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Biosequestration can also be enhanced by species selection to produce large numbers of phytoliths. Phytoliths are microscopic spherical shells of silicon that can store carbon for thousands of years. Industries with large amounts of CO emissions (such as the coal industry) are interested in biosequestration as a means ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603722 |
Biosequestration Garnaut recommends the use of algal biosequestration (see algae bioreactor) to absorb the constant stream of carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired electricity generation and metal smelting until renewable forms of energy, such as solar and wind power, become more established contributors to the grid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603722 |
Biosequestration According to a study by Biorecro and the Global CCS Institute, there is currently (as of January 2012) 550 000 tonnes /year in total BECCS capacity operating, divided between three different facilities. Under a 2009 agreement, Loy Yang Power and MBD Energy Ltd will build a pilot Fossil fuel power plant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603722 |
Biosequestration Investments are required in research, development and commercialisation of superior approaches to biosequestration. Adjustments are required in the regulation of land use. New institutions will need to be developed to coordinate the interests in utilisation of biosequestration opportunities across smal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603722 |
Biosequestration Tensions also exist over forest management between the sovereignty claims of nations states, arguments about common heritage of mankind and the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities; the Forest Peoples Programme (FPP) arguing the anti-deforestation programs could merely allow financial ben... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603722 |
Biosequestration Other researchers have argued that REDD is a critical component of an effective global biosequestration strategy that could provide significant benefits, such as the conservation of biodiversity, particularly if it moves away from focusing on protecting forests that are most cost-effective for reducing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603722 |
Aharon Razin (Hebrew: אהרון רזין; April 6, 1935 – May 27, 2019) was an Israeli biochemist. was raised in Petah Tikva. He began his academic studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, majoring in physics and mathematics. He completed his M.A. and PhD in biochemistry, and did post-doctoral work at the California Inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24604563 |
Aharon Razin In 2004, Razin was awarded the Israel Prize for biochemistry. In 2008, he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine, jointly with Howard Cedar, for "their fundamental contributions to our understanding of the role of DNA methylation in the control of gene expression."Razin's work on chemical changes in the DN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24604563 |
C40H80NO8P The molecular formula CHNOP (molar mass: 734.03 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24604906 |
C8H10O4 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24605217 |
LISICON is an acronym for LIthium Super Ionic CONductor, which refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula LiZnGeO. The first example of this structure was discovered in 1977 with , providing a chemical formula of LiZn(GeO). The crystal structure of consists of a network of [LiZn(GeO)] as well as 3 loosely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24610804 |
LISICON These materials show good thermal stability and are stable in contact with CO and ambient atmosphere, dealing with some problems extant with the original structure. There are materials with the chemical structure of LiSiPO. This is a solid solution between LiSiO and LiPO. This solid solution can be formed ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24610804 |
LISICON Ceramic thio-LISCON materials based on the chemical formula LiGePS are promising electrolyte materials, with ionic conductivities on the order of 10 S/m or 10 S/m. LISICONs can be used as the solid electrolyte in of lithium based Solid-State Batteries, such as solid state nickel–lithium battery. For this applic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24610804 |
ACS Award in Pure Chemistry The American Chemical Society Award in Pure Chemistry is awarded annually by the American Chemical Society (ACS) "to recognize and encourage fundamental research in pure chemistry carried out in North America by young men and women." "Young" means born within 35 years of the awarding of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24612056 |
Ellis R. Lippincott Award The is awarded annually to recognize "an individual who has made significant contributions to vibrational spectroscopy as judged by his or her influence on other scientists." It was jointly established in 1975 by The Optical Society, The Coblentz Society, and The Society for Applied Spectrosco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24614662 |
C18H22O The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24617309 |
C7H8S The molecular formula CHS (molar mass: 124.20 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24617945 |
C6H10N2O4 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24620310 |
C16H30O2 The molecular formula CHO (molar mass : 254.40 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24620652 |
C14H28O2 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24620783 |
