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Vaupés Arch The is a hydrographic feature in the geology of Colombia. The forms the major drainage divide in the southern extent of the "llanos" region of eastern Colombia and the western slopes of the Guiana Shield in Venezuela. The is the result of an episode of tectonic uplift that occurred approximately 8 to 10 Ma. The rise of the divided the basin of the Amazon from the headwaters of the Orinoco for the first time. Much of the Arch is now buried under thick sediments washed from the Andes. Shifting meanders of the area's numerous waterways have spread these sediments evenly over the flat alluvial plain, which has very little relief. In modern times the Casiquiare canal, to the south of the Arch, reconnects the two headwater basins, the Upper Orinoco and the Upper Rio Negro, a major Amazon tributary.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36817758
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Franklin Sibly Thomas K.B.E. (25 October 1883 – 13 April 1948) was a British geologist who had a distinguished career in University administration, being first Principal of University College, Swansea (1920), and later Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales, Principal of the University of London and from 1929 to 1946 Vice-Chancellor of the University of Reading.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36827569
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Moaning sandbar Moaning sandbars are harbor shoals that are known for tidal noises. Water flowing over a sandbar, typically around low tide, can coincide with both low, sustained noises and turbulence dangerous for smaller boats. In English-speaking culture, phrases such as "moaning of the bar" connect these sounds with mortal danger. In the mid-19th-century, the phrase "the harbor bar be moaning" in the poem and lyric "Three Fishers" connected working-class suffering to the noises. Later in that century, Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote "Crossing the Bar", coupling "May there be no moaning of the bar" with images of life's end, and then designated it as essentially his own requiem. This came soon after his making a trying sea journey. It is speculated that on the same trip, he may have heard such sounds at Salcombe, which has had a long history of wrecks. That idea is enhanced by the capsizing, three decades later, of Salcombe's town lifeboat "The William and Emma" on the Salcombe bar, with a fatality rate of 87%.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36828359
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Jean-Christophe Balouet (born 12 November 1956) is a French palaeontologist. He has collaborated extensively with Storrs Olson of the Smithsonian Institution on palaeornithological research on the extinct birds of New Caledonia in the south-west Pacific region.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36829250
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3D cell culturing by magnetic levitation 3D cell culture by the magnetic levitation method (MLM) is the application of growing 3D tissue by inducing cells treated with magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in spatially varying magnetic fields using neodymium magnetic drivers and promoting cell to cell interactions by levitating the cells up to the air/liquid interface of a standard petri dish. The magnetic nanoparticle assemblies consist of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and the polymer polylysine. 3D cell culturing is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to millions of cells or from single dish to high-throughput low volume systems. Once magnetized cultures are generated, they can also be used as the building block material, or the "ink", for the magnetic 3D bioprinting process. Standard monolayer cell culturing on tissue culture plastic has notably improved our understanding of basic cell biology, but it does not replicate the complex 3D architecture of in vivo tissue, and it can significantly modify cell properties. This often compromises experiments in basic life science, leads to misleading drug-screening results on efficacy and toxicity, and produces cells that may lack the characteristics needed for developing tissue regeneration therapies. The future of cell culturing for fundamental studies and biomedical applications lies in the creation of multicellular structure and organization in three-dimensions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36845407
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3D cell culturing by magnetic levitation Many schemes for 3D culturing are being developed or marketed, such as bio-reactors or protein-based gel environments. A 3D cell culturing system known as the Bio-Assembler™ uses biocompatible polymer-based reagents to deliver magnetic nanoparticles to individual cells so that an applied magnetic driver can levitate cells off the bottom of the cell culture dish and rapidly bring cells together near the air-liquid interface. This initiates cell-cell interactions in the absence of any artificial surface or matrix. Magnetic fields are designed to rapidly form 3D multicellular structures in as little as a few hours, including expression of extracellular matrix proteins. The morphology, protein expression, and response to exogenous agents of resulting tissue show great similarity to in vivo results. method (MLM) was developed from collaboration between scientists at Rice University and University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2008. Since then, this technology has been licensed and commercialized by Nano3D Biosciences. Above is a picture showing 3D cell culturing through magnetic levitation with the Bio-Assembler cell culturing system. (A) A magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle assembly known as Nanoshuttle is added and dispersed over cells and the mixture is incubated. (B) After incubation with Nanoshuttle, cells are detached and transferred to a petri dish. (C) A magnetic drive is then placed on top of a petri dish top. (D) The magnetic field causes cells to rise to the air–medium interface
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36845407
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3D cell culturing by magnetic levitation (E) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) levitated for 60 minutes (left images) and 4 hours (right images) (Scale bar, 50 μm). The onset of cell-cell interaction takes place as soon as cells levitate, and 3D structures start to form. At 1 hour, the cells are still relatively dispersed, but they are already showing some signs of stretching. Formation of 3D structures is visible after 4 hours of levitation (arrows). Protein expression in levitated cultures shows striking similarity to in vivo patterns. N-cadherin expression in levitated human glioblastoma cells was identical to the expression seen in human tumor xenografts grown in immunodeficient mice, while standard 2D culture showed much weaker expression that did not match xenograft distribution as shown in the picture below. The transmembrane protein N-cadherin is often used as an indicator of in-vivo-like tissue assembly in 3D culturing. In the picture above, distribution of N-cadherin (red) and nuclei (blue) in human brain cancer mouse xenograft (left, human brain cancer cells grown in a mouse brain), brain cancer cells cultured by 3D magnetic levitation for 48 h. (middle), and cells cultured on a glass slide cover slip (2D, right). The 2D system shows N-cadherin in the cytoplasm and nucleus and notably absent from the membrane, while in the levitated culture and mouse, N-cadherin is clearly concentrated in the membrane, and also present in cytoplasm and cell junctions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36845407
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3D cell culturing by magnetic levitation One of the challenges in generating in vivo like cultures or tissue in vitro is the difficulty in co-culturing different cell types. Because of the ability of to bring cells together, co-culturing different cell types is possible. Co-culturing of different cell types can be achieved at the onset of levitation, by mixing different cell types in before levitation or by magnetically guiding 3D cultures in an invasion assay format. The unique ability to manipulate cells and shape tissue magnetically offers new possibilities for controlled co-culturing and invasion assays. Co-culturing in a realistic tissue architecture is critical for accurately modeling in vivo conditions, such as for increasing the accuracy of cellular assays as shown in the figure below. Shown in the picture above is an invasion assay of magnetically levitated multicellular spheroids. Fluorescence images of human glioblastoma (GBM) cells (green; GFP-expressing cells) and normal human astrocytes (NHA) (red; mCherry-labelled) cultured separately and then magnetically guided together (left, time 0). Invasion of GBM into NHA in 3D culture provides a powerful new assay for basic cancer biology and drug screening (right, 12h to 252h). By facilitating assembly of different populations of cells using the MLM, consistent generation of organoids termed adipospheres capable of simulating the complex intercellular interactions of endogenous white adipose tissue (WAT) can be achieved. Co-culturing 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in 3D with murine endothelial bEND
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36845407
