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Exploitation of labour Following such a view, some in the United States propose that the American government should mandate that businesses in foreign countries adhere to the same labour, environmental, health and safety standards as the United States before they are allowed to trade with businesses in the United State... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40067623 |
Exploitation of labour The exploitation of labour is not limited to the aforementioned large scale corporate outsourcing, but it can also be found within the inherent structure of local markets in developing countries like Kenya. Wage labour as institutionalized under today's market economic systems has been criticized... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40067623 |
Exploitation of labour "It can be persuasively argued", noted one concerned philosopher, "that the conception of the worker's labor as a commodity confirms Marx's stigmatisation of the wage system of private capitalism as 'wage-slavery;' that is, as an instrument of the capitalist's for reducing the worker's condition ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40067623 |
Marx's Revenge Marx's Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism is a 2002 book about the contemporary relevance of the philosopher Karl Marx by the economist Meghnad Desai. Desai analyses some of Marx's lesser known writings and argues that his theories enhance our understanding of modern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40078199 |
Formação econômica do Brasil The Economic Growth of Brazil () is a book of Brazilian economist Celso Furtado, published in 1959. The book was written in a time of optimism in Brazil: it was the end of the government of Juscelino Kubitschek, considered one of the most democratic and its slogan "fifty years in five" will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40089375 |
Peng's Coefficient Peng’s Coefficient is an economic term which refers to the proportion of an individual’s spending on culture- and spirit-related products or services, such as books, movie, opera, concert, travelling, training and so forth, to her/his total expenditure. Peng’s Coefficient is inversely proportional to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40142750 |
Ripmax Limited is a British supplier of radio-controlled models and related components, based in Enfield, Middlesex. The company was founded in 1949 as a toy and model shop in Camden Town, with a focus on model boats. The shop later expanded into distribution, adding warehousing and additional staff to the company, eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40151193 |
Greater Reading Expo Center The was an exhibition center located just north of Reading, Pennsylvania and access from the Warren Street Bypass (Route 12.) It had 30 meeting rooms, two food courts, and a total area of over 270,000 square feet on one floor. The expo center opened in 2006 and closed in 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40191928 |
Dundee Stock Exchange The was established in 1879. In 1964, it merged into the Scottish Stock Exchange along with the Glasgow Stock Exchange, Edinburgh Stock Exchange, and Aberdeen Stock Exchange. It continued to operate as a local branch until 1971, when the local exchanges closed completely. By 1973, the Scottish Sto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40192307 |
Blair County Convention Center is a convention center located just south of Altoona, Pennsylvania. It has two floor levels with the exhibit floor and ballroom on separate levels. Rocco Alianiello is the Executive Director and COO. The facility is near the Interstate 99 and Route 36. The conference center has a 24,000 s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40199434 |
Tax controversy is an area of legal practice involving tax disputes between tax collection entities such as the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and taxpayers, sometimes as the result of an audit. Legal services offered as part of a typical tax controversy practice can include assistance with audits, dealing with I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40206374 |
Repatriation tax holiday A repatriation tax holiday is a tax holiday specifically directed towards individuals and businesses in one country who repatriate to that country income earned in other countries. The theory supporting such an action is that multinational companies headquartered in one country, but which earn ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40277338 |
Repatriation tax holiday 3 billion, and that companies receiving the tax breaks had thereafter cut over 20,000 jobs. A second repatriation tax holiday was defeated in the United States Senate in 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40277338 |
Cornelius Castoriadis (; 11 March 1922 – 26 December 1997) was a Greek-French philosopher, social critic, economist, psychoanalyst, author of "The Imaginary Institution of Society", and co-founder of the "Socialisme ou Barbarie" group. His writings on autonomy and social institutions have been influential in both acade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis The latter action resulted in his persecution by both the Germans and the Communist Party. In 1944 he wrote his first essays on social science and Max Weber, which he published in a magazine named "Archive of Sociology and Ethics" (Αρχείον Κοινωνιολογίας και Ηθικής, "Archeion Koinoniologias kai It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis In 1948, they experienced their "final disenchantment with Trotskyism", leading them to break away to found the libertarian socialist and councilist group and journal "Socialisme ou Barbarie" ("S. ou B.", 1949–1966), which included Jean-François Lyotard and Guy Debord as members for a while, and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis In his 1949 essay "The Relations of Production in Russia", Castoriadis developed a critique of the supposed socialist character