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Regional Assessment Appeal Court The (RAAC) is administered by the Province of Nova Scotia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33568719 |
Shadow work In economics, shadow work refers to unpaid labor. It includes housework, the labor inherent in child-rearing, the maintenance of social arrangements made to keep a family part of a community, self checkouts, self service at a gas station. It includes work that is unpaid but necessary to make a community or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33576220 |
Time and extent measurement by arcs is a technical analysis technique by which important points in the future movement of stock market prices are projected by overlay of arcs across a price chart to relate time to the historical movement of price. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33586911 |
Economics of scientific knowledge The economics of scientific knowledge is an approach to understanding science which is predicated on the need to understand scientific knowledge creation and dissemination in economic terms. The approach has been developed as a contrast to the sociology of scientific knowledge, which p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33602543 |
Bumpy torus The bumpy torus is a class of magnetic fusion energy devices that consist of a series of magnetic mirrors connected end-to-end to form a closed torus. Such an arrangement is not stable on its own, and most bumpy torus designs use secondary fields or relativistic electrons to create a stable field inside the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33602881 |
13 Bankers 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown is a 2010 book written by economist Simon Johnson and historian James Kwak. According to economist C. Fred Bergsten, the book offers an analysis of the financial crisis of 2007–2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33633381 |
Homemade leverage In finance, homemade leverage is the use of personal borrowing of investors to change the amount of financial leverage of the firm. Investors can use homemade leverage to change an unleveraged firm into a leveraged firm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33643167 |
Weak and strong sustainability Although related subjects, sustainable development and sustainability are different concepts. "Weak sustainability" is an idea within environmental economics which states that 'human capital' can substitute 'natural capital'. It is based upon the work of Nobel Laureate Robert Solow, and J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability Examples include the degradation of the ozone layer, tropical forests and coral reefs if accompanied by benefits to human capital. An example of the benefit to human capital could include increased financial profits. If capital is left constant over time intergenerational equity, and thus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability The ozone layer is one example of an ecosystem service that is crucial for human existence, forms part of natural capital, but is difficult for humans to duplicate. Unlike weak sustainability, strong sustainability puts the emphasis on ecological scale over economic gains. This implies th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability A development is then called sustainable when it leaves the capital stock at least unchanged. The weak sustainability paradigm stems from the 1970s. It began as an extension of the neoclassical theory of economic growth, accounting for non-renewable natural resources as a factor of produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability Many environmentalists shifted their attention to the idea of ‘weak’ sustainability. This allows for some natural resources to decrease as long as sufficient compensation is provided by increases in other resources. The result usually was an increase in human capital. This compensation is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability The implementation of weak sustainability in governance can be viewed theoretically and practically through Hartwick's rule. In resource economics, Hartwick's rule defines the amount of investment in human capital that is needed to offset declining stocks of non-renewable resources. Solow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability A key example of this is the World Bank, who now regularly publishes a comparative and comprehensive set of genuine savings estimates for over 150 countries which is called ‘adjusted savings’. A prime example of a weak sustainability is the Government Pension Fund of Norway. Statoil ASA, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability However, chiefly as a result of the Asian financial crisis, the trust fund was almost entirely wiped out. This ‘development’ of Nauru followed the logic of weak sustainability, and almost led to complete environmental destruction. This case presents a telling argument against weak sustain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability The integrative sustainability model has the economy completely located within society and society completely located within the environment. In other words, the economy is a subset of society and society is completely dependent upon the environment. This interdependence means that any su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability Another critical weakness of the concept is related to environmental resilience. According to Van Den Bergh, resilience can be considered as a global, structural stability concept, based on the idea that multiple, locally stable ecosystems can exist. Sustainability can thus be directly re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Weak and strong sustainability The social bequest approach looks at the problem in a different light by changing to what, rather than how much, we leave to future generations. When the problem is phrased as ‘how much’ this always implies that some amount of a resource should be used and some left. Daniel Bromley uses t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33653197 |
