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Indivisibility of labor In macroeconomics, indivisibility of labor is the idea that labor cannot be used in continuous units but must be purchased from workers in blocks of time, such as eight hours a day or forty hours a week. This model can result in differences in the number of hours worked even though the workers a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6844295 |
Soft commodity Soft commodities, or softs, are commodities such as coffee, cocoa, sugar, corn, wheat, soybean, fruit and livestock. The term generally refers to commodities that are grown, rather than mined; the latter (such as oil, copper and gold) are known as hard commodities. Soft commodities play a major part in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6847263 |
Ease of doing business index The ease of doing business index is an index created jointly by Simeon Djankov and Gerhard Pohl, two leading economists at the Central and Eastern Europe sector of the World Bank Group. The academic research for the report was done jointly with professors Oliver Hart and Andrei Shleifer. Hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index The survey also bases assumptions on the legal form of the business, size, location, and nature of its operations. The ease of doing business index is meant to measure regulations directly affecting businesses and does not directly measure more general conditions such as a nation's proximit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index A nation's ranking on the index is based on the average of 10 subindices: The Doing Business project also offers information on following datasets: For example, according to the "Doing Business" (DB) 2013 report, Canada ranked third on the first subindex "Starting a business" behind only Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index Some caveats regarding the rankings and main information presented have to be considered by every user of the report. Mainly: The "Doing Business" report is not intended as a complete assessment of competitiveness or of the business environment of a country and should rather be considered a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index These efforts are motivated to a great scope by the fact that the World Bank Group publishes the data, and hence coverage by the media and the private sector every year. Also, "Doing Business" highlights every year the successful reforms carried out by each country. Since The Regulation of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index Another 7,000 working papers in economics and social science departments use the data from the Doing Business report. The 2016 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics Oliver Hart (economist) is among the authors of such papers. The various sub-components of the index in themselves provide concrete ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index The study has become one of the flagship knowledge products of the World Bank Group in the field of private sector development, and is claimed to have motivated the design of several regulatory reforms in developing countries. The study presents every year a detailed analysis of costs, requ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index Some highlighted findings of the DB are: In 2017, the study contains quantitative measures of regulations for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index According to Snodgrass, several limitations are present in the DB studies and have to be kept in mind when using the study: Published now for seventeen years, the DB has originated a growing body of research on how performance on DB indicators, and reforms generated by the reports, related ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index On 12 January 2018, Paul Romer, the World Bank's chief economist, announced that past releases of the index would be corrected and recalculated going back at least four years. Romer apologised to Chile, saying that the former director of the group responsible for the index had repeatedly ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index Notable exceptions are Norway (ranked 9) and the United Arab Emirates (ranked 16). "Note": Rankings at time of annual report publication. Rankings are subject to revision. The "Doing Business" methodology regarding labor regulations was criticized by the International Trade Union Confederat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Ease of doing business index The Employing Workers indicator was also removed as a guidepost for Country Policy and Institutional Assessments, which help determine resources provided to IDA countries. A study commissioned by the Norwegian government alleges methodological weaknesses, an uncertainty in the ability of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 |
Frisch Medal The is an award in economics given by the Econometric Society. It is awarded every two years for empirical or theoretical applied research published in "Econometrica" during the previous five years. The award was named in honor of Ragnar Frisch, first co-recipient of the Nobel prize in economics and editor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6872931 |
An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to "accepted solutions of particular problems" based on best modern practice as referenced,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6878402 |
An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science The "Essay" has been described as different from earlier writings on economic methodology in generating a range of tightly-argued, radical implications from a simple definition, for example in admitting an "aspect" of behaviour (rather than a list of behaviour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6878402 |
Martin Bronfenbrenner (December 2, 1914 – June 2, 1997) was an economist who served as William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Economics at Duke University. His publications, including more than 250 scholarly papers and five books, cover a host of topics, including aggregate economics, income distribution, internat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6885755 |