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3D cell culturing by magnetic levitation 3 cells creates a vascular-like network assembly with concomitant lipogenesis in perivascular cells. See figure below. In addition to cell lines, WAT organogenesis can be simulated from primary cells. Adipocyte-depleted stromal vascular fraction (SVF) containing adipose stromal cells (ASC), endothelial cells, and infiltrating leukocyte derived from mouse white adipose tissue (WAT) were cultured in 3D. This revealed organoids striking in hierarchical organization with distinct capsule and internal large vessel-like structures lined with endothelial cells, as well as perivascular localization of ASC. Upon adipogenesis induction of either 3T3-L1 adipospheres or adipospheres derived from SVF, the cells efficiently formed large lipid droplets typical of white adipocytes in vivo, whereas only smaller lipid droplet formation is achievable in 2D. This indicates intercellular signaling that better recapitulates WAT organogenesis. This MLM for 3D co-culturing creates adipospheres appropriate for WAT modeling ex vivo and provides a new platform for functional screens to identify molecules bioactive toward individual adipose cell populations. It can also be adopted for WAT transplantation applications and aid other approaches to WAT-based cell therapy. Using the MagPen™ (a Nano3D Biosciences, Inc. product), organized 3D co-cultures similar to native tissue architecture can be rapidly created
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36845407
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3D cell culturing by magnetic levitation Endothelial cells (PEC), smooth muscle cells (SMC), fibroblasts (PF), and epithelial cells (EpiC) cultured with the Bio-Assembler™ can be sequentially layered in a drag-and-drop manner to create bronchioles that maintain phenotype and induce extracellular matrix formation. Listed below are the cell types (primary and cell lines) that have been successfully cultured by the magnetic levitation method. The second table is the same but with images included. More images are available at Nano3D Biosciences, Inc. Same table as above, but with images.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36845407
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Gu Yidong (; also known as Yih-Tong Ku, 1903–1996) was a Chinese chemist, considered a founder of inorganic chemistry in China. He was an academician and founding member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Gu received his Ph.D in organic chemistry from University of Chicago in 1935.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36877348
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Malcolm Steinberg (June 1, 1930 - February 7, 2012) was an American biologist who proposed the differential adhesion hypothesis as a mechanism explaining cell sorting during embryogenesis and cancer. Steinberg proposed that when cells form distinct tissues, specific cell-cell adhesion between cells from the same tissue can drive the separation. He further proposed that a difference in level of cell adhesion molecules expression between two cell types was sufficient to drive the separation. Steinberg pioneered work in characterizing the physical properties of cells and tissues. He proposed that cell-cell adhesion drives tissue rounding up and, comparing tissues to liquids, he proposed that tissues have a surface tension. To measure tissue surface tension, he participated in building a compression device for rounded tissues. Steinberg completed his BS at Amherst College in 1952, his PhD in zoology at the University of Minnesota in 1956, was a professor of biology at Johns Hopkins University from 1958 to 1966, and transferred to Princeton University in 1966, becoming professor emeritus in 2005.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36899008
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Willow water is a biological method to extract the rooting hormones indolebutyric acid (IBA) and salicylic acid (SA), that are present in sufficient quantities in the willow ("Salix") trees to extract as a liquid that stimulates root growth.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36907131
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Flux (biology) In general, flux in biology relates to movement of a substance between compartments. There are several cases where the concept of flux is important. Flux is the net movement of particles across a specified area in a specified period of time. The particles may be ions or molecules, or they may be larger, like insects, muskrats or cars. The units of time can be anything from milliseconds to millennia. Flux is not the same as velocity or speed nor is it the same as density or concentration. Movement itself is not enough.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36911458
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August Wilhelm Malm (23 July 1821 in Gothenburg – 5 March 1882) was a Swedish zoologist. was the first Director of Göteborgs Naturhistoriska Museum. Partial list
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36948649
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Kaigas The glaciation was a hypothesized snowball earth event in the Neoproterozoic Era, preceding the Sturtian glaciation. Its occurrence was inferred based on the interpretation of Formation conglomerates in the stratigraphy overlying the Kalahari Craton as correlative with pre-Sturtian Numees formation glacial diamictites. However, the formation was later determined to be non-glacial, and a Sturtian age was assigned to the Numees diamictites. Thus, there is no longer any evidence for a Neoproterozoic glaciation prior to the Sturtian snowball earth event.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36951734
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Hiroshige Koyama (1937–2016) was a Japanese botanist specialist of Asteraceae.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36953004
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MinutePhysics Minute Physics is an educational YouTube channel created by Henry Reich in 2011. The channel's videos use whiteboard animation to explain physics-related topics in approximately one minute. , the channel has more than 4 million subscribers. Videos from Minute Physics have been featured on "PBS NewsHour", "Huffington Post", "NBC", and "Gizmodo". Minute Physics is also a channel that is able to be viewed through "YouTube EDU". The most popular Minute Physics video, with more than 11 million views, explores the irresistible force paradox. Reich also has uploaded a series of three videos explaining the Higgs Boson. In March 2020 Reich produced a video that explained exponential projection of statistics as data is being collected, using the evolving record related to COVID-19 data. Minute Physics has collaborated with Vsauce, as well as the director of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Neil Turok, and Destin Sandlin of Smarter Every Day. Minute Physics also has made two videos that were narrated by Neil deGrasse Tyson and one video narrated by Tom Scott. The channel also collaborated with physicist Sean M. Carroll in a five-part video series on time and entropy and with Grant Sanderson on a video about a lost lecture of physicist Richard Feynman, as well as a video about Bell's Theorem. Minute Physics also is available to download as a podcast on iTunes. In October 2011, Reich started a second channel, Minute Earth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36970075
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MinutePhysics The channel features a similar style to his Minute Physics videos, with a focus on the physical properties and phenomena that make up and occur on Earth.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36970075
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Egide Fologne (1830-1919) was a Belgian entomologist who specialised in microlepidoptera. He was a Member of Société entomolologique de Belgique. Partial list
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36974389
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Carl Julius Meyer von Klinggräff (26 March 1809 in Klein Watkowitz in Kreis Stuhm – 1879) was a German botanist. He was an older brother to bryologist Hugo Erich Meyer von Klinggräff (1820–1902, H.Klinggr.). From 1828 to 1832, he studied medicine and botany at the University of Königsberg, where he was influenced by Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer. In 1832 he received his doctorate in medicine and surgery with the thesis ""De carie vertebrarum"". Following graduation, he travelled to his parents' home near Zagreb, and on the journey, conducted studies of Alpine flora and plants native to the Adriatic coast. He visited Fiume, Trieste, islands in the Gulf of Quarnero and made the acquaintanceship of botanists Bartolomeo Biasoletto, Friedrich Wilhelm Noë and Mutius von Tommasini. In 1834 he returned to Prussia, settling in Marienwerder as a general practitioner. In 1836 he relocated to the town of Paleschken, from where he concentrated on botanical research. During his career, he made numerous trips throughout the Province of Prussia, and in 1844, took an extended journey to Austria, Switzerland and northern Italy. He made major contributions to the knowledge of Prussian flora, conducting research in the fields of phytogeography, plant systematics and climatology as it pertained to botany.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36976124
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Hugo Erich Meyer von Klinggräff (7 June 1820 in Klein Watkowitz, Stuhm – 3 April 1902 in Paleschken, Stuhm) was a German botanist specialist of bryophytes. He was the brother of botanist Carl Julius Meyer von Klinggräff, with whom he often collaborated. In 1826, he moved with his parents to a homestead located not far from Agram, Croatia. He later studied at the University of Königsberg, receiving his doctorate in 1846. Following graduation, he returned to Croatia, where he botanized in areas along the Adriatic Sea and islands within the Gulf of Quarnero. During this time period, he collaborated with other botanists, that included Mutius von Tommasini. In 1852 he acquired an estate in Wiszniewo bei Lobau, Province of Prussia.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36981985