Interest rate insurance protects the holder of a variable rate mortgage or loan from rising interest rates. It is generally offered independently of the original borrowing and typically as an alternative to a remortgage onto a fixed rate. As the insurance policy protects only against the risk of the repayments rising b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33667062 |
Monetary sovereignty is the power of the state to exercise exclusive legal control over its currency, broadly defined, by exercise of the following powers: Currently, nations such as the USA and Japan, which have autonomous central banks are said to exercise a high degree of monetary sovereignty. On the other hand, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33678624 |
Theories of taxation Several theories of taxation exist in public economics. Governments at all levels (national, regional and local) need to raise revenue from a variety of sources to finance public-sector expenditures. Adam Smith in "The Wealth of Nations" (1776) wrote: In modern public-finance literature, there have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33679388 |
Theories of taxation Since the state is non-profit, it increases its supply to OM. At this level, A contributes MJ and B contributes MR (the total cost of supply). Equilibrium is reached at point P on a voluntary-exchange basis. The Lindahl equilibrium proposes that individuals pay for the provision of a public good ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33679388 |
Theories of taxation The intersection of the cost and demand curves at B determines how a given national income should (according to taxpayers' desires) be divided between social and private goods; hence, there should be OE social goods and EX private goods. Simultaneously, the tax shares of A and B are determined by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33679388 |
Peasant economics is an area of economics in which a wide variety of economic approaches ranging from the neoclassical to the marxist are used to examine the political economy of the peasantry. The defining feature of the peasants are that they are typically seen to be only partly integrated into the market economy - a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33683733 |
Peasant economics A possible implication of this view of peasant societies is that they will not develop without some external, added factor. has been seen as being an important area of study by some development economists, agricultural sociologists, and anthropologists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33683733 |
Asset-based welfare is an economic theory of poverty eradication based upon the redistribution of productive assets in an economy rather than income. During the American revolution and the French revolution in the eighteenth century, Thomas Paine, an American Revolutionary, and Antoine-Nicolas Condorcet, French philoso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33689623 |
Asset-based welfare Although income policies are necessary as they allow the poor to maintain a livable standard of living, they are considered to be more of a alleviative measure of poverty, whereas, asset-based welfare is considered to be a preventive measure of poverty. requires that assets in the economy should be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33689623 |
Asset-based welfare Caroline Moser and Anis A. Dani, in their book "Assets, Livelihoods and Social Policy" explain that asset-based policies provides needy households the means and opportunities to accumulate assets and have greater control over their livelihoods. Asset-based policies may be of use to households which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33689623 |
Asset-based welfare Michael Sherraden explains that assets give people the opportunity to realize their maximum potential and to escape poverty. Will Paxton adds that asset-based approach helps to escape poverty or prevent it before it happens. Mark Schreiner, Margaret Clancy and Michael Sherraden (2002) conducted a re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33689623 |
Terminal debt is the point at which the payments on the interest of a debt surpass the revenues of the debtor (i.e. the debt becomes fiscally unstable.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33690027 |
Telephone interview Telephone interviews are often conducted by employers in the initial interview round of the hiring process, this type of interview allows an employer to screen candidates on the candidate's experience, qualifications, and salary expectations pertaining to the position and the company. The telephone ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33700672 |
Telephone interview The Virginia Tech career services department advises candidates to prepare and be in a similar state of mind for a phone interview as a candidate would for an in-person interview. The department advises the telephone interview candidates use extra verbiage to make up for lack of visual cues and when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33700672 |
