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International Standard Classification of Occupations The (ISCO) is an International Labour Organization (ILO) classification structure for organizing information on labour and jobs. It is part of the international family of economic and social classifications of the United Nations. The current version, known as ISCO-08... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4448772 |
International Standard Classification of Occupations The basic criteria used to define the system are the skill level and specialization required to competently perform the tasks and duties of the occupations. Managers Professionals Technicians and associate professionals Clerical support workers Service and sales work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4448772 |
TARIC code The (TARif Intégré Communautaire; Integrated Tariff of the European Communities) is designed to show the various rules applying to specific products when imported into the EU. This includes the provisions of the harmonised system and the combined nomenclature but also additional provisions specified in Commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4455918 |
Cross-collateralization is a term used when the collateral for one loan is also used as collateral for another loan. If a person has borrowed from the same bank a home loan secured by the house, a car loan secured by the car, and so on, these assets can be used as cross-collaterals for all the loans. If the person pays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4459797 |
Cross-collateralization In the movie industry, cross-collateralize clauses in production deals allow the funding studio to recoup a part of its losses for money losing films from hit films produced. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4459797 |
Google Finance is a website focusing on business news and financial information hosted by Google. was first launched by Google on March 21, 2006. The service featured business and enterprise headlines for many corporations including their financial decisions and major news events. Stock information was available, as we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4465875 |
Google Finance In early 2018, a notice on the website announced that the website had been renovated. The notice said that the portfolio feature was to be removed, and advised that stocks from the old portfolio feature would be migrated to the new website, and also giving the option for users to download the portfolio a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4465875 |
Jean-François Rischard (born 2 October 1948) is an economist, and was the first European Vice President of the World Bank from 1998 to 2005. He lives in Paris, France. Rischard was born in Luxembourg to Charles-Edouard Rischard and Huguette Navereau. He attended the University of Aix-Marseille where he received both a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4466760 |
Força Sindical The (FS) is a trade union centre in Brazil. It was formed in 1991 by Luis Antônio Medeiros, a leader from the Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores. The FS is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4467427 |
Central Autônoma de Trabalhadores The Central Autónoma de Trabalhadores is a trade union federation in Brazil. It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4467532 |
Confederação Brasileira de Trabalhadores Cristãos The Confederação Brasileira de Trabalhadores Cristâos (CBTC) is a trade union centre in Brazil. It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4467728 |
Demerger A demerger is a form of corporate restructuring in which the entity's business operations are segregated into one or more components. It is the converse of a merger or acquisition. A demerger can take place through a spin-off by distributed or transferring the shares in a subsidiary holding the business to com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4470547 |
Beneficial ownership is a term in domestic and international commercial law which refers to the natural person or persons "who ultimately own or control a legal entity or arrangement, such as a company, a trust, or a foundation". The legal owner (i.e. the owner on the record) may be described as the "registered owner",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4474918 |
Beneficial ownership According to the Vancouver, BC-based Trulioo, the process of identifying UBOs (Ultimate Beneficial Ownership)'s includes acquiring and verifying a company's "accurate company "information regarding register number, company name, address, status, and key management personnel"; analyzing "ownership s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4474918 |
Beneficial ownership The FATF refers to a "beneficial owner" as the natural person(s) who ultimately owns or controls a legal entity and/or the natural person