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Aminophenol may refer to any of three isomeric chemical compounds: They are simultaneously an aniline and a phenol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21136340 |
Electron rest mass The electron rest mass (symbol: "m") is the mass of a stationary electron, also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the fundamental constants of physics. It has a value of about or about , equivalent to an energy of about or about . The term "rest mass" is sometimes used because... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21144218 |
Electron rest mass Since the electron mass determines a number of observed effects in atomic physics, there are potentially many ways to determine its mass from an experiment, if the values of other physical constants are already considered known. Historically, the mass of the electron was determined directly from comb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21144218 |
Electron rest mass The relative uncertainty, 5 in the 2006 CODATA recommended value, is due entirely to the uncertainty in the value of the Planck constant. With the re-definition of kilogram in 2019, there is no uncertainty by definition left in Planck constant anymore. The electron relative atomic mass can be measure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21144218 |
Electron rest mass By convention, relative atomic masses are quoted for neutral atoms, but the actual measurements are made on positive ions, either in a mass spectrometer or a Penning trap. Hence the mass of the electrons must be added back on to the measured values before tabulation. A correction must also be made fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21144218 |
Electron rest mass This value is then used to calculate a new approximation to "A"(e), and the process repeated until the values no longer vary (given the relative uncertainty of the measurement, 2.1): this happens by the fourth cycle of iterations for these results, giving for these data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21144218 |
Platinocyanide Platinocyanide, also known as tetracyanoplatinate (IUPAC), cyanoplatinate, or platinocyanate, is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula [Pt(CN)]. The name also applies to compounds containing this ion, which are salts of the hypothetical platinocyanic acid (sometimes platinocyanhydric acid). Barium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21150283 |
Phosphorus oxide can refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21151822 |
Potassium picrate Potassium picrate, or potassium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate, is an organic chemical, a picrate of potassium. It is a reddish yellow or green crystalline material. It is a primary explosive. Anhydrous potassium picrate forms orthorhombic crystals. was first prepared as impure in mid-17th century by Johann ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21153971 |
Potassium picrate As picric acid is barely soluble in water the reaction must be done in an appropriate solvent like methanol. First dissolving the picric acid in methanol and then adding potassium carbonate will result in potassium picrate. Temperature control is important to prevent detonation or excessive methanol e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21153971 |
High-field asymmetric-waveform ion-mobility spectrometry (FAIMS or RF-DC ion-mobility spectrometry) is an ion-mobility spectrometry technique in which ions at atmospheric pressure are separated by the application of a high-voltage asymmetric waveform at radio frequency (RF) combined with a static (DC) waveform applied ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21156042 |
Functional Materials is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute for Single Crystals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The journal was established in 1994 and covers fundamental and applied research on organic and non-organic functional materials. "Functional Materials" has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21162212 |
Eos (protein) EosFP is a photoactivatable green to red fluorescent protein. Its green fluorescence (516 nm) switches to red (581 nm) upon UV irradiation of ~390 nm (violet/blue light) due to a photo-induced modification resulting from a break in the peptide backbone near the chromophore. Eos was first discovered as a t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Eos (protein) Since their discovery, monomeric Eos probes (mEos) have been shown to localize in the cytosol, plasma membrane, endosomes, prevacuolar vesicles, vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, peroxisomes, mitochondria, invaginations, filamentous actin and cortical microtubules. mEos fusion proteins al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Eos (protein) While the use of fluorescent proteins was once limited to the green fluorescent protein (GFP), in recent years many other fluorescent proteins have been cloned. Unlike GFPs, which are derived from the luminescent jellyfish "Aequorea victoria," fluorescent proteins derived from anthozoa, including Eos, emi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Eos (protein) This structure includes an 11-stranded barrel and, down the central axis, the fluorophore-containing helix. In its anionic form, the green chromophore has an absorption maxima at 506 nm and an emission maxima at 516 nm. It is formed autocatalytically from amino acids His-62, Tyr-63 and Gly-64. Immediately... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Eos (protein) Photochemical conversion occurs due to interactions between the chromophoric unit and residues in its vicinity. Glu-212 functions as a base that removes a proton from His-62 aiding in the cleavage of the His-62-Nα-Cα bond. Replacing Glu-212 with glutamine prevents photoconversion. At low pH, the yield of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Eos (protein) The internal charge distribution of the green chromophore is altered during photo excitation to assist in the elimination reaction. Both the fluorescence excitation and emission spectrums of wild-type EosFP are shifted ~65 nm to the right upon excitation toward the red end of the spectrum. This spectral c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Eos (protein) These fusion proteins allow for the tracking of proteins within living cells while retaining complex biological functions like protein-protein interactions and protein-DNA interactions. Eos fusion constructs include those with recombination signal-binding protein (RBP) and cytokeratin. Studies have shown ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Eos (protein) These fluorescent embryos demonstrated the dynamics of cell movement during neurulation. EosFP was found in part of the notochord which shows the possibility of EosFP to be used in fate-mapping experiments. Many new monomeric versions of EosFP have been developed that offer advantages over wild type EosFP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Eos (protein) mEos2 shows almost identical spectral properties, brightness, pKa, photoconversion, contrast and maturation properties to WT Eos. The localization precision of mEos2 is twice as great as other monomeric fluorescent proteins. Also at the Janelia Research Campus, a new fluorescent molecules known as CaMPARI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 |
Photoactivatable fluorescent protein Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PAFPs) exhibit fluorescence that can be modified by a light-induced chemical reaction. The first PAFP, Kaede (protein), was isolated from "Trachyphyllia geoffroyi" in a cDNA library screen designed to identify new fluorescent proteins. A fluore... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21171841 |
BS 857 BS 857:1967 is a currently in-use British Standard specification for flat or curved safety glasses (toughened or laminated) for use in land vehicles, including road vehicles and railway vehicles. The standard specifies the mechanical, safety, impact and optical requirements as well as sampling and test methods. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21175118 |
Foam separation is a chemical process which falls into a category of separation techniques called "Adsorptive bubble separation methods". It is further divided into froth flotation and foam fractionation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21176816 |
Soda pulping is a chemical process for making wood pulp with sodium hydroxide as the cooking chemical. In the "Soda-AQ" process, anthraquinone (AQ) may be used as a pulping additive to decrease the carbohydrate degradation. The soda process gives pulp with lower tear strength than other chemical pulping processes (sulf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21177263 |
Soda pulping Due to the ease with which bagasse can be chemically pulped, bagasse requires less bleaching chemicals than wood pulp to achieve a bright, white sheet of paper. Most chemical bagasse pulp mills concentrate the spent reaction chemicals and combust them to power the paper-mills and to recover the reaction ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21177263 |
Cannula transfer or cannulation is a subset of air-free techniques used with a Schlenk line, in transferring liquid or solution samples between reaction vessels via cannulae, avoiding atmospheric contamination. While the syringes are not the same as cannulae, the techniques remain relevant. There are two methods of tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21193115 |
Cannula transfer Unlike hypodermic-type needles sometimes used in the chemistry laboratory, these needles tend to be reused due to cost. Long needles may be flexible enough to be bent in U-shapes; shorter needles often are not. Polypropylene syringes used for medical applications are least expensive. While the material... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21193115 |
Cannula transfer The cannula extends below the surface of the fluid to be transferred. A vacuum is applied to the receiving flask, and the low pressure relative to the donating flask causes the fluid to flow through the cannula. The main drawback of vacuum transfer is that if there are any leaks, air will be drawn into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21193115 |
Cannula transfer By carefully filling the cannula fully with either above techniques, then allowing the pressures within the vessels to equalize, a syphon may be set up. This arrangement allows the slow addition of a fluid to a reaction vessel; the rate of addition may be controlled by adjusting the relative height of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21193115 |
Cannula transfer PTFE filters tend to be most chemically resistant; nylon filters are less so. Using a cannula, a filter stick Air-free technique#Gallery may be used. A filter stick is a short length of glass tubing sealed on one end with a septum, and sealed on the other with filter paper, or a sintered glass frit. Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21193115 |
STRING In molecular biology, ("Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins") is a biological database and web resource of known and predicted protein–protein interactions. The database contains information from numerous sources, including experimental data, computational prediction methods and public te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21194600 |
STRING Predicted interactions are propagated to proteins in other organisms for which interaction has been described by inference of orthology. A web interface is available to access the data and to give a fast overview of the proteins and their interactions. A plug-in for cytoscape to use data is available. Another po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21194600 |