Honolulu Record The was a newspaper established in 1948 by Koji Ariyoshi, a Hawaiian Nisei labor activist and war veteran with support from the International Longshore and Warehouse Union. A Pro Communist Party Newspaper.The "Record" earned a strong reputation for its muckraking investigative journalism. In 1950, it re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33735319 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years Debt: The First 5,000 Years is a book by anthropologist David Graeber published in 2011. It explores the historical relationship of debt with social institutions such as barter, marriage, friendship, slavery, law, religion, war and government; in short, much of the fabric of human life in soc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years Reception to the book was mixed, with praise for Graeber's sweeping scope from earliest recorded history to the present; but others raised doubts about the accuracy of some statements in "Debt", as outlined below in the section on "critical reception". Graeber lays out the historical developm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years Credit can still be seen operating in non-monetary economies. Barter, on the other hand, seems primarily to have been used for limited exchanges between different societies that had infrequent contact and often were in a context of ritualized warfare. Graeber suggests that economic life origi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years The extreme violence of the period marked by the rise of great empires in China, India, and the Mediterranean was, in this way, connected with the advent of large-scale slavery and the use of coins to pay soldiers. This was combined with obligations to pay taxes in currency; the obligation to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years These included promissory notes and paper money (in China, where the empire managed to survive the collapse observed elsewhere), letters of credit, and cheques (in the Islamic world). The emergence of the Atlantic slave trade and the massive amounts of gold and silver extracted from the Ameri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years This status of the dollar (as with all money) is based on its capacity to extend its quantity through debts and deficits and, more importantly, by the unrestrained authority of the Federal Reserve to create money, which has enabled the USA to create a 21 trillon dollar debt by 2018. This may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years Closer to home, he gives this example: "If someone fixing a broken water pipe says, 'Hand me the wrench,' his co-worker will not, generally speaking, say, 'And what do I get for it?' ... The reason is simple efficiency... : if you really care about getting something done, the most efficient w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years There is always an assumption that anyone who is not actually an enemy can be expected to act on the principle of "from each according to their abilities", at least to an extent, which is to say, the extent just described. He proposes studying these practices and says that the "sociology of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Debt: The First 5000 Years In the first review, Mike Beggs wrote that while "there is a lot of fantastic material in there", he "found the main arguments wholly unconvincing...Graeber is a wonderful storyteller. But the accumulation of anecdotes does not add up to an explanation, and certainly not one that would overtu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33745805 |
Aluminium battery Different types of Aluminium-based batteries have been investigated. Several are listed below: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33752403 |
Coconut production in Brazil Coconut production contributes to the national economy of Brazil. According to figures published in December 2009 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, it is the world's fourth-largest producer of coconuts, producing 2,759,044 tonnes in 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33756806 |
Money services business A money services business (MSB) is a legal term used by financial regulators to describe businesses that transmit or convert money. The definition was created to encompass more than just banks which normally provide these services to include non-bank financial institutions. An MSB has specific m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33803920 |
Definitions of economics Various definitions of 'economics' have been proposed, including the definition of 'economics' as "what economists do". The earlier term for 'economics' was political 'economy'. It is adapted from the French Mercantilist usage of "économie politique", which extended "economy" from the ancient G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33844737 |
Definitions of economics Carl Menger's definition reflects the focus on the economizing man: William Stanley Jevons, another very influential author of the Marginal Revolution defines economics highlighting the hedonic and quantitative aspects of the science: Alfred Marshall provides a still widely cited definition in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33844737 |
Definitions of economics There are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment. Gary Becker, a contributor to the expansion of economics into new areas, describes the approach he favors as "combin[ing the] assumptions of maximizing behavior, stable preference... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33844737 |
Economic taxonomy An economic taxonomy is a system of classification of economic activity, including products, companies and industries. Some economists believe that the study of economic policy demands the use of a taxonomic/classificatory approach. Industry taxonomies include international, regional and national taxo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33889209 |
Infrastructure debt is the fixed income component of infrastructure assets. It provides yield enhancements, especially those dealing with capital preservation. It is a complex investment category reserved for sophisticated institutional investors who can gauge jurisdiction-specific risk parameters, assess a project's l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33895291 |
Infrastructure debt Sequoia Investment Management Company, based in London, has launched Sequoia Economic Infrastructure Income Fund targeted at fund managers and institutional investors. On 29 November 2011, the British government unveiled an unprecedented plan to encourage large-scale pension investments in new roads... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33895291 |
