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C-terminal telopeptide Although a number of surrogate biomarkers exist for measuring the metabolic products of bone resorption, the serum CTX marker was chosen because it is both highly correlated to bone turnover rate and already available for detection in a laboratory test carried out by a major lab testing corporati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31170355 |
Polymer Chemistry (journal) Polymer Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry covering all aspects of the chemistry of synthetic and biological macromolecules and related emerging areas. It was established in February 2010 as a monthly journal and switched to biweekly i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31171661 |
Thermal entrance length The thermal entrance length "L" is used to outline the boundary between the fully developed heat flow and the non-fully developed heat flow in a heated/cooled pipe flow of a fluid. A fully developed heat flow in a pipe can be considered in the following situation. If the tube wall of the pipe is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31177154 |
Thermal entrance length ), the Nusselt number has different dependence on Reynolds number, Prandtl number and the friction factor of the flow. A simple example is a laminar flow which is already hydrodynamically fully developed at x=0, and a constant and uniform pipe wall temperature is maintained. In this case, the th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31177154 |
Thermal entrance length For gases and water at higher temperatures, the Prandtl number is close to 1 and the thermal entrance length can vary between 15 and 40 diameters [1]. Overall, the determination of the thermal entrance length can be difficult and requires an understanding of the heat and fluid transfer phenomeno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31177154 |
Heavy fermion superconductor Heavy fermion superconductors are a type of unconventional superconductor. The first heavy fermion superconductor, CeCuSi, was discovered by Frank Steglich in 1978. Since then over 30 heavy fermion superconductors were found (in materials based on Ce, U), with a critical temperature up to 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31178002 |
NeXtProt neXtProt is an on-line knowledge platform on human proteins. It strives to be a comprehensive resource that provides a variety of types of information on human proteins, such as their function, subcellular location, expression, interactions and role in diseases. The major part of the information in neXtProt is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31179919 |
WebGeSTer DB is a database of intrinsic transcription terminators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31182642 |
Torquoselectivity is a special kind of stereoselectivity observed in electrocyclic reactions in organic chemistry, defined as "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." is not to be confused with the normal diastereoselectivity seen in pericycl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31184828 |
Torquoselectivity Other mechanisms by which torquoselectivity can operate include chiral Lewis acid catalysts, induction via neighboring stereocenters (in which case the torquoselectivity is a case of diastereoselectivity), and axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer. An example of the latter case is shown below for th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31184828 |
Marc Julia (23 October 1922 – 29 June 2010) was a French chemist and the winner of the 1990 CNRS Gold Medal in chemistry. He discovered the Julia olefination reaction in 1973. Julia was born in 1922 in Paris as son of the renowned mathematician Gaston Julia. Julia studied physics at the École Normale Supérieure. After ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31186107 |
Yeastract YEASTRACT (Yeast Search for Transcriptional Regulators And Consensus Tracking) is a curated repository of more than 48000 regulatory associations between transcription factors (TF) and target genes in "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", based on more than 1200 bibliographic references. It also includes the descriptio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31192209 |
Yeastract Facilities are also provided to enable the exploitation of the gathered data when solving a number of biological questions, as exemplified in the Tutorial. YEASTRACT allows the identification of documented or potential transcription regulators of a given gene and of documented or potential regulons for each t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31192209 |
BindingDB The purpose of is to support medicinal chemistry and drug discovery via literature awareness and development of structure-activity relations (SAR and QSAR); validation of computational chemistry and molecular modelling approaches such as docking, scoring and free energy methods; chemical biology and chemical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31213240 |
BindingDB Given the vastness of the molecular recognition literature and limitations in available resources, this meant that creating a useful database would require limiting attention to a well-defined set of high-value binding data. The decision was taken to focus on binding data for small molecules with proteins tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31213240 |