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Johan Martin Jakob von Tengström (1821 in Åbo – 1890) was a Finnish entomologist. Tengström specialised in Lepidoptera. Tengström visited Java in 1849 where he discovered several new species of Lepidoptera. He made shorter trips within Europe. His collection is held by the Natural History Museum of Helsinki.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36984983
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Josef Wilhelm Klimesch (1902 in Budweis – 1997 in Linz) was an Austrian entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. Partial list
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36987987
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Rockwatch is the junior club of the Geologists' Association, and has been established under its auspices in November 2001. It is, however, run independently from the parent body. "If you are looking for the collectible timepiece RockWatch, click here." publishes a full colour magazine three times a year. Each issue is full of geological articles, many of them cutting-edge science, as well as activities and puzzles. Field trips take place throughout the UK, and give members the chance to meet eminent geologists, as well as collect fossils and minerals. Parents/guardians are required to accompany their children.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37003370
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Saint Abb's Head virus St. Abbs Head virus (SAHV) is a strain of "Uukuniemi phlebovirus", in the genus "Phlebovirus", order "Bunyavirales". It is named after St Abb's Head, Scotland, where it was isolated from its vector, the tick "Ixodes uriae".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37006299
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San Jose BioCenter The is a business incubator formed as a university foundation in 2004 and focused on the initiation and development of technology companies, with an emphasis on the life sciences industry. The BioCenter emerged from San Jose State University in an effort to revitalize an industrial area of San Jose, California. , the BioCenter had thirty-five member (assisted) companies and twelve affiliate (supporting) companies. In addition to office space, the BioCenter provides wet laboratory facilities to member companies. The BioCenter was awarded in 2009 two "incubator of the year" awards from the National Business Incubation Association.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37011797
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Claudia (crater) Claudia is a small (700 meter) crater that defines the prime meridian of asteroid 4 Vesta in the coordinate system used by the "Dawn" mission team, NASA, and the IAU "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature", though it is not accepted by the IAU as a whole. It is located at 1.6°S and 4.0°W. Claudia was chosen because it is small, sharply defined, easy to find, and near the equator. The prime meridian runs 4° to the west. This results in a more logical set of mapping quadrants than the IAU coordinate system, which drifts over time due to an error in calculating the position of the pole, and is based on the 200 km Olbers Regio, which is so poorly defined that it is not even visible to the "Dawn" spacecraft. The crater was named after the Roman Vestal Virgin Claudia on 2011 September 30.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37026545
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Óscar Denis Oscar Denis Sánchez (born 2 October 1946, in Concepción) is a Paraguayan politician and former Vice President. He was elected in June 2012. Upon his election he was Senator in the Senate of Paraguay. Previously he was the governor of Concepción Department 1993-1998 and a member of the Chamber of Deputies 1998–2003. He is a chemist by profession.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37029685
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Geologic overpressure in stratigraphic layers is caused by the inability of connate pore fluids to escape as the surrounding mineral matrix compacts under the lithostatic pressure caused by overlying layers. Fluid escape may be impeded by sealing of the compacting rock by surrounding impermeable layers (such as evaporites, chalk and cemented sandstones). Alternatively, the rate of burial of the stratigraphic layer may be so great that the efflux of fluid is not sufficiently rapid to maintain hydrostatic pressure. Common situations where overpressure may occur: in a buried river channel filled with coarse sand that is sealed on all sides by impermeable shales, or when there is an explosion within a confined space. It is extremely important to be able to diagnose overpressured units when drilling through them, as the drilling mud weight (density) must be adjusted to compensate. If it is not, there is a risk that the pressure difference down-well will cause a dramatic decompression of the overpressured layer and result in a blowout at the well-head with possibly disastrous consequences. Because overpressured sediments tend to exhibit better porosity than would be predicted from their depth, they often make attractive hydrocarbon reservoirs and are therefore of important economic interest.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37039369
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SeaDataNet is an international project of oceanography. Its main goal is to enable the scientific community to access historical datasets owned by national data centers. This project aims to provide a web service permitting to retrieve validated datasets (temperature, oxygen, salinity, nutrients, etc.) from 45 different National Data Centers of 35 countries having coasts along European seas. Therefore is a standardized system for managing the large and diverse data sets collected by the oceanographic fleets and the automatic observation systems. Additional objectives consist in creating product with aggregated data such as climatological descriptions. This European funded project has started in 2004, the project is currently in its second phase with fundings for 2012 to 2016. Most of the datasets are free of access, but some are restricted to institutes. In term of harmonization has chosen standards, vocabularies, tools that are used in the different NODC(National Oceanographic Data Center). For example they use Ocean Data View to validate or visualize datasets, they also use DIVA software to perform objective analysis. Datasets are covering the years 1800 up to 2012. In 2012 400 data originators are registered into Seadatanet project. Users of who want to retrieve datasets coming from multiple Data Centers log to the Common Data Index web-service to define their request
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37060172
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SeaDataNet They can provide many details such as the type of platform wanted, the parameter wanted, the rate of sampling, the position, the originator country, etc. Then users send their request, the request is analysed and split into as much request as there are data centers concerned. At the end the user receive an email giving a FTP address where to retrieve all the data ordered in the file format wanted (ASCII, NetCDF or Ocean Data View format).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37060172
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Rydberg–Klein–Rees method The is a procedure used in the analysis of rotational-vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules to obtain a potential energy curve from the experimentally-known line positions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37079339
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Chemically induced dimerization Chemically Induced Dimerization (CID) is a biological mechanism in which two proteins bind only in the presence of a certain small molecule, enzyme or other dimerizing agent. Genetically engineered CID systems are used in biological research to control protein localization, to manipulate signalling pathways and to induce protein activation. The first small molecule CID system was developed in 1993 and used FK1012, a derivative of the drug tacrolimus (FK506), to induce homo-dimerization of FKBP. This system was used "in vivo" to induce binding between cell surface receptors which could not bind in the normal way because they lacked the transmembrane and extracellular domain. Addition of FK1012 to the cells caused signal transduction. CID has been used for a number of applications in biomedical research. In most applications each dimerizing protein is expressed as part of a fusion construct with other proteins of interest. Adding the chemical dimerizing agent brings both constructs into proximity with each other and induces interactions between the proteins of interest. CID has been used to regulate and monitor gene transcription, signal transduction and post translational modifications in proteins. Recently, CID has also been used to create a basic component of biocomputers, logic gates, from genetically manipulated cells. In this application, two independent CID systems, one based on plant proteins and one based on bacterial proteins are expressed in the same cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37102865
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Chemically induced dimerization Each set of proteins can be induced to dimerize by the addition of a separate chemical. By creating fusion proteins with the dimerizing proteins, membrane bound proteins and proteins that activate cell ruffling an AND gate and OR gate can be created that take chemical dimerizing agents as inputs and returns a ruffled or unruffled state as output.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37102865
