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Economics of science The scientific community only bestows this reward on the person who discovers the new piece of knowledge first, and thus this sets up a winner-takes-all type of system that incentivizes producers to participate in the market of scientific knowledge. Stephen particularly notes that “Compensation in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34288348 |
Economics of science When speaking about the production of scientific knowledge, the government has several options for intervening in the market to attempt to correct the failure. In the United States, two of the most historically popular and most extensively studied options are the patent system and tax incentives. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34288348 |
Economics of science The optimal amount of R&D is at RD. The value of the introduction of the patent system is that it allows the marginal benefit curve for the firm to shift upward to MB so that the private benefit to the firm now produces the socially optimal quantity. The additional revenue is collected from society... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34288348 |
Economics of science The horizontal access displays the amount of money spent on research and development in total. Research and development is assumed to have diminishing rate of return. For simplicity’s sake, all curves are assumed to be linear, and the marginal cost curve is assumed to be constant. A firm will maxim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34288348 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow is a best-selling book published in 2011 by Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate Daniel Kahneman. It was the 2012 winner of the National Academies Communication Award for best creative work that helps the public understanding of topics in behavioral science, engineering and medicin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow In the book's first section, Kahneman describes two different ways the brain forms thoughts: Kahneman covers a number of experiments which purport to highlight the differences between these two thought systems and how they arrive at different results even given the same inputs. Terms and concept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow In a legal metaphor, a judge limited to heuristic thinking would only be able to think of similar historical cases when presented with a new dispute, rather than seeing the unique aspects of that case. In addition to offering an explanation for the statistical problem, the theory also offers an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow Sometimes, this heuristic is beneficial, but the frequencies at which events come to mind are usually not accurate reflections of the probabilities of such events in real life. System 1 is prone to substituting a simpler question for a difficult one. In what Kahneman calls their "best-known and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow In 2002, American kitchen remodeling was expected on average to cost $18,658, but actually cost $38,769. To explain overconfidence, Kahneman introduces the concept he labels "What You See Is All There Is" (WYSIATI). This theory states that when the mind makes decisions, it deals primarily with "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow This section of the book is dedicated to the undue confidence in what the mind believes it knows. It suggests that people often overestimate how much they understand about the world and underestimate the role of chance in particular. This is related to the excessive certainty of hindsight, when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow , of winning something) depends on the reference point: people appear to place greater value on a change from 0% to 10% (going from impossibility to possibility) than from, say, 45% to 55%, and they place the greatest value of all on a change from 90% to 100% (going from possibility to certainty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow Instead, it retrospectively rates an experience by the peak (or valley) of the experience, and by the way it ends. The remembering self dominated the patient's ultimate conclusion. Kahneman first took up the study of well-being in the 1990s. At the time most happiness research relied on polls ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow The book was widely reviewed in specialist journals, including the "Journal of Economic Literature", "American Journal of Education", "The American Journal of Psychology", "Planning Theory", "The American Economist", "The Journal of Risk and Insurance", "The Michigan Law Review", "American Scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307401 |
Unevenly spaced time series In statistics, signal processing, and econometrics, an unevenly (or unequally or irregularly) spaced time series is a sequence of observation time and value pairs (t, X) with strictly increasing observation times. As opposed to equally spaced time series, the spacing of observation times is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34321107 |
Unevenly spaced time series Ideally, unevenly spaced time series are analyzed in their unaltered form. However, most of the basic theory for time series analysis was developed at a time when limitations in computing resources favored an analysis of equally spaced data, since in this case efficient linear algebra routin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34321107 |
