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Pan-European Pension But PEPP could also be an opportunity for new FinTech players to enter the market with innovative solutions competing with more traditional providers such as insurance companies. The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) will maintain a central register in which it will reg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632008 |
Pan-European Pension Cross-border portability: Providers will be able to offer PEPPs on a pan-European basis, allowing savers to continue saving in the same product, when they change residence across borders in the EU. In case portability is not available, consumers can switch providers free of charge or can continue t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632008 |
Pan-European Pension Member States may incentivise different forms of out-payments. Sustainable investment: Providers are encouraged but not forced to take into account environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors in their investment decisions. Given the expected market size and the long-term nature of pension pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632008 |
Pan-European Pension The Basic PEPP with other risk mitigation techniques (type 2) shall be consistent with the objective to allow the PEPP saver to recoup the capital, but without any legal obligation to recoup the capital. The PEPP does not cover tax incentives. It is up to the member states to offer any tax incentiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632008 |
Pan-European Pension The objectives of the Expert Practitioner Panel on PEPP are to inform EIOPA's policy work, to test policy proposals and to act as sounding board for EIOPA. The panel consists of high-level experts with a diverse set of experiences and expertise, from insurance companies, asset managers, NGOs and un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632008 |
Pan-European Pension This resulted in a preliminary report on a single European market for personal pensions published in 2014 . In September 2015, the European Commission launched the Capital Markets Union (CMU) Action in order to build a true single market for capital across the EU member states. In this, the Europea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632008 |
Pan-European Pension As a regulation it applies directly in all EU member states with no need for implementation to domestic legislation. Only in case a member state would like to grant PEPP a favourable tax treatment, national law might need to be amended. The first PEPPs will be offered in late 2021 or early 2022. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632008 |
Pan-European Pension In June 2018, the European Federation of Financial Advisers and Financial Intermediaries (FECIF) warned that Europe is still not dealing with the tax treatment of Pan European Pension Products. Secretary general Simon Colboc said “the biggest question facing PEPPs is the tax treatment it will recei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632008 |
Economic transparency refers to banks and other financial institutions that have made data available about their financial position and condition. However, the definition depends on the perspective of different research areas through which it is examined, mainly monetary economics, international finance, corporate fina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56633201 |
Economic transparency Enron, Tyco, WorldCom) in the early 2000s amplified the importance of this issue even more. Finally, the financial collapse of renowned industries provoked demands for greater transparency to help improve corporate governance in the United States and other industrialized countries. Fiscal transpar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56633201 |
Economic transparency The distinction between those two is based on timing: adverse selection regards behavior before a contract takes place whereas moral hazard describes a party’s action after the contract had already been made. The former is a consequence of a lack of information about quality. Varying knowledge of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56633201 |
Economic transparency The application of transparency underlying the relationship between employer and employee, investor and firm (owner and manager) or the public and the government has two main objectives: predictability and accountability. Based on information about policy choices (“effort”) and the result (“outcom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56633201 |
Economic transparency This explanation is also applicable to the 2008 global financial crisis. Banks did not have enough information on their partners’ solvency which led to the collapse of the interbank market. In conclusion, countries and companies with transparent policies have lower borrowing costs, get more invest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56633201 |
Economic transparency A perfect example of this are CEO compensations derived from the stock value which is impacted by the firm’s signaled ability. Unnecessary expenses of exaggerated signaling eventually lead to reducing the firm’s value. It can be also applicable to government officials’ intentions to signal abiliti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56633201 |
Economic transparency Since transparency has a demand-side as well, to increase it the information has to be relevant to the receiver’s decision making. To improve the freedom of choice these mechanisms signal the implications of one’s socioeconomic choices. There are again two engaging parties: the reporter who enters... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56633201 |
Spot delivery (or spot financing) is a term used in the automobile industry that means delivering a vehicle to a buyer prior to financing on the vehicle being completed. is used by dealerships on the weekend or after bank hours to be able to deliver a vehicle when a final approval cannot be received from a bank. This m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56699099 |
EORI number An Economic Operators Registration and Identification number (EORI number) is a European Union registration and identification number for businesses which undertake the import or export of goods into or out of the EU. Any business or individual established in the EU (an economic operator) needs to obtain an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56705134 |
State unemployment tax act Taxes under State Unemployment Tax Act (or SUTA) are those designed to finance the cost of state unemployment insurance benefits in the United States, which make up all of unemployment insurance expenditures in normal times, and the majority of unemployment insurance expenditures during downt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56790716 |
State unemployment tax act Recent work shows that UI tax increases significantly reduce hiring and employment in affected firms, potentially eroding the macroeconomics stabilizing influence of the UI program. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56790716 |