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Bowers Basebed Portland is a type of limestone from Bowers Quarry at the Isle of Portland in Dorset, southern England, on the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site. The stone is clear of fossils and is the cleanest of the Portland stone types. Bowers Basebed, which is quarried by Albion Stone, has a maximum bed height of 1.95 metres. It is known for being highly durable and being able to withstand the effects of weathering. was used to construct "7–10 Old Bailey", in the city of London.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37105058
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NGC 7090 is a spiral galaxy lying in the southern constellation of Indus and located about thirty million light-years from the Sun. Astronomer John Herschel first observed this galaxy on 4 October 1834.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37107524
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Estimated maximum possible concentration (EMPC) is a term used in dioxin concentration determination for a concentration between limit of quantification and limit of detection.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37125569
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Jacques Sébastien François Léonce Marie Paul Fagot (1842–1908) was a French malacologist who often published under the name Paul Fagot. Fagot was part of a "New School" of naturalists, which included Jules-René Bourguignat, Aristide-Horace Letourneux, Jules François Mabille, and Étienne Alexandre Arnould Locard. Species of land snails that were named and described by Fagot include "Aegopinella epipedostoma", "Pyrenaearia navasi", and "Pyrenaearia cotiellae".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37131939
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Process study is the phenomenological approach used in climatology. Process studies are used "to develop the parameterizations [e.g. of circulation models], and observations [are] used to calibrate [the latter]". A parametrization is a set of fitted equations to represent physical phenomena instead of deducing them from first principals. An example for a parametrized phenomenon are thunderstorms which cannot be simulated within a circulation model if the spatial resolution of several km is too coarse to resolve single storm cell. There is a journal entitled "Process Studies".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37133937
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NGC 4183 is a spiral galaxy with a faint core and an open spiral structure located about 55 million light-years from the Sun. Spanning about eighty thousand light-years, it appears in the constellation of Canes Venatici. was observed for the first time by British astronomer William Herschel on 14 January 1788. The galaxy is part of the Ursa Major Cluster.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37136427
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NGC 4634 is an edge-on barred spiral galaxy located about 70 million light-years away in the constellation of Coma Berenices. was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on January 14, 1787. It is interacting with the spiral galaxy NGC 4633. Both galaxies are members of the Virgo Cluster.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37136670
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Walter Forster (entomologist) Walter Forster (12 July 1910 – 25 December 1986) was a German entomologist. He worked at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology ("Zoologische Staatssammlung München") and led two scientific collecting trips to South America. Forster is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of South American lizard, "Liolaemus forsteri".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37153758
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Ian Affleck Ian Keith Affleck is a Canadian physicist specializing in condensed matter physics. He is (in 2013) Killam University Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia. Affleck holds numerous awards including the 2006 CAP Medal for Lifetime Achievement and the 2014 DCMMP Brockhouse Medal. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2010. currently studies theoretical aspects of condensed matter physics, including high temperature superconductivity, low dimensional magnetism, quantum dots and quantum wires. has made many important contributions to theoretical and mathematical physics. He began his career in high energy theory (HEP), and has successfully applied many techniques from HEP to condensed matter. In particular, he has applied conformal field theory techniques to low dimensional magnetism, Kondo effects and quantum impurity problems. In doing so, he enjoys finding "mathematically elegant solutions" to problems. He is also a member of the CIFAR's Superconductivity Program and the Cosmology and Gravity Program.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37158040
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Harald Kylin Johan (5 February 1879 – 16 December 1949) was a Swedish botanist specializing in phycology and a professor at Lund University. He was also editor of the Botaniska Notiser, a Swedish scientific periodical from 1922 to 1928.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37160709
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Capped octahedral molecular geometry In chemistry, the capped octahedral molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where seven atoms , or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of a gyroelongated triangular pyramid. This shape has C symmetry and is one of the three common shapes for heptacoordinate transition metal complexes, along with the pentagonal bipyramid and the capped trigonal prism. Examples of the capped octahedral molecular geometry are the heptafluoromolybdate () and the heptafluorotungstate () ions. The "distorted octahedral geometry" exhibited by some AXE molecules such as xenon hexafluoride (XeF) is a variant of this geometry, with the lone pair occupying the "cap" position.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37191231
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NGC 6166 is an elliptical galaxy in the Abell 2199 cluster. It lies 490 million light years away in the constellation Hercules. The primary galaxy in the cluster, it is one of the most luminous galaxies known in terms of X-ray emissions. is a supermassive, type cD galaxy, with several smaller galaxies within its envelope. Suspected to have formed through a number of galaxy collisions, has a large number of globular clusters (estimated as between 6,200 and 22,000 in 1996) orbiting the galaxy. A 2016 study, however, gave an even higher number (around 39,000) suggesting also that the halo of this galaxy blends smoothly with the intra-cluster medium. Because of that, the galaxy has richest globular cluster system known. The galaxy harbors a supermassive black hole at its center with a mass of nearly 30 billion formula_1 based on dynamical modelling. is known to host an active nucleus, classified as an FR I source, which powers two symmetric parsec-scale radio jets and radio lobes and it is caused by the infall of gas into its center caused by a cooling flow that deposits 200 solar masses of gas every year there. It has been proposed that a number of O-type stars may be present in the center of NGC 6166.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37200986
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Rotatum In physics, rotatum is the derivative of torque with respect to time. Expressed as an equation, rotatum Ρ is: where τ is torque and formula_2 is the derivative with respect to time formula_3. The term "rotatum" is not universally recognized but is commonly used. This word is derived from the Latin word "rotātus" meaning to rotate. The units of rotatum are force times distance per time, or equivalently, mass times length squared per time cubed; in the SI unit system this is kilogram metre squared per second cubed (kg·m/s), or Newtons times meter per second (N·m/s). Newton's second law for angular motion says that: where L is angular momentum, so if we combine the above two equations: where formula_6 is moment of Inertia and formula_7 is angular velocity. If the moment of inertia is not changing over time (i.e. it is constant), then: which can also be written as: where ς is Angular jerk.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37202680
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Thermus igniterrae is a bacterium belonging to the Deinococcus–Thermus phylum, known to be present in hazardous conditions. This species was identified in Iceland, together with "Thermus antranikianii".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37208459
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Thermus antranikianii is a bacterium belonging to the Deinococcus–Thermus phylum, known to be present in hazardous conditions. This species was identified in Iceland, together with "Thermus igniterrae".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37208491
