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Malthusian trap A vocal critic several decades later was Friedrich Engels. The modern representation of the Malthusian theory was developed by Qumarul Ashraf and Oded Galor. Their theoretical structure suggests that as long as: (i) higher income has a positive effect on reproductive success, and (ii) land is limited fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3817699 |
Malthusian trap In England in 1800 AD the wage was about 13 pounds of wheat. In spite of the technological developments across these societies, the daily wage hardly varied. In Britain between 1200 and 1800, only relatively minor fluctuations from the mean (less than a factor of two) in real wages occurred. Following d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3817699 |
Malthusian trap He also found short lifespans that he attributed to chronic malnourishment which left people susceptible to disease. Lifespans, height and weight began to steadily increase in the UK and France after 1750. Fogel's findings are consistent with estimates of available food supply. The rapid increase in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3817699 |
Malthusian trap The view that a "breakout" from the has led to an era of sustained economic growth is explored by "unified growth theory". One branch of unified growth theory is devoted to the interaction between human evolution and economic development. In particular, Oded Galor and Omer Moav argue that the forces of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3817699 |
Malthusian trap The first being Malthus only looking at the short run on an economy. While in the short run a population increase may cause for issues for the economy, in the long run these worries are put aside. When many of the new children grow up they will and develop new technology and will increase the GDP of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3817699 |
Nadex (Northern American Derivatives Exchange), formerly known as HedgeStreet, is US-based retail-focused online binary options exchange. It offers retail trading of binary options and spreads on the most heavily traded forex, commodities and stock indices markets. originally was known as “HedgeStreet” and was based in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3822293 |
Nadex In 2007, UK based IG Group announced intent to acquire HedgeStreet and later in the year completed the purchase of the company. Subsequent to the purchase, began to offer binary options similar to those already available on IG's platform. binary option and spread contracts span a range of underlying markets, from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3822293 |
Nadex In the case of spreads with a narrow floor/ceiling range, the closeness of the floor and ceiling levels means that the underlying market might be trading near (or outside) these levels. Members pay trading fees on each side of their trades: once to open and once to close. The fee for each contract is $1.00 with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3822293 |
Alberto Cinta Alberto Emiliano Cinta Martínez (born in Mexico City) is a Mexican economist, entrepreneur and politician who is a founder and became the first General Secretary of the New Alliance Party (PANAL). He ran as the PANAL's candidate for Mayor of Mexico City Head of Government of the Federal District in the 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3831759 |
Alberto Cinta He has participated in academic publications such as "Towards Mexico's Democratization" (Roultledge 1999) and "México Visión Global, la agenda para el siglo XXI" (Porrúa, 2006), among others. He is the founder and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Cinbersol S.A., the leading company for hi end hospita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3831759 |
Surplus economics is the study of economics based upon the concept that economies operate on the basis of the production of a surplus over basic needs. By economic surplus is meant all production which is not essential for the continuance of existence. That is to say, all production about which there is a choice as to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3833097 |
The Globalization of World Politics The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations is a book by John Baylis, Patricia Owens, and Steve Smith. John Baylis, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens: Introduction The historical context Theories of world politics Structures and processes Internationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3870084 |
Appellate Body The of the World Trade Organization (WTOAB) is a standing body of seven persons that hears appeals from reports issued by panels in disputes brought on by WTO members. The WTOAB can uphold, modify or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel, and Reports, once adopted by the Dispute Settlemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3873357 |
Bernie Fraser (economist) Bernard William Fraser (born 26 February 1941) is an Australian economist and was the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia from September 1989 to September 1996. Fraser was born in Junee, New South Wales in 1941. He joined the Commonwealth Public Service in 1961, starting at the Departmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3883512 |
Bernie Fraser (economist) He is also an honorary Professor of Economics at the University of Canberra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3883512 |
Indian Merchants' Chamber Indian Merchants' Chamber, established on 7 September 1907 in Mumbai, is an organization of India, representing interests of Indian trade, commerce, and industry. It was organized originally during the days of the British Raj to promote trade, commerce, and industry by Indian entrepreneurs. IM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3885928 |
Owner-operator An owner-operator is a small business owner who typically also runs the day-to-day operations of the company. Owner-operators are found in many business models and franchising companies in many different industries like restaurant chains, health care, logistics, maintenance, repair, and operations. In th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3888545 |
Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition, also known as JREC, is the group of countries supporting the Declaration on The Way Forward on Renewable Energy (also known as the JREC Declaration), made at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3907887 |
Edgar van Tuyll was the chief quantitative strategist of Pictet & Cie, where he worked from 1995 to 2017. He has been extensively quoted by the media for his prediction of the 2000 Dot-com bubble crash and of the bull market beginning in March 2003. He is among the minority of strategists expecting a US recession in 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3909812 |
Navis Logistics Network (NLN) is the former parent company of Navis Pack & Ship, based in Denver, Colorado. The company formerly franchised Navis Pack & Ship (NP&S) and Handle With Care Packaging Store (HWCPS) shipping centers. NLN was founded in 1980 as a single, company-owned retail store operating under the Handle W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3910994 |
Market correction A market correction is a rapid change in the nominal price of a commodity, after a barrier to free trade has been removed and the free market establishes a new equilibrium price. It may also refer to several of these single-commodity corrections "en masse", as a collective effect over several markets ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3915166 |
Taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs") allow real estate investment trusts ("REITs") to more effectively compete with other real estate owners. They do this by providing services to tenants or third parties such as landscaping, cleaning or concierge, and they provide new earnings growth opportunities. In the United States,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3916144 |
Marital deduction is a type of tax law that allows a person to give assets to his or her spouse with reduced or no tax imposed upon the transfer. Some marital deduction laws even apply to transfers made postmortem. The right to receive property conveys ownership for tax purposes. A decree of divorce transfers the right... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3917942 |
Valmont Industries Valmont Industries, Inc. () is a large, publicly held American manufacturer of Valley center pivot and linear irrigation equipment, windmill support structures, lighting and traffic poles and steel utility poles. Their corporate office, main plant and aviation department is in Omaha. Valmont has many... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3920419 |
Grey pound In the United Kingdom, the expression "grey pound" is used in the context of marketing and or retail sources and refers to the purchasing power of elderly people as consumers. It is frequently used as a label for movies aimed at an older audience. A similar term exists for LGBT consumers, known as pink money... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3924853 |
Gareth Stedman Jones FBA (born 17 December 1942) is an English academic and historian. As Professor of the History of Ideas at Queen Mary, University of London, he deals particularly with working-class history and Marxism. Educated at St Paul's School and Lincoln College, Oxford, where he graduated in history in 1964, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3940571 |
Paid-in capital (also paid-up capital and contributed capital) is capital that is contributed to a corporation by investors by purchase of stock from the corporation, the primary market, not by purchase of stock in the open market from other stockholders (the secondary market). It includes share capital (capital stock)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3946138 |
Feasibility condition The feasibility condition, along with the tangency condition, is used in microeconomics to solve the consumer choice problem and obtain the demand function. The condition states that total spending on all goods cannot exceed available income. The general form of the feasibility condition for two g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3947712 |
Clara Jusidman de Bialostozky is a Mexican social democrat economist and civic activist who served as Secretary of Social Development of the Mexican Federal District from 1998 to 2000 and as General Director of the National Electoral Register from 1996 to 1997. Jusidman studied economy at the National Autonomous Univer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3950396 |
Courtney Blackman Sir Courtney Blackman, KA is an economist, an international business consultant, and a diplomat from Barbados. He holds an Honours degree in Modern History from the University of the West Indies, and a Ph.D. degree from the Graduate School of Business of the Columbia University (New York City), where ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3957477 |
Permanent war economy The concept of permanent war economy originated in 1944 with an article by Ed Sard (alias Frank Demby, Walter S. Oakes and T.N. Vance), a Third Camp Socialist, who predicted a post-war arms race. He argued at the time that the United States would retain the character of a war economy; even in peac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3970530 |
Bruce Ahlstrand is a senior faculty member in the Business Administration program at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario. A graduate of the University of Toronto, the London School of Economics and University of Oxford, Ahlstrand has been contributing to the field of strategic management for many years. Recently ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3973469 |
Maeve Quaid is a senior faculty member in the Business Administration program at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario. Quaid was educated at McGill University, the London School of Economics as well as a D.Phil. in Social Sciences from the University of Oxford. She teaches in the areas of Organizational Behaviour ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3973583 |