Grossman model of health demand The is a model for studying the demand for health and medical care outlined by Michael Grossman in a monograph in 1972 entitled: "The demand for health: A theoretical and empirical investigation". The model based demand for medical care on the interaction between a demand function for he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56797070 |
Grossman model of health demand When the partial derivative of the utility function with respect to health consumption is assumed to equal zero, the resulting sub-model is the investment model. Solutions to the problem of this sub-model generally show that the rate of return on health capital must equal the opportunity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56797070 |
Grossman model of health demand Jan Acton expanded the time constraint by including travel and waiting time in health care. Important empirical studies into these components include the RAND Health Insurance Study led by Joseph Newhouse in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. This study sought to estimate income, money price, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56797070 |
Grossman model of health demand In another departure from Grossman's model on the question of expenditures and demand over time, University of Maryland Economics professor Maureen Cropper argues that healthcare demand should be delineated between preventative care and treatment of illness, the latter of which is often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56797070 |
Teal organisation A is an emerging organizational paradigm that advocates a level of consciousness including all previous world views within the operations of an organization. The concept of Teal organization refers to the next stage in the evolution of consciousness and was introduced in 2014 by Frederic Laloux in his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56830751 |
Teal organisation A number of notable organisations around the world have adopted and operate with the model including The Morning Star Company (food processing, United States), Patagonia (apparel, United States), Sounds True (media, United States), AES (energy sector, international), Buurtzorg Nederland (health care, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56830751 |
Onsite health Companies like Apple and Amazon have begun the process of bringing healthcare onsite in order to save money on costs and better support their employees. Onsite care allows employers to control healthcare costs themselves, and the business is growing. The market for preventive care and onsite clinics is pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56838172 |
Authoritarian socialism Authoritarian socialism, or socialism from above, is an economic and political system supporting some form of socialist economics while rejecting political liberalism. As a term, it refers to a set of economic-political systems describing themselves as socialist and rejecting the liberal democra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Hal Draper defined socialism from above as the philosophy which employs an elite administration to run the socialist state. The other side of socialism is a more democratic socialism from below. Draper viewed socialism from below as being the purer, more Marxist version of socialism. Karl Marx a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism The key focus of Saint-Simon's socialism was on administrative efficiency and industrialism and a belief that science was the key to progress. This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organised economy based on planning and geared towards large-scale scientific progress and mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Workers were rewarded and recognized via a ranking system based on the army. The government is the most powerful and respected institution, necessary for providing and maintaining this utopia. Arthur Lipow identifies the bureaucratic ruling of this ideal society as a quasi-military organisation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Unlike Bellamy, who praised the idea of elites implementing policies, Hayek made the argument that socialism inherently leads to tyranny, claiming that "[i]n order to achieve their ends, the planners must create power – power over men wielded by other men – of a magnitude never before known. Dem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Austrian School economists such as Hayek and his mentor Ludwig Mises also continually used the word "socialism" as a synonym for authoritarian socialism, central planning and state socialism, conflating it with fascism, with Hayek writing: "Although our modern socialists' promise of greater free... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism He argued that the "necessity of some such arrangement in an industrial society is unquestioned—be it only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy", with some also nothing that "he advocated mandatory universal health care and unemploy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Some Austrian School economists have followed Mises in arguing that policies supported by Hayek and Friedman constituted a form of socialism. Hayek, Mises and Friedman have been criticised for hypocrisy due to claiming to oppose authoritarianism yet supporting liberal dictatorships such as that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism For Hayek, the distinction between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and he was at pains to emphasise his opposition to totalitarianism, noting that the concept of transitional dictatorship which he defended was characterised by authoritarianism, not totalitarianism. When ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Although Friedman criticized Chile's political system, he argued that "free markets would undermine [Pinochet's] political centralization and political control", that criticism over his role in Chile missed his main contention that freer markets resulted in freer people and that Chile's unfree e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism In explaining why he is not an Austrian School economist, Bryan Caplan argues that while the economic calculation problem is a problem for socialism, he denies that Mises has shown it to be fatal or that it is this particular problem that led to the collapse of authoritarian socialist states. is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism When asked to comment on the claim that former citizens of socialist states now enjoy increased freedoms, Heinz Kessler, former East German Minister of National Defence, replied: "Millions of people in Eastern Europe are now free from employment, free from safe streets, free from health care, fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism In Fascist Italy, projects such as the Battle for Grain or the Battle for Land are public work projects that socialist would traditionally