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Givi Maisuradze is a Georgian geologist, Professor, Dr.Sc. He and his spouse Nina Klopotovskaia (paleontologist) were part of the research team that discovered early hominin skulls and later skeletons dating 1.8 million years old in Dmanisi, Georgia. He was born on February 11, 1934 in the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi. In 1952 he graduated from school # 6 in Tbilisi. Between 1952 and 1957 he attended Tbilisi State University specializing in both; Geography and Geology. In 1957 obtained a title of Engineer Geologist at Tbilisi State University. As part of his research he has traveled to Middle Asia, Europe, Canada and China. 130 research works published, 21 out of which at Impaqt Journal. 1976 - Order of Merit of the Soviet Union's Science Society 1982 - INQUA international congress awarded by B. Sokolov 1983 – Recognition of Georgian Society of Science for the participation in the creation of Georgian Red Book about the nature protection (Tsiteli Tsigni). 2001- Received Order of Merit from the president of Georgia for the discoveries made in Dmanisi region. Young (Quaternary) volcanoes, terrestrial magnetism, neotectonics, archeology, statgraphics of quaternary layers and their regional and world correlations. Between 2002 and 2004, conducted a research on Caucasian Seismic Information Network for Hazard and Risk Assessment. Between 1997 and 2005 worked on Dmanisi sight where archeological research was conducted for several years after the discovery of Homo Erectus in Dmanisi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37214162
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Givi Maisuradze III, Reid Ferring, Antje Justus, Medea Nioradze, Merab Tvalchrelidze, Susan C. Antón, Gerhard Bosinski, Olaf Jöris, Marie-A.-de Lumley, Givi Majsuradze, Aleksander Mouskhelishvili, 2000. Earliest Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting, and Age .Vol.288. no.5468, pp. 1019 – 1025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37214162
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Nuclear transparency is the ratio of cross-sections for exclusive processes from the nuclei to those of the nucleons. If a nuclear cross-section is denoted as formula_1 and free nucleon cross-section as formula_2, then nuclear transparency can be defined as formula_3, where formula_1 can be parameterized in terms of formula_2 as formula_6. Therefore, transparency can be expressed as formula_7. Here, nucleon cross-section can be thought of as a hydrogen cross-section, and nuclei cross-section can be as for other targets.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37237547
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Swift J1745-26 is a stellar-mass black hole located a few degrees from the center of the Milky Way galaxy toward the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by NASA's Swift satellite on September 16, 2012 due to the detection of an X-ray nova. The pattern of X-rays from the nova indicated that the central object was a black hole. Its name arises from the coordinates of its sky position. While astronomers do not know its precise distance, they think the object resides about 20,000 to 30,000 light-years away in the galaxy's inner region. Ground-based observatories have detected infrared and radio emissions from Swift J1745-26, but thick clouds of obscuring dust have prevented astronomers from catching in visible light. must be a member of a low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) system, which includes a normal, sun-like star.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37259281
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Metakaryota The superkingdom was defined by Thomas Cavalier-Smith as advanced eukaryotes resulting from the endosymbiosis of a proteobacterium, giving rise to the mitochondrion, by an archezoan eukaryote.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37294302
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Ethanimine is an organonitrogen compound classified as an imine. It is formed by reacting acetaldehyde and ammonia but rapidly polymerizes to acetaldehyde ammonia trimer. It is not well known terrestrially, but has been detected in abundance towards Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2), a dense interstellar cloud in between stars towards the galactic center of the Milky Way. The distance between the Sgr B2 cloud and center of galaxy is 100 pc (1 pc=3.26l y). is mainly found in hot cores of ISM clouds; in case of Sgr B2, the region would be the Sgr B2 N and Sgr B2 M. Radio telescopes such as the Green Bank Observatory's Green Bank Telescope and those operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (measuring radio frequency light lambda ranging from 1–300 GHz) are able to detect organic molecules such as ethanimines because its internal energy transition, more specifically the rotational transition is within the radio frequency of 14085 MHz=140.8 GHz. It has 2 tautomers: ethanimine and aminoethylene, an amine. places the extra hydrogen on the carbon, while aminoethylene has it on the nitrogen atom.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37303513
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Station P (ocean measurement site) Station P is an ocean measurement site, located at 50 degrees north latitude, 145 degrees west longitude (water depth, 4220 meters). The site was established by the US Navy in 1943. In 1951, US funding to maintain continual presence ran out and observational responsibility was passed to Canada. The site was manned continuously until 1981. Starting in 2007, automated observations have been made by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37308162
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Gadgets Gully virus (GGYV) is an arbovirus, a member of the flavivirus family first isolated from the hard tick Ixodes uriae, and named after Gadget's Gully on Macquarie Island in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The virus antibodies were found in several species of penguin and antibodies were found in humans. It is believed that some species of seabird form natural reservoirs of the virus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37324888
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Louis Eugène Robert (6 December 1806 – 28 May 1882) was a French naturalist, geologist and entomologist. wrote numerous works on forest insects. He was a friend of Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville. He made scientific voyages to Central America, Iceland, Greenland, Scandinavia and Lapland and was one of the naturalists on the 1836 voyage of "La Recherche"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37328694
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Thermales is an order of bacteria belonging to the Deinococcus–Thermus phylum. They are particularly resistant to heat, and live in the benthic zone of the Gulf of Mexico.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37329515
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Christoph Friedrich Richter Christoph, or Christian, Friedrich Richter (5 October 1676 – 5 October 1711) was a German hymnwriter and entomologist. Christoph Richter was born in Sorau and was an evangelical clergyman, hymn writer and physician. He died in Halle.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37333367
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Mathematical physiology is an interdisciplinary science. Primarily, it investigates ways in which mathematics may be used to give insight into physiological questions. In turn, it also describes how physiological questions can lead to new mathematical problems. The field may be broadly grouped into two physiological application areas: cell physiology – including mathematical treatments of biochemical reactions, ionic flow and regulation of function – and systems physiology – including electrocardiology, circulation and digestion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37338762
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Portland Bowers Roach is a type of limestone from the Isle of Portland in Dorset, southern England, on the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site. Bowers Roach was used to construct parts of Broadcasting House, situated in Portland Place, London.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37355773
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Portland Grove Whitbed is a type of stone from the Isle of Portland used to construct the "New London Stock Exchange", which is situated in Paternoster Square, in the city of London. The stone contains large, white shell fragments, and large grey shells. Grove Whitbed has a maximum bed height of 2.2 metres and is the most creamy-whiteish of all the Portland stone types.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37355826
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Portland Jordans Roach is a type of stone from the Isle of Portland used to construct parts of the refurbished "Green Park Tube Station", which is situated in London. The stone is a shelly roach. Jordans Roach has a maximum bed height of 2 metres and is a roach in which the shelliest parts seem to be towards the middle of the block.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37356160
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Piola transformation The maps vectors between Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates in continuum mechanics. It is named after Gabrio Piola. Let formula_1 with formula_2 an affine transformation. Let formula_3 with formula_4 a domain with Lipschitz boundary. The mapping formula_5 is called Piola transformation. The usual definition takes the absolute value of the determinant, although some authors make it just the determinant. Note: for a more general definition in the context of tensors and elasticity, as well as a proof of the property that the Piola transform conserves the flux of tensor fields across boundaries, see Ciarlet's book
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37358308