Infrastructure debt The wide range of choice into where your money gets invested allows for the investor to create a well rounded investing portfolio. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33895291 |
Stochastic investment model A stochastic investment model tries to forecast how returns and prices on different assets or asset classes, (e. g. equities or bonds) vary over time. Stochastic models are not applied for making point estimation rather interval estimation and they use different stochastic processes. Investm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33913835 |
Paradox of prosperity Paradox of Prosperity is a term used widely in many instances in economics, social theory and general commentary. In inter-generational analysis, Professor Gilbert N. M. O. Morris defines the term through an analysis of the familial dynamics and social proclivities of what Tom Brokaw has called th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33917094 |
Paradox of prosperity "" In cultural terms, the generation that followed the "Greatest Generation" were the baby boomers (essentially, the children of the Greatest Generation between 1945–1965). The ""Boomers"" fit the classic definition of a ""leisure class"", which Veblen described as being characterised by Conspicuo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33917094 |
Paradox of prosperity That is to say, one finds lines of development which possess explanatory potency for the habitudes of people with certain generational similarities. Then what we discover is a disposition in politics, in organizational culture, the literary productions and in the culture at large. Salamone and I e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33917094 |
Triadization (or triadisation) is a proposed alternative to the theory of globalization. It states that political, economic and socio-cultural integration have been limited to three regions of the world: Japan and the newly industrialized countries of Southeast Asia, Western Europe and North America. Outside of these r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33926999 |
Drink industry The drink industry (also known as the beverage industry) produces drinks, in particular ready to drink products. Drink production can vary greatly depending on the product being made. ManufacturingDrinks.com explains that, "bottling facilities differ in the types of bottling lines they operate and the ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33953744 |
Pension regulation in Canada falls mostly within provincial jurisdiction by virtue of the property and civil rights power under the "Constitution Act, 1867". For workers whose employers are subject to federal jurisdiction, such jurisdiction extends to regulating pension plans available to them. The Pension Benefits Act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33964805 |
Brown–Kaufman amendment The (or the SAFE Banking Act) was a failed 2010 amendment proposed in the United States Senate to be part of the Dodd–Frank bill by Democratic Senators Sherrod Brown (OH) and Ted Kaufman (DE). It sought to address the moral hazard of too big to fail by breaking up the largest banks with limits o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33965215 |
Brown–Kaufman amendment A previous (1994) law limited a bank's total deposits to less than 10% of the nation's total, but waivers were issued to JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and Bank of America. The amendment would have capped deposits and other liabilities and restricted bank assets to 10% of US GDP. At the time of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33965215 |
The Age of Capital: 1848–1875 is a book by Eric Hobsbawm, first published in 1975. It is the second in a trilogy of books about "the long 19th century" (coined by Hobsbawm), preceded by "" and followed by "". A fourth book, "The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991", acts as a sequel to the trilogy. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33992491 |
Party-state capitalism (Chinese: 黨國資本主義), or KMT-state capitalism, is a term used by some economists and sociologists to describe the economy of Taiwan under the authoritarian military government of the Kuomintang (KMT). The term is not being used by KMT itself, it was coined by Taiwanese economists such as Chen Shih-m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34004284 |
Paradox of flexibility The paradox of flexibility is that a debt deflation shock can create a situation where increased price and wage flexibility results in decreased total demand. This term was introduced by economists Paul Krugman and Gauti Eggertsson in the paper "Debt, Deleveraging, and the Liquidity Trap: A Fishe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34069337 |
Approximate entropy In statistics, an approximate entropy (ApEn) is a technique used to quantify the amount of regularity and the unpredictability of fluctuations over time-series data. For example, there are two series of data: Moment statistics, such as mean and variance, will not distinguish between these two series... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34073649 |
Approximate entropy The value of formula_7 represents the length of compared run of data, and formula_8 specifies a filtering level. formula_9: Form a sequence of vectors formula_10,formula_11, in formula_12, real formula_13-dimensional space defined by formula_14. formula_15: Use the sequence formula_10,formula_11 to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34073649 |
Approximate entropy A time series containing many repetitive patterns has a relatively small ApEn; a less predictable process has a higher ApEn. Suppose formula_44, and the sequence consists of 51 samples of heart rate equally spaced in time: (i.e., the sequence is periodic with a period of 3). Let's choose formula_39 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34073649 |