of the government of the Soviet Union. According to Castoriadis, the central claim of the Stalinist regime at the time was that the mode of production in Russia was socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis There he concluded that a revolutionary Marxist must choose either to remain Marxist or to remain revolutionary. When Jacques Lacan's disputes with the International Psychoanalytical Association led to a split and the formation of the École Freudienne de Paris (EFP) in 1964, Castoriadis became a m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis In his 1975 work, "L'Institution imaginaire de la société" ("Imaginary Institution of Society"), and in "Les carrefours du labyrinthe" ("Crossroads in the Labyrinth"), published in 1978, Castoriadis began to develop his distinctive understanding of historical change as the emergence of irrecoverab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis The self-reflective activity of an autonomous society depends essentially upon the self-reflective activity of the humans who form that society. Castoriadis was not calling for every individual to undergo psychoanalysis, per se. Rather, by reforming education and political systems, individuals wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis He had been elected "" (Director of Research) in EHESS at the end of 1979 after submitting his previously published material in conjunction with a defense of his intellectual project of connecting the disciplines of history, sociology and economy through the concept of the social imaginary (see be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis Edgar Morin proposed that Castoriadis' work will be remembered for its remarkable continuity and coherence as well as for its extraordinary breadth which was "encyclopaedic" in the original Greek sense, for it offered us a "paideia", or education, that brought full circle our cycle of otherwise co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis (According to Castoriadis, the sociological and philosophical category of "the radical imaginary" can be manifested only through the individual radical imagination and the social imaginary.) However, the social imaginary cannot be reduced or attributed to subjective imagination, since the individu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis In contrast, members of "heteronomous societies" ("hetero"- 'other') delegate this process to an authority outside of society, often attributing the source of their traditions to divine origins or, in modern times, to "historical necessity." Castoriadis then identified the need of societies not on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis Regarding modern societies, Castoriadis notes that while religions have lost part of their normative function, their nature is still heteronomous, only that this time it has rational pretenses. Capitalism legitimizes itself through "reason," claiming that it makes "rational sense", but Castoriadis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis And yet, for the very reason that these meanings, manifestations of the "radical imaginary" in Castoriadian terminology, never point to anything concrete, that they are also impossible to analyse rationally, since the very categories that logic needs to operate are derived from them. They are arat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis For example, Castoriadis believed that Ancient Greeks had an imaginary by which the world stems from Chaos, while in contrast, the Hebrews had an imaginary by which the world stems from the will of a rational entity, God or Yahweh in the Hebrew Bible. The former developed therefore a system of dir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis In this respect Marx failed to understand that technology is not, as he claimed, the main drive of social change, since we have historical examples where societies possessing near identical technologies formed very different relations to them. An example given in the book is France and England dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis Castoriadis was a social constructionist and a moral relativist insofar as the radical imaginary of each society was opaque to rational analysis. Since he believed that social norms and morals ultimately derive from a society's unique idea of the world, which emerges fully formed at a given moment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis According to him, the core of the Greek imaginary was a world that came from Chaos rather than the pre-existing will of God as described in Genesis. Castoriadis concludes that this radical idea of a "world out of chaos" was ultimately what made the Greeks so different, and allowed them to create i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis During this time of colonization, however, around the time of Homer's epic poems, we observe for the first time that the Greeks, instead of transferring their mother city's social system to the newly established colony, instead, for the first time in known history, legislate anew from the ground u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis That's the road of the loss of meaning, of the repetition of empty forms, of conformism, apathy, irresponsibility, and cynicism at the same time as it is that of the tightening grip of the capitalist imaginary of unlimited expansion of "rational mastery," pseudorational pseudomastery, of an unlimi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Cornelius Castoriadis Hans Joas published a number of articles in American journals in order to highlight the importance of Castoriadis' work to a North American sociological audience, and has been of enduring importance both for his critical engagement with Castoriadis' thought and for his sustained efforts to introdu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40300362 |
Banishment room A banishment room (also known as a chasing-out-room and a boredom room) is a modern employee exit management strategy whereby employees are transferred to another department where they are assigned meaningless work until they become disheartened and resign. Since the resignation is voluntary, the employ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40343976 |
