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California Green Chemistry Initiative DTSC reportedly received over 57,000 comments and over 800 regulatory suggestions. Regulatory suggestions included industry assessments of risk and safety, alternative chemicals and life-cycle assessments and mandatory industry reporting, full public disclosure of substances contai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31677000 |
California Green Chemistry Initiative Essentially the recommended policy methods include authority tools that would regulate the approval on new chemicals in a more cautious manner as well as mandate the decimation of information, as provided by manufacturers to the public; innovation would be encouraged under this par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31677000 |
California Green Chemistry Initiative Environmentalists say the toxics department gutted the initiative at the behest of the chemical industry, and then put out the changes for public comment during a 15-day period just before Thanksgiving. This was a violation of the law requiring a 45-day public comment period when a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31677000 |
Sel gris (pl. sels gris, "gray salt" in French) is a coarse granular sea salt popularized by the French. "Sel gris" comes from the same solar evaporation salt pans as fleur de sel but is harvested differently; it is allowed to come into contact with the bottom of the salt pan before being raked, hence its gray color. "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31677397 |
Sel gris Because it is a moist salt, it does not suck all the moisture out of food when used as a finishing salt, unlike kosher salt (which is designed to absorb blood and other fluids from meat). Selmeliers tend to pair "sels gris" with heartier foods like steak and root vegetables due to their mineral complexity. Mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31677397 |
Electrodiffusiophoresis is a motion of particles dispersed in liquid induced by external homogeneous electric field, which makes it similar to electrophoresis. In contradistinction with electrophoresis, motion of particle in homogeneous electric field only, electrodiffusiophoresis occurs in the areas of the dispersion ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31677721 |
Electrodiffusiophoresis This review presents also application of electrodiffusiophoresis for making bactericidal coatings. This effect has attracted new attention in 2010 with regard to microfluidics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31677721 |
CASINO is a quantum Monte Carlo program that was originally developed in the Theory of Condensed Matter group at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. can be used to perform variational quantum Monte Carlo and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the energy and distribution of electrons in atoms, mol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31683560 |
Thioketene Thioketenes are organosulfur compounds analogous to ketenes with the general formula RC=C=S, where R is alkyl or aryl. (ethenthione) is also the name of the compound CH=C=S, which is the simplest thioketene. Thioketenes are reactive, tending to polymerize. Some thioketenes are produced as transient species u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31687488 |
Thioenol Thioenols (also known as alkenethiols) are alkenes with a thiol group affixed to one of the carbon atoms composing the double bond. They are the sulfur analogs of enols. Alkenes with a thiol group on both atoms of the double bond are called enedithiols. Deprotonated anions of thioenols are called thioenolates.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31687977 |
Denigés' reagent The was developed in 1898 by Georges Denigés (December 25, 1859–February 20, 1951), a French Biochemist, is a reagent used for qualitative analysis. is used to detect isolefin or tertiary alcohols which can be easily dehydrated to form isoolefin in the presence of acid. Treatment of solutions containin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31689446 |
Cerimetry or cerimetric titration, also known as cerate oximetry, is a method of volumetric chemical analysis developed by Ion Atanasiu. It is a redox titration in which a Fe-1,10-phenanthroline complex (ferroin) color change indicates the end point. Ferroin can be reversibly discolored in its oxidized form upon titrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31690148 |
Cerimetry In addition, any nonstoichiometry in the Fe(III)–Fe(II) range is titrated directly with no additives, any nonstoichiometry below Fe will reduce 1 M FeCl whereas any nonstoichiometry above Fe will oxidize Mohr's salt. In the second- and third-row transition metals, only the early elements would be suitable for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31690148 |
Euler's pump and turbine equation The Euler pump and turbine equations are the most fundamental equations in the field of turbomachinery. These equations govern the power, efficiencies and other factors that contribute to the design of turbomachines. With the help of these equations the head developed by a pump and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31691263 |
Euler's pump and turbine equation 13), Euler developed the equation for the pressure head created by an impeller: Y : theoretical specific supply ; H : theoretical head pressure ; g : gravitational acceleration For the case of a pelton turbine the static component of the head is zero, hence the equation reduces to: Eul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31691263 |
Photooxygenation A photooxygenation is a light-induced oxidation reaction in which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the product(s). Initial research interest in photooxygenation reactions arose from Oscar Raab's observations in 1900 that the combination of light, oxygen and photosensitizers is highly toxic to cell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693647 |