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Antonina Pojarkova Antonina Ivanovna Pojarkova (1897 – 1980) was a Russian expert on the flora of the Caucasus, with a particular interest in ferns and seed plants. Pojarkova authored 230 land plant species names, the eighth-highest number of such names authored by any female scientist. Pojarkova was a principal editor with B. N. Gorodkov and author of many components of the 5-volume series "Flora of the Murmansk region" ("Flora Murmanskoj oblasti") which was published by the USSR Academy of Sciences, and with Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov of the 30-volume series "Flora SSSR", which was translated into English as "Flora of the USSR". As well as discovering new species, her work is notable for creating infrageneric groups, such as "Acer" section "Trilobata" and "Crataegus" series "Orientales". Her specimen collection has been published for scientific study. The genus "Pojarkovia" in the daisy family Asteraceae is named in her honour.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37364533
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Corby (crater) Corby is a crater approximately 6.6 km in diameter on the planet Mars, located at 42.88°N 137.56°E. The crater was named after the town of Corby, Northamptonshire, England, referred to in an Apollo 11 conversation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37377717
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Hyperconcentrated flow A hyperconcentrated flow is a two-phase flowing mixture of water and sediment in a channel which has properties intermediate between fluvial flow and debris flow. Large quantities of sand may be transported throughout the flow column, but the transport of suspended and bedload sediment along the channel depends on flow turbulence and high flow velocities, and coarser sediment remains as bedload. Hyperconcentrated flows do not show the characteristics of non-Newtonian flow typical of debris flows, e.g., levees, coarsening up or matrix supported deposits. Hyperconcentrated flows may contain anywhere from 5–60 % sediment by volume. Higher concentrations tend to be characteristic of debris flows, less of normal fluvial flow.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37396309
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Suncup (snow) Suncups are bowl-shaped open depressions into a snow surface, normally wider than they are deep. They form closely packed, honeycomb, often hexagonal patterns with sharp narrow ridges separating smoothly concave hollows. For a given set of suncups, the hollows are normally all around the same size, meaning that the pattern is quasi-periodic on 20–80 cm scales. The depressions are typically 2–50 cm deep. Suncups form during the ablation (melting away) of snowy surfaces. It is thought they can form in a number of different ways. These include melting of clean snow by incident solar radiation in bright sunny conditions, but also during melting away of dirty snow under windy or overcast conditions, during which particles in the snow accumulate on the crests between hollows, insulating them.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37396683
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NGC 3738 is a dwarf galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major and belongs to the M81 Group of galaxies. is 12 million light-years from the sun. The galaxy was first discovered by astronomer William Herschel in 1789. is a blue compact dwarf, which is small compared to large spiral galaxies. The galaxy is about 10,000 light-years across. It is one-tenth the size of the Milky Way Blue compact dwarf galaxies are blue in appearance because of the large cluster of hot massive stars. The galaxies are relatively dim and appear to be irregular in shape. They are typically chaotic in appearance.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37419951
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Minchinbury Sandstone is a component of the Wianammatta Group of sedimentary rocks in the Sydney Basin of eastern Australia. Formed in the middle triassic period, this sandstone was structured by marine deposition as a set of sandy barrier islands at a coastal shoreline. The type locality of the formation is near the Great Western Highway in the suburb of Minchinbury in western Sydney. It is most often seen in the western parts of the city. Outcroppings are weak and not easily found, but it may be seen in places like road cuttings in localities from Epping, Grose Vale-Kurrajong, Kellyville, Rogans Hill, Bankstown, Pendle Hill, Bonnyrigg, Menangle, Duck River, Brownlow Hill and other sites. Thickness is between 1.5 and 6 metres, usually less than 3 metres. It comprises up to 70% quartz with calcite and volcanic lithic fragments. There is less feldspar and more calcite than the adjacent Bringelly Shale. Related to Greywacke, it comprises fine to medium-grained lithic sandstone. The Bringelly Shale lies above the Minchinbury Sandstone. Fossils are rare in this stratum, though plant fragments have been recorded. Sydney Basin, Hawkesbury sandstone, Bringelly Shale, Ashfield Shale, Wianamatta shale, Mittagong formation and Narrabeen Group.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37427195
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Rezső Soó Károly von Bere (1 August 1903, Székelyudvarhely (now Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania) – 10 February 1980, Budapest) was a Hungarian botanist and professor at the University of Budapest. He is best known for his work on:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37427343
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Parachlamydia Parachlamydia, is a genus of bacteriae belonging to the Chlamydiae. Species include "P. acanthamoeba".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37462986
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Simkania Simkania, is a genus of bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiae. The only species of this genus is "negevensis".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37463002
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Snowden (physics) A Snowden is a unit of soft X-ray emissivity, equivalent to formula_1 ROSAT counts formula_2. These units were chosen by S. L. Snowden when working with the ROSAT mission to create the ROSAT All-Sky Survey in order to make the surface brightness values fit into a two byte integer.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37495763
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Terreneuvian The is the lowermost and oldest series of the Cambrian geological system. Its base is defined by the first appearance datum of the trace fossil "Treptichnus pedum" around million years ago. Its top is defined as the first appearance of trilobites in the stratigraphic record around million years ago. This series was formally ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2012. The Fortunian stage and presently unnamed Cambrian Stage 2 are the stages within this series. The corresponds to the pre-trilobitic Cambrian. The name is derived from "Terre Neuve", a French name for the island of Newfoundland, Canada, where many rocks of this age are found, including the type section. The type locality (GSSP) of the is in Fortune Head, at the northern edge of the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada (). The outcrops show a carbonate-siliciclastic succession which is mapped as the Chapel Island Formation. The formation is divided into the following members that are composed of peritidal sandstones and shales (Member 1), muddy deltaic and shelf sandstones and mudstones (Member 2A), laminated siltstones (Member 2B and 3) and mudstones and limestones of the inner shelf (Member 4). The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary lies 2.4 m above the base of the second member, which is the lowest occurrence of "Treptichnus pedum". The traces can be seen on the lower surface of the sandstone layers. The first calcareous shelled skeletal fossils "(Ladatheca cylindrica)" are 400 m above the boundary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37496577
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Terreneuvian The first trilobites appear 1400 m above the boundary, which corresponds to the beginning of the Branchian Series.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37496577
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Foot per second squared The foot per second squared (plural "feet per second squared") is a unit of acceleration. It expresses change in velocity expressed in units of feet per second (ft/s) divided by time in seconds (s) (or the distance in feet (ft) traveled or displaced, divided by the time in seconds (s) squared). The corresponding unit in the International System of Units (SI) is the metre per second squared. Abbreviations include ft/s, ft/sec, ft/s/s, ft/sec/sec, and ft s.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37498558
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Circumpolar deep water Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) is a designation given to the water mass in the Pacific and Indian oceans that essentially characterizes a mixing of other water masses in the region. A distinguishing characteristic is the water is not formed at the surface, but rather by a blending of other water masses, including the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), and the Pacific Intermediate Water masses. CDW, the greatest volume water mass in the Southern Ocean, is a mixture of NADW, AABW, and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), as well as recirculated deep water from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Because the CDW is a mix of other water masses, its temperature-salinity (TS) profile is simply the point where the TS lines of the other water masses converge. TS diagrams refer to temperature and salinity profiles, which are one of the major ways water masses are distinguished from each other. The convergence of the TS lines thus proves the mixing of the other water masses. is between and has a salinity between 34.62 and 34.73 practical salinity units (PSU). In recent decades, hundreds of glaciers draining the Antarctic Peninsula (63° to 70°S) have undergone systematic and progressive change. These changes are widely attributed to rapid increases in regional surface air temperature, but it is now clear that this cannot be the sole driver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37516041