Zinc arsenide (ZnAs) is a binary compound of zinc with arsenic which forms gray tetragonal crystals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21201943 |
Curium hydroxide [Cm(OH)] is a radioactive compound first discovered in measurable quantities in 1947. It is composed of a single curium atom, and three hydroxide groups. It was the first curium compound ever isolated. is anhydrous colorless or light yellow amorphous gelatinous solid that is insoluble to water. Due to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21209462 |
Solid state ionics Solid-state ionics is the study of ionic-electronic mixed conductor and fully ionic conductors (solid electrolytes) and their uses. Some materials that fall into this category include inorganic crystalline and polycrystalline solids, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites. Solid-state ionic devi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics The term "solid state ionics" was coined in 1967 by Takehiko Takahashi, but did not become widely used until the 1980s, with the emergence of the journal "Solid State Ionics". The first international conference on this topic was held in 1972 in Belgirate, Italy, under the name "Fast Ion Transport in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics The second law (1833) established the proportionality between Δm and the “electrochemical equivalent” and defined the Faraday constant F as F = (Δq/Δm)(M/z), where M is the molar mass and z is the charge of the ion. In 1834, Faraday discovered ionic conductivity in heated solid electrolytes AgS and P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics Nernst was inspired by the dissociation theory of Arrhenius published in 1887, which relied on ions in solution. In 1889 he realized the similarity between electrochemical and chemical equilibria, and formulated his famous equation that correctly predicted the output voltage of various electrochemica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics Tubandt and Lorenz described other materials with a similar behavior, such as α-CuI, α-CuBr, β-CuBr, and high-temperature phases of AgS, AgSe and AgTe. They associated the conductivity with cations in silver and cuprous halides and with ions and electrons in silver chalcogenides. In 1926, Yakov Frenk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics Wagner and Schottky considered four extreme cases of point-defect disorder in a stoichiometric binary ionic crystal of type AB: Type-3 disorder does not occur in practice, and type 2 is observed only in rare cases when anions are smaller than cations, while both types 1 and 4 are common and show the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics Compared to crystals, glasses have isotropic properties, continuously tunable composition and good workability; they lack the detrimental grain boundaries and can be molded into any shape, but understanding their ionic transport was complicated by the lack of long-range order. Historically, an eviden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics Later another type of polymer electrolytes, polyelectrolyte, was put forward, where ions moved through an electrically charged, rather than neutral, polymer matrix. Polymer electrolytes showed lower conductivities than glasses, but they were cheaper, much more flexible and could be easier machined an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics These unexpected results were explained by charge separation at the matrix-nanoparticle interface that provided additional conductive channels to the matrix, and the small size of the filler particles was required to increase the area of this interface. Similar charge-separation effects were observed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics Sodium-sulfur cells, based on ceramic β-AlO electrolyte sandwiched between molten-sodium anode and molten-sulfur cathode showed high energy densities and were considered for car batteries in the 1990s, but disregarded due to the brittleness of alumina, which resulted in cracks and critical failure du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
Solid state ionics Nafion, a flexible fluoropolymer-copolymer discovered in the late 1960s, is widely used as a polymer electrolyte in PEMFCs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227565 |
DNA demethylation is the process of removal of a methyl group from nucleotides in DNA. Both and methylation play important roles in mammalian development and differentiation, as well as in cognition and neuroregeneration (after injury to peripheral nerves in mammals). DNA methylation on cytosine at CpG sites on a gene ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227807 |
DNA demethylation The genome-wide occurs: Examples of specific DNA demethylation: There are several proposed hypothetical mechanisms of active DNA demethylation: A Direct removal of 5-methylcytosine B Removal of 5-methylcytosine via further modified cytosine bases Oxidation of the methyl group generates 5-Hydroxymethyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227807 |
DNA demethylation Active DNA methylation and demethylation is required for the cognition process of memory formation and maintenance. In rats, contextual fear conditioning can trigger lifelong memory for the event with a single trial, and methylation changes appear to be correlated with triggering particularly long-liv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227807 |
DNA demethylation First, the guanine in the CpG site is oxidized to form 8-oxo-dG (or its tautomer 8-OHdG) (see first figure). TET1 is a key enzyme involved in demethylating 5mCpG. However, TET1 is only able to act on 5mCpG if the guanine has first been oxidized (presumably by an ROS) to form 8-OHdG, resulting in a 5mC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227807 |