Detrended price oscillator The detrended price oscillator (DPO) is an indicator in technical analysis that attempts to eliminate the long-term trends in prices by using a displaced moving average so it does not react to the most current price action. This allows the indicator to show intermediate overbought and oversol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3973949 |
Detrended price oscillator Calculate a simple moving average for n periods. Calculate (n / 2 + 1) Subtract the moving average, from (n / 2 + 1) days ago, from the closing price: DPO = Close - Simple moving average [from (n / 2 + 1) days ago] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3973949 |
Ease of movement (EMV) is an indicator used in technical analysis to relate an asset's price change to its volume. Ease of Movement was developed by Richard W. Arms, Jr. and highlights the relationship between volume and price changes and is particularly useful for assessing the strength of a trend. High positive value... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3974014 |
Force index The force index (FI) is an indicator used in technical analysis to illustrate how strong the actual buying or selling pressure is. High positive values mean there is a strong rising trend, and low values signify a strong downward trend. The FI is calculated by multiplying the difference between the last and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3974092 |
Habakkuk thesis The (proposed and named after British economist, Sir John Habakkuk,) is a theory that argued land abundance and labor scarcity led to high wages, which resulted in the search for labor-saving innovations in antebellum America. This ultimately stimulated the growth of machinery and the development of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3976651 |
Habakkuk thesis Labor scarcity was induced by the abundance of cheap, fertile land in the United States, which meant that many people resorted to agriculture because earnings and output were both high and accrued to the cultivator. Since returns to agriculture were high, this caused industrial wages to rise for the man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3976651 |
Habakkuk thesis He uses the different methods of spinning as an example: the spinning jenny, the water-frame, the spinning mule, the power loom, and finally the variations of the automatic loom. Each of the methods built on the previous one until the textile industry was satisfied with the efficiency of the automatic l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3976651 |
Habakkuk thesis Another work prior to that of Habakukk is E. Rothbarth’s theory in his article “Causes of the Superior Efficiency of U.S.A. industry as compared with British industry. In it, he argues that the superior efficiency the American industry was due to the larger size of the market. For more recent readings, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3976651 |
Grain trade The grain trade refers to the local and international trade in cereals and other food grains such as wheat, maize, and rice. The grain trade is probably nearly as old as grain growing, going back the Neolithic Revolution (around 11,500 BCE). Wherever there is a scarcity of land (e.g. cities), people must br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4001289 |
Grain trade With this came improving technologies for storing and transporting grains; the Hebrew Bible makes frequent mention of ancient Egypt's massive grain silos. During the classical age, the unification of China and the pacification of the Mediterranean basin by the Roman Empire created vast regional markets in c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4001289 |
Grain trade As Britain and other European countries industrialized and urbanized, they became net importers of grain from the various breadbaskets of the world. In many parts of Europe, as serfdom was abolished, great estates were accompanied by many inefficient smallholdings, but in the newly colonized regions massive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4001289 |
Grain trade So much improved is the position of the farmer in North America compared with what it was about 1870, that the transport companies in 1901 carried 17 bushels of his grain to the seaboard in exchange for the value of one bushel, whereas in 1867 he had to give up one bushel in every six in return for the serv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4001289 |
Grain trade Their governments created the Australian Wheat Board and the Canadian Wheat Board as monopsony marketing boards, buying all the wheat in those countries for export. Together, those two boards controlled a large percentage of the world's grain trade in the mid-20th century. Additionally, farmers' cooperative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4001289 |
Grain trade By contrast, in 1980, the US government attempted to use its food power to punish the Soviet Union for its invasion of Afghanistan with an embargo on grain exports. This was seen as a failure in terms of foreign policy (the Soviets made up the deficit on the international market), and negatively impacted Am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4001289 |
Grain trade For example, in 2008 Mexico was required by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to remove its tariffs on US and Canadian maize. "Price volatility is a life-and-death issue for many people around the world" warned ICTSD Senior Fellow Sergio Marchi. "Trade policies need to incentivise investment i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4001289 |
The Turning Point (book) The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture is a 1982 book by Fritjof Capra, in which the author examines perceived scientific and economic crises through the perspective of systems theory. Capra outlines and traces the history of science and economics, highlighting flaws in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4001597 |
Mass index The mass index is an indicator, developed by Donald Dorsey, used in technical analysis to predict trend reversals. It is based on the notion that there is a tendency for reversal when the price range widens, and therefore compares previous trading ranges (highs minus lows). for a commodity is obtained by cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4003982 |