Photooxygenation Clear distinctions can be made based on three attributes: oxidation, the involvement of light, and the incorporation of molecular oxygen into the products: Sensitizers (denoted "Sens") are compounds, such as fluorescein dyes, methylene blue, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are able to absor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693647 |
Photooxygenation While many stable molecules’ HOMOs consist of bonding molecular orbitals and therefore require a moderate energy jump from bonding to antibonding to reach their first excited state, the antibonding nature of molecular oxygen’s HOMO allows for a lower energy gap between its ground state and first excite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693647 |
Photooxygenation Type I photooxygenation reactions are frequently used in the process of forming and trapping diradical species. Mirbach et al. reported on one such reaction in which an azo compound is lysed via photolysis to form the diradical hydrocarbon and then trapped in a stepwise fashion by molecular oxygen: In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693647 |
Photooxygenation Rather than proceeding through a Type I or Type II photooxygenation mechanism, some investigators have chosen to use 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) as a photosensitzer, leading to the reaction of an indolizine derivative with the superoxide anion radical. Note that the reaction proceeds through an indoli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693647 |
Photooxygenation Extensive oxidative damage to tumor cells will kill tumor cells. Also oxidative damage to nearby blood vessels will cause local agglomeration and cut off nutrient supply to the tumor, thus starving the tumor. An important consideration when selecting the Sens to be used in PDT is the specific wavelengt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693647 |
Angiokinase inhibitors are a new therapeutic target for the management of cancer. They inhibit tumour angiogenesis, one of the key processes leading to invasion and metastasis of solid tumours, by targeting receptor tyrosine kinases. Examples include nintedanib (BIBF 1120), afatinib (BIBW 2992) and motesanib (AMG 706).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693932 |
Angiokinase inhibitors In a phase II study, 73 patients with stage IIIB/IV cancer were randomly assigned to 250mg or 150mg BIBF 1120 monotherapy twice-daily. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 1.6 months and the stable disease rate was 48%. Patients with an ECOG score of 0–1 (n=57) had a median PFS of 2.9 m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693932 |
Angiokinase inhibitors BIBW 2992 is a next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed by Boehringer Ingelheim which irreversibly blocks both epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR) and 2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase. In the first human study of BIBW 2992, the maximum tolerated dose in a two-week-on, two-week off schedu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693932 |
Angiokinase inhibitors In vitro studies have shown that AMG 706 inhibits human endothelial cell proliferation induced by VEGF, but not by basic fibroblast growth factor, as well as vascular permeability induced by VEGF in mice. Oral administration of AMG 706 potently inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis in a rat corneal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693932 |
Capnellene is a naturally occurring tricyclic hydrocarbon derived from "Capnella imbricata", a species of soft coral found in Indonesia. Since the 1970s, capnellene has been targeted for synthesis by numerous investigators due to its stereochemistry, functionality, and the interesting geometry of the carbon skeleton. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31695456 |
Capnellene It was also postulated that capnellenes also protect the soft coral by preventing larval settlement. "Capnella imbricata" is a rich source of many non-isoprenoid sesquiterpenes, which all share the "cis,anti,cis"-tricyclo[6.3.0.0]undecane ring system. Consequently, the first known isolation of a capnellane d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31695456 |
Capnellene Specifically, the capnellanol derivatives found in "Capnella" serve as a defense system by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and the settlement of larvae on the coral’s surface. However, the details of this defense mechanism have not been extensively explored. Although the natural synthesis of capnelle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31695456 |
Capnellene Approaches to this synthesis are diverse, and include central steps such as annululation, olefin metathesis, radical cyclization, and trapping reactions. The most heavily cited synthesis in the literature involves two key intermediates formed by a Stille reaction, the palladium-catalyzed coupling of vinyl tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31695456 |
Capnellene Capnellene-8β,10α-diol and its acylated derivatives exhibit significant cytotoxicity "in vitro" against cervical epitheloid carcinoma (HeLa, oral epidermoid (KB), medulloblastoma (Daoy) and colon adenocarcinoma (WiDr) human tumor cell lines. The diol was also effective against human leukemia, renal leiomyobl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31695456 |
Capnellene Additionally, treatment with Δ-capnellene-8β,10α-diol inhibited the up-regulation of immunoreactivity in the mouse model, specifically targeting the production of COX-2. Unlike many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs), Δ-capnellene-8β,10α-diol is advantageous in its selectivity for the COX isoenzym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31695456 |