Law of rent The law of rent was formulated by David Ricardo around 1809, and presented in its most developed form in his magnum opus, "On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation". This is the origin of the term Ricardian rent. Ricardo's formulation of the law was the first clear exposition of the source and ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6888812 |
Law of rent Being a political economist, Ricardo was not simply referring to land in terms of soil. He was primarily interested in the economic rent and locational value associated with private appropriation of any natural factor of production. The law of rent applies equally well to urban land and rural land, as it is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6888812 |
De facto monopoly A "de facto" monopoly is a monopoly that was not created by government. It is most often used in contrast to "de jure" monopoly, which is one that is protected from competition by government action. In a free market without government intervention this kind of monopoly is theoretically unobtainable fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6894881 |
Jigawa ethanol programme The Jigawa ethanol program is a program to produce ethanol from agricultural products in Jigawa, Nigeria. The ethanol programme was initiated by the Nigerian President, Olusegun Obasanjo, to process sugarcane into biofuel. Besides sugarcane, the Nigerian Government plans to start processing cas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6903037 |
Patent portfolio A patent portfolio is a collection of patents owned by a single entity, such as an individual or corporation. The patents may be related or unrelated. Patent applications may also be regarded as included in a patent portfolio. The monetary benefits of a patent portfolio include a market monopoly positi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6904060 |
Patent portfolio In many cases, it is too costly for the negotiating parties to assess the validity and value of each of the portfolio's individual patents. Instead, parties will attempt to set a royalty that, over time, "converges on an objective probabilistic assessment of the portfolio's value." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6904060 |
Invented here Invented here, an opposite of "not invented here", is a type of argument or attitude that occurs when management of an organisation is uncomfortable with innovation or development conducted in-house. Reasons this might be the case are varied, and range from a lack of confidence in the staff within the org... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6911973 |
Paul Sultan was a labour economist, born in 1924 in Vancouver, Canada, died in 2019 Edwardsville, Illinois After serving as an aircraft pilot during World War II for the Royal Canadian Air Force, he pursued an academic career at Cornell University, the University at Buffalo, Claremont Graduate School in California, UCL... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6924568 |
Aggregate data In statistics, aggregate data are data combined from several measurements. When data is aggregated, groups of observations are replaced with summary statistics based on those observations. In a data warehouse, the use of aggregate data dramatically reduces the time to query large sets of data. Developers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6937928 |
Compliance training refers to the process of educating employees on laws, regulations and company policies that apply to their day-to-day job responsibilities. An organization that engages in compliance training typically hopes to accomplish several goals: (1) avoiding and detecting violations by employees that could l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6948317 |
Compliance training Corporate compliance covers both industry policies and procedures as well as federal, state and local compliance laws. Regulatory compliance is when a company abides by those laws and regulations. If a company is found to be out of compliance with certain laws pertaining to their industry, this can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6948317 |
Compliance training 1992 Ethics Officers Association (EOA) changed in 2005 Ethics and Compliance Organization (ECOA) which joined with the Ethics Resource Center ERC) in order to offer industry leading programs, research, events and professional development. 2004, Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics (SCCE) was e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6948317 |
Compliance training Hospitals and clinics are required to have strict compliance training on a range of different topics relating to the health and safety of all visitors, patients and staff members. Since the healthcare industry has a tendency to be litigious in today's day and age, it is even more important for all d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6948317 |
Compliance training fletc.gov/state-local-tribal-law-enforcement-training Emergency Response - Responsing to emergencies require certain skills and processes to be followed or lives can be lost. https://www.fema.gov/training Healthcare - visit the Office of the Inspector General for more information. https://oig.hhs.go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6948317 |
Compliance training In the past, the Alaska State Department paid $1,700,000 in fines for an Unencrypted USB hard drive stolen, poor policies and risk analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6948317 |
Clawback The term clawback or claw back refers to any money or benefits that have been given out, but are required to be returned (clawed back) due to special circumstances or events, such as the monies having been received as the result of a financial crime, or where there is a clawback provision in the executive comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6961332 |