Algae scrubber An algae scrubber is a water filtering device (not to be confused with a scrubber pad used to clean glass) which uses light to grow algae; in this process, undesirable chemicals are removed from the water. Algae scrubbers allow saltwater, freshwater and pond hobbyists to operate their tanks using natural... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber It is this same consumption of nutrients that algae perform in an aquarium or pond. Algae scrubbers are used in both saltwater and freshwater, and remove nuisance algae of multiple types: cyano or slime, bubble, hair, "Chaetomorpha", "Caulerpa", and film algae, as well as dinoflagellates and "Aiptasia". ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber " In three editions of his book, Dynamic Aquaria, Dr Adey described his work in detail and discussed in scientific principles the physical, chemical, and biological considerations for building a functioning ecological system within an enclosure, from aquarium size, to microcosm (up to 5000 gallons), or m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber After several years of development, he participated in a test of a large algae scrubber on the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium: "The Reef Tank represents the first application of algal scrubber technology to large volume aquarium systems. Aquaria using conventional water purification methods (e.g. bacterial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber ] "The scleractinians (Montastrea, Madracis, Porites, Diploria, and Acropora) and calcareous alga (Halimeda and others) present in the coral reef mesocosm are the most likely organisms responsible for the significant reduction in concentration of the Ca and Sr cations." [...] "Ca is not normally a biolim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber The scrubbers were just starting to make headway into the aquarium hobby in the 1990s when Adey decided to withdraw his license and no longer allow anybody to make or sell them. He turned his attention instead to commercial and industrial applications, and entered private business making large scale scru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber The name "refugium" was used because the growing algae provided a safe place for small and microscopic animals to breed and grow, and thus was a "refuge" from the large fish and invertebrates in the main aquarium that would otherwise consume them. However while the refugiums did indeed consume nutrients ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber Green algae, however (especially light-green hair algae), allows light and water to penetrate all the way down to the screen if the growth is kept less than 20 mm thick, which allows the algae to grow faster and absorb more nutrients without dying and losing attachment to the screen. This is fortunate be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber This removal of algae has the effect of removing undesired nutrients from the water because the algae used the nutrients in order to grow. The algae is generally removed either: For waterfall versions, the screen is removed from the pipe and cleaned in a sink with running water. The pipe is removed also,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Algae scrubber If the screen is not cleaned like this periodically, the algae will get too thick and block light and flow from reaching the "roots" of the algae, and these areas will die and let go, putting nutrients back into the water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31215369 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. This pathway is also influenced by fed vers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway The functioning of a signal transduction pathway is based on extra-cellular signaling that in turn creates a response that causes other subsequent responses, hence creating a chain reaction, or cascade. During the course of signaling, the cell uses each response for accomplishing som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway The exposure of rat Langerhans islets to glucose for 1 hour is able to remarkably induce the intracellular proinsulin levels. It was noted that the proinsulin mRNA remained stable. This suggests that the acute response to glucose of the insulin synthesis is independent of mRNA synthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway The closure of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels causes depolarization of the cell membrane causing the cell membrane to stretch which causes the voltage-gated calcium channel on the membrane to open causing an influx of Ca2+ ions. This influx then stimulates fusion of the insulin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway Several hormones can affect insulin secretion. Estrogen is correlated with an increase of insulin secretion by depolarizing the β-cells membrane and enhancing the entry of Ca+2. In contrast, growth hormone is known to lower the serum level of insulin by promoting the production of in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway Once the tyrosine kinase is activated in the insulin receptor, it triggers the activation of the docking proteins, also called IRS (1-4) that are important in the signaling pathway, and then the activation of the PI-3k The two enzymes Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAP-Kinase) and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway It maintains the insulin sensitivity in the liver. PI-3K is composed of a regulatory subunit (P85) and a catalytic subunit (P110). P85 regulates the activation of PI-3K enzyme. In the PI-3K heterodimer (P85-p110), P85 is responsible for the PI-3K activity, by binding to the binding s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway Secondly, it promotes the conversion of glucose into triglyceride in the liver, fat, and muscle cells. Finally, the cell will increase the rate of glycolysis within itself to break glucose in the cell into other components for tissue growth purposes. An example of positive feedback m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway When insulin binds to the cell's receptor, it results in negative feedback by limiting or stopping some other actions in the cell. It inhibits the release and production of glucose from the cells which is an important part in reducing the glucose blood level. Insulin will also inhibi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway Glucose enters the beta cells and goes through