Aquametry in analytical chemistry refer to analytical processes to measure the water present in materials. The methods widely used in aquametry encompasses Karl Fischer titration, distillation, chromatography etc. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms (6. ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2003. (on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31696679 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces. Multi-layer photovoltaic cells have gained popularity since mid 1980s. At the time, research was primarily focused on single-layer photovoltaic (PV) devices between two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Anthracene was heavily studied due to its known crystal structure and its commercial availability in high-purity single anthracene crystals. The studies of photoconductive properties of organic dyes such as methylene blue were initiated only in the early 1960s owing to the discov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Some of the attributes which make OPVs such a promising candidate to solve this problem include their low-cost of production, throughput, ruggedness, and their chemically tunable electric properties along with significant reduction in the production of greenhouse gases. For decad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy This low power conversion efficiency is directly related to discrepancies in the film morphology on the nano-scale level. Explanations of film morphology include recombination and/or trapping of charges, low open circuit voltages, heterogeneous interfaces, grain boundaries, and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) have been utilized in the studies of electron injection and charge trapping effects, while scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) have been used to investi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy They fabricated an instrument called scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and demonstrated that STM provides surface topography on the atomic scale. This microscopy technique yielded resolutions which were nearly equal to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fundamental princip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy The relationship between "f" and the spring constant is such that "k" must be very small in order to make the spring soft. Since "k" and "m" are in a ratio, the value of "m" must also decrease to increase the value of the ratio. Manipulating the values in this way provides the ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy The term "r" is the separation at which the sum of the potentials between the two atoms is zero Force on AFM tip in terms of Lennard-Jones potential: formula_3 Modifications of this early work have been implemented to perform AFM analysis on both conducting and non-conducting mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Relationship between conducting current and sample layer thickness: formula_4 The accuracies of all AFM techniques rely heavily on a sample scanning tube, the piezo-tube. The piezo-tube scanner is responsible for the direction of tip displacement during a sample analysis, and is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy The relationship between the movement of the piezo-tube and the direction of the displacement of the AFM tip assumes that the tube is perfectly symmetric. When no voltage is applied to the tube the z-axis bisects the tube, sample and sample stage symmetrically. When a voltage is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy As previously mentioned, in non-contact mode the cantilever is stationary and the tip does not come into physical contact with the sample surface. The cantilever behaves as a spring and oscillates at its resonance frequency. Topological variance causes the spring-like oscillation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy The combination of the conductive tip and illumination laser provides photocurrent images with vertical resolutions in the range of 0 to 10 pA when overlaid with the topographical data obtained. Also unique to this modification are the spectra data gathered by comparing the curre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy When modifying traditional AFM for pc application, all components must be combined such that they do not interfere with one another and so that various sources of noise and mechanical interference do not disrupt the optical components. In traditional instrumentation, the stage is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy This is particularly true for pc-AFM, which must have the piezo-components arranged above the cantilever and tip so that the illumination laser can transmit through the sample. with applied voltage In some configurations, the piezo components can be arranged in a tripod design. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy The output from this detector acts as a response to the changes in force and the cantilever adjusts the position of the tip, while keeping constant the force that acts on the tip. The instrumentation of conductive AFM (c-AFM) has evolved with the desire to measure local electrica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy In STM, on the other hand, the applied voltage must be supported within the vacuum tunneling gap between the STM probe and surface. When the tip is in close contact with the sample surface the application of bias voltage to the tip creates a vacuum gap between the tip and the sam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Although many of these concerns have been resolved pc-AFM modules are still widely modified from c-AFM and traditional AFM instruments. The first main concern deals with component