Clawback The term also is in use in bankruptcy matters where insiders may have raided assets prior to a filing, and in Medicaid, when a state recovers costs of long-term care or covered medical expenses from the estates of deceased Medicaid patients. The aim of the clause is to secure an option for an employer or trust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6961332 |
Clawback The prevalence of clawback provisions among Fortune 100 companies increased from lower than 3% prior to 2005, to 82% in 2010. The growing popularity of clawback provisions is likely, at least in part, due to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6961332 |
Clawback According to a December 2010 "New Yorker" magazine article, the clawback phenomenon pursued by banks and other financial groups directly and/or indirectly responsible for the financial crisis has been used by the chief administrators of those institutions in order to make the case that they are presently takin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6961332 |
Clawback The use of tax incentives for attracting jobs and capital investment has grown over the past decades to include performance measures from which to gauge a company's growth. Typical measures are: More unusual measures are retaining a headquarters at a specific site for a period of time, amount of production inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6961332 |
Clawback lawsuits in US courts, especially from innocent individuals and entities who profited from financial crimes of others, have increased in the years since 2000. In its article "The Amazing Madoff Clawback; How two lawyers, Irving Picard and David Sheehan, have recovered 75 cents on the dollar of the stolen money... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6961332 |
Clawback 77% of the total loan amount for loans paid back within the first 12 months after the settlement, and 0.385% within 24 months. If a borrower is using a mortgage broker for their home loan, then the broker will usually charge them this amount. Italy and the Netherlands have several clawback regimes, and there a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6961332 |
Single-index model The single-index model (SIM) is a simple asset pricing model to measure both the risk and the return of a stock. The model has been developed by William Sharpe in 1963 and is commonly used in the finance industry. Mathematically the SIM is expressed as: where: These equations show that the stock retu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6972600 |
Single-index model Macroeconomic events, such as changes in interest rates or the cost of labor, causes the systematic risk that affects the returns of all stocks, and the firm-specific events are the unexpected microeconomic events that affect the returns of specific firms, such as the death of key people or the lower... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6972600 |
Economic stability Real macroeconomic output can be decomposed into a trend and a cyclical part, where the variance of the cyclical series derived from the filtering technique (e.g., the band-pass filter, or the most commonly used Hodrick–Prescott filter) serves as the primary measure of departure from economic stabili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6973754 |
Economic stability This can lead to unemployment, economic recession, or in extreme cases, a societal collapse. When a stabilization policy is implemented, it generally involves the use of either monetary policy or fiscal policy. Either of these may be advocated by Keynesian economists. However, they are generally oppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6973754 |
Multi-manager investment is an investment product that consists of multiple specialized funds. Each specialized fund may invest across different sectors and markets, or having managers investing in the same asset class but have different investment styles. For example, large cap value fund versus large cap growth fund.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6975144 |
Commission (remuneration) Commissions are a form of variable-pay remuneration for services rendered or products sold. Commissions are a common way to motivate and reward salespeople. Commissions can also be designed to encourage specific sales behaviors. For example, commissions may be reduced when granting large disco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6976469 |
Commission (remuneration) One of the most common means of attempting to align principal and agent interests is to design incentives tracking agent performance. There is a high degree of variability in terms of types of compensation plans, such as fixed salary, straight commissions, or a combination of both. Often, comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6976469 |
Commission (remuneration) " In 2011, California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law AB 1396 amending the California Labor Code requiring all employers who pay commissions to enter into written contracts with their employees regarding how commissions will be earned, computed and paid. The new law, effective on January ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6976469 |
Commission (remuneration) Following the Retail Distribution Review in the United Kingdom, trail commission is banned on sales of new investment products as of April 6, 2014 and will required to be completely phased out by April 6, 2016. In the financial services industry in the UK, rules set out in the Retail Distribut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6976469 |
Edwin Cannan (3 February 1861, Funchal, Madeira – 8 April 1935, Bournemouth), the son of David Cannan and artist Jane Cannan, was a British economist and historian of economic thought. He was a professor at the London School of Economics from 1895 to 1926. As a partisan of Jevonianism, is perhaps best known for his log... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6987253 |