glycolysis to form ATP that eventually causes depolarization of the beta cell membrane (as explained in Insulin secretion section of this article). The depolarization process causes voltage-controlled calcium channels (Ca2+) opening, all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway Liver cells, or hepatocytes, have glucagon receptors which allow for glucagon to attach to them and thus stimulate glycogenolysis. Contrary to insulin, which is produced by pancreatic β-cells, glucagon is produced by pancreatic α-cells. It is also known that an increase in insulin su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Insulin signal transduction pathway With the release of GLUT4, the allowance of glucose into cells is increased, and therefore the concentration of blood glucose might decrease. This, in other words, increases the utilization of the glucose already present in the liver. This is shown in the adjacent image. As glucose i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31216882 |
Lupeol is a pharmacologically active triterpenoid. It has several potential medicinal properties. is found in a variety of plants, including mango, "Acacia visco" and "Abronia villosa". It is also found in dandelion coffee. The first total synthesis of lupeol was reported by Gilbert Stork "et al". In 2009, Surendra and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31239754 |
Lupeol has been found to have a contraceptive effect due to its inhibiting effect on the calcium channel of sperm (CatSper). has also been shown to exert anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer effects via the downregulation of TNF-alpha and VEGFR-2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31239754 |
Zinc–cerium battery Zinc–cerium batteries are a type of redox flow battery first developed by Plurion Inc. (UK) during the 2000s. In this rechargeable battery, both negative zinc and positive cerium electrolytes are circulated though an electrochemical flow reactor during the operation and stored in two separated reser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31245673 |
Zinc–cerium battery Methanesulfonic acid is particularly well suited for industrial electrochemical applications and is considered to be a green alternative to other support electrolytes. The Zn-Ce flow battery is still in early stages of development. The main technological challenge is the control of the inefficiency ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31245673 |
Zinc–cerium battery Since the 2010s, the electrochemical properties and the characterisation of a zinc–cerium redox flow battery have been identified by the researchers of Southampton and Strathclyde Universities. During charge/discharge cycles at 50 mA cm, the coulombic and voltage efficiencies of the zinc–cerium redo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31245673 |
Zinc–cerium battery Research on mixed acids continues and it has been shown that low concentrations of hydrochloric acid can improve the electrochemical response of the cerium reaction, while nitric acid additions had negative results. Hierarchical porous carbon as the positive electrode has yielded better performance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31245673 |
Zinc–cerium battery The development of the Zn-Ce battery has been recently reviewed, as well as the electrochemical technology of cerium conversion for industrial applications, which include energy storage, nuclear decontamination, indirect organic synthesis, destruction of hazardous organics and gas scrubbing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31245673 |
Neoendorphin Neoendorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides derived from the proteolytic cleavage of prodynorphin. They include α-neoendorphin and β-neoendorphin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31252114 |
Tolman electronic parameter The (TEP) is a measure of the electron donating or withdrawing ability of a ligand. It is determined by measuring the frequency of the A C-O vibrational mode (ν(CO)) of a (pseudo)-C symmetric complex, [LNi(CO)] by infrared spectroscopy, where L is the ligand of interest. [LNi(CO)] was chosen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31252651 |
Tolman electronic parameter In a treatment akin to the TEP analysis, the donor properties of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been ranked according to IR data recorded on cis-[RhCl(NHC)(CO)] complexes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31252651 |
Radiation material science Radiation materials science describes the interaction of radiation with matter: a broad subject covering many forms of irradiation and of matter. Some of the most profound effects of irradiation on materials occur in the core of nuclear power reactors where atoms comprising the structural com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31259060 |
Radiation material science The inclusion of ions among the irradiating particles provides a tie-in to other fields and disciplines such as the use of accelerators for the transmutation of nuclear waste, or in the creation of new materials by ion implantation, ion beam mixing, plasma assisted ion implantation and ion be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31259060 |
Radiation material science The radiation damage event is defined as the transfer of energy from an incident projectile to the solid and the resulting distribution of target atoms after completion of the event. This event is composed of several distinct processes: The result of a radiation damage event is, if the energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31259060 |
Radiation material science The term formula_10 describes the transfer of energy from the incoming particle to the first atom it encounters in the target, the primary knock-on atom; The second quantity formula_13 is the total number of displacements that the primary knock-on atom goes on to make in the solid; Taken toge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31259060 |