Economics of marriage The economics of marriage includes the economic analysis of household formation and break up, of production and distribution decisions within the household. It is closely related to the law and economics of marriages and households. Grossbard-Shechtman (1999a and 1999b) identifies three approaches... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage Food, it seems, routinely drives a man's marriage decision more than the need for a sexual partner. This extends to men stealing women. Among the Inuit, where a woman contributed no food calories, her cooking and production of warm, dry hunting clothes were vital: a man cannot both hunt and cook. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage 56, which was approximately 15% lower than that of the married spouse present. Before getting married all couples should have an understanding of the implications of their decisions and understand how their life commitment impacts them financially. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) balances... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage Tax Credits and Other Issues The marriage penalty isn’t just about tax brackets. It rears its ugly head in a few other tax circumstances as well, and the TCJA does not affect all of them. The Earned Income Tax Credit still has income limits in place and they’re different depending on whether you’r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage When all the data was consolidated they discovered that the average cost for getting married in the US was $38,700. ($5,000 Engagement Ring + $29,200 Ceremony/Reception + $4,500 Honeymoon) This report took avast variety of items into account and pulled data from all different parts of the country ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage There may be many reasons to not get married such as fear of commitment, family disapproval, genetic incompatibility, etc... However, financial reasons hold the biggest weight and especially in the older adult community. Forbes magazine article by Dan Browning, discussed several reasons why aging ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage Along lines of student loans, people avoid marriage because it leads to combined student loan which leads to a higher repayment compared to when single (Hamer). Thirdly, people avoid marriage because it can affect their credit score in the event their spouse has a bad credit. Lastly but not limite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage Uniform Premarital Agreements Act (UPAA) was issued by the Uniform Law Commission (ULC) in 1983 and has been employed by 27 states. It includes rights and duties responsible to determine when and where a premarital agreement is practicable. It requires the premarital agreement to be in writing and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage The significance of this data in relation to the topic of the economy of marriage can be explained by a report given by Jay Zagorsky, the writer of Marriage and Divorce’s Impact on Wealth. This report revealed that over the course of time it is more profitable to stay married than to have a divorc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Economics of marriage Kiker reveal that compared to any other population single-mother headed households are susceptible to poverty. Secondary data collected for this study reports that, “changes in family structure precede poverty spells in over 99 percent of the white single-mother families…and in almost 97 percent o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352219 |
Trade-off talking rational economic person (TOTREP) is one term, among others, used to denote, in the field of choice analysis, the rational, human agent of economic decisions. The term was first used notably in David M. Kreps' "Notes on the Theory of Choice" (1988). Kreps, in his preface, acknowledges Mike Harrison fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34375387 |
Trade-off talking rational economic person " Hausken observes that, the "ethical economic [agent]" is actually "a trade-off talking rational economic person", who constantly carries out "a cost–benefit analysis where reputation is a relevant input, constantly focusing on her real interests in a broad sense, and constan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34375387 |
Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie The Banque de France has announced the opening of the during a press conference held by Governor Christian Noyer, on May 25, 2011. Its opening is programmed for the end of 2014. This educational place aims at explaining the economy and its concepts to the general public; it will be h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34409718 |
Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie He also imagined the impressive strong room which could be accessed by a lift bridge, over two-meters-deep moats. Listed as a historic monument in 1999, this branch closed in 2006, as a consequence of the plan to close half of the Banque de France's branches on the French territory. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34409718 |
Neo-Marxian economics The terms neo-Marxian, post-Marxian and radical political economics were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic theory in the 1970s and 1980s that stems from the Marxian economic thought. Many of the leading figures were associated with the leftist "Monthly Review" School. In indu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34492673 |
Neo-Marxian economics Big business can maintain selling prices at high levels while still competing to cut costs, advertise and market their products. However, competition is generally limited with a few large capital formations sharing various markets, with the exception of a few actual monopolies (such as the Bell Sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34492673 |
Neo-Marxian economics According to Baran's categories, "[a]ctual economic surplus" is "the difference between what society's actual current output and its actual current consumption" and hence is equal to current savings or accumulation. "Potential economic surplus", in contrast, is "the difference between that output ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34492673 |
Anthony Neoh Anthony Neoh, QC, SC, JP is Chief Adviser to the China Securities Regulatory Commission. He is also a member of the corporate boards of Bank of China, China Life, and formerly on the board of China Shenhua. Trained as a lawyer, he is a leading Chinese expert on monetary policy, economics and other financia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34499407 |