DNA demethylation Enhanced expression of "Bdnf" occurs through demethylation of its CpG island promoter at exon IV and this demethylation depends on steps illustrated in the two figures. In a panel of healthy adults, negative associations were found between total DNA methylation and exposure to traffic related air poll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21227807 |
Sumitomo copper affair The refers to a metal trading scandal in 1995 involving Yasuo Hamanaka, the chief copper trader of the Japanese trading house Sumitomo Corporation. Hamanaka allegedly attempted to corner the entire world's copper market. Sumitomo lost at least $1.8 billion as a result of what it said were unautho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21228568 |
Yoon Nung-min (윤능민 尹能民, November 21, 1927 – April 1, 2009) is a South Korean chemist, known for his research in organic chemistry, specializing in metal hydrides. He received his B.A. at Seoul National University in chemistry in 1951 and went on to complete his Ph.D. at Purdue University, under Herbert Charles Brown. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21237933 |
D electron count The d electron count is a chemistry formalism used to describe the electron configuration of the valence electrons of a transition metal center in a coordination complex. The d electron count is an effective way to understand the geometry and reactivity of transition metal complexes. The formalism has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21243650 |
D electron count An example is chromium whose electron configuration is [Ar]4s3d with a half-filled d subshell, although Madelung's rule would predict [Ar]4s3d. Similarly copper is [Ar]4s3d with a full d subshell, and not [Ar]4s3d. Matters are further complicated when metal centers are oxidized. Since the ("n" − 1)d sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21243650 |
D electron count Crystal field theory describes a number of physical phenomena well but does not describe bonding nor offer an explanation for why "n"s electrons are ionized before ("n" − 1)d electrons. The more recent ligand field theory offers an easy to understand explanation that models phenomena relatively well. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21243650 |
D electron count For example, in the MO diagram provided for the [Ti(HO)] the "n"s orbital – which is placed above ("n" − 1)d in the representation of atomic orbitals (AOs) – is used in a linear combination with the ligand orbitals, forming a very stable bonding orbital with significant ligand character as well as an u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21243650 |
D electron count It is these d–d transitions, ligand to metal charge transfers (LMCT), or metal to ligand charge transfers (MLCT) that generally give metals complexes their vibrant colors. It is important to remember that the d electron count is a formalism and describes some complexes better than others. Often it is d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21243650 |
Coriolis–Stokes force In fluid dynamics, the is a forcing of the mean flow in a rotating fluid due to interaction of the Coriolis effect and wave-induced Stokes drift. This force acts on water independently of the wind stress. This force is named after Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis and George Gabriel Stokes, two nineteenth-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21245430 |
Coriolis–Stokes force In deep water the Stokes drift velocity is formula_15 with formula_16 the wave's phase velocity, formula_17 the wavenumber, formula_18 the wave amplitude and formula_19 the vertical coordinate (positive in the upward direction opposing the gravitational acceleration). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21245430 |
Keroselene is a highly volatile derivative during the steam distillation of coal-tar. It was discovered in 1861 by Joshua Merrill. It has been used as a local anaesthetic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21251691 |
Spin states (d electrons) Spin states when describing transition metal coordination complexes refers to the potential spin configurations of the central metal's d electrons. In many these spin states vary between high-spin and low-spin configurations. These configurations can be understood through the two major models ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21254434 |
Spin states (d electrons) If the separation between the orbitals is small enough then it is easier to put electrons into the higher energy orbitals than it is to put two into the same low-energy orbital, because of the repulsion resulting from matching two electrons in the same orbital. So, one electron is put into eac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21254434 |
Spin states (d electrons) For example, Fe and Co are both d; however, the higher charge of Co creates a stronger ligand field than Fe. All other things being equal, Fe is more likely to be high spin than Co. Ligands also affect the magnitude of Δ splitting of the "d" orbitals according to their field strength as descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21254434 |
Spin states (d electrons) The first d electron count (special version of electron configuration) with the possibility of holding a high spin or low spin state is octahedral d since it has more than the 3 electrons to fill the non-bonding d orbitals according to ligand field theory or the stabilized d orbitals according... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21254434 |
ChemPhysChem is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe and is a sister publication to other scientific journals published by Wiley-VCH, including "Angewandte Chemie and Chemistry—A European Journal." It was established in 2000 and covers all primary and secondary topics ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21256119 |