configuration and whether or not there is physically enough space for modification in the cramped c-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy The illumination laser source was a diode-pumped solid-state laser system that produced a wavelength of 532 nm and a spot of 1 mm in the sample. The addition of the mirror and laser underneath the sample substrate results in a higher scanning level due to raising the sample subst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy A convenience of this technique is that laser alignment is only necessary for imaging in the z-direction because the photocurrents are mapped in this direction. Therefore, normal AFM/c-AFM can be implemented for analysis in the x and y directions. The instrumental module proposed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy This electrode which carries relatively small current within it, is able to generate nano-scale holes within the sample material to which the two electrodes are able to detect the relatively small change in conductance due to the flow from the top electrode to the bottom electrod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy , pc-AFM was used to measure how spatial deviations in the photocurrent generation developed with different processing techniques. The authors were able to compare these photocurrent variations to the duration of the annealing process. They have concluded that lengthening the ann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy The authors have studied the photoresponse of sub-surface foundations such as buried indium arsenide (InAs) quantum dots through the implementation of pc-AFM. Through the use of pc-AFM, information regarding quantum dot size, as well as the dispersion of quantum dots within the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Plasma cleaning, as well as halo-acid etching, have been shown to improve the surface uniformity and conductivity of the substrate. This PEDOT:PSS layer is then annealed to the ITO prior to spin-coating the OPV layer onto the substrate. Studies by Pingree et al. have shown the di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Controlling the thickness of these layers plays a significant role in the generation of the efficiency of the PV cells. Typically, the thickness of the active layers is usually smaller than 100 nm to produce photocurrents. This dependence on layer thickness is due to the probabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy As sampling proceeds, the cantilever tip’s position changes, which causes the scanning laser wavelength (650 nm) to deviate from its original position on the detector. The z-piezo scanner then recognizes this deviation and moves vertically to return the laser spot to its set posi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Drifting of the tip is also seen due to piezo hysteresis, which causes displacement due to molecular friction and polarization effects due to the applied electric field. It is important to note the correlation between resolution and curvature of tip radius. Early STM tips used by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy With this work, they have shown images with identical contrast which proves that the photocurrent variations are less related to spatial absorbance variation. Current density equation: formula_11 where "J" is the current density, "ε" is the permittivity of a vacuum, "ε" is the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Mechanical vibrations are mainly attributed to traffic in and out of a building Other sources of mechanical vibrations have often been seen in the higher stories of a building due to reduced damping from building supports. This source of vibrational noise is easily controlled thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 |
GCaMP is a genetically encoded calcium indicator, or GECI initially developed by Junichi Nakai. is created from a fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP), calmodulin, and M13, a peptide sequence from myosin light chain kinase. The advantage of GECI's is that they can be genetically specified for studies in living org... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31700261 |
GCaMP Ca binding to the calmodulin moiety results in a structural shift that eliminates this solvent pathway, rapid de-protonation of the chromophore, and bright fluorescence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31700261 |
Mott–Bethe formula The is used to calculate electron scattering form factors, formula_1, from X-ray scattering form factors, formula_2. Following the first Born approximation, formula_3 Here, formula_4 is the magnitude of the scattering vector of momentum transfer cross section in reciprocal space (in units of inverse ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31703828 |
List of people whose names are used in chemical element names Below is the list of people whose names are used in chemical element names. Of the 118 chemical elements, 19 are connected with the names of 20 people. 15 elements were named to honor 16 scientists. Four other elements have indirect connection to the names o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31706469 |
List of people whose names are used in chemical element names Helium, titanium, selenium, palladium, promethium, cerium, europium, mercury, thorium, uranium, neptunium and plutonium are all given names connected to mythological deities. With these five, that connection is indirect: Titanium is unique in that it refers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31706469 |
S-Nitrosylation is the covalent attachment of a nitric oxide group (-NO) to cysteine thiol within a protein to form an "S"-nitrosothiol (SNO). S-nitrosylation has diverse regulatory roles in bacteria, yeast and plants and in all mammalian cells. It thus operates as a fundamental mechanism for cellular signaling across ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31710978 |