KRAV (agriculture) KRAV is a Swedish organization that develops and maintains regulations for ecological sustainable agriculture. KRAV is a member of International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34546876 |
Economics handbooks are handbooks on subjects of economics. Such handbooks range in audience from the general reader to the advanced student and professional economist. that form a series include, but are not limited to, the following: Other economics handbooks, whether general or specialized, may come from publishers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34642049 |
Disequilibrium macroeconomics is a tradition of research centered on the role of disequilibrium in economics. This approach is also known as non-Walrasian theory, equilibrium with rationing, the non-market clearing approach, and non-tâtonnement theory. Early work in the area was done by Don Patinkin, Robert W. Clower, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34696808 |
Disequilibrium macroeconomics However, leading American economists continued work with disequilibrium models, for example Franklin M. Fisher at MIT, Richard E. Quandt at Princeton University, and John Roberts at Stanford University. While disequilibrium economics had only a supporting role in the US, it had major role ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34696808 |
Disequilibrium macroeconomics He pays less attention to the case of repressed inflation and considers underconsumption/unemployment a theoretical curiosity. Work in the neoclassical tradition is confined as a special case of Malinvaud's typology, the Walrasian equilibrium. In Malinvaud's theory, reaching the Walrasian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34696808 |
Disequilibrium macroeconomics Introduced in his 1975 paper, a "Drèze equilibrium" occurs when supply (demand) is constrained only when prices are downward (upward) rigid, whereas a preselected commodity (e.g. money) is never rationed. Existence is proved for arbitrary bounds on prices. A joint paper with Pierre Dehez e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34696808 |
Disequilibrium macroeconomics In the presence of usury laws, if the equilibrium interest rate on loans is above the legally allowable rate, the market cannot clear and at the maximum allowable rate the quantity of credit demanded will exceed the quantity of credit supplied. A more subtle source of credit rationing is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34696808 |
Disequilibrium macroeconomics If this occurs systematically for a large number of market participants, market outcomes in the latter market for prices and quantities transacted (themselves either equilibrium or disequilibrium outcomes) will be affected. Examples include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34696808 |
Theoretical Economics is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal that publishes theoretical papers in all areas of economics. The journal was established in 2006. From then until 2009, it was published by the Society for Economic Theory. On July 1, 2009 the Econometric Society took over the journal. The current ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34707937 |
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture is a trilogy of books by sociologist Manuel Castells: "The Rise of the Network Society" (1996), "The Power of Identity" (1997), and "End of Millennium" (1998). The second edition was heavily revised; volume one is 40 per cent different from the first edition. "The Infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34737892 |
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture This concept describes an increase in equality across nations due to globalization and an uneven distribution of technology, and thus networking opportunities and lower competitiveness. This transition to an informational mode of development is enabled by the growth of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34737892 |
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Castells, Manuel (1996, second edition, 2009). The Rise of the Network Society, Vol. I. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. . Castells, Manuel (1997, second edition, 2009). The Power of Identity, Vol. II. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. . Castells, Manuel (1998, secon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34737892 |
Tax choice In public choice theory, tax choice (sometimes called taxpayer sovereignty or earmarking) is the belief that individual taxpayers should have direct control over how their taxes are spent. Its proponents apply the theory of consumer choice to public finance. They claim taxpayers react positively when they ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34747393 |
Tax choice Therefore, the existence of tax sovereignty is attributed to the taxpayer. The Swedish economist Knut Wicksell’s theory also argues that "taxation should be based on the principle of value and counter-value, as if taxation was a voluntary transaction between the individual and the state". Daniel J. Brown exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34747393 |
Tax choice The 2007 Opt Out of Iraq War Act would have allowed taxpayers to designate money toward certain social programs. The 2011 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is Act would have allowed taxpayers to make voluntary contributions (not tax payments) to the government. These later bills died in committee. One possible... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34747393 |
Assar Lindbeck Medal The is a bi-annual award given to the economist(s) in Sweden under the age of 45 whose work have gained the most international recognition. The award is named in honor of Assar Lindbeck. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34763801 |
Installment Agreement An in the United States is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) program which allows individuals to pay tax debt in monthly payments. The total amount paid can be the full amount of what is owed, or it can be a partial amount. There are several different kinds of Installment Agreements: Guaranteed, S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34818523 |