Approximate entropy The ApEn algorithm counts each sequence as matching itself to avoid the occurrence of ln(0) in the calculations. This step might cause bias of ApEn and this bias causes ApEn to have two poor properties in practice: [[Category:Time series]] [[Category:Entropy and information]] [[Category:Articles wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34073649 |
Market production In a general sense, market production refers to the production of a product or service which is intended for sale at a money-price in a market. The product or service in principle has to be tradable for money. However, in national accounts the term has a more specific meaning, because many producing o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34114656 |
Market production The school or university would have to generate a definite operating surplus (profit) or loss. Non-market production, by contrast, includes producing units which provide most of their output to others "either" free of charge, "or" at prices which are "not economically significant" - for example, gover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34114656 |
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance The is a quarterly academic journal covering research in corporate finance, including risk management, corporate strategy, corporate governance, and capital structure. It also features roundtable discussions among corporate executives and academics on topics such as integrity in fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34139879 |
Farshid Jamshidian is a finance researcher, academic and practitioner. His experience covers both fixed-income and equity research and trading. Dr. Jamshidian has made important contributions to the theory of derivatives pricing, and has published extensively, especially on interest rate modelling, amongst other contri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34145230 |
Russian Accounting Standards (RAS; ), also called Russian Accounting Principles (RAP) or Russian GAAP, refer to the body of regulatory documents concerning financial accounting and reporting standards in the Russian Federation. For historical reasons, the framework has been determined by the state, rather by profession... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34149650 |
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression explores the experiences in the United States and the United Kingdom. On April 17, 2009, head of the IMF Dominique Strauss-Kahn said that there was a chance that certain countries may not implement the proper policies to avoid feedback mechanisms that cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34161835 |
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression Actually, if the magnitude of initial shocks was the same in both cases, the recovery from the latest one would be earlier. The consensus among economists in March 2009 was that a depression was not likely to occur. UCLA Anderson Forecast director Edward ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34161835 |
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression Furthermore, the unemployment rate in 2008 and early 2009 and the rate at which it rose was comparable to most of the recessions occurring after World War II, and was dwarfed by the 25% unemployment rate peak of the Great Depression. However, syndicated c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34161835 |
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression " On April 27, 2009, Roubini expressed a more upbeat assessment by noting that "the bottom of the economy [will be seen] toward the beginning or middle of next year." On April 6, 2009 Vernon L. Smith and Steven Gjerstad offered the hypothesis "that a fina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34161835 |
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression The debt outstanding metric indicates that the Great Recession was not over by mid-2012 and would be worse than the Great Depression; only the first part of that projection turned out to be true by mid-2014. Current US debt levels are around 400% of GDP a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34161835 |
Argumentation ethics is a proposed proof of the libertarian private property ethic developed in 1988 by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, a Professor Emeritus with the University of Nevada, Las Vegas College of Business and Ludwig von Mises Institute Senior Fellow. Responses have mainly come from Hoppe's colleagues at the Mises Inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34212305 |
Argumentation ethics Hoppe first notes that when two parties are in conflict with one another they can, eventually, choose to resolve the conflict by one of two means. Engaging in violence, or engaging in honest argumentation. In the event that they choose argumentation, Hoppe asserts that the parties must have implici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34212305 |
Argumentation ethics Hoppe then also argues that since argumentation requires the active use of one's body, all universal norms for resolving conflicts over the human body aside from self-ownership are inconsistent with argumentation, as they would not allow one to independently move. Hoppe then argues that since the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34212305 |
Argumentation ethics Some of them accepted his argument, among them attorney Kinsella and economists Walter Block and Murray Rothbard, who called it "a dazzling breakthrough for political philosophy in general and for libertarianism in particular," adding "he has managed to transcend the famous is/ought, fact/value dic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34212305 |
Argumentation ethics In other words, the theory relies on "the existence [of] certain intuitions, the acceptance of which cannot itself be the result of 'value-free' reasoning." Mainstream libertarian philosophers reject Hoppe’s argument. Jason Brennan argues: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34212305 |