Appropriate Technology Africa is a Christian organization which sells and promotes appropriate technology. ATA provides technology to empower people in Africa to make sellable end user products. Concentrating specifically on the African market, ATA has come up with appropriate, relevant, reliable and cost effective sol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4021725 |
El Centro Integrado de Technologia Appropriada El Centro Integrado de Tecnología Apropiada (CITA) is a Cuban appropriate technology organization. It is the equivalent of the UK's Centre for Alternative Technology. It is stationed at Camagüey (Circunvalación Norte). In 2005 a representative of CITA participated in the "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4022308 |
Single-loss expectancy (SLE) is the monetary value expected from the occurrence of a risk on an asset. It is related to risk management and risk assessment. is mathematically expressed as: formula_1 Where the exposure factor is represented in the impact of the risk over the asset, or percentage of asset lost. As an exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031882 |
Risk-seeking In economics and finance, a risk-seeker or risk-lover is a person who has a preference "for" risk. While most investors are considered risk "averse", one could view casino-goers as risk-seeking. If offered either $50 or a 50% each chance of either $100 or nothing, a risk-seeking person would prefer the gam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4033927 |
Risk-seeking Zuckerman's (1994) sensation seeking theory is important in assessing the causative factors of certain risk-seeking behaviours. Many risk-seeking behaviours justify humans need for sensation seeking. Behaviours like adventurous sports, drug use, promiscuous sex, entrepreneurship, gambling, and dangerous dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4033927 |
Risk-seeking This hormone has behavioural effects on aggression, mood and sexual function, all of which can lead to risk-seeking decision making. In their study, they also found that testosterone in excess leads to increased sexual enjoyment, and therefore more of an incentive to engage in risky unprotected sex. Choice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4033927 |
Center for Research in Security Prices The (CRSP) is a provider of historical stock market data. The Center is a part of the Booth School of Business at the University of Chicago. CRSP maintains some of the largest and most comprehensive proprietary historical databases in stock market research. Academic researchers an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4038279 |
Center for Research in Security Prices CRSP, LLC is an affiliate of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. CRSP's flagship databases include: In partnership with Compustat, CRSP provides the CRSP/Compustat Merged Database, and in partnership with the Ziman School of Real Estate at UCLA's Anderson School of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4038279 |
Lock-up period A lock-up period, also known as a lock in, lock out, or locked up period, is a predetermined amount of time following an initial public offering where large shareholders, such as company executives and investors representing considerable ownership, are restricted from selling their shares. Generally, a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4039309 |
Lock-up period The company is often somewhere in the middle—wanting to keep employees and investors happy but not wanting it to look like insiders don’t have faith in it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4039309 |
Floor limit A floor limit is the amount of money above which credit card transactions must be authorized. The limit can vary from store to store. Floor limits have become less significant as credit cards started being processed electronically and all transactions are typically authorized. The term floor limit comes fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4040783 |
Floor limit 00, a purchase costing $29.99 (or less) would not need to be authorized by the customer's bank. However, a transaction of $30.00 (or more) would require authorization to confirm that the customer has the necessary funds available in their bank account. A floor limit may cause an account to become overdrawn,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4040783 |
Cigarette tax stamp A cigarette tax stamp is any adhesive stamp, metered stamp, heat transfer stamp, or other form or evidence of payment of a cigarette tax. A cigarette tax stamp is a specific example of a revenue stamp. The 1978 Contraband Cigarette Act prohibits the transport, receipt, shipment, possession, distribu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4050333 |
Refunding occurs when an entity that has issued callable bonds calls those debt securities from the debt holders "with the express purpose" of reissuing new debt at a lower coupon rate. In essence, the issue of new, lower-interest debt allows the company to prematurely refund the older, higher-interest debt. On the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4050580 |
Economic System of Islam is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, noted for his rejection of capitalism as un-Islamic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4050992 |
Nancy Reagan defense The is a tactic in corporate finance used to counter a takeover or merger bidder who has made a formal bid to shareholders to buy their shares. When the board of directors of the target company meets to consider the bid, they "just say no." For example, in a discussion of a takeover of the Walt Dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4051619 |
Swap rate For interest rate swaps, the is the fixed rate that the swap "receiver" demands in exchange for the uncertainty of having to pay a short-term (floating) rate, e.g. 3 months LIBOR over time. (At any given time, the market’s forecast of what LIBOR will be in the future is reflected in the forward LIBOR curve.) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4060149 |
