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Welfare state The Swiss welfare state also arose in the late 19th century; its existence and depth varied individually by canton. Some of the programs first adopted within the Cantons of Switzerland were emergency relief, elementary schools, and homes for the elderly and children. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a vers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state When social democratic parties abandoned Marxism after World War II, they increasingly accepted the welfare state as a political goal, either as a temporary goal within capitalism or an ultimate goal in itself. Writing in 2005, Jacob Hacker said that there was "broad agreement" in research on the welfare ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state Canada's welfare programs are funded and administered at all levels of government (with 13 different provincial/territorial systems), and include medicare, public education (through graduate school), social housing and social services. Social support is given through programs including Social Assistance, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state Otto von Bismarck, the powerful Chancellor of Germany (in office 1871–90), developed the first modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that had begun as early as in the 1840s. The measures that Bismarck introduced – old-age pensions, accident insurance, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state Welfare states in Latin America have been considered as "welfare states in transition" or "emerging welfare states". Mesa-Lago has classified the countries taking into account the historical experience of their welfare systems. The pioneers were Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, as they started to develop the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state In contrast, the second group of countries, which we call non-welfare states, has welfare-effort indices that range from 37 to 88. Within this second group, social spending per capita averaged $96.6, while social spending as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of the budget averaged 5.2 and 34.7 perce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state China traditionally relied on the extended family to provide welfare services. The one-child policy introduced in 1978 has made that unrealistic, and new models have emerged since the 1980s as China has rapidly become richer and more urban. Much discussion is underway regarding China's proposed path towar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state However, by the 1920s, a new perspective was offered by reformers to emphasize the usefulness of family allowance targeted at low-income families was the alternative to relieving poverty without distorting the labour market. The trade unions and the Labour Party adopted this view. In 1945, family allowanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state In return, benefits would be paid to people who were sick, unemployed, retired, or widowed." The Beveridge Report assumed that: The report stressed the lower costs and efficiency of universal benefits. Beveridge cited miners' pension schemes as examples of some of the most efficient available and argued t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state As part of the reforms, the Church of England also closed down its voluntary relief networks and passed the ownership of thousands of church schools, hospitals and other bodies to the state. Welfare systems continued to develop over the following decades. By the end of the 20th-century parts of the welfar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state Nothing is more obvious today than the single inability of capital and private enterprise to take care of themselves unaided by the state; and while they are incessantly denouncing "paternalism," by which they mean the claim of the defenseless laborer and artisan to a share in this lavish state protection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state The Social Security law was very unpopular among many groups – especially farmers, who resented the additional taxes and feared they would never be made good. They lobbied hard for exclusion. Furthermore, the Treasury realized how difficult it would be to set up payroll deduction plans for farmers, for ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state Campbell contend that since the rise of neoliberal ideology in the late 1970s and early 1980s, an expanding carceral state, or government system of mass incarceration, has largely supplanted the increasingly retrenched social welfare state, which has been justified by its proponents with the argument that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state Since the building of the decommodification index is limited and the typology is debatable, these 18 countries could be ranked from most purely social-democratic (Sweden) to the most liberal (the United States). Ireland represents a near-hybrid model whereby two streams of unemployment benefit exist: cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state This requires tight bureaucratic control in order to determine who is eligible for assistance and who is not. Under universal models such as Sweden, on the other hand, the state distributes welfare to all people who fulfill easily established criteria (e.g. having children, receiving medical treatment, et... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state Empirical evidence suggests that taxes and transfers considerably reduce poverty in most countries whose welfare states constitute at least a fifth of GDP. Researchers have found very little correlation between economic performance and social expenditure. They also see little evidence that social expendit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state They argued, according to economist Brad DeLong, that it would "make the poor richer, and they would become more fertile. As a result, farm sizes would drop (as the land was divided among ever more children), labor productivity would fall, and the poor would become even poorer. Social insurance was not ju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state In the 20th century, opponents of the welfare state have expressed apprehension about the creation of a large, possibly self-interested, bureaucracy required to administer it and the tax burden on the wealthier citizens that this entailed. Political historian Alan Ryan points out that the modern welfare s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state Historian Walter Scheidel has commented that the establishment of welfare states in the West in the early 20th century could be partly a reaction by elites to the Bolshevik Revolution and its violence against the bourgeoisie, which feared violent revolution in its own backyard. They were diminished decade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Welfare state You don't necessarily even have to go out and kill rich peopleif there was some plausible alternative out there, it would arguably have an impact on policy making at home. That's certainly there in the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s. And there's a debate, right, because it becomes clear that the Soviet Union... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222839 |