Raúl Salinas Lozano (born Agualeguas, Nuevo León; 1 May 1917 – 23 February 2004) was a Mexican economist. He was a former Secretary of Agriculture, Mexican Ambassador to the Soviet Union and father of former president Carlos Salinas de Gortari of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226198 |
Burford Brown is a brand of brown eggs marketed in the United Kingdom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34228532 |
Jacques Duboin (1878–1976) was a French economist. He was born in Saint-Julien-en-Genevois 17 September 1878 and died at Versailles 17 March 1976, He was a banker, industrialist and politician. His ideas included: invented the concept of distributive economy, ( ) an idea he defended in approximately thirty books and co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34246216 |
Jacques Duboin ) count the goods and services made which are sold to the final consumer, it calculates its represented value and fabricates the money that matches. This currency is destroyed gradually as the goods and services are bought. The monetary mass is always equivalent to the goods and services available. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34246216 |
Jacques Duboin And the companies to those who work in it (those are cooperatives). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34246216 |
Fiscal sustainability Fiscal sustainability, or public finance sustainability, is the ability of a government to sustain its current spending, tax and other policies in the long run without threatening government solvency or defaulting on some of its liabilities or promised expenditures. There is no consensus among eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34259208 |
Fiscal sustainability The most commonly used criterion is the government's inter-temporal budget constraint or inter-temporal equilibrium condition: where formula_2 is the stock of public debt, formula_3 is the interest rate of public debt and formula_4 is the primary balance (negative of primary deficit or government ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34259208 |
Fiscal sustainability For example, the infinite horizon tax gap, or S2 sustainability indicator in European Commission phraseology is defined as: where formula_6 is the debt-to-GDP ratio, formula_3 is the interest rate of government debt, formula_8 is the growth rate of the economy and formula_9 is the primary balance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34259208 |
Fiscal sustainability This is expected to change with the strong support of financial independent institutions assuming that they respect the SGP rules Additionally, reforms that address the root causes of risks to fiscal responsibility take into account the costs of aging and their components. Independent fiscal insti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34259208 |
Fiscal sustainability is considerably impacted by this phenomenon but this can be triggered multiple ways. For example, shocks such as war and mass migration can dramatically alter the demographic composition of a society. In the industrialized world this trend is driven by simultaneous decreasing fertility and increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34259208 |
Fiscal sustainability Creating independent fiscal institutions keeps these instruments out of the reach of political actors that would seek to use them for their personal benefit. The potential for states to reform their fiscal policy to ensure sustainability is typically oriented around institutional independence and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34259208 |
Social VAT is the earmarking of a defined amount of VAT revenues to finance social security. The shift from taxing labour to taxing consumption in order to finance social security is based on several premises. The impact of a shift from payroll financing to VAT financing is similar to devaluation as labour costs fall a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34266091 |
Social VAT In 2009 Hungary decided a simultaneous 5% reduction in employer social security contributions and a 5% increase in VAT. In his new year allocution French President Sarkozy announced that France would start to shift social security funding from labour to consumption. Although not general in France, some overs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34266091 |
Unleashing Nepal Revised edition is a 2013 non-fiction book by Sujeev Shakya. Closing out an eventful decade, in which the centuries-old institution of monarchy Nepal was replaced by an elected government, Shakya connects the history of Nepal to the current economic situation, and its implications. Shakya is a Neoliber... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34284099 |
Unleashing Nepal will also tell the stories of figures who are a crucial part of Nepal's economic life—the night watchman in India or Dubai, the selfish aristocrat of the past, the foreign aid worker and the modestly venal government servant. More unusually, the reader will read about Nepali youth with global desires a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34284099 |
Economics of science The economics of science aims to understand the impact of science on the advance of technology, to explain the behavior of scientists, and to understand the efficiency or inefficiency of scientific institutions and markets. The importance of the economics as science is substantially due to the impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34288348 |
Economics of science Firstly, the technological barriers to production are extremely high, which makes the market very risky. Technological barriers refer to the cost of research and development of new scientific knowledge, which becomes increasingly expensive as technology continues to play a more prominent role in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34288348 |
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