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Circumpolar deep water A strong correspondence has been discovered between mid-depth ocean temperatures and glacier-front changes along the approximately 1000-kilometer western coastline. In the south, glaciers that terminate in warm CDW have undergone considerable retreat, whereas those in the far northwest, which terminate in cooler waters, have not. Furthermore, a mid-ocean warming since the 1990s in the south is coincident with widespread acceleration of glacier retreat. The conclusion is that changes in ocean-induced melting are the primary cause of retreat for glaciers in this region.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37516041
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Animals Are Like That Animals Are Like That! was Frank Buck’s sixth book, which continued his stories of capturing exotic animals. If you should find yourself with a monkey or ape on your hands and no knowledge of what to do with it, Buck tells co-author Carol Weld, just treat it like a child. And the elephant, like a man in the tropics, needs a sheltered siesta in mid-afternoon because he is susceptible to sunstroke. Monkeys pick up human ways and copy them. But you should never, never trust a tiger, any more than you should trust a crocodile. "Buck describes the animals in their native haunts, the capture of some of them, their characteristics, and their reactions in captivity...filled with adventure and odd bits of animal lore." Booklist 36:170 Jan 1, 1940<br> "The vast legion of Frank Buck's followers will find "Animals Are Like That" thoroughly enjoyable and instructive reading. When the author doesn't know the answer to some more intangible animal trait he frankly admits his deficiency; but this happens infrequently. Mr. Buck has selected a large number of excellent illustrations..." Springfield Republican p10 Nov 29, 1939<br> "A fascinating study of animal traits." The Montreal Gazette - Dec 9, 1939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37517661
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Helicos single molecule fluorescent sequencing The Helicos Genetic Analysis System platform was the first commercial NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) implementation to use the principle of single molecule fluorescent sequencing, a method of identifying the exact sequence of a piece of DNA. It was marketed by the now defunct Helicos Biosciences. The fragments of DNA molecules are first hybridized in place on disposable glass flow cells. Fluorescent nucleotides are then added one-by-one, with a terminating nucleotide used to pause the process until an image has been captured. From the image, one nucleotide from each DNA sequence can be determined. The fluorescent molecule is then cut away, and the process is repeated until the fragments have been completely sequenced. This sequencing method and equipment were used to sequence the genome of the M13 bacteriophage. The Helicos Genetic Analysis System is capable of sequencing nucleic acids, from several nucleotides to several thousand nucleotides. However, the yield of sequences per unit mass is dependent on the number of 3’ end hydroxyl groups, and thus having relatively short templates for sequencing is more efficient than having long templates. Helicos recommends a length less than 1000nt (nucleotides), optimally about 100-200nt. Long fragments can be cleaved by shearing the DNA (the recommended approach), or restriction enzymes. Short fragments are removed to improve yield
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37518608
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Helicos single molecule fluorescent sequencing DNA samples are hybridized to a primer immobilized on a flow cell for sequencing, so it is usually necessary to generate a nucleic acid with an end compatible for hybridization to those surfaces. The target sequence attached to the flow cell surface could, in theory, be any sequence which can be synthesized, but, in practice, the standard commercially available flow cell is oligo(dT)50. To be compatible with the oligo(dT)50 primer on the flow cell surface, it is necessary to generate a poly(dA) tail of at least 50 nt at the 3’ end of the molecule to be sequenced. Because the fill and lock step will fill in excess A’s but not excess T’s, it is desirable for the A tail to be at least as long as oligo(dT) on the surface. Generation of a 3’ poly(dA) tail can be accomplished with a variety of different ligases or polymerases. If there is sufficient DNA to measure both mass and average length, it is possible to determine the proper amount of dATP to be added to generate poly(dA) tails 90 to 200 nucleotides long. To generate tails of this length, it is first necessary to estimate how many 3’ ends there are in the sample and then use the right ratio of DNA, dATP, and terminal transferase to obtain the optimal size range of tails. If the tailed DNA targeted for sequencing is hybridized to the flow cell directly after tailing, it would have a free 3’ hydroxyl that could be extended in the sequencing reaction just like the surface-bound primer and potentially confuse the sequence determination
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37518608
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Helicos single molecule fluorescent sequencing Thus, prior to sequencing, it is also necessary to block the 3’ ends of the molecules to be sequenced. Any 3’ end treatment that makes the molecule unsuitable for extension can be used. Typically, tailed molecules are blocked using terminal transferase and a dideoxynucleotide, but any treatment that leaves a 3’ phosphate or other modification that prevents extension can be similarly effective. The single molecule fluorescent sequencing is carried out on a glass flow cell with 25 channels for the same or different samples. The system can be run with either one or two flow cells at a time. In the standard configuration, each channel is equivalent and holds approximately 8 μl. Samples are generally loaded with higher volume (usually 20 μl or more) to ensure even hybridization along the length of the flow cell. Samples are inserted into the flow cell via the sample loader included with the overall system. Each channel is individually addressable, and sample is applied using a vacuum. Hybridization to the flow cell is typically carried out at 55◦C for 1 hr. Generally, samples for sequencing are prepared in such a way that the poly(A) tail is longer than the oligo(dT)50 on the surface of the flow cell. To avoid sequencing the unpaired A residues, a fill and lock treatment is needed. After hybridization, the temperature is lowered to 37◦C, and then dTTP and Virtual Terminator nucleotides corresponding to dATP, dCTP, and dGTP are added along with DNA polymerase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37518608
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Helicos single molecule fluorescent sequencing Virtual terminator nucleotides incorporate opposite the complementary base and prevent further incorporation because of the chemical structure appended to the nucleotide. Thus, all of the unpaired dAs present in the poly(A) tail are filled in with TTP. The hybridized molecule is locked in place when the polymerase encounters the first non-A residue and inserts the appropriate virtual terminator nucleotide. Because every DNA molecule should now have a dye attached, an image will include all molecules capable of nucleotide incorporation. Also, because the label could correspond to any base, no sequence information is obtained at this stage. Thus, for most molecules, sequencing commences with the second base of the original molecule. In order to sequence the hybridized DNAs, it is first necessary to cleave off the fluorescent dye and terminator moieties present on the virtual terminator nucleotides. The current generation of nucleotides is synthesized with a disulfide linkage that can be rapidly and completely cleaved. Following cleavage, the now-separated fluorescent dyes are washed away and then new polymerase and a single fluorescent nucleotide are added. After excitation of the fluorescent moiety by the system laser, another image is taken, and, on a standard sequencing run, this cyclic process is repeated 120 times. The number of sequencing cycles is user adjustable and can be modified depending on user needs for run time and length of read
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37518608
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Helicos single molecule fluorescent sequencing During a standard run, two 25-channel flow cells are used, with each flow cell alternating between the chemistry cycle and the imaging cycle. During the imaging process, four lasers illuminate 1100 Fields of View (FOV) per channel with pictures taken by four CCD (Charge-coupled device) cameras via a confocal microscope. Though single molecules are visualized, multiple photon emissions are registered for each molecule, with the time spent at each FOV dependent on the brightness of the dye in the particular nucleotide as well as camera speed and detection efficiency. At the present time, the imaging process is the rate-determining step, and run time could be reduced at the expense of throughput by reducing the number of FOV per channel. Under optimal conditions, for a standard 120-cycle, 1100 field-of view run, 12,000,000 to 20,000,000 reads that are 25 nucleotides or longer and align to the reference genome should be expected from each channel, for a total of up to 1,000,000,000 aligned reads and 35 Gb of sequence from each run. A full run takes up to 8 days to complete.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37518608