International Development Markup Language The (IDML) is an XML-based standard for the exchange of information on aid activities. It is used by a number of donors to provide information to the AidData database of development finance. IDML was developed from 1998 onwards, building on a previous text-file format for excha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34828285 |
Nationalist Clubs were an organized network of socialist political groups which emerged at the end of the 1880s in the United States of America in an effort to make real the ideas advanced by Edward Bellamy in his utopian novel "Looking Backward." At least 165 were formed by so-called "Bellamyites," who sought to remak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs Neither did there exist such occupations seen by Bellamy as of dubious worth to society, such as politicians, lawyers, merchants, or soldiers. Instead, Bellamy's utopian society of the future was based upon the voluntary employment of all citizens between the ages of 21 and 45, after which time all wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs Willard wrote directly to the author, asking for Bellamy's blessings for the establishment of "an association to spread the ideas in your book." Bellamy had responded to Willard's appeal positively, urging him in a July 4 letter: Go ahead by all means and do it if you can find anyone to associate with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs A committee of 5 was established to create a plan for a permanent organization, including "Boston Herald" editorial writer Sylvester Baxter, Willard, Devereux, Bowers, and Christian socialist clergyman W.D.P. Bliss. The third meeting of the Boston Nationalist Club, held on December 15, was attended by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs The magazine never garnered a huge readership, peaking with a paid circulation of 9,000 subscribers, but it was influential in casting the first phase of the Nationalist movement as an ethical propaganda society dominated by the Boston club. Even before the launch of its monthly magazine, the National... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs In February 1889 the Collectivist League changed its name to the Nationalist Club of Illinois and adopted a new declaration of principles, constitution, and by-laws modeled after those of the Boston Nationalist Club. By May 1889 membership in the Chicago Nationalist Club stood at about 50 and the grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs McGuire in Philadelphia and radical activist Burnette G. Haskell in San Francisco. The various were not centrally directed but instead possessed a certain amount of local autonomy and were linked together loosely through correspondence and co-sponsorship of touring lecturers. First steps were taken in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs Mason Green, a veteran journalist who was a graduate of Amherst College joined Bellamy as managing editor, with Henry R. Legate, organizer of the politically oriented Second Nationalist Club of Boston, aiding as assistant editor. For the next three years the Nationalist movement's earlier largely hand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs The move of the and their members from propaganda societies to political entities acting in alliance with the People's Party created a situation whereby the organizations fulfilled duplicate functions, to the detriment of the Bellamy organization. In the assessment of one historian: By 1892 Populism h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs As political democracy seeks to guarantee men against oppression exercised upon them by political forms, so the economic democracy of Nationalism would guarantee them against the more numerous and grievous oppressions exercised by economic methods. On February 3, 1894, Bellamy's "The New Nation" was f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs In this final work, Bellamy turned his mind's eye to the question of feminism, dealing with the taboo subject of female reproductive rights in a future, post-revolutionary America. Other subjects overlooked in "Looking Backward," such as animal rights and wilderness preservation, were dealt with in a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs In the view of historian Arthur Lipow, in his book Bellamy consciously ignored positing democratic control in his idealized structure of the future, instead pinning his hopes upon bureaucratic stratification and quasi-military organization of both economics and social relations. The modern military wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Nationalist Clubs His views and theories were the result of his own observations and reasoning, and, like all other utopians, he evolved a complete social scheme hinging mainly on one fixed idea. In his case it was the idea 'of an industrial army for "maintaining" the community, precisely as the duty of "protecting" it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34829719 |
Paving Wall Street Paving Wall Street: Experimental Economics and the Quest for the Perfect Market (later reprinted under the title Experimental Economics: How We Can Build Better Financial Markets) is a book about finance, experimental economics and market design, written by Ross Miller (foreword by Vernon L. Smith), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34870597 |
Enough Is Enough (letter) "Enough Is Enough" is a 100-page resignation letter written by Davison L. Budhoo, an economist from Grenada. Budhoo served as a senior economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 12 years until May 1988. His public resignation letter was sent to Michel Camdessus, the then managing d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34891369 |
Tax audit representation Tax audit representation, also called audit defense, is a service in which a tax or legal professional stands in on behalf of a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) during an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or state income tax audit. In the United States, during an income tax audit or examin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34907351 |