Radiation material science By accounting for radiation damage, reactor materials would be able to withstand longer operating lifetimes. This allows reactors to be decommissioned after longer periods of time, improving return on investment of reactors without compromising safety. This is of particular interest in develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31259060 |
Radiation material science This slows the radiation embrittlement process by preventing mobility of atoms in the first place, proactively selecting materials that do not interact with the nuclear radiation as frequently. This can have a huge impact on total damage especially when comparing the materials of modern advan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31259060 |
Graphical unitary group approach (GUGA) is a technique used to construct Configuration state functions (CSFs) in computational quantum chemistry. As reflected in its name, the method uses the mathematical properties of the unitary group. The foundation of the unitary group approach (UGA) can be traced to the work of Mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31260401 |
PKA (irradiation) A Primary Knock-on Atom or PKA is an atom that is displaced from its lattice site by irradiation; it is, by definition, the first atom that an incident particle encounters in the target. After it is displaced from its initial lattice site, the PKA can induce the subsequent lattice site displacements o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31260516 |
PKA (irradiation) Such an atom will collide with another atom approximately every mean interatomic distance traveled, losing half of its energy during the average collision. Assuming that an atom that has slowed down to a kinetic energy of 1 eV becomes trapped in an interstitial site, displaced atoms will typically be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31260516 |
PKA (irradiation) A thermal spike is a region in which a moving particle heats up the material surrounding its track through the solid for times of the order of 10 s. In its path, a PKA can produce effects similar to those of heating and rapidly quenching a metal, resulting in Frenkel defects. A thermal spike does not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31260516 |
PKA (irradiation) While the material is melted, atomic interchange occurs as a result of random motion of the atoms initiated by the relaxation of local strains from the density fluctuations. This releases stored energy from these strains that raises the temperature even higher, maintaining the liquid state briefly aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31260516 |
PKA (irradiation) The interaction of cascades at higher doses was found to produce new clusters near existing groups of vacancy clusters, apparently converting invisible vacancy-rich regions to visible vacancy clusters. These processes are dependent on PKA energy, and from three PKA spectra obtained from fission neutro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31260516 |
Arrastra An arrastra (or arastra) is a primitive mill for grinding and pulverizing (typically) gold or silver ore. Its simplest form is two or more flat-bottomed drag stones placed in a circular pit paved with flat stones, and connected to a center post by a long arm. With a horse, mule or human providing power at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31261994 |
C16H28O The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31275006 |
Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography (NMR crystallography) is a method which utilizes primarily NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of solid materials on the atomic scale. Thus, solid-state NMR spectroscopy would be used primarily, possibly supplemented by quantum chemistry calculations (e.g. density func... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31279073 |
Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography The spin interaction that is usually employed for structural analyses via solid state NMR spectroscopy is the magnetic dipolar interaction. Additional knowledge about other interactions within the studied system like the chemical shift or the electric quadrupole interaction ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31279073 |
Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The above-mentioned dipolar interaction can be measured directly, e.g. between pairs of heteronuclear spins like C/N in many organic compounds. Furthermore, the strength of the dipolar interaction modulates parameters like the longitudinal relaxa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31279073 |
Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography The dipolar interaction yields the most direct information with respect to structure as it makes it possible to measure the distances between the spins. The sensitivity of this interaction is however lacking and even though dipolar-based NMR crystallography makes the elucidati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31279073 |
Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography This is the case since difference systems will have different spin physics and different observables which can be probed. The method may therefore not find widespread use as different systems will require qualified individuals to design experiments to study them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31279073 |
Gianaurelio Cuniberti (born 28 April 1970) is an Italian scientist and professor at TU Dresden in Germany. Since 2007 he has been chair of Materials Science and Nanotechnology at the TU Dresden. Professor took his "Diploma di Maturità" (matriculation examination which can be compared to A-Level exams or "Abitur".) in J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31279134 |