Troubled debt restructuring A troubled debt restructuring (TDR) is defined as a debt restructuring in which a creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to a debtor's financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. As such, in order for a debt restructuring to be a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40397306 |
Crowdreferencing is the collective effort of individuals who, usually via the Internet, reference products and suppliers to help build a marketplace base, in exchange of a royalty limited in time on these products. An early precursor of the crowdreferencing business model is Vialgo.co (2013), an online booking platform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40437140 |
Armand Zunder (born 14 April 1946, in Paramaribo) is a Surinamese economist. As chairman of the Committee Reparations Slavery Past he was part of a reparations for slavery effort directed at the Netherlands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40459878 |
Under30Media is a U.S. business and entrepreneurship website launched in 2008 and based in New York City. Its original works are sometimes cited by other, larger, publications such as Business Insider and Forbes. Founded by Jared O’Toole and Matt Wilson, it is the overarching brand in which "Under30CEO", "Under30Financ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40479586 |
Scope limitation A scope limitation is a restriction on the applicability of an auditor's report that may arise from the inability to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence about a component in the financial statements. When all the audit procedures that are considered necessary, either by circumstances, engagement, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40480411 |
Bulk dispatch lapse (BDL) or bulk dispatch value lapse, depicts the depreciation of a distributed object to multiple consumers. The BDL expects a decrease of a dispatched object's value for individuals, when delivered asynchronously. The initiation of the depreciation varies by context and may be subject of a variety o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40494667 |
Bulk dispatch lapse An EVIU can be incorporated into BDL or even represent the basis. The complementary contribution of BDL is defined by the multiplicity of the consumer of the object. The multiplicity results in a bulk dispatch. describes the bulk dispatching of objects. Consequently, it depicts how multiple recipien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40494667 |
Bulk dispatch lapse In other scenarios, a dispatched object immediately loses its full or partial value, if a certain number of consumers "C" have already received the object. In a function, the ordinate value takes on zero, if value "x" representing "c", has received the value. It draws a dramatic knee on the function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40494667 |
Bulk dispatch lapse Bulk depreciation is often applied among competitive actors, who consume the same information units and/or resources. A prerequisite is that the consumers are capable of transforming the information in knowledge upon which they can react. In general and for non-polynomial depreciation functions, a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40494667 |
Brazilian Swap A is a type of swap where the floating rate is calculated using an average rate and has only one payment, which occurs at maturity. The average rate used for the Floating Leg is the Average One-Day Interbank Deposit (aka rate, or overnight DI rate) which is an annual rate and is calculated daily by the C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40520682 |
Benefit corporation In the United States, a benefit corporation is a type of for-profit corporate entity, authorized by 35 U.S. states and the District of Columbia that includes positive impact on society, workers, the community and the environment in addition to profit as its legally defined goals, in that the definit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40522007 |
Benefit corporation For an example of what additional impacts directors and officers are required to consider, view the 2015 Maryland Code § 5-6C-07 - Duties of director. The nature of the business conducted by the corporation does not affect their status as a benefit corporation, instead providing them protection for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40522007 |
Benefit corporation However, few of the states have included provisions for removal of benefit corporation status if they fail to do so, or if those reports show below-expected ratings. There are around 12 third-party standards that satisfy the reporting requirements of most benefit corporation statutes. A benefit corp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40522007 |
Benefit corporation have passed legislation allowing for the creation of benefit corporations: Connecticut's benefit corporation law is the first to allow "preservation clauses," which allow the corporation's founders to prevent it from reverting to a 'For Profit' entity at the will of their shareholders. Illinois esta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40522007 |
Benefit corporation While corporations generally have the ability to pursue a broad range of activities, corporate decision-making is usually justified in terms of creating long-term shareholder value. The idea that a corporation has as its purpose to maximize financial gain for its shareholders was first articulated i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40522007 |
Benefit corporation If a company does change ownership and the result is no longer in adherence to its initially described benefit goals, the sale could be challenged in court. Mission-driven businesses, impact investors, and social entrepreneurs are constrained by this legal framework, which is not equipped to accommo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40522007 |