Adbusters The Media Foundation is a Canadian-based not-for-profit, pro-environment organization founded in 1989 by Kalle Lasn and Bill Schmalz in Vancouver, British Columbia. describes itself as "a global network of artists, activists, writers, pranksters, students, educators and entrepreneurs who want to advance the n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters Since the early 1980s, Lasn had been making films that explored the spiritual and cultural lessons the West could learn from the Japanese experience with capitalism. In 1988, the "British Columbia Council of Forest Industries," the "voice" of the logging industry, was facing tremendous public pressure from a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters " The foundation was born out of their belief that citizens do not have the same access to the information flows as corporations. One of the foundation's key campaigns continues to be the Media Carta, a "movement to enshrine The Right to Communicate in the constitutions of all free nations, and in the Univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters describes itself as anti-advertising: it blames advertising for playing a central role in creating and maintaining consumer culture. This argument is based on the premise that the advertising industry goes to great effort and expense to associate desire and identity with commodities. believes that advertising... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters calls it "trickle up" activism, and encourages its readers to do these activities by honoring culture jamming work in the magazine. In the September/October 2001 "Graphic Anarchy" issue, were culture jammed themselves in a manner of speaking: they hailed the work of Swiss graphic designer Ernst Bettler as "on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters Under Section 3 of the Broadcasting Act, television is a public space allowing ordinary citizens to possess the same rights as advertising agencies and corporations to purchase 30 seconds of airtime from major broadcasters. There has been talk that if wins in Canadian court, they will file similar lawsuits ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters Culture jamming is the primary means through which challenges consumerism. The magazine was described by Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter in their book "The Rebel Sell" as "the flagship publication of the culture jamming movement." Culture jamming is heavily influenced by the Situationist International and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters In the "culture jamming" context, "détournement" means taking symbols, logos and slogans that are considered to be the vehicles upon which the "dominant discourse" of "late capitalism" is communicated and changing them – frequently in significant but minor ways – to subvert the "monologue of the ruling order"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters After an extensive search for anti-sweatshop manufacturers around the world, found a small union shop in Portugal. The sale of more than twenty-five thousand pairs through an alternative distribution network is an example of Western consumer activism marketing. describes its goals vis-à-vis Blackspot as follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters They sought to combine the symbolic location of the 2011 protests in Tahrir Square with the consensus decision making of the 2011 Spanish protests. Adbusters' senior editor Micah White said they had suggested the protest via their email list and it "was spontaneously taken up by all the people of the world." ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters The Blackspot Shoes campaign has stirred heated debate, as admits to using the same marketing technique which it denounces other companies for using by originally purchasing much advertising space for the shoe. launched a legal challenge in 1995. A second in 2004 was against CBC, CTV, CanWest and CHUM, for re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Adbusters In response "Adbusters" argued that the charge of antisemitism was being used to silence what it considered legitimate criticism of Israeli policies. Some critics claim that culture jamming does little to incite real difference. Others declare the movement an easy way for upper- and middle-class citizens to f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224094 |
Abilene paradox In the Abilene paradox, a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of many or all of the individuals in the group. It involves a common breakdown of group communication in which each member mistakenly believes that their own preferences are counter to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224136 |
Abilene paradox The phenomenon is explained by social psychology theories of social conformity and social influence, which suggest human beings are often very averse to acting contrary to the trend of a group. According to Harvey, the phenomenon may occur when individuals experience "action-anxiety"—stress concerning t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224136 |
Abilene paradox For one instance, campaign aide Herbert Porter said that he "was not one to stand up in a meeting and say that this should be stopped", a decision he then attributed to "the fear of the group pressure that would ensue, of not being a team player". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224136 |
Breach of contract is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong, in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other party's performance. Breach occurs when a party to a contract fails to fulfill it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract Additionally, for the contract to be breached and the judge to deem it worth of a breach, the plaintiff must prove that there was a breach in the first place, and that the plaintiff held up his side of the contract by completing everything required of him. Additionally, the plaintiff must notify the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract In terms of priority of classification of these terms, a term of a contract is an innominate term unless it is clear that it is intended to be a condition or a warranty. "Any" breach of contract – warranty, condition or innominate term – gives rise to a right in the hands of the innocent party to rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract Consequently, where there is a written contract, care should be taken to check the contract terms and to ensure compliance notwithstanding that the other party may, on the face of it, have committed a clear and repudiatory breach. It is only when the defaulting party is told that a repudiatory breach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract Whether such conduct is so severe so as to amount to a