support. However, the Axis powers, among other fascist regimes, favored a corporatist mixed economy instead of socialism and were all radical anti-communists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism In theory, industrialization should allow the regime of non-metropoles to raise the standard of living and competitiveness of their populations to be on economic par with these metropoles. However, aside from Russia and a number of former Eastern Bloc members, many post-Soviet states and both fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism In Mozambique, the single-state rule of FRELIMO occurred while the state was still ideologically socialist right after Portuguese rule was ending in 1975. In Vietnam, the Communist Party of Vietnam considers itself to be in transition to socialism and also the "vanguard of the working people and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism While Marxist–Leninists maintain that workers in the Soviet Union and other socialist states had genuine control over the means of production through institutions such as trade unions, democratic and libertarian socialists argue that these states had only a limited number of socialist characteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism The central planning authority is responsible for five specific tasks: The planning process involved the creation of one-year plans, five-year plans and long-term plans. The one-year plans contained schedules and details that addressed current production and market equilibrium issues. The five-y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism It has been argued that authoritarian socialist states failed because they did not create rules and operational criteria for the efficient operation of state enterprises in their administrative, command allocation of resources and commodities and the lack of democracy in the political systems th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism There was an emphasis on rapid industrialization, the development of heavy industry, relegation of consumer production as non-essential and collectivization of agriculture. Soviet-type economies also used a larger proportion of their resources on investment than do market economies. The issue wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Consumers want goods, not gigantic industrial enterprise. Workers want better wages and higher living standards, not citations and medals. [And] an economy cannot be politically tailored to perfection". A main problem of the Soviet Union was that it pushed agriculture to the bottom of its priori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism With the dissolution of the Soviet Union followed by a rapid decrease of the quality of life, there has been a growing Soviet nostalgia that has been most prominent in Russia and with older people. The initial move for socialism was in 1963 after a Central Committee meeting, these countries beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism There was also less bureaucracy than in the Soviet Union involved in the planning of the countries. The Eastern Bloc countries achieved high rates of economic and technical progress, promoted industrialization and ensured steady growth rates of labor productivity and rises in the standard of liv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism From the end of the World War II to the mid-1970s, the economy of the Eastern Bloc steadily increased at the same rate as the economy in Western Europe, with the least none-reforming Stalinist nations of the Eastern Bloc having a stronger economy then the reformist-Stalinist states. While most W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism The 1991 Soviet Union referendum (77% on an 80% turnout voted to preserve the Soviet Union and all Soviet republics voters voted in favor, with the Turkmenia Republic showing the most support at 98% and the lowest in the Russian Republic at 73%) has also been cited to argue that a vast majority ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Nostalgia for the Soviet Union has appeared in the former Eastern Bloc, The dissolution of the Soviet system was followed by a rapid increase in poverty, crime, corruption, unemployment, homelessness, rates of disease and income inequality, along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism In "High Tide of Socialism in the Chinese Countryside", Mao focused on the industrialization and mechanization of the countryside; in "How to Handle Contradictions Among the People" wrote about his thoughts on the problems of socialist states as well as the conflicts of interest in the Chinese s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism The problem with the central planning of authoritarian socialist states is that as the state develops, it also grows in complexity and the possible errors grow and the possibilities of dis-allocations and waste of resources. As commented by Karl Marx, capitalism works because it is a system of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Critics argue that neoliberal policies of liberalization, deregulation and privatisation "had catastrophic effects on former Soviet Bloc countries" and that the imposition of Washington Consensus-inspired "shock therapy" had little to do with future economic growth. It has also been argued that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism For Parenti, there were clear differences between fascist and socialist regimes as the latter "made dramatic gains in literacy, industrial wages, health care and women's rights" and in general "created a life for the mass of people that was far better than the wretched existence they had endured... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Some Western academics argue that anti-communist narratives have exaggerated the extent of political repression and censorship in states under communist or socialist rule, or that those states provided human rights such as economic, social and cultural rights not found under capitalist states. i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism While those socialist states saw themselves as a form of democracy opposed to that of Western states and claimed to be workers and peasants' states or people's democratic republics, they are considered to be authoritarian because they featured external controls such as violent repression and for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism The function of this party was meant to be primarily transitional, given that Lenin believed that the working class was politically unprepared for rule and Russia was not yet industrially poised for socialism. Lenin adopted state capitalist policies. On seeing the Soviet Union's growing coercive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Marx chronicled a history of development through a capitalist age of industrialization that resulted in the manipulation of the working class. This development culminated in the empowerment of a proletariat which could benefit from the fruits of industrialization without being