S-Nitrosylation Aberrant S-nitrosylation following stimulation of the NMDA receptor would come to serve as a prototypic example of the involvement of S-nitrosylation in disease. S-nitrosylation similarly contributes to physiology and dysfunction of cardiac, airway and skeletal muscle and the immune system, reflecting w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31710978 |
S-Nitrosylation Aberrant S-nitrosylation (and denitrosylation) has been implicated in multiple diseases including heart disease, cancer and asthma as well as neurological disorders, including stroke, chronic degenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31710978 |
Reduced dimensions form In biophysics and related fields, reduced dimension forms (RDFs) are unique on-off mechanisms for random walks that generate two-state trajectories (see Fig. 1 for an example of a RDF and Fig. 2 for an example of a two-state trajectory). It has been shown that RDFs solve two-state trajectories, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31711491 |
Reduced dimensions form A simulation of an on-off trajectory from a RDF is made with a generalized Gillespie algorithm, where here a random jumping time is first taken from density functions that are (usually) not exponential using the rejection method, and then the specific next substate is chosen according to the jum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31711491 |
Reduced dimensions form In experiments from individual molecules, two-state trajectories are common, where from the trajectory we aim at finding the right model of the process. It was shown in Ref. 1 that RDFs are unique is the sense that a particular RDF generates a particular time trajectory (in a statistical sense),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31711491 |
Kinetic scheme In physics, chemistry and related fields, a kinetic scheme is a network of states and connections between them representing the scheme of a dynamical process. Usually a kinetic scheme represents a Markovian process, while for non-Markovian processes generalized kinetic schemes are used. Figure 1 shows an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31717950 |
Kinetic scheme These terms are different than a birth-death process, where there is simply a linear kinetic scheme. An example for such a process is a reduced dimensions form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31717950 |
C3orf14 The human gene Chromosome 3 open reading frame 14 is a gene of uncertain function located at 3p14.2 near fragile site FRBA3—which falls between this gene and the centromere. Its protein is expected to localize to the nucleus and bind DNA. Orthologs have been identified in all of the major animal groups, minus a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31718566 |
C3orf14 The amino acid structure is highly conserved through mammals, and the secondary and tertiary structure is highly conserved in all orthologs, dating as far back as 1000 mya in the sea anemone. No orthologs have been found in plants or bacteria. Below is a phylogenetic tree generated in SDSC Biology Workbench sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31718566 |
ProtCID The Protein Common Interface Database (ProtCID) is a database of similar protein-protein interfaces in crystal structures of homologous proteins. Its main goal is to identify and cluster homodimeric and heterodimeric interfaces observed in multiple crystal forms of homologous proteins. Such interfaces, especial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31720794 |
ProtCID provides an independent check on publicly available annotations of biological interactions for PDB entries. also contains interface clusters between protein domains and peptides, nucleic acids, and ligands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31720794 |
List of European power companies by carbon intensity The following is a list of European power companies by carbon intensity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31721675 |
Radical disproportionation Radicals in chemistry are defined as reactive atoms or molecules that contain unpaired electrons in an open shell. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be unstable and reactive. Reactions in radical chemistry can generate both radical and non-radical products. encompasses a group of react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31727214 |
Radical disproportionation In fact, most disproportionation reactions do not require linear orientations in space. Molecules that are more sterically hindered require arrangements that are more linear, and thus react more slowly. Steric effects play a significant role in disproportionation with ethyl radicals acting as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31727214 |
Radical disproportionation The ratio of the rates of disproportionation to recombination is referred to as k/k and often favors recombination compared with disproportionation for alkyl radicals. As the number of transferable hydrogens increase, the rate constant for disproportionation increases relative to the rate con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31727214 |
Radical disproportionation Terminating chain propagation is often most significant during polymerization as the desired chain propagation cannot take place if disproportionation and recombination reactions readily occur. Controlling termination products and regulating disproportionation and recombination reactions in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31727214 |
Xenon dioxide Xenon dioxide, or xenon(IV) oxide, is a compound of xenon and oxygen with formula XeO, which was synthesized in 2011. It is synthesized at 0 °C by hydrolysis of xenon tetrafluoride (with 2.00 mol/L HSO). has an extended (chain or network) structure in which xenon and oxygen have coordination numbers of fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31728820 |