renunciatory breached depends upon whether the threatened difference in performance is repudiatory. An intention to perform connotes a willingness to perform, but willingness in this context does not mean a desire to perform despite an inability ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract Often the question whether conduct is a renunciation falls to be judged by reference to the defaulting party's intention which is objectively evinced both by past breaches and by other words and conduct. A breach of a warranty of a contract creates a right to damages for the loss suffered, which was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract ) However, had the pipe color been specified in the agreement as a "condition", a breach of that condition may well constitute a "major" - i.e. repudiatory - breach. Simply because a term in a contract is stated by the parties to be a condition does not necessarily make it so. Such statements though ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract Again, a repudiatory breach entitles the innocent party at common law to (1) terminate the contract, and (2) claim damages. No other type of breach except a repudiatory breach is sufficiently serious to permit the innocent party to terminate the contract for breach. Contracts often use wording other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract In respect to the EPC Agreements Material breach is defined as "shall mean a breach by either Party of any of its obligations under this Agreement which has or is likely to have a Material Adverse Effect on the Project and which such Party shall have failed to cure." While "fundamental breach" of con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract If the contractor in the above example had been instructed to use copper pipes, and instead used iron pipes that would not last as long as the copper pipes would have lasted, the homeowner can recover the cost of actually correcting the breach – taking out the iron pipes and replacing them with coppe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Breach of contract An anticipatory breach gives the innocent party the option to immediately terminate the contract and sue for damages, or wait for the time of performance: if the party required to perform does not perform when required by the contract, the innocent party can terminate then. For example, A contracts w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224387 |
Financial audit A financial audit is conducted to provide an opinion whether "financial statements" (the information being verified) are stated in accordance with specified criteria. Normally, the criteria are international accounting standards, although auditors may conduct audits of financial statements prepared usin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit The unqualified auditor's opinion is the opinion that the financial statements are presented fairly. A qualified opinion is that the financial statements are presented fairly in all material respects in accordance with US GAAP, except for a material misstatement that does not however pervasively affect ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit External auditors may choose to place limited reliance on the work of internal auditors. Auditing promotes transparency and accuracy in the financial disclosures made by an organization, therefore would likely reduce such corporations concealmeant of unscrupulous dealings. Internationally, the Internati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit Audits exist because they add value through easing the cost of information asymmetry and reducing information risk, not because they are required by law (note: audits are obligatory in many EU-member states and in many jurisdictions are obligatory for companies listed on public stock exchanges). For col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit None of the Big Four firms is a single firm; rather, they are professional services networks. Each is a network of firms, owned and managed independently, which have entered into agreements with other member firms in the network to share a common name, brand and quality standards. Each network has estab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit This group was once known as the "Big Eight", and was reduced to the "Big Six" and then "Big Five" by a series of mergers. The Big Five became the Big Four after the demise of Arthur Andersen in 2002, following its involvement in the Enron scandal. Costs of audit services can vary greatly dependent upon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit From 1834, the Commissioners worked in tandem with the Comptroller of the Exchequer, who was charged with controlling the issuance of funds to the government. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, William Ewart Gladstone initiated major reforms of public finance and Parliamentary accountability. His 1866 Exch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit In the UK, auditing guidelines are set by the institutes (including ACCA, ICAEW, ICAS and ICAI) of which auditing firms and individual auditors are members. While in Australia, the rules and professional code of ethics are set by The Institute of Chartered Accountants Australia (ICAA), CPA Australia (CP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit Many countries have government sponsored or mandated organizations who develop and maintain auditing standards, commonly referred to generally accepted auditing standards or GAAS. These standards prescribe different aspects of auditing such as the opinion, stages of an audit, and controls over work prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Financial audit The auditing firm's need to maintain a viable business through auditing revenue may be weighed against its duty to examine and verify the accuracy, relevancy, and completeness of the company's financial statements. This is done by auditor. Numerous proposals are made to revise the current system to prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224702 |
Industrial design right An industrial design right is an intellectual property right that protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225179 |
Industrial design right An industrial design is registrable if it is new. An industrial design is deemed to be new if it has not been disclosed to the public, anywhere in the world, by publication in tangible form or, in Kenya by use or in any other way, prior to the filing date or, where applicable, the priority date ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225179 |
Industrial design right In Indonesia the protection of the Right to Industrial Design shall be granted for 10 (ten) years commencing from the filing date and there is not any renewal or annuity after the given period. 1. The Right to Industrial Design shall be granted for an Industrial Design that is novel/new<br> 2. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225179 |