C20H34O2 The molecular formula CHO may (molar mass : 306.48 g/mol) refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24621012 |
Polilactofate (PLF) is a copolymer of PDLL (poly(d,l-lactide)) and a phosphoester. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24622102 |
Cryo bio-crystallography is the application of crystallography to biological macromolecules at cryogenic temperatures. Cryo crystallography enables X-ray data collection at cryogenic temperatures, typically 100K. Crystallography of large biological macromolecules can be achieved while maintaining their solution state. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24622320 |
Dyotropic reaction A dyotropic Reaction (from the Greek "dyo", meaning two) in organic chemistry is a type of organic reaction and more specifically a pericyclic valence isomerization in which two sigma bonds simultaneously migrate intramolecularly. The reaction type is of some relevance to organic chemistry because it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24622421 |
Dyotropic reaction Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds, such as the thermal equilibration of RRSiRC-O-SiR to RRSiRC-O-SiR. The 1,2-Wittig rearrangement can also be considered an example of this reaction type. More dyotropic reactions are found involving N-O bonds and N-N bonds. Type II... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24622421 |
Methyl methacrylate (data page) This page provides supplementary chemical data on Methyl methacrylate. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24622439 |
Benzoyl peroxide (data page) This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzoyl peroxide. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as MSDS Search Engine, and follow i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24622820 |
Photomechanical effect is the change in the shape of a material when it is exposed to light. This effect was first documented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1880. More recently, Kenji Uchino demonstrated that a photostrictive material could be used for legs in the construction of a miniature optically-powered "walker". Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24625409 |
Zener–Hollomon parameter The is used to help describe high temperature creep strain of a material such as steel. The is also known as the temperature compensated strain rate. It is given byformula_1,where formula_2 is the strain rate, "Q" is the activation energy, "R" is the gas constant, "T" is the temperature. It is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24629991 |
Tunable metamaterial A tunable metamaterial is a metamaterial with a variable response to an incident electromagnetic wave. This includes remotely controlling how an incident electromagnetic wave (EM wave) interacts with a metamaterial. This means the capability to determine whether the EM wave is transmitted, reflecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial The resonant nature of metamaterials results in frequency dispersion and narrow bandwidth operation where the center frequency is fixed by the geometry and dimensions of the rudimentary elements comprising the metamaterial composite. These were followed by demonstrations of metamaterials that were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial Also this opened the door for implementing new device concepts. The importance of incorporating the semiconductor material this way is noted because of the higher frequency ranges at which this metamaterial operates. It is suitable at terahertz (THz) and higher frequencies, where the entire metamat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial The negative permeability behavior appears to be dependent on the location and bandwidth of the ferrimagnetic resonance, a break from wholly non-magnetic materials, which produces a notable negative index band. A coil or permanent magnetic is needed to supply the magnetic field bias for tuning. Ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial When negative permeability is achieved across a range of frequencies, the interaction of the ferrite with the wires in close proximity, reduces the net current flow in the wires. This is the same as moving toward positive permittivity. This would be an undesired result as the material would no long... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial As a metamaterial, the ferrite produces a resonant, (real) magnetic permeability μ' that is large enough to be comparable to the conventional ferrite phase shifter. The advantage of using a ferrite NIM material for phase shifter application is that it allows use of a ferrite in the negative magneti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial This method of tuning a type of metamaterial can be readily used as electrodes for applying switching voltages. Areas of active research in optical materials are metamaterials that are capable of negative values for index of refraction (NIMs), and metamaterials that are capable of zero index of ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial A novel approach is proposed for efficient tuning of the transmission characteristics of metamaterials through a continuous adjustment of the lattice structure, and is confirmed experimentally in the microwave range. Metamaterials were originally researched as a passive response material. The passi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial The EM metamaterial as an artificially designed transmission medium, has so far delivered desired responses at frequencies from the microwave through to the near visible. The introduction of a natural semiconductor material within or as part of each metamaterial cell results in a new design flexibi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial Because arrayed unit cells maintain static positions throughout operation, a new set of geometrical shapes and spacings would have to be embedded in a newly fabricated material for each different radiated frequency and response. Instead, FSS based metamaterials allow for optional changes of frequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial This has resulted in smaller cell size along with increases in bandwidth and the capability to shift frequencies in real time for artificial materials. This type of structure can be used to create a metamaterial surface with the intended application of artificial magnetic conductors or applications... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial A type of FSS based metamaterial has the interchangeable nomenclature "Artificial Magnetic Conductor" (AMC) or "High Impedance Surface" (HIS). The HIS, or AMC, is an artificial, metallic, electromagnetic structure. The structure is designed to be selective in supporting surface wave currents, diffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial AMC, or HIS structures often emerge from an engineered periodic dielectric base along with metallization patterns designed for microwave and radio frequencies. The metalization pattern is usually determined by the intended application of the AMC or HIS structure. Furthermore, two inherent notable p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial The phase of the reflected electric field has normal incidence the same phase of the electric field impinging at the interface of the reflecting surface. The variation of the reflection phase is continuous between +180◦ to −180◦ relative to the frequency. Zero is crossed at one frequency, where res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial At radio frequencies, the fields associated with surface waves can extend thousands of wavelengths into the surrounding space, and they are often best described as surface currents. They can be modeled from the viewpoint of an effective dielectric constant, or an effective surface impedance. For ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
Tunable metamaterial Therefore, AMC surfaces have good radiation patterns without unwanted ripples based on suppressing the surface wave propagation within the band gap frequency range. The surface impedance is derived from the ratio of the electric field at the surface to the magnetic field at the surface, which exten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631368 |
List of physical properties of glass This is a list of some physical properties of common glasses. Unless otherwise stated, the technical glass compositions and many experimentally determined properties are taken from one large study. Unless stated otherwise, the properties of fused silica (quartz glass) and germania g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24631911 |
Miriam Rafailovich (born October 29, 1953) is a materials engineering researcher. She is the director of the Garcia Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at Stony Brook University as well as former co-director of the Chemical and Molecular Engineering program at Stony Brook University. Her publications focu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24632716 |
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine The is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It is an offshoot of the "Journal of Materials Science", focusing specifically on materials in medicine and dentistry. The founding editor in chief was William Bonfield; the curren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24633672 |
Mercury cycle The mercury cycle is a biogeochemical cycle influenced by natural and anthropogenic processes that transform mercury through multiple chemical forms and environments. Mercury is present in the Earth's crust and in various forms on the Earth’s surface. It can be elemental, inorganic, or organic. Mercury ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24638826 |
Mercury cycle Mercury is transported and distributed by atmospheric circulation, which moves elemental mercury from the land to the ocean. Elemental mercury in the atmosphere is returned to the Earth's surface by several routes. A major sink of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the atmosphere is through dry deposition. Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24638826 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist CCR5 receptor antagonists are a class of small molecules that antagonize the CCR5 receptor. The C-C motif chemokine receptor CCR5 is involved in the process by which HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, enters cells. Hence antagonists of this receptor are entry inhibitors and have potential therape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist This population was found to have a mutation (CCR5-Δ32) in the gene that codes for the CCR5 receptor which results in almost complete resistance against HIV-1 infection and scientists then discovered the key role of the cell surface receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in successful viral fusion and infect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist They are thought to interact with the receptor in an allosteric manner locking the receptor in a conformation that prohibits its co-receptor function. As mentioned, the CCR5 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Before the discovery of CCR5's role in HIV infection, many pharmaceutica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist CytoDyn's CCR5 antagonist leronlimab (PRO 140) will potentially be approved