Sustainable habitat A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people and other organisms, without resource depletion and in such a way that no external waste is produced. Thus the habitat can continue into future tie without external infusions of resource. Such a sustainable habitat may e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4081192 |
Quick Wertkarte Quick is an electronic purse system available on Austrian bank cards to allow small purchases to be made without cash. The history of the Quick system goes back to 1994. The system is aimed at small retailers such as bakeries, cafés, drink and parking automats (but even small discount shops such as Bill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4085696 |
Local innovation system A local innovation system is a spatial concentration of firms (including specialized suppliers of equipment and services and customers) and associated non-market institutions (universities, research institutes, training institutions, standard-setting bodies, local trade associations, regulatory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4092109 |
Demographic window is defined to be that period of time in a nation's demographic evolution when the proportion of population of working age group is particularly prominent. This occurs when the demographic architecture of a population becomes younger and the percentage of people able to work reaches its height. Typica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4094135 |
Demographic window Much of Africa will not enter the demographic window until 2045 or later. Societies who have entered the demographic window have smaller dependency ratio (ratio of dependents to working-age population) and therefore the demographic potential for high economic growth as favorable dependency ratios ten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4094135 |
Value (economics) Economic value is a measure of the benefit provided by a good or service to an economic agent. It is generally measured relative to units of currency, and the interpretation is therefore "what is the maximum amount of money a specific actor is willing and able to pay for the good or service"? Among th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4095185 |
Value (economics) Additional information about market value is obtained by the rate at which transactions occur, telling observers the extent to which the purchase of the good has value over time. Said another way, value is how much a desired object or condition is worth relative to other objects or conditions. Economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4095185 |
Value (economics) Though exchange value is recognized, "economic value" is not, in theory, dependent on the existence of a market and price and value are not seen as equal. This is complicated, however, by the efforts of classical economists to connect price and labor value. Karl Marx, for one, saw exchange value as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4095185 |
Value (economics) " In another classical tradition, Marx distinguished between the "value in use" (use-value, what a commodity provides to its buyer), labor cost which he calls "value" (the socially-necessary labour time it embodies), and "exchange value" (how much labor-time the sale of the commodity can claim, Smith'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4095185 |
Value (economics) Any given accumulation of commercial wealth may be indicative, on the one hand, of faithful industries, progressive energies, and productive ingenuities: or, on the other, it may be indicative of mortal luxury, merciless tyranny, ruinous chicanery." Gandhi was greatly inspired by Ruskin's book and pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4095185 |
Value (economics) However; the real value of the same text purchased in a thrift shop at a price of $0.25 and provides the reader with an insight that allows him or her to earn $100,000.00 in additional income is $100,000.00 or the extended lifetime value earned by the consumer. This is value calculated by actual measu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4095185 |
Intrinsic theory of value An intrinsic theory of value (also called theory of objective value) is any theory of value in economics which holds that the value of an object, good or service, is intrinsic, meaning that it can be estimated using objective measures. Most such theories look to the process of producing an ite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4099198 |
Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It (1914) is a collection of essays written by Louis Brandeis first published as a book in 1914, and reissued in 1933. All the chapters of the book appeared as articles in "Harper's Weekly" between 22 November 1913 and 17 Janua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4105368 |
Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It He extensively cited testimony from a Congressional investigation performed by the Pujo Committee, named after Louisiana Representative Arsène Pujo, into self-serving and monopolistic business dealing. Chapter V of the book ("What Publicity Can Do") contains in its openin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4105368 |
Wage–fund doctrine The wage–fund doctrine is a concept from early economic theory that seeks to show that the amount of money a worker earns in wages, paid to them from a fixed amount of funds available to employers each year (capital), is determined by the relationship of wages and capital to any changes in population... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112087 |
Wage–fund doctrine Capital may change from year to year, but only as a result of reinvesting the prior year’s savings. “The wage-fund, therefore, may be greater or less at another time, but at the time taken it is definite.” (Walker) Population is the endogenous variable affecting wages. As the working population chang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112087 |