Industrial design right " The design must also be original: in 2012, the Patent Appeal Board rejected a design for a trash can, and gave guidance as to what the Act requires: During the existence of an exclusive right, no person can "make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225179 |
Industrial design right The unregistered community design lasts for three years after a design is made available to the public and infringement only occurs if the protected design has been copied. Legislation given in Britain during the years 1787 to 1839 protected designs for textiles. The Copyright of Design Act pass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225179 |
Industrial design right Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey, may be covered by copyright—a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created. In some circumstances, rights may also be acquired in trade d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225179 |
Chain of title A chain of title is the sequence of historical transfers of title to a property. It is a valuable tool to identify and document past owners of a property and serves as a property's historical ownership timeline. The "chain" runs from the present owner back to the original owner of the property. In situat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=226810 |
Chain of title Widespread lack of clarity in chain of title results from a 1995 decision by many lenders to rely on a third entity—often, a specific company, Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems (MERS)--to hold title nominally, in an effort to enable the buying and selling of mortgage liabilities without registrati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=226810 |
Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. It may also extend to control mechanisms for guiding the implementation of the strategy. became prominent in corporations during the 1960s and remains an impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227101 |
Strategic planning It may be formal or informal and is typically iterative, with feedback loops throughout the process. Some elements of the process may be continuous and others may be executed as discrete projects with a definitive start and end during a period. provides inputs for strategic thinking, which guides the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227101 |
Strategic planning Inputs are gathered to help support an understanding of the competitive environment and its opportunities and risks. Other inputs include an understanding of the values of key stakeholders, such as the board, shareholders, and senior management. These values may be captured in an organization's visio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227101 |
Strategic planning , balance sheets, income statements, and cash flows) for several years when developing their strategic plan, as part of the goal-setting activity. The term operational budget is often used to describe the expected financial performance of an organization for the upcoming year. Capital budgets very of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227101 |
Strategic planning A "forecast" is typically a combination of actual performance year-to-date plus expected performance for the remainder of the year, so is generally compared against plan or budget and prior performance. The financial plans accompanying a strategic plan may include 3–5 years of projected performance. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227101 |
Strategic planning Mintzberg argues that strategic planning can help coordinate planning efforts and measure progress on strategic goals, but that it occurs "around" the strategy formation process rather than within it. Further, strategic planning functions remote from the "front lines" or contact with the competitive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227101 |
Organizational culture encompasses values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of a business . The organizational culture influences the way people interact, the context within which knowledge is created, the resistance they will have towards certain changes, and ultimately t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Although a company may have its "own unique culture," in larger organizations there are sometimes co-existing or conflicting subcultures because each subculture is linked to a different management team. Flamholtz and Randle (2011) suggest that one can view organizational culture as "corporate per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture It is a matter of being able to care about the same things, and it applies to nations as well as to associations and organizations within nations. Elaborating on the work in "The Changing Culture of a Factory" Dr. Elliott Jaques in his concept of requisite organization established the list of val... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Culture is basic, with personal experience producing a variety of perspectives. The organizational communication perspective on culture views culture in three different ways: Business executive Bernard L. Rosauer (2013) defines organizational culture as an "emergence" – an extremely complex incal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture has been described as an organization's ideals, vision, and mission, whereas climate is better defined as employees' shared meaning related to the company's policies and procedures and reward/consequence systems. Many factors, ranging from depictions of relative strength to political and national... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Organizations may derive the following benefits from developing strong and productive cultures: Irving Janis defined groupthink as "a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Additionally, organizational cultures that explicitly emphasize factors related to the demands placed on them by industry technology and growth will be better performers in their industries. According to Kotter and Heskett (1992), organizations with adaptive cultures perform much better than orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture There are many different types of communication that contribute in creating an organizational culture: Bullying is seen to be prevalent in organizations where employees and managers feel that they have the support, or at least implicitly the blessing, of senior managers to carry on their abusive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Indeed, employees and people applying for a job are advised to match their "personality to a company's culture" and fit to it. Some researchers even suggested and have made case studies research on personality changing. Corporate culture is used to control, coordinate, and integrate company subsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture The major finding of this study is that the human cognition contains three components, or three broad types of "cultural rules of behavior", namely, Values, Expectations, and Ad Hoc Rules, each of which has a mutually conditioning relationship with behavior. The three cognitive components are dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture One major theoretical contribution of this "multi-carriage train" perspective is its allowance for the existence of inconsistencies among the three cognitive components in their mutual conditioning of behavior. This internal inconsistency view is in stark contrast to the traditional internal cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture The sustained superior performance of firms like IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Procter & Gamble, and McDonald's may be, at least partly, a reflection of their organizational cultures. A 2003 Harvard Business School study reported that culture has a significant effect on an organization's long-term econom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Culture affects the way individuals make decisions, feel, and act in response to the opportunities and threats affecting the organization. Adkins and Caldwell (2004) found that job satisfaction was positively associated with the degree to which employees fit into both the overall culture and subc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture This is corroborated by Mar (2016:1) who argues that 70% of all change efforts fail because of the culture of an organization's employees. One major reason why such change is difficult is that organizational cultures, and the organizational structures in which they are embedded, often reflect the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture When one wants to change an aspect of the culture of an organization one has to keep in consideration that this is a long-term project. Corporate culture is something that is very hard to change and employees need time to get used to the new way of organizing. For companies with a very strong and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Organizational leaders must also be cultural leaders and help facilitate the change from the two old cultures into the one new culture. This is done through cultural innovation followed by cultural maintenance. Corporate culture is the total sum of the values, customs, traditions, and meanings th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture , when the US Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration levied a fine of more than 10.8 million US dollars on Performance Coal Co. following the Upper Big Branch Mine disaster in April 2010. This was the largest fine in the history of this U.S. government agency. Criticism of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Among the strongest and most widely recognized writers on corporate culture, with a long list of articles on leadership, culture, gender and their intersection, is Linda Smircich. As a part of the critical management studies, she criticizes theories that attempt to categorize or 'pigeonhole' orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Cultural differences reflect differences in thinking and social action, and even in "mental programs", a term Hofstede uses for predictable behavior. Hofstede relates culture to ethnic and regional groups, but also organizations, professional, family, social and subcultural groups, national polit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Their Organizational Cultural Profile (OCP) is a self reporting tool which makes distinctions according eight categories – Innovation, Supportiveness, Stability, Respect for People, Outcome Orientation, Attention to Detail, Team Orientation, and Aggressiveness. The model is also suited to measure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture They each focus on how quickly the organization receives feedback, the way members are rewarded, and the level of risks taken: According to Schein (1992), culture is the most difficult organizational attribute to change, outlasting organizational products, services, founders and leadership and al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture The contents of myths, stories, and sagas reveal the history of an organization and influence how people understand what their organization values and believes. Language, stories, and myths are examples of verbal artifacts and are represented in rituals and ceremonies. Technology and art exhibite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Those with sufficient experience to understand this deepest level of organizational culture usually become acclimatized to its attributes over time, thus reinforcing the invisibility of their existence. Surveys and casual interviews with organizational members cannot draw out these attributes—rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture Merely understanding culture at the deepest level may be insufficient to institute cultural change because the dynamics of interpersonal relationships (often under threatening conditions) are added to the dynamics of organizational culture while attempts are made to institute desired change. Acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture "Schemata" (plural of schema) are knowledge structures a person forms from past experiences, allowing the person to respond to similar events more efficiently in the future by guiding the processing of information. A person's schemata are created through interaction with others, and thus inherent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture The polarities construct a quadrant with four types of culture: Cameron and Quinn designated six characteristics of organizational culture that can be assessed with the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). Clan cultures are most strongly associated with positive employee attitudes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture The Organizational Culture Inventory measures twelve behavioral norms that are grouped into three general types of cultures: In constructive cultures, people are encouraged to be in communication with their co-workers, and work as teams, rather than only as individuals. In positions where people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture People are expected to please others (particularly superiors) and avoid interpersonal conflict. Rules, procedures, and orders are more important than personal beliefs, ideas, and judgment. Passive/Defensive cultures experience a lot of unresolved conflict and turnover, and organizational members ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture In a giver culture, employees operate by "helping others, sharing knowledge, offering mentoring, and making connections without expecting anything in return", whereas in a taker culture "the norm is to get as much as possible from others while contributing less in return" and winners are those wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
Organizational culture An Entrepreneurial Organizational Culture (EOC) is a system of shared values, beliefs and norms of members of an organization, including valuing creativity and tolerance of creative people, believing that innovating and seizing market opportunities are appropriate behaviors to deal with problems ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228059 |
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