Benefit corporation Typical major provisions of a benefit corporation are: Purpose Accountability Transparency Right of Action Change of Control/Purpose/Structure Benefit corporations are treated like all other corporations for tax purposes. laws address concerns held by entrepreneurs who wish to raise growth capital b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40522007 |
Corlett–Hague rule The is a rule in the economics of optimal taxation, which follows the second best approach, and states that optimal taxation can be achieved by taxing complementary goods of leisure, thereby reducing the distortion of labor supply incentives. It was developed by W.J. Corlett and D.C. Hague in 1953, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40528777 |
Bank payment obligation (BPO) is a class of settlement solution in international supply chain finance. The solution is championed by SWIFT and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Banking Commission as a means to move away from letter of credit schemes toward "support[ing] the development of a globally accepted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40554355 |
CDO-Squared is a collateralized debt obligations backed primarily by the tranches issued by other CDOs. These instruments became popular before the financial crisis of 2007–08. There were 36 deals made in 2005, 48 in 2006 and 41 in 2007. Merrill Lynch was a big producer, creating and selling 11 of them. The collapse of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40580059 |
Electricity sector in South Africa The is an important part of the economy in the region. Eskom is the state-owned electricity provider. A 2016 study compared long term prices of different types of new powerplants. Eskom is a South African electricity public utility, established in 1923 as the Electricity Supply Commis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40589785 |
Energy Networks Australia (formerly Energy Networks Association) is the national industry body representing Australia’s electricity transmission and distribution and gas distribution networks. Energy Network Australia members provide more than 16 million electricity and gas connections to almost every home and business... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40604730 |
Energy Networks Australia Energy Networks Australia's Chairman is Tim Rourke, Chief Executive Officer CitiPower and Powercor, and its Chief Executive Officer is Andrew Dillon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40604730 |
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals. Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the "normal" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics Some may argue that service sectors (particularly finance) have eclipsed industry, but the evidence is inconclusive and industrial productivity growth remains the main driver of overall economic growth in most national economies. This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics The nature-produced, renewed and reproduced “resources” of land, water, air, raw materials, biomass and organisms. Natural capital is subject to both renewable and non-renewable depletion, degradation, cultivation, recycling and reuse. Built capital (B). The man-made physical assets of infra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics While crises are cyclical recessions or slowdowns within the same paradigm, transformation represents a paradigmatic change in the way of doing business: moving towards new standards and quality, in a unique and non-recursive way. Most developed and mature economies of the world (USA, Japan,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics ” In transformations there are no “losses”, only changes and transitions to a new economic order. When comparing major US recessions since 1980, as in Fig. 2, it is clear that they have been getting deeper and longer in terms of the recovery of initial employment level. Only the first is cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics The tools for adapting successfully to paradigmatic transformation have not been developed. An example of a paradigmatic transformation would be the shift from geocentric to heliocentric view of our world. Within both views there can be any number of crises, cyclical failures of old and sear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics We are naturally interested in the percentage of total workforce employed in a given sector. The dynamics of this percentage provides clues to where and when are the new jobs generated and old ones abandoned. Sector's percentage share of employment evolves in dependency on sector's productiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics (Observe that the unemployed are temporary “employees” of the government, as long as they receive payments.) Creating employment in GWU sector is achievable at the expense of productive sectors, i.e. only at the risk of major debt accumulation, in a non-lasting way and with low added value. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics The third one, GWU, is sheltered from competition, cannot expand its share substantially because it depends on taxation from other sectors; its employment growth is unsustainable. Slowly, the US economy has shifted towards sectors with lower added value, leading to lower real incomes and inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics For the first time in history, this one economy has reached the end of the old model (or paradigm) and is groping to find the new ways of organizing its business, economy and society. In search of the better name, the Bloomberg Businessweek Editor argued as follows: Meanwhile, New Transforma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics A more precise label would be Economic Metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is the outcome of a series of transformations, not dissimilar to a caterpillar-to-butterfly change of form, through