List of places used in the names of chemical elements 41 of the 118 chemical elements have names associated with, or specifically named for, places around the world or among astronomical objects. 32 of these have names tied to the Earth and the other 9 have names connected to bodies in the Solar System. The first table... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31732740 |
C13H20N4O3 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31733694 |
RegPhos KinasePhos is a database describing some phosphorylation networks associated with the information of subcellular localization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31735999 |
Multiplexin is a family of collagens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31740747 |
Advanced Energy Materials is a peer reviewed scientific journal covering energy-related research, including photovoltaics, batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, hydrogen technologies, thermoelectrics, photocatalysis, solar power technologies, magnetic refrigeration, and piezoelectric materials. It publishes invited r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31742530 |
Von Babo's law (sometimes styled Babo's law) is a scientific law formulated by German chemist Lambert Heinrich von Babo. It states that the vapor pressure of solution decreases according to the concentration of solute. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31747442 |
International Deep Drawing Research Group (IDDRG) The (IDDRG) focuses on sheet metal research in industry and academia. It was started 1957 as an organization of national groups. The original focus was on the fabrication of cups hence the name Deep Drawing Research Group. At the initial meeting the purpose was enlarged... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31756480 |
International Deep Drawing Research Group The Mission of the (IDDRG) is to co-ordinate research and development work in sheet metal forming, to bring together scientists, researchers and industrialists working on these fields all over the World, to provide open and scientifically highly acknowledged forum to its member... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31756480 |
International Deep Drawing Research Group The officers of the IDDRG comprise the Executive Committee. The vice-presidents are selected for their expertise and to represent, as far as possible, the geographic distribution of the member countries. Specific responsibilities of vice-presidents are to contact and represent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31756480 |
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy The technique of vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy allows probing vibrational properties of materials at the submicrometer scale, and even of individual molecules. This is accomplished by integrating scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and vibrational sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31760032 |
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy ANSOM employs a metalized tip instead of an optical fiber probe. The performance of the ANSOM strongly depends on the electric field enhancement factor of the metalized tip. This technique is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) which is the precursor of tip-enhan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31760032 |
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy This technique requires a metal tip to enhance the signal of the sample. That is why an AFM metal tip is usually used for enhancing the electric field for molecule excitation. Raman spectroscopy was combined with AFM in 1999. A very narrow aperture of the tip was requ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31760032 |
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy Previously, IR-NSOM was realized by applying a solid immersion lens with a refractive index of "n", which shortens wavelength ("λ") to ("λ/n"), compared to FTIR-based IR microscopy. In 2004, an IR-SNOM achieved a spatial resolution ~"λ"/7 that is less than 1 μm. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31760032 |
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy Apertureless probes are based on a metal-coated tip and provide a stronger signal. Although the apertureless mode is more promising than the aperture mode, the latter is more widely used because of easier instrumental setup and operation. To obtain a high resolution R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31760032 |
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy If it is parallel (p-polarized) to the tip axis, the free electrons on the surface of the metal are confined to the end of the apex of tip. As a consequence, there is a very large electric-field enhancement which is sensed by the molecules close to it leading to a str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31760032 |
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy The only difference between them is that the sample in SERS has a rough surface that hinders application of a sharp AFM-like tip. TERS, on the other hand, uses a metal-coated tip having some roughness at nanoscale. The “hot spot” theory is very popular in explaining t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31760032 |
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy The notch filter can filter Rayleigh scattering from the excitation laser light from the back of the cantilever. The laser beam is focused on the apex of the gold-coated AFM tip and the sample. The laser scanning is completed by the moving the mirror across the approa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31760032 |
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