ChemPhysChem It publishes a family of academic chemistry journals, including "Chemistry—A European Journal", "European Journal of Organic Chemistry", "European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry", "Chemistry—Methods", "Batteries & Supercaps", "ChemBioChem", "ChemCatChem", "ChemElectroChem", "ChemMedChem", "ChemPhotoChem", ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21256119 |
Ruthenium oxide might refer to either of the following: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21262863 |
Piper diagram In 1944, Arthur M. Piper proposed an effective graphic procedure for presenting water chemistry data to help in understanding the sources of the dissolved constituents in water. This procedure is based on the premise that cations and anions in water are generally in chemical equilibrium. A piper diagram i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21265548 |
Tube bending is any metal forming processes used to permanently form pipes or tubing. may be form-bound or use freeform-bending procedures, and it may use heat supported or cold forming procedures. Form bound bending procedures like “press bending” or “rotary draw bending” are used to form the work piece into the shape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274518 |
Tube bending A two plane bend or compound bend is defined as a compound bend that has a bend in the plan view and a bend in the elevation. When calculating a two plane bend, one must know the bend angle and rotation (dihedral angle). One side effect of bending the workpiece is the wall thickness changes; the wall along... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274518 |
Tube bending Much of the tooling is made of hardened steel or tool steel to maintain and prolong the tool's life. However, when there is a concern of scratching or gouging the work piece, a softer material such as aluminum or bronze is utilized. For example, the clamping block, rotating form block and pressure die are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274518 |
Tube bending Often a positioning index table (IDX) is attached to the bender allowing the operator to reproduce complex bends which can have multiple bends and differing planes. Rotary draw benders are the most popular machines for use in bending tube, pipe and solids for applications like: handrails, frames, motor veh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274518 |
Tube bending During the roll bending process the pipe, extrusion, or solid is passed through a series of rollers (typically three) that apply pressure to the pipe gradually changing the bend radius in the pipe. The pyramid style roll benders have one moving roll, usually the top roll. Double pinch type roll benders hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274518 |
Tube bending Three roll bending of tubes and open profiles can also be performed with simpler machines, often semi-automatic and non CNC controlled, able to feed the tube into the bending zone by friction. These machines have often a vertical layout, i.e. the three rolls lie on a vertical plane. An induction coil is pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274518 |
Tube bending The solute (soap can be used) makes the ice flexible. This technique is used to make trombones. A similar techniques using pitch was formerly used, but discontinued because the pitch was hard to clean out without excessive heat. In the sand packing process the pipe is filled with fine sand and the ends are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274518 |
Tube bending These are strong but flexible springs inserted into a pipe to support the pipe walls during manual bending. They have diameters only slightly less than the internal diameter of the pipe to be bent. They are only suitable for bending soft copper pipe (typically used in household plumbing) or PVC pipe. The s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274518 |
C10H16 The molecular formula CH (molar mass: 136.24 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274849 |
Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface. A suggestion is surface stress define as association with the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-exis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21276538 |
Surface stress can be derived from surface free energy as followed: One can define a surface stress tensor formula_5 that relates the work associated with the variation in formula_6, the total excess free energy of the surface, owing to the strain formula_7: Now consider the two reversible paths showed in figure 0. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21276538 |
Surface stress However, for a general surface, set of principle axes that are off-diagonal components are identically zero. Surface that possesses a threefold or higher rotation axis symmetry, diagonal components are equal. Therefore, surface stress can be rewritten as a scalar: Now it can be easily explained why f and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21276538 |
Surface stress Surface atoms then sit in a lower average electron density than bulk atoms. The response of these surface atoms would be to attempt to reduce their interatomic distance in order to increase surrounding charge density. Therefore, surface atoms would create a positive surface stress (tensile). In the other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21276538 |
Surface stress This method turned out to be difficult since it requires a complete homogeneous single crystal surface. An alternative way to measure absolute surface stress is to measure the elastic extension of the length of the thin wire under an applied force. However, this method had many limitations and wasn’t use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21276538 |
Surface stress However, a question about surface stress is high enough to be a main driving force of the reconstruction is still not very clear. Most of metallic surface reconstruction exhibit in two genetic forms. On the original (100) surface, it would form a hexagonal overlayer which results in a considerably higher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21276538 |