the construction→destruction→reconstruction autopoietic self-production cycle. Even when the recession ends,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics It has been dubbed as “Macroeconomic Mystery”. After holding for the past 40 years, it faltered during current “recovery”. Unemployment shot up faster than predicted, but then it fell more quickly than indicated by slow U.S. growth in 2009–2013. Output grew 2% but unemployment is 7.6% instea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics Also, correlations in economics are always dangerous because they do not prove or establish causal relationships. The new transformational paradigm could be defined by the ongoing self-organization of the market economy itself: its rates of self-service, disintermediation and mass customizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics As a consequence, the goods of high productivity growth sectors (food, manufactured goods) are getting cheaper and the products of low productivity growth sectors (health care, education, insurance) are getting more expensive. In many developing nations this may still be the other way around... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics Information and knowledge travel effortlessly through electronic superhighways, through telecommunications and social networks over the internet. Because there is no new productive sector to emerge, the market system seeks to reinstate its new balance through new modes of doing business. Deg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics World capital flows include loans and deposits, foreign investments, bonds and equities – all down in their cross-border segment. This means that the rate of globalization has reversed its momentum. Globalizers are still worried about 2014 being the year of irreversible decline. Improvement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Transformation in economics Both requisite technologies and appropriate business models necessary for relocalization are already in place, forming a vital part of our daily business and life experience. New transformation is well on its way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 |
Stockholm Memorandum The is a document signed in May 2011 by many Nobel Laureates based on the verdict from the trial of humanity, which opened the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium. The jury of Nobel laureates concluded that Earth has entered a new geological age, which it calls the Anthropocene, in which humans are the mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40657672 |
Sailing ship effect The sailing ship effect is a phenomenon by which the introduction of a new technology to a market accelerates the innovation of an incumbent technology. Despite the fact that the term was coined by W.H. Ward in 1967 the concept was made clear much earlier in a book by S.C. Gilfillan entitled ""Inven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40719423 |
Sailing ship effect In a paper entitled "The Response of Old Technology Incumbents to Technological Competition: Does the Sailing Ship Effect Exist?" author John Howells contends that sailing ships and steamships serviced different market segments in the 1860s and 1870s and, therefore, were not directly competing techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40719423 |
Business and management research is a systematic inquiry that helps to solve business problems and contributes to management knowledge. It Is an applied research. Four factors (Easterby-Smith, 2008) combine to make business and management a distinctive focus for research : Managers often need information of high qualit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40729921 |
Cottage Economy is a book by William Cobbett, first published in 1821, which covers many practical instructions such how to bake bread, brew beer, keep livestock and "other matters deemed useful in the conducting of the Affairs of a Labourer's Family" with the aim of aiding the "Labouring Classes" in having a "good liv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40777439 |
Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem The is a theorem of public economics which states "that, where the utility function is separable between labor and all commodities, no indirect taxes need be employed" if non-linear income taxation can be used by the government and was developed in a seminal article by Joseph Stiglitz and Anth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40806572 |
Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem To maximise the utility function, the first order condition is: The government maximises the social welfare function, and so Then we use a density function formula_7 to express the Hamiltonian: Taking its variation with regard to formula_9, we use the condition for its maximum. Then the follow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40806572 |
Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem Then writing down the Lagrange function for this problem: which ensures satisfaction of the self-selection constraints, we obtain the first order conditions: For the case where formula_32 and formula_33, we have for formula_35, and therefore the government can achieve a lump-sum taxation. For ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40806572 |
Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem The separability between leisure and consumption enables us to have formula_59 which yields As a result, we obtain Thus we find that it is unnecessary to impose taxes on commodities. We need to consider a case where high ability individuals (who usually earn more money to show their ability) p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40806572 |
Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem As to formula_82 we denote them by formula_83 and formula_84. Also we define formula_85 by formula_86. But the first derivative of formula_87 with regard to formula_88, at formula_89, is zero (because formula_90), and so we need to calculate its second derivative. where formula_92 and formula_... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40806572 |