Circular cumulative causation is a theory developed by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal in the year 1956. It is a multi-causal approach where the core variables and their linkages are delineated. The idea behind it is that a change in one form of an institution will lead to successive changes in other institutions. Thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34945002 |
Circular cumulative causation Then he argued that the contraction of the markets in that area tends to have a depressing effect on new investments, which in turn causes a further reduction of income and demand and, if nothing happens to modify the trend, there is a net movement of enterprises and workers towards other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34945002 |
Circular cumulative causation Yet, the provision of data or other information regarding single economies was beyond the scope of his work. He claimed that in the normal case there is no such a tendency towards automatic self-stabilisation in the social system. The system is by itself not moving towards any sort of bala... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34945002 |
Tritucap The (from , chipping of the underwood) is a secondary forest wood chipper used for land preparation in tropical agricultural systems. Its scope is to replace slash and burn practices in shifting cultivation settings, thus preventing soil erosion and displacement of nutrients. The was developed by the Institute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34958128 |
The Big Book of Social Media The Big Book of Social Media: Case Studies, Stories, Perspectives, released in November 2010 by Yorkshire Publishing, is a compilation of non-fiction articles and chapters written by social media experts in their respective fields and edited by Robert Fine, organizer of the Cool Social Conf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34964961 |
The Big Book of Social Media Reviewer Mike Brown wrote on the Brainzooming blog that the book goes "beyond the valueless chatter out there; it provides solid discussions of real-life social media strategy implementations that have truly integrated organizational objectives and delivered real metrics." And "Tech Cocktai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34964961 |
Market governance mechanism Market governance mechanisms (MGMs) are formal, or informal rules, that have been consciously designed to change the behaviour of various economic actors. This includes actors such as individuals, businesses, organisations and governments - who in turn encourage sustainable development. Mark... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34992031 |
Market governance mechanism Sustained and inclusive progress requires transformative change reaching beyond legal frameworks into cultural domains, altering peoples’ perceptions of what is ‘the norm’ and establishing new moral frameworks to guide market activities. Market governance does not require such significant id... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34992031 |
Market governance mechanism In market governance, opportunism in interorganizational relationships may be controlled through threats (Gundlach et al., 1995). Even though, as a result, buyers from AEs must be aware that an emphasis on market governance (i.e. threatening, monitoring, or inspecting) may actually be more c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34992031 |
Market governance mechanism And more recently, Shaping Sustainable Markets, a research initiative from the Sustainable Markets Group at the International Institute of Environment and Development, uses the term widely and have created a typology to frame its work on the sustainable development impact and effectiveness o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34992031 |
List of acronyms associated with the eurozone crisis This is a list of acronyms and initialisms associated with the eurozone crisis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34994878 |
The Observatory of Economic Complexity is a data visualization site for international trade data created by the Macro Connections group at the MIT Media Lab. The goal of the observatory is to distribute international trade data in a visual form. At present the observatory serves more than 20 million interactive visuali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34997239 |
The Observatory of Economic Complexity The larger the size of the rectangle, the larger the product's share of that country's imports or exports. An example from Benin in 2009 is shown on the right. Additional visual representations include D3plus is the underlying engine responsible for generating all of the visualiza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34997239 |
Admissible trading strategy In finance, an admissible trading strategy or admissible strategy is any trading strategy with wealth almost surely bounded from below. In particular, an admissible trading strategy precludes unhedged short sales of any unbounded assets. A typical example of a trading strategy which is not "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35017388 |
Lay Tithes Lay tithes were a term for tithes that instead of going to the Catholic church, would go to a lay person This was either a form of rent to a landlord or, more controversially, ecclesiastical tithes that had been alienated from the parish or monastery that it had originally been intended for. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35022482 |
Responsible position A responsible position is a post where the individual is expected to work without supervision or a higher authority, usually for a political purpose. This is in contrast to a job or police/military post, where there is a superior officer to answer to and who holds the right to direct work. For exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35037016 |
Risk metric In the context of risk measurement, a risk metric is the concept quantified by a risk measure. When choosing a risk metric, an agent is picking an aspect of perceived risk to investigate, such as volatility or probability of default. In a general sense, a measure is a procedure for quantifying something. A ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35039778 |