exploited. Althoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Lenin intentionally employed violence as a means to manipulate the population and tolerated absolutely no opposition, arguing that it was "a great deal better to 'discuss with rifles' than with the theses of the opposition". He worked for the ideological destruction of society as a whole so that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Various historians have characterized Lenin's administration as totalitarian, a police state, or described it as a one-party dictatorship, with Lenin as its dictator, although noting differences between Lenin and Stalin in that under the first there was a dictatorship of the party and under the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Stalin sought to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union, but perhaps in a way that was unrealistic, given the aggregate skill level and capital of the population and Stalin's argument that the Soviet Union had to accomplish in a decade what England had taken centuries to do in terms of economic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Despite failures, Stalin's expectations remained uncontested by the working class and the model was adopted by a multitude of emerging socialist states during that era. The Soviet attempt to collectivize agriculture, transforming the Soviet Union from one of the world's largest exporters of grai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism It has been argued that Stalin's "purposive killings" fit more closely into the category of "execution" rather than "murder", given he thought the accused were indeed guilty of crimes against the state and insisted on documentation. Stalin's legacy is largely negative, with the Soviet Union unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Rather, evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. The real motivation for the terror was an exaggerated fear of counter-revolution. Others also cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes" that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the release of the archives, some of the heat has gone out of the debate and politicization has been reduced. It has been argued that the Soviet political system was not completely controlled from the center and that both Lenin and Stalin only responded ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power, one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Stalin's popularity has tripled among Russians in the last twenty years and the trend accelerated since Vladimir Putin, who has been described as holding neo-Soviet views, has come to power. Following the fall of the elite, land-owning class of the early 20th century, China began its Communist R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism There was no suggested end to the revolution—it was meant to be a continuing process of empowerment of the peasant class. With the aggressive failure of his Cultural Revolution, Chinese support for the party and for Mao waned. Continuing struggles after his death would undermine his socialist sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Praised as a political intellect, theorist, military strategist, poet and visionary, Mao has been variously described as a "great historical criminal", "both monster and a genius", who was also "a great force for good", a "great leader in history" and a "great criminal" as well as "one of the gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Similarly, Maoist economics polices are controversial, with supporters arguing that life expectancy greatly improved under Mao and that such policies rapidly industrialized China and laid the groundwork for the country's later rise to become an economic superpower while critics argue that polici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism He described his ideal system as "a political situation in which there is both centralism and democracy, both discipline and freedom, both unity of purpose and personal ease of mind and liveliness to facilitate the socialist revolution". While the system advocates contradiction, Mao believed the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Once this unity was established, Mao argued that the people were the ones who could control the state, but his government's intense control over the citizenry emphasizes the contradiction in his theory—a contradiction, he maintained, was a necessary reality of their specialized system Socialism ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Although authoritarian leaders of those states implemented democratic institutions during the 1980s and 1990s, their multi-party elections created an arena in which business elites could lobby for personal interests while largely silencing the lower class. Economic liberalisation in these region... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Posusney argues that this "intrinsic incompatibility between democracy and Islam" remains unproven given that efforts to test this association quantitatively have failed to produce conclusive results. Ethnic divisions in the area have also been cited as a factor as well as a weak civil society, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism African leaders consistently viewed socialism as a direct rejection of the colonial system and in turn dismissed the notion of creating independent capitalist systems throughout the continent. They attempted to infuse various forms of socialism—some Marxist–Leninist, others democratic—into tailo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism By framing it as an ethic, Senghor was able to remove the strict determinism from the ideology, allowing it to be molded towards an Afro-centric model. His revision proved similar to that of Benito Mussolini as he called on a national movement from and for his one-party-ruled government, arguing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Those elites were only afforded one choice, namely to align with their government if they wanted access to the state. Gradually, those who were not granted or did not desire entrance into the party created regions blocs. The Asante emerged as a regional force capable political sway. With the pow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Dieterich argued in 1996 that both free-market industrial capitalism and 20th-century authoritarian socialism have failed to solve urgent problems of humanity like poverty, hunger, exploitation, economic oppression, sexism, racism, the destruction of natural resources and the absence of a truly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism In 2014, "The Washington Post" also argued that "Bolivia's Evo Morales, David Ortega of Nicaragua and the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez [...] used the ballot box to weaken or eliminate term limits". The sustainability and stability of economic reforms associated with governments adhering... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Although Chávez began openly proclaiming by January 2005 the ideology of "socialism of the 21st century" (a new term that was used to contrast the democratic socialism which he wanted to promote in Latin America from the authoritarian socialism that had been spread by socialist states like the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Using record-high oil revenues of the 2000s, his government nationalized key industries, created participatory democratic Communal Councils and implemented social programs known as the Bolivarian missions to expand access to food, housing, healthcare and education. Venezuela received high oil pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism This same thesis is defended by Maduro, who acknowledges that he has failed in the development of the productive forces while admitting that "the old model of corrupt and inefficient state capitalism" typical of traditional Venezuelan oil rentism has contradictorily combined with a statist model... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Many democratic and libertarian socialists, including anarchists, mutualists and syndicalists, deride it as state socialism for its support of a workers' state instead of abolishing the bourgeois state apparatus outright. They use the term in contrast with their own form of socialism which invol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Preceding the Bolshevik-led revolution in Russia, many socialist groups—including reformists, orthodox Marxist currents such as council communism and the Mensheviks as well as anarchists and other libertarian socialists—criticized the idea of using the state to conduct planning and nationalizati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Critical of the economy and government of socialist states, left communists such as the Italian Amadeo Bordiga argued that Marxism–Leninism was a form of political opportunism which preserved rather than destroyed capitalism because of the claim that the exchange of commodities would occur under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Although most Marxist–Leninists distinguish between communism and socialism, Bordiga, who did consider himself a Leninist and has been described as being "more Leninist than Lenin", did not distinguish between the two in the same way Marxist–Leninists do. Both Lenin and Bordiga did not see socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Stalin first made the claim that the Soviet Union had reached the lower stage of communism and argued that the law of value still operated within a socialist economy. Other left communists such as the councilists explicity reject the Leninist vanguard party and the organic centralism promoted by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Libertarian communists, including anarchists, councillists, leftists and Marxists, also reject the concept of a socialist state for being antithetical to socialism, but they believe that socialism and communism can only be established through revolution and dissolving the existence of the state.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Similarly, others have pointed out that state ownership or nationalization has nothing to do with socialism by itself, having been historically carried out for various different purposes under a wide variety of different political and economic systems. Some Trotskyists following on from Tony Cli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Those third camp revolutionary-democratic Trostkyists and socialists supported a socialist political revolution that would establish or re-establish socialist democracy in deformed or degenerated workers' states. Some such as Draper also compared social democracy and Stalinism as two forms of so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Authoritarian socialism Chicago School economist Milton Friedman argued that a "society which is socialist cannot also be democratic" in the sense of "guaranteeing individual freedom". Sociologist Robert Nisbet, a philosophical conservative who began his career as a leftist, argued in 1978 that there is "not a single f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526804 |
Spire Credit Union (stylized SPIRE Credit Union) is a not-for-profit financial cooperative that was founded as the Twin City Co-ops Credit Union in 1934. Spire is headquartered in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, and currently serves over 93,000 members, and controls more than $900 million in assets. Spire was created in 193... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33547599 |
Cash flow sign convention The cash flow sign convention is that money you pay out has a minus sign, while money you take in has a plus sign (or no sign). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33564934 |
Colonial origins of comparative development "The colonial origins of comparative development" is a 2001 article written by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson and published in "American Economic Review". It is considered a seminal contribution to development economics through its use of European settle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33567823 |
Colonial origins of comparative development Countries with significant number of European settlers and policies or rights similar to those of their mother lands are given tag “Neo-Europes” (name first introduced by historian Alfred Crosby in 1986). In these colonies, established institutions followed the model of their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33567823 |
Colonial origins of comparative development When deciding where to send criminals, several locations were rejected due to high mortality rates and Australia was chosen as the final destination of convicts. Mortality rate was also one of the significant factors influencing the development of new settlements – higher pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33567823 |
Colonial origins of comparative development On sample of 75 former European colonies, they find strong negative relationship between current GDP per capita and mortality rate per thousand of former settlers in these countries (from seventeenth to nineteenth century). The authors claim that lethality of colonists in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33567823 |
Colonial origins of comparative development However, the lethality among British soldiers in India was 7-10 times higher than lethality of local Indian soldiers. The authors also observe that outliers do not change the result. Excluding developed countries such as Australia or New Zealand has no effect, nor has excludi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33567823 |
Colonial origins of comparative development The final result authors examine was that there is high correlation between mortality rates and settlements, between settlements and early institutions, and between early and current institutions. They also point out that institutions and economic performance are not predesti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33567823 |
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