Municipal bond arbitrage Municipal bond arbitrage, also called municipal bond relative value arbitrage, municipal arbitrage, or just muni arb, generally consists of building a leveraged portfolio of high-quality, tax-exempt municipal bonds and simultaneously hedging the duration risk in that municipal bond portfolio by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7005682 |
Municipal bond arbitrage The bet in municipal bond arbitrage is that, over a longer period of time, two similar instruments--municipal bonds and interest rate swaps--will correlate with each other; they are both very high quality credits, have the same maturity and are denominated in U.S. dollars. Credit risk and durat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7005682 |
Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges The (FEAS) is a non-profit international organization comprising the main stock exchanges in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. The purpose of the Federation is to contribute to the cooperation, development, support and promotion of capital markets in the Euro-Asi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7014924 |
Chopin (unit) The chopin was a Scottish measurement of volume, usually for fluids, that was in use from at least 1661, though possibly 15th century, until the mid 19th century. The measurement was derived from the French measure "chopine" an old and widespread unit of liquid capacity, first recorded in the 13th century... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7017642 |
Short swing A short swing rule restricts officers and insiders of a company from making short-term profits at the expense of the firm. It is part of United States federal securities law, and is a prophylactic measure intended to guard against so-called insider trading. The rule mandates that if an officer, director, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7017817 |
Charles Issawi (1916 – December 8, 2000) was a prominent academic economist and historian of the Middle East at Columbia University and Princeton University in the United States. Roger Owen, the A. J. Meyer Professor of Middle East History at Harvard, stated that Issawi, "was the father of the study of the modern econo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7029118 |
Billback or bill back is an accounting service or suite of software that is used for cost recovery. With a billback system, the client or payer is charged a percentage of the total cost of equipment, services, and venues of which they have already used. systems track usage from concert halls to toothpicks, add the cost... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7049822 |
Technical indicator In technical analysis in finance, a technical indicator is a mathematical calculation based on historic price, volume, or (in the case of futures contracts) open interest information that aims to forecast financial market direction. Technical indicators are a fundamental part of technical analysis a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7057258 |
Form S-1 is an SEC filing used by companies planning on going public to register their securities with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as the "registration statement by the Securities Act of 1933". The S-1 contains the basic business and financial information on an issuer with respect to a specific se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7062406 |
Form S-1 The S-1 form requires that the registrant provide information from diverse sources and incorporate this information using many rules or regulations, such as General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Act, Regulation C, Regulation S-K and Regulation S-X. Under the JOBS Act, it has been possible since Ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7062406 |
E-accounting (or online accounting) is the application of online and Internet technologies to the business accounting function. Similar to e-mail being an electronic version of traditional mail, e-accounting is "electronic enablement" of lawful accounting and traceable accounting processes which were traditionally manu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7065996 |
Popiwek (an acronym of PPWW, short for "Podatek od ponadnormatywnych wypłat wynagrodzeń", ) was a tax introduced in Poland in 1984. Although created by the communist authorities and initially hidden under the name of "Fee for the National Work Activization Fund," it is primarily associated with the 1989 Balcerowicz Pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7089686 |
Date rolling In finance, date rolling occurs when a payment day or date used to calculate accrued interest falls on a holiday, according to a given business calendar. In this case the date is moved forward or backward in time such that it falls in a business day, according with the same business calendar. The choice of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7094957 |
Form 6-K Form 6K is an SEC filing submitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission used by certain foreign private issuers to provide information that is: The report must be furnished promptly after such material is made public. The form is not considered "filed" because of Section 18 (for liability purposes). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7095482 |
Negative return (finance) The term negative return is used in business or finance to describe a loss, i.e., a negative return on investment. By extension the term is also used for a project that is not worthwhile, even in a non-economic sense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7108905 |