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Homoiohydry is the capacity of plants to regulate, or achieve homeostasis of, cell and tissue water content. evolved in land plants to a lesser or greater degree during their transition to land more than 500 million years ago, and is most highly developed in the vascular plants. It is the consequence of a suite of morphological innovations and strategies that enable plant shoots exploring aerial environments to conserve water by internalising the gas exchange surfaces, enclosing them in a waterproof membrane and providing a variable aperture control mechanism, the stomatal guard cells, which regulate the rates of water transpiration and CO exchange. In vascular plants, water is acquired from the soil by roots and transported via the xylem to aerial portions of the plant. Water evaporation from the aerial surfaces of the plant is controlled by a waterproof covering of cuticle. Gas exchange with the atmosphere is controlled by stomata, which can open and close to control water loss, and diffusion of carbon dioxide to the chloroplasts takes place in intercellular spaces between chlorenchyma cells in the stem or in the mesophyll tissue of the leaf. The antonym of homoiohydry is poikilohydry, a condition in which plant water content is passively reduced or increased in equilibrium with environmental water status.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37521969
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Scalindua brodae "Candidatus Scalindua brodae" is a bacterial member of the order Planctomycetes and therefore lacks peptidoglycan in its cell wall, has a compartmentalized cytoplasm. It is an ammonium oxidising bacteria.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37521998
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Fortunian The age marks the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon, the Paleozoic era, and the Cambrian period. It is the first of the two stages of the Terreneuvian series. Its base is defined as the first appearance of the trace fossil "Treptichnus pedum" million years ago. The top of the which is the base of the Stage 2 of the Cambrian has not been formally defined yet, but will correspond to the appearance of an Archeocyatha species or "Small shelly fossils" approximately million years ago. The name is derived from a part of the Burin Peninsula, the town of Fortune near the GSSP and Fortune Bay. The type locality (GSSP) of the stage is in Fortune Head, at the northern edge of the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada (). This GSSP coincides with the base of the Terreneuvian series, the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary and the beginning of the Phanerozoic. The outcrops show a carbonate-siliciclastic succession which is mapped as the Chapel Island Formation. The formation is divided into the following members that are composed of peritidal sandstones and shales (Member 1), muddy deltaic and shelf sandstones and mudstones (Member 2A), laminated siltstones (Member 2B and 3) and mudstones and limestones of the inner shelf (Member 4). The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary lies 2.4 m above the base of the 2nd member which is the lowest occurrence of "Treptichnus pedum". The traces can be seen on the lower surface of the sandstone layers. The first calcareous shelled skeletal fossils "(Ladatheca cylindrica)" is 400 m above the boundary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37526413
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Fortunian The first trilobites appear 1400 m above the boundary which corresponds to the beginning of the Branchian Series.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37526413
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Plebanski tensor The is an order 4 tensor in general relativity constructed from the trace-free Ricci tensor. It was first defined by Jerzy Plebański in 1964. Let formula_1 be the trace-free Ricci tensor: Then the is defined as The advantage of the is that it shares the same symmetries as the Weyl tensor. It therefore becomes possible to classify different spacetimes based on additional algebraic symmetries of the in a manner analogous to the Petrov classification.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37528165
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Amalgamated zinc is zinc that has been surface treated with mercury to form a surface amalgam containing little contamination from other elements.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37532121
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Big Brake The is a theoretical scientific model suggested as one of the possibilities for ultimate fate of the universe. In this model the effect of dark energy reverses, stopping the accelerating expansion of the Universe, and causing an infinite rate of deceleration. All cosmic matter would be subjected to extreme tidal forces and be destroyed. Another possibility is matter may still exist, albeit in a different form and organization. The consequences for time are also unclear.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37541861
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Metallicity distribution function The metallicity distribution function is an important concept in stellar and galactic evolution. It is a curve of what proportion of stars have a particular metallicity ([Fe/H], the relative abundance of iron and hydrogen) of a population of stars such as in a cluster or galaxy. MDFs are used to test different theories of galactic evolution. Much of the iron in a star will have come from earlier type Ia supernovae. Other [alpha] metals can be produced in core collapse supernovae.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37555875
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Ájtte Ájtte, the Swedish Mountain and Sami Museum (), is a cultural and natural history museum in Jokkmokk in Lapland, Sweden. is a museum, which specializes in the culture and nature of the mountainous area of Northern Sweden, and which is also the main museum and archive for the Sami culture of Sweden. is also an information centre for tourism in Lapland. The word "ájtte" is a Lule Sami language one, meaning storage hut and referring to the museum as an archive for artifacts of the Sami cultural heritage. was inaugurated in June 1989 and has a staff of about 25 employees. The museum is owned and managed by a foundation, which was established in 1983 by the Swedish Government, the Norrbotten Region, the Jokkmokk Municipality and the two national Sami organizations Svenska Samernas Riksförbund (National Union of Swedish Sami people) and Same Ätnam (Sami land). According to an agreement on financing of the museum, which was entered into the same year, the Government bodies commit themselves to a long term financial contribution to the museum. Such funds are the result of a court decision regarding compensation after rivers in Lapland have been exploited for electric power generation. The Swedish government appoints the chairman and three of the members of the board of the foundation. Thus, government funds cover around half of the current budget of the museum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37564976
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Ájtte Since 1995 has established an alpine botanical garden at the valley of Kvarnbäcken in Jokkmokk with plants from different environments of the mountain range of Northern Scandinavia. One of the century-old researcher cottages from Sarek National Park, designed and used by the pioneering scientist Axel Hamberg, has been dismantled and moved from Sarek and reerected in the botanical garden.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37564976
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Protein Local Optimization Program (PLOP) is computer software, a molecular dynamics simulation package written in the programming language Fortran. It was developed originally by Matthew P. Jacobson and Richard A. Friesner of the Friesner lab at Columbia University, and then moved to the Jacobson lab at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and Schrödinger, LLC.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37572978
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Ladeana Hillier is a biomedical engineer and computational biologist. She was one of the earliest scientists involved in the Human Genome Project and is noted for her work in various branches of DNA sequencing, as well as for having co-developed Phred, a widely used DNA trace analyzer.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37573969
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Aphlebia Aphlebiae are the imperfect or irregular leaf endings commonly found on ferns and fossils of ferns from the Carboniferous Period, but seem to have disappeared by the beginning of the Mesozoic. According to the United States Geological Survey in 1983, “The discovery in recent years of Aplebiæ attached to the rachis of many species of "Pecpteris" and "Sphenopteris", such as "P. dentata", "P. Biotii, P. abbrebiata, and Sphenopteris cremate" strengthens the view now generally entertained, that most of the species of are stipal abortive pinnæ growing from the bases of primary or secondary rachises” (101). The word itself is derived from the Greek "phleb-", meaning vein, and "a-", meaning without.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37575385
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