in the first quarter of 2020 after the full submission of their BLA in September/October 2019. In the following section the development of these three compounds will be discussed. Leronlimab (formerly: PRO 140) is a hum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist 5 log among patients receiving both the 2 and 5 mg/kg doses. PRO 140 is a lab-made antibody that functions as an entry inhibitor. PRO 140 binds to the CCR5 receptor on the CD4 cells, and interferes with HIV's ability to enter the cell. PRO 140, a humanized form of a PA14 antibody, is a chemokin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist In February 2018 CytoDyn Inc reported that the primary endpoint has been achieved in the PRO 140 pivotal combination therapy trial in HIV infection and will continue for an additional 24 weeks (end of August 2018) with PRO 140 weekly subcutaneous injections and optimized ART. The report disclos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist On February 18, 2019, CytoDyn announced it will begin 8 pre-clinical studies on melanoma cancer, pancreatic, breast, prostate, colon, lung, liver, and stomach cancer. This has the potential to lead to 8 phase 2 clinical studies with Leronlimab in the cancer arena. On November 23, 2018, CytoDyn ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist Given the exceptional safety and efficacy profile, PRO 140 (leronlimab) seems to be the most promising CCR5-antagonist and has the potential to become a best-in-class-treatment for HIV and perhaps other indications. Aplaviroc is originated from a class of spirodiketopiperazine derivatives. Figu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist The changes that were made on the left hand side of the lead compound and the addition of a methyl group on the piperazine group (("S")-methylpiperazine) resulted in the intermediate compound that had good affinity for CCR5 receptors but very little affinity for muscarinic activity, however, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist In late 2009, vicriviroc was reported by the company to have entered phase II studies in treatment for naïve patients and phase III studies in treatment-experienced patients. Pfizer turned to high-throughput screening in their search for a good starting point for a small molecule CCR5 antagonis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist Although compound 4 showed promising results, it demonstrated 99% inhibition on the hERG ion channel. That inhibition was unacceptable since it can lead to QTc interval prolongation. The research team then did a few modifications to see which part of the molecule played a role in the hERG affin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist The lack of hERG binding affinity was predicted to be because of the large size of the cyclohexyl group and the high polarity of the fluoro substituents. In August 2007 the FDA approved the first CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc, discovered and developed by Pfizer. The predictive pharmacophore model ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist The key residues are tryptophan 86 and 248 (Trp86, Trp248), tyrosine 108 and 251 (Tyr108, Tyr251), phenylalanine 109 (Phe109), threonine 195 (Thr195), isoleucine 198 (Ile198), glutamic acid 283 (Glu283). CCR5 antagonists are very different in shape and electrostatic potential although they all ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist This kind of interference is so far considered to be safe, and individuals that naturally lack CCR5 do not show any obvious health problems. However, to limit the toxicity and side effects of CCR5 antagonists it would be ideal to be able to preserve the chemokine receptor function. Consequently... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
CCR5 receptor antagonist Combination of the spiropiperidine template with pharmacophore elements from both aplaviroc, and Schering's CCR5 antagonist program, led to the initial lead compound in this series. Further development of that lead compound led to the discovery of compound A in figure 7 — a compound that posses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643329 |
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (or DDQ) is the chemical reagent with formula CCl(CN)O. This oxidant is useful for the dehydrogenation of alcohols, phenols, and steroid ketones in organic chemistry. DDQ decomposes in water, but is stable in aqueous mineral acid. Synthesis of DDQ involves cyanation of chlorani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24644141 |
Pressure jump is a technique used in the study of chemical kinetics. It involves making rapid changes to the pressure of an experimental system and observing the return to equilibrium or steady state. This allows the study of the shift in equilibrium of reactions that equilibrate in periods between milliseconds to hour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30984911 |
Pressure jump The volume change can thus be understood to be the pressure dependency of the change in Gibbs free energy associated with the reaction. When a single step in a reaction is perturbed in a pressure jump experiment, the reaction follows a single exponential decay function with the reciprocal time constant (1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30984911 |
Suspension array technology (or SAT) is a high throughput, large-scale, and multiplexed screening platform used in molecular biology. SAT has been widely applied to genomic and proteomic research, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, genetic disease screening, gene expression profiling, screening dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30990996 |