Surface stress Here, two most common behaviors are shown: Coverage effect of surface stress without surface reconstruction usually result a compressive stress (assuming clean clean surface as reference or zero stress). Induced surface stress of number of different coverages on Ni(100) and Pt(111) surface is shown in fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21276538 |
Surface stress It shows that the tensile stress on clean surfaces can be so strong that the surface reconstructs to form an overlayer of higher charge density. In the presence of adsorbates, stress induced by could also be high enough for such reconstruction. The mechanism of the reconstruction of the two processes wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21276538 |
Agamous AGAMOUS (AG) is a homeotic gene and MADS-box transcription factor from "Arabidopsis thaliana". The TAIR AGI number is AT4G18960. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21277962 |
Marine snow In the deep ocean, marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. It is a significant means of exporting energy from the light-rich photic zone to the aphotic zone below which is referred to as the biological pump. Export production is the am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21281954 |
Marine snow Mucus secreted by zooplankton (mostly salps, appendicularians, and pteropods) also contribute to the constituents of marine snow aggregates. These aggregates grow over time and may reach several centimeters in diameter, traveling for weeks before reaching the ocean floor. often forms during algal blooms. As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21281954 |
Marine snow fecal matter from an individual zooplankton cell, regenerated nutrients from organic decomposition by bacteria). As the aggregates slowly sink to the bottom of the ocean, the many microorganisms residing on them are constantly respiring and contribute greatly to the microbial loop. Aggregates begin as the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21281954 |
Marine snow Particle-associated bacteria are often difficult to study, because marine snow aggregates are often ranging in sizes from 0.2 to 200 μm, sampling efforts are often difficult. These aggregates are hotspots for microbial activity. Bacteria are the most abundant organisms in aggregates followed by cyanobacteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21281954 |
Marine snow Isolated bacterial cultures have up to 20-times more enzymatic activity within 2 hours of aggregate attachment. The dark ocean harbors around 65% of all pelagic Bacteria and Archaea.(Whitman et al., 1998) It was previously thought that due to fragmentation, bacterial communities would shift as they travel d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21281954 |
Marine snow Give the abundance of denitrifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria it is thought that these metabolisms are able to thrive within marine snow aggregates. In a model developed by Bianchi et al., it shows the various redox potentials within an aggregate. Because of the relatively long residence time of the ocea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21281954 |
Marine snow Increasing stratification decreases the availability of phytoplankton nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, and could lead to a decrease in primary production and, thus, marine snow. has also begun to garner interest from microbiologists, owing to the microbial communities associated with i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21281954 |
Fluorous chemistry involves the use of perfluorinated compounds or perfluorinated substituents to facilitate recovery of a catalyst or reaction product. Perfluorinated groups impart unique physical properties including high solubility in perfluorinated solvents. This property can be useful in organic synthesis and sepa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21285533 |
Fluorous chemistry , near complete reduction in a chemical waste stream), making the use of fluorous chemistry techniques a popular topic in green chemistry. The fluorous character of a molecule can be assessed by its partition coefficient between a perfluorocarbon and a hydrocarbon. In the following table, the data ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21285533 |
Nitrogen generator Nitrogen generators and stations are stationary or mobile air-to-nitrogen production complexes. The adsorption gas separation process in nitrogen generators is based on the phenomenon of fixing various gas mixture components by a solid substance called an adsorbent. This phenomenon is brought about b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21293847 |
Nitrogen generator At the adsorption stage oxygen, HO and CO molecules diffuse into the pore structure of the adsorbent whilst the nitrogen molecules are allowed to travel through the adsorber–adsorbent-containing vessel. At the regeneration stage the adsorbed components are released from the adsorbent vented into the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21293847 |
Ethyl chloroformate is the ethyl ester of chloroformic acid. It is a reagent used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the ethyl carbamate protecting group and for the formation of carboxylic anhydrides. is a highly toxic substance. It causes severe burns when comes in contact with eyes and/or skin, can be fata... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21296590 |
Gelation (gel transition) is the formation of a gel from a system with polymers. Branched polymers can form links between the chains, which lead to progressively larger polymers. As the linking continues, larger branched polymers are obtained and at a certain extent of the reaction links between the polymer result in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21301778 |
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