Private sector involvement In the context of sovereign debt crisis, private sector involvement (PSI) refers, broadly speaking, to the contributions or efforts of private sector creditors to the crisis resolution process, and, specifically, means that the private sector shares some of the costs of a financial crisis by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35056879 |
Private sector involvement " ECB Executive Board member Lorenzo Bini Smaghi has warned in 2011 that the enforcement of private sector involvement in resolving a financial crisis inside the Eurozone would incur "a series of problems": The taxpayers of the creditor countries would suffer in any case; patient investors, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35056879 |
Private sector involvement " In the view of the International Monetary Fund, private sector involvement "in the resolution of financial crises is appropriate in order to have the burden of crisis resolution shared equitably with the official sector, strengthen market discipline, and, in the process, increase the effici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35056879 |
Private sector involvement If not enough private-sector bondholders were to agree to participate in the bond swap per the PSI requirement, the Greek government threatened to retroactively introduce a collective action clause to enforce participation. Eventually, private-sector involvement reached 83,5% of Greek bond ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35056879 |
Per unit tax A per unit tax, or specific tax, is a tax that is defined as a fixed amount for each unit of a good or service sold, such as cents per kilogram. It is thus proportional to the particular quantity of a product sold, regardless of its price. Excise taxes, for instance, fall into this tax category. By contras... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35064108 |
Women's Economic Opportunity Index The is an index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit that measures the enabling environment for women's economic participation in 128 countries. The Economist Intelligence Unit's is based on 29 indicators that measure a country's laws, regulations, practices, customs and attitu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35079372 |
Women's Economic Opportunity Index In 2019, the index was superseded by the World Bank's Women, Business and the Law index. The uses a quantitative and qualitative scoring model, constructed from 29 indicators, measuring specific attributes of the environment for women employees and entrepreneurs in 128 economies. Five... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35079372 |
Women's Economic Opportunity Index The sources used in the are the Economist Intelligence Unit; the International Labour Organization (ILO); the World Bank Group; the International Monetary Fund; the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35079372 |
Middle income trap The middle income trap is a theoretical economic development situation in which a country that attains a certain income (due to given advantages) gets stuck at that level. The World Bank defines as the 'middle-income range' countries with gross national product per capita that has remained between $1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35134341 |
Middle income trap This requires investments in infrastructure and education—building a high-quality education system that encourages creativity and supports breakthroughs in science and technology that can be applied back into the economy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35134341 |
Stochastic discount factor The stochastic discount factor (SDF) is a concept in financial economics and mathematical finance. The name "stochastic discount factor" reflects the fact that the price of an asset can be computed by "discounting" the future cash flow formula_1 by the stochastic factor formula_2 and then tak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35154313 |
Stochastic discount factor This being the case, then if formula_9 is positive, by using formula_10 to denote the return, we can rewrite the definition as and this implies Also, if there is a portfolio made up of the assets, then the SDF satisfies By a simple standard identity on covariances, we have Suppose there is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35154313 |
Austrian Economics Newsletter is a newsletter that was published quarterly by the Ludwig von Mises Institute until Winter 2003. It was established in the Fall of 1977 and published by the Center for Libertarian Studies, but moved to the Mises Institute in 1984. The newsletter covers economics from an Austrian perspecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35186422 |
Energy Performance Investment An is a funding solution that enables entities (the end beneficiary) to acquire Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) via a third party investor and pay for them from the financial value of the proven energy savings achieved using a pay-as-you-save mechanism. This investment model is similar ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35196315 |
Kaleidics The term kaleidics ( "kalos": "good", "beautiful"; εἶδος "eidos": "form", "shape") denotes the ever-changing shape and status of an economy. Uncertainty is the primary kaleidic factor. British economist George Lennox Sharman Shackle, who has been characterised as a post-Keynesian but also as influenced by Aus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35272490 |
Kaleidics " Lachmann wrote that "a long-run force" is at work, all the time, tending to eliminate these price/cost differences and asserted that "in a long-run equilibrium, in which, by definition, the equilibrating forces have finally prevailed over all the forces of disruption, there are no profits." The persistence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35272490 |
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