Optimal capital income taxation is a subarea of optimal tax theory which refers to the study of designing a tax on capital income such that a given economic criterion like utility is optimized. Starting from the conceptualization of capital income as future consumption, the taxation of capital income corresponds to a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40809028 |
Optimal capital income taxation The Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem states that if non-linear taxes on earnings are available as policy tool, differential taxation of first- and second period consumption is not optimal if all consumers have preferences weakly separable between consumption and labor. Furthermore, consumers ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40809028 |
Optimal capital income taxation The result can also be interpreted in Corlett–Hague terms: As the horizon grows to infinity, both present and future consumption become equally complementary to leisure as their elasticities become constant; since, according to the Corlett–Hague rule the taxation of commodities should de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40809028 |
Optimal capital income taxation This assumption has been notably challenged both by general criticism leveled by behavioral economics against the standard model of intertemporal decision-making used in the Chamley–Judd model and by empirical analyses of bequests, which do not support the rigorous dynasty model required... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40809028 |
Optimal capital income taxation Specifically, Christiansen and Tuomala (2008) find a positive optimal tax on capital income due to the presence of the ability to shift income, while Reis (2007) demonstrates that the Chamley–Judd result does not hold when tax authority cannot effectively distinguish entrepreneurial labo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40809028 |
Optimal capital income taxation If - unlike the assumption in the model - the returns on saving are not equal for everyone, but are positively correlated with ability instead, capital income contains new information about an individuals' ability and should be taxed for redistributive reasons. As demonstrated by Judd (1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40809028 |
Optimal capital income taxation As argued by Abel, if investment is fully deductible, the capital tax has no adverse impact on investment and is non-distorting, and under restrictive assumptions all tax should fall on capital, and none on labor. Given that capital income is concentrated among high income earners, if th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40809028 |
Automated Customer Account Transfer Service (commonly known as ACATS) is an almost entirely electronic system in the United States that executes the transfer of financial securities from a trading account at one institution to the trading account at another. ACATS was developed by the National Securities Clearing Corpo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40861102 |
Banco Garantia The was a bank founded in Rio de Janeiro by the visionary Adolfo Campelo Gentil where invited to be partners Jorge Paulo Lemann in the 1970s. It was acquired by Credit Suisse in 1998 and now operates under the name "Banco de Investimentos Credit Suisse". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40872750 |
Time-series segmentation is a method of time-series analysis in which an input time-series is divided into a sequence of discrete segments in order to reveal the underlying properties of its source. A typical application of time-series segmentation is in speaker diarization, in which an audio signal is partitioned into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40886887 |
Time-series segmentation The first involves looking for change points in the time-series: for example, one may assign a segment boundary whenever there is a large jump in the average value of the signal. The second approach involves assuming that each segment in the time-series is generated by a system with distinct pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40886887 |
Time-series segmentation More robust parameter-learning methods involve placing hierarchical Dirichlet process priors over the HMM transition matrix. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40886887 |
Intertemporal portfolio choice is the process of allocating one's investable wealth to various assets, especially financial assets, repeatedly over time, in such a way as to optimize some criterion. The set of asset proportions at any time defines a portfolio. Since the returns on almost all assets are not fully predic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40889453 |
Intertemporal portfolio choice If the investor's utility function is the risk averse log utility function of final wealth formula_1 then decisions are intertemporally separate. Let initial wealth (the amount that is investable in the initial period) be formula_3 and let the stochastic portfolio return in any period (th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40889453 |
Intertemporal portfolio choice Taking the log of formula_12 above to express outcome-contingent utility, substituting in for formula_5 for each "t", and taking the expected value of the log of formula_12 gives the expected utility expression to be maximized: The terms containing the choice shares formula_6 for differin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40889453 |
Intertemporal portfolio choice Like the log utility function, the power utility function for any value of the power parameter exhibits constant relative risk aversion, a property that tends to cause decisions to scale up proportionately without change as initial wealth increases. The power utility function is with posi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40889453 |
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