Sulfite ester A sulfite ester is a functional group with the structure (RO)(R'O)SO. They adopt a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry due to the presence of lone pairs on the sulphur atom. When substituents R and R' differ, the compound is chiral owing to the stereogenic sulphur centre; when the R groups are the same ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31283000 |
Water-use efficiency (WUE) refers to the ratio of water used in plant metabolism to water lost by the plant through transpiration. Two types of water-use efficiency are referred to most frequently: Increases in water-use efficiency are commonly cited as a response mechanism of plants to moderate to severe soil water de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31291001 |
Artificial dielectrics are fabricated electromagnetic materials consisting of synthetic substances, usually constructed in an orderly arrangement, such as arrays. The arranged materials, and the distances between them are usually evenly spaced on, or within, a substrate. Hence, the arrays of inclusions are in a periodi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31291039 |
Artificial dielectrics It described materials of practical dimensions that imitated the electromagnetic response of natural dielectric solids. The artificial dielectrics were borne out of a need for lightweight low loss materials for large and otherwise heavy devices. Natural dielectrics, or natural materials, are a mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31291039 |
Artificial dielectrics In the radio frequency and microwave regions such artificial crystal lattice structures were assembled. The scatters responded to an electromagnetic field like atoms and molecules in natural materials, and the media behaved much like dielectrics with an effective media response. The scattering el... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31291039 |
AEM rubber AEM rubber, also abbreviated AECM (ISO 1629), is an ethylene acrylic rubber with the formula: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31293393 |
Bean's critical state model Bean's critical state model, introduced by C. P. Bean in 1962, gives a macroscopic explanation of the irreversible magnetization behavior (hysteresis) of hard Type-II superconductors. Hard superconductors often exhibit hysteresis in magnetization measurements. C. P. Bean postulated for the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31293970 |
Bean's critical state model For "H > H", the vortices penetrate the whole cylinder and a magnetic field appears in the interior, which then increases with increasing external field. Let us now consider what happens, if the external field is then decreased: Due to induction, an opposed critical current is generated at t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31293970 |
Pallidol is a resveratrol dimer. It can be found in "red wine", in "Cissus pallida" or in "Parthenocissus laetevirens". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31295612 |
Free element In chemistry, a free element is a chemical element that is not combined with or chemically bonded to other elements. Examples of elements which can occur as free elements include the oxygen molecule (O) and carbon. All atoms of free elements have an oxidation number of 0. They hardly ever bond with other a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31295654 |
Reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) is the organic compound with the formula HOCHCHCHO. It is a bifunctional molecule, containing both a hydroxy and aldehyde functional groups. The name reuterin is derived from "Lactobacillus reuteri", which produces the compound biosynthetically from glycerol as a broad-spectrum antib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31296238 |
Reuterin is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol catalysed by the coenzyme B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase. is a potent antimicrobial compound produced by "Lactobacillus reuteri". It is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol catalysed by the coenzyme B12-dependen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31296238 |
Mechanistic organic photochemistry Some chemical reactions take place by the action of light. These are called, "photochemical reactions", or "photolysis". is the aspect of organic photochemistry which seeks to explain the mechanisms of organic photochemical reactions. The absorption of ultraviolet light by organic mol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31296803 |
Mechanistic organic photochemistry Using steroid numbering, we note that the C-3 carbonyl group has moved to C-2, the C-4 methyl has moved to C-1, and the C-10 carbon has been inverted. A comparatively bizarre example was uncovered by Egbert Havinga in 1956. The curious result was activation on photolysis by a meta nit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31296803 |
Mechanistic organic photochemistry C2 and C5) of the cyclohexadienone ring had a large bond-order. As seen in the scheme a beta-beta bond is formed. Subsequent to this, radiationless decay leads to a zwitterion ground state. The final rearrangement leads to lumisantonin as can be discerned by comparing the three-dimens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31296803 |
Mechanistic organic photochemistry Inspection of the alternative phenonium-type species, in which an aryl group has begun to migrate to the beta-carbon, reveals the greater electron delocalization with a substituent para on the migrating aryl group and thus a more stabilized pathway. Still another type of photochemical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31296803 |
Mechanistic organic photochemistry The groundwork had been laid by very earlier studies in Russia by Terenin and Ermolaev, who demonstrated intermolecular triplet transfer at low temperatures and described the kinetics. After the basics had been established, organic photochemistry seemed to accelerate exponentially. At... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31296803 |
