 nm, other harmonics such as v +v + 3v giving red absorption at 660 nm. The absorption curve for heavy water (DO) is of a similar shape, but is shifted further towards the infrared end of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420418 |
Color of water Some constituents of sea water can influence the shade of blue of the ocean. This is why it can look greener or bluer in different areas. Water in swimming pools (which may also contain various chemicals) with white-painted sides and bottom will appear as a turquoise blue. Clean or uncontaminated water a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420418 |
Color of water This mechanism would add a blue tinge to any distant object (not just the sea) because blue light would be scattered into one's line of sight. The surfaces of seas and lakes often reflect blue skylight, making them appear bluer. The relative contribution of reflected skylight and the light scattered back... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420418 |
Color of water The color of a water sample can be reported as: Testing for color can be a quick and easy test which often reflects the amount of organic material in the water, although certain inorganic components like iron or manganese can also impart color. Water color can reveal physical, chemical and bacteriologica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420418 |
Color of water Color is not removed by typical water filters; however, slow sand filters can remove color, and the use of coagulants may also succeed in trapping the color-causing compounds within the resulting precipitate. Other factors can affect the color seen: Various cultures divide the semantic field of colors di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2420418 |
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