Suspension array technology Test fragments and probes on the microsphere beads are allowed to hybridize to each other. Once hybridized, the microsphere beads are sorted, usually using flow cytometry. This allows for the detection of each of the gene variants from the original sample. The resulting data collected will i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30990996 |
Suspension array technology The direct DNA hybridization approach is the simplest suspension array assay whereby 15 to 20 bp DNA oligonucleotides attached to microspheres are amplified using PCR. This is the optimized probe length as it minimizes the melting temperature variation among different probes during probe-tar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30990996 |
Partial cloning In the field of cell biology, the method of partial cloning (PCL) converts a fully differentiated "old" somatic cell into a partially reprogrammed "young" cell that retains all the specialised functions of the differentiated "old" cell but is simply younger. The method of PCL reverses characteristics as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30992262 |
Partial cloning Notably PCL rejuvenates exclusively one single tissue or organ, in contrast to classical cloning PCL is therefore unable to reconstitute an entire organism. Furthermore, PCL is feasible in a few hours in opposition to classical cloning or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) which all need weeks or mont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30992262 |
Partial cloning Notably, in classical animal cloning the rejuvenation process involves a return to an embryonic form. Thus the specialized functions of the adult cell are also “wiped clean” and returned to an embryonic cell type. And in classical cloning passage through this embryonic state is a must for the age of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30992262 |
Partial cloning “Partial cloning” (given by the red arrow) rejuvenates old cells without passage through an embryonic stage. In a new laboratory at the Forschungszentrum Borstel our work on partial cloning focuses, inter alia, on the restricted, temporary, incubation of an “old” cell within the egg. In this way only th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30992262 |
Partial cloning In short, partial cloning has enormous potential to relieve human suffering and disease: it is the most rapid and cheap route to successful regenerative medicine. also avoids the ethical problems associated with “classical” cloning in that it does not result in live born – it mere uses the oocyte briefl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30992262 |
Alpha strike (engineering) An alpha strike is a term referring to the event when an alpha particle enters a computer processor, and modifying the data contained in that processor. These can cause data corruption or system shutdown, and are becoming an increasing problem as transistor sizes are reduced. Physically, what... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30992771 |
Soai reaction In organic chemistry, the is the alkylation of pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde with diisopropylzinc. The reaction is autocatalytic and leads to rapidly increasing amounts of the same enantiomer of the product. The product pyrimidyl alcohol is chiral and induces that same chirality in further catalytic cycles. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30993329 |
C10H10O5 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30994066 |
Pulvermacher's chain The Pulvermacher chain, or in full as it was sold the Pulvermacher hydro-electric chain, was a type of voltaic battery sold in the second half of the 19th century for medical applications. Its chief market was amongst the numerous quack practitioners who were taking advantage of the popularity of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain The dowels were helically grooved like a screw thread to locate the wires precisely in position. This enabled the copper and zinc wires to be placed very close to each other without coming into electrical contact. Insulated wires could not be used as this would interfere with the operation of the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain The chain would continue to produce a voltage until the dowels dried out, then the chain would have to be resoaked. Typically, the chain would be charged by slowly drawing it through a bowl of vinegar as shown in figure 4. A special link could be included in the chain which incorporated an interrup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain Later versions of the Pulvermacher chain used clockwork driven interrupters whose rate of interruption could be adjusted so that the rate of shock to the patient could be controlled. Such a clockwork interrupter is fitted to the chain shown in figure 1. It is wound up by turning the handle at the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain He first published details of his chain in August 1850 in German and in the winter of that same year came to Britain to demonstrate the machine to notable physicians. He visited London and Edinburgh on this trip. He gives his residence as Breslau, Kingdom of Prussia in his 1853 US patent. Prior to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain Meinig, for promoting the device as a "universal panacea" for almost any imaginable complaint in the company's advertisements. Bird was a tireless opponent of quack practitioners, and was particular quick to criticise medically unqualified electrical treatment, as he felt this was a reason professi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain He criticised some of the chains being sold as delivering "too feeble" a current to be of any medical use and pointed out that the proposed procedure of wrapping the device around an affected limb would make it useless since a conductive path through the skin across each cell would prevent a useful... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain The College of Dentists investigated its possible use as an anaesthetic during tooth extraction but found no benefit with the device frequently adding to the pain. In 1869, the Pulvermacher Company again found itself the subject of discussion in the medical press when they were involved in legal pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain Electric belts were made for every conceivable part of the human anatomy: limbs, abdomen, chest, neck – sometimes all worn at the same time. Pulvermacher even had a model designed to attach to the male genitals in a special sac which was claimed to cure impotence and erectile dysfunction. Pulvermac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Pulvermacher's chain By the end of the 1920s the electric belt's popularity had severely declined (but not the public's appetite for other quack electric cures) and the scientific market had long since moved on to better electrical generation technology than chain batteries. The Pulvermacher chain, especially in the fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30997525 |
Single molecule fluorescent sequencing is one method of DNA sequencing. The core principle is the imaging of individual fluorophore molecules, each corresponding to one base. By working on single molecule level, amplification of DNA is not required, avoiding amplification bias. The method lends itself to parallelizatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31001609 |
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) are restriction enzymes that can be engineered to cut specific sequences of DNA. They are made by fusing a TAL effector DNA-binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain (a nuclease which cuts DNA strands). Transcription ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31001884 |
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease The non-specific DNA cleavage domain from the end of the FokI endonuclease can be used to construct hybrid nucleases that are active in a yeast assay. These reagents are also active in plant cells and in animal cells. Initial TALEN studies used the wild-type FokI cleavage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31001884 |
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease Both methods offer a systematic approach to engineering DNA binding domains that is conceptually similar to the modular assembly method for generating zinc finger DNA recognition domains. Once the TALEN constructs have been assembled, they are inserted into plasmids; the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31001884 |
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease Cleavage products can be visualized on simple agarose gels or slab gel systems. Alternatively, DNA can be introduced into a genome through NHEJ in the presence of exogenous double-stranded DNA fragments. Homology directed repair can also introduce foreign DNA at the DSB as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31001884 |
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease Recently, it was shown that TALEN can be used as tools to harness the immune system to fight cancers; TALEN-mediated targeting can generate T cells that are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs and show anti-tumor activity. In theory, the genome-wide specificity of engineer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31001884 |
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease gRNAs can target nearly any sequence in the genome and they can be cheaply produced, thus making CRISPR more efficient and less expensive than both TALEN and ZFN. TALEN is ultimately 200 times more expensive than CRISPR and takes several months more to perform. The off-tar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31001884 |
Electrochemical energy conversion is a field of energy technology concerned with electrochemical methods of energy conversion including fuel cells and photoelectrochemical. This field of technology also includes electrical storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors. It is increasingly important in context of au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31002280 |
Bioelectrochemical reactor Bioelectrochemical reactors are a type of bioreactor where bioelectrochemical processes can take place. They are used in bioelectrochemical syntheses, environmental remediation and electrochemical energy conversion. Examples of bioelectrochemical reactors include microbial electrolysis cells,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31002344 |
Bioelectrochemical reactor If the process is internal, electron transfer is called fermentation. The microorganism attempt to maximize their energy gain by selecting the electron acceptor with the highest potential available. In nature mainly minerals containing iron or manganese oxides are being reduced. Often soluble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31002344 |
Heterogeneous water oxidation Heterogeneous Water Oxidation Water oxidation is one of the half reactions of water splitting: 2HO → O + 4H + 4e Oxidation (generation of dioxygen) 4H + 4e → 2HReduction (generation of dihydrogen) 2HO → 2H + OTotal Reaction Of the two half reactions, the oxidation step is the most demandin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31011269 |
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