Mechanistic organic photochemistry Some of these have been described above and with this being an encyclopedic survey only a selected few are considered here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31296803 |
Vibration of plates The vibration of plates is a special case of the more general problem of mechanical vibrations. The equations governing the motion of plates are simpler than those for general three-dimensional objects because one of the dimensions of a plate is much smaller than the other two. This suggests that a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31309708 |
Vibration of plates Summation over repeated indices is implied. The formula_9 coordinates is out-of-plane while the coordinates formula_10 and formula_11 are in plane. For a uniformly thick plate of thickness formula_6 and homogeneous mass density formula_13 For an isotropic and homogeneous plate, the stress-strain rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31309708 |
Vibration of plates The potential energy density of a plate depends how the plate is deformed, and so on the mean curvature and Gaussian curvature of the plate. For small deformations, the mean curvature is expressed in terms of "w", the vertical displacement of the plate from kinetic equilibrium, as Δ"w", the Laplacia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31309708 |
Vibration of plates The general solution of this eigenvalue problem that is appropriate for plates has the form where formula_43 is the order 0 Bessel function of the first kind and formula_44 is the order 0 modified Bessel function of the first kind. The constants formula_45 and formula_46 are determined from the boun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31309708 |
Vibration of plates From the right hand side, we then have From the left hand side, where Since the above equation is a biharmonic eigenvalue problem, we look for Fourier expansion solutions of the form We can check and see that this solution satisfies the boundary conditions for a freely vibrating rectangular plate wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31309708 |
Leloir pathway The is a metabolic pathway for the catabolism of -galactose. It is named after Luis Federico Leloir. In the first step, galactose mutarotase facilitates the conversion of β--galactose to α--galactose since this is the active form in the pathway. Next, α--galactose is phosphorylated by galactokinase to ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31310383 |
Polyvalent DNA gold nanoparticles are colloidal gold whose surface is modified with thiol capped synthetic DNA sequences. They were co-discovered by Chad Mirkin "et al." at Northwestern University in 1996 and Paul Alivisatos at University of California, Berkeley. Due to the strong interaction between gold and thiols (-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31314565 |
Severinghaus electrode The is an electrode that measures carbon dioxide (CO). It was developed by Dr. John W. Severinghaus and his technician A. Freeman Bradley in 1958. It utilizes a CO-sensitive glass electrode in a surrounding film of bicarbonate solution covered by a thin plastic carbon dioxide permeable membrane, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31319138 |
Anodic bonding is a wafer bonding process to seal glass to either silicon or metal without introducing an intermediate layer; it is commonly used to seal glass to silicon wafers in electronics and microfluidics. This bonding technique, also known as field assisted bonding or electrostatic sealing, is mostly used for co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31321967 |
Anodic bonding With an intermediate glass layer, it is also possible to connect two silicon wafers. The glass layers are deposited by sputtering, spin-on of a glass solution or vapor deposition upon the processed silicon wafer. The thickness of these layers range from one to a few micrometers with spin-on glass layers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31321967 |
Anodic bonding The anodic bonding procedure is able to bond hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon surfaces equally effectively. The roughness of the surface should be less than 10 nm and free of contamination on the surface for the procedure to work properly. Even though anodic bonding is relatively tolerant to contamina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31321967 |
Anodic bonding Below temperatures of 350 to 400 °C and a bond voltage of 500 to 1000 V, this method is not very effective nor reliable. The use of a full area cathode electrode shows bond reactions over the whole interface after powering up the potential. This is the result of a homogeneous electric field distribution ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31321967 |
Anodic bonding In result no ions drift out of the silicon into the glass during the bond process. This affects a positive volume charge in the silicon wafer on the opposite side. As a result a few micrometer thick high-impedance depletion region is developed at the bond barrier in the glass wafer. In the gap between si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31321967 |
Anodic bonding After the bonding process, slow cooling over several minutes has to take place. This can be supported by purging with an inert gas. The cooling time depends on the difference of CTE for the bonded materials: the higher the CTE difference, the longer the cooling period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31321967 |
Dynamic design analysis method The dynamic design analysis method (DDAM) is a US Navy-developed analytical procedure for evaluating the design of equipment subject to dynamic loading caused by underwater explosions (UNDEX). The analysis uses a form of shock spectrum analysis that estimates the dynamic response of a com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31322231 |
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