Wage–fund doctrine ” (Walker) Capital was still believed to come only from savings in prior years, and no additional amount of money could be added to the production process to support more workers. Additionally, the capital used in the equation above was the macroeconomic concept of a country’s total accumulated wealt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112087 |
Wage–fund doctrine ” (Spiegel, pg. 390) Walker also states in “The Wages Question” that the limits on capital and the growth in population “were accidental, not essential” to the formation of the doctrine. The limitation on the growth of industrial capacity placed a limit on the number of workers who could be accommoda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112087 |
Boys and Girls (The Office) "Boys and Girls" is the fifteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series "The Office", and the show's twenty-first episode overall. It was written by B. J. Novak and directed by Dennie Gordon and first aired on February 2, 2006 on NBC. The episode guest stars M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112876 |
Boys and Girls (The Office) Miffed at being excluded, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) conducts a competing men in the workplace seminar in the warehouse. Roy Anderson (David Denman) approaches Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) under the belief that Jim used to like Pam. Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) and his equally irritated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112876 |
Boys and Girls (The Office) The two originally formulated the premise while spending time together on the set of "The Office": "What if Jan came into the office and did a 'Women in the Workplace' seminar, and Michael got all jealous?" They presented their concept to executive producer Greg Daniels, who liked the idea. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112876 |
Boys and Girls (The Office) Notable cut scenes include Michael asking Pam and Jim for help choosing a ringtone, Roy and Dwight talking about guns, Dwight shooting his spud gun, and Dwight agrees that "there's no place like home." Michael compares modern working women to Ally McBeal, the titular lead of the American leg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112876 |
Boys and Girls (The Office) " M. Giant of Television Without Pity gave the episode a positive review and awarded it an "A–". Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict awarded the episode a "B" and called it "a solid but uneventful" outing for the show. Elements of "Boys and Girls" have been analyzed in a legal context. Jan's threa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4112876 |
Motivation crowding theory is the theory from psychology and microeconomics suggesting that providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behavior—such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing some task—can sometimes undermine intrinsic motivation for performing that behavior. The result of lowered motivat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory This process is known as "crowding out" since whatever motivation for the task that previously existed—as estimated by the control condition that was not offered compensation for the task—has been "crowded out" by motivation merely based on the payment. According to research on operant condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory These observations led researchers to ask how providing extrinsic rewards for a given activity would influence intrinsic motivation toward that activity. While the relative-price effect would predict that rewards should only "enhance" the attractiveness of the behavior, there appeared to be i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory First, task-noncontingent rewards, such as show-up fees, are offered to subjects independent of task performance or completion, simply as compensation for their time. These rewards are not expected to displace intrinsic motivation. Second, task-contingent rewards, on the other hand, are incen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory After the presumptive experiment was over, subjects were left with free time during which they could either sit idly or complete more tasks. Deci measured the number of additional IQ questions or puzzles completed during this non-compensated time as well as self-reported measurements of inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory While all of these early investigations demonstrated that providing extrinsic incentives could undermine motivation for the rewarded behavior, researchers had not yet established the psychological process involved that could explain this consistent pattern of results. Various explanations hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory On this account, then, the extent to which a given extrinsic incentive crowds out motivation is determined by the balance of the controlling versus status-signaling nature of the awards as perceived by the actor. The application of self-perception theory to motivation suggests that people som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory Dickinson argues that part of the reason why these behaviors are socially praised is precisely because they are not connected with any particular reinforcers. When a person helps someone else, he argues, he receives praise in part because there does not seem to be any specific private incenti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory In this view, offering a reward is a signal that either the principal knows the task is unpleasant and otherwise would not be completed, or that the principal does not trust that the agent is sufficiently motivated without such incentives. On either interpretation, agents are understood to in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
Motivation crowding theory However, these meta-analyses have been questioned, especially for their treatment of dependent measures and failure to account for moderating variables (e.g. the kind of reward or class of dependent measure). Other meta-analyses have concluded that, once these factors are properly controlled ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4117368 |
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