Single Audit In the United States, the Single Audit, Subpart F of the OMB Uniform Guidance, is a rigorous, organization-wide audit or examination of an entity that expends $750,000 or more of federal assistance (commonly known as federal funds, federal grants, or federal awards) received for its operations. Usually per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit In 1985, the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued OMB Circular A-128, "Audits of State and Local Governments," to help recipients and auditors implement the new Single Audit. In 1990, OMB administratively extended the process to non-profit organizations by issuing OMB Circular A-133, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit However, as a condition of receiving this assistance recipients must comply with applicable federal and state laws and regulations, as well as any particular provisions tied with the specific assistance. The provides the Federal government with assurance that these recipients comply with such directives by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit This is because there are millions of federal grants awarded each year to thousands of recipients, each with its own independent way of operating. Therefore, the differs from recipient to recipient and from federal program to program. For these reasons, the federal government requires auditors to perform t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit This includes the following to be evaluated for each of the preceding two audit periods: The Uniform Guidance uses the high- and low-risk determination to regulate the dollar amount of federal expenditures to be audited. Although the actual work necessary for a is established by the auditor, the OMB has se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit Once this determination is performed, requires that federal programs be categorized in two groups: Type A programs and Type B programs. A Type A program is any federal program within a recipient that meets the following criteria. In other words, if a recipient expended a total of $25 million or less in fed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit Example 3 – Using the same data in Example 1 with the exception that the City of Example now expended a total of $100,000,000 in federal assistance, the Section 8 program would not meet the Type A threshold because $950,000 is less than $3 million, and would be considered a Type B program. After determinin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit Although the risk assessment is performed by the auditor based on his/her judgment, the Uniform Guidance does have two requirements for a program to be considered low risk. In assessing the risk of Type B programs, auditors should use professional judgement and criteria established in the Uniform Guidance.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit After the auditor determines which federal programs to audit, the auditor performs a compliance audit that scrutinizes operations of the program—examining files, documents, contracts, checks, etc. The auditor investigates, to some degree, transactions between the federal program and other parties. These fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit Without it, auditors would need to research thousands of laws and regulations for each single program of a recipient to determine which compliance requirements are important to the Federal Government. For Single Audits, the Supplement replaces any agency audit guides and other audit requirement documents f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit However, while the criterion for determining eligibility varies from program to program, the objective of the Eligibility compliance requirement that "only eligible and qualified individuals or organizations participate" is consistent and universal across all federal assistance programs. This eligibility u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit After the is concluded, the recipient prepares two documents: a "Data Collection Form" and a "Reporting Package". The data collection form, Form SF-SAC, is a standard form which is basically a summary of the Single Audit. It includes details of the auditor, a list of the federal programs audited, and a sum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit The auditor is responsible for conducting the actual audit of the recipient in accordance with Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS) and using the guidance provided by the OMB Circular A-133 and its Compliance Supplement, all of which establish certain rules to follow during the Single A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Single Audit The first report is an opinion, or a disclaimer thereof, on whether the recipient's financial statements are presented in conformity with US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, identical to a financial audit's report on a non-recipient entity. The second report is about the status of internal control... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116485 |
Inside director An inside director is a member of the board of directors of a corporation who is also a member of the corporation's management, almost always a corporate officer. For example, a chief executive officer who is also chairman of the board would be considered an inside director. A chief financial officer, e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7117117 |
Empire and Communications is a book published in 1950 by University of Toronto professor Harold Innis. It is based on six lectures Innis delivered at Oxford University in 1948. The series, known as the Beit Lectures, was dedicated to exploring British imperial history. Innis, however, decided to undertake a sweeping hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications It also looks at the oral tradition in ancient Greece; the written tradition and the Roman Empire; the influence of parchment and paper in medieval Europe and the effects of paper and the printing press in modern times. Harold Innis's highly condensed prose style, which frequently ranges over ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications "They have tended to flourish under conditions in which civilization reflects the influence of more than one medium and in which the bias of one medium towards decentralization is offset by the bias of another medium towards centralization." Innis divides the history of the empires and civiliz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications "A change in the type of medium implies a change in the type of appraisal and hence makes it difficult for one civilization to understand another." As an example, Innis refers to our tendency to impose a modern conception of time on past civilizations. "With the dominance of arithmetic and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications Innis writes that the Nile therefore, "acted as a principle of order and centralization, necessitated collective work, created solidarity, imposed organizations on the people, and cemented them in a society." This observation is reminiscent of Innis's earlier work on the economic influence of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications He suggests that priests may have developed such a calendar increasing their power and authority. After 2000 BC, peasants, craftsmen, and scribes obtained religious and political rights. "The profound disturbances in Egyptian civilization," Innis writes "involved in the shift from absolute mon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications Hyksos rule lasted about a century until the Egyptians drove them out. Innis writes that the invaders had adopted hieroglyphic writing and Egyptian customs, "but complexity enabled the Egyptians to resist." The Egyptians may have won their victory using horses and light chariots acquired from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications " In this chapter, Innis outlines the history of the world's first civilizations in Mesopotamia. He starts with the fertile plains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but as the history unfolds, his discussion extends to large parts of the modern Middle East. Biographer Paul Heyer's warni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications Their earliest writing recorded agricultural accounts and economic transactions. Innis points out that the tablets were not well suited to pictographic writing because making straight lines "tended to pull up the clay." Therefore, Sumerian scribes used a cylindrical reed stylus to stamp or pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications Innis mentions many of them, but focuses more attention on innovations that facilitated their growth. These include the advancement of civil law under Hammurabi, the development of mathematics including fixed standards of weights and measures, as well as the breeding of horses that combined sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications " The alphabet, combined with the use of parchment and papyrus, Innis argues, had a decentralizing effect favouring cities and smaller nations over centralized empires. He suggests that improved communication, made possible by the alphabet, enabled the Assyrians and the Persians to administer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications The abhorrence of idolatry of graven images implied a sacred power in writing, observance of the law, and worship of the one true God." The alphabet enabled the Hebrews to record their rich oral tradition in poetry and prose. "Hebrew has been described as the only Semitic language before Arabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications Innis biographer John Watson notes that those preceding empires "had revolved around an uneasy alliance of absolute monarchs and scholarly theocrats." The monarchs ruled by force while an elite priestly class controlled religious dogma through their monopolies of knowledge over complex writing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications "The dialogues were developed," Innis writes "as a most effective instrument for preserving [the] power of the spoken word on the written page." He adds that Plato's pupil, Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC), regarded the Platonic dialogues as "half-way between poetry and prose." Innis argues that Pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications Innis argues that eventually, the spread of writing widened the gap between the city-states hastening the collapse of Greek civilization. Innis notes that the early Mycenaean Greeks of the Bronze Age developed their own styles of communication because they escaped the cultural influence of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications the earliest work of art created by the spontaneous working of the Greek mind.'" "The power of the oral tradition," Innis writes, "implied the creation of a structure suited to its needs." That structure consisted of the metres and stock phrases of epic poetry which included the Homeric poems,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications " In the 7th century BC, Archilochos took poetry a step further when he contributed to breaking down the heroic code of epic poetry. Innis suggests he responded to a rising public opinion while historian J.B. Bury describes him as venting his feelings freely and denouncing his enemies. Innis a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications He also studied geometry and astronomy, using mathematics as "a means of discarding allegory and myth and advancing universal generalizations." Thus, mathematics gave rise to philosophical speculation. The map maker, Anaximander also sought universal truths becoming "the first to write down hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications The torture of Roman citizens and the imposition of capital punishment for relatively minor crimes became common as living law "was replaced by the dead letter." Finally, Innis discusses the rise of Christianity, a religion which spread through the use of scripture inscribed on parchment. He w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
Empire and Communications A priestly class, "equipped with trained memories," made and administered the laws, their power strengthened because there was no body of written law. Although plebeian pressure eventually resulted in the adoption of the Twelve Tables—a written constitution—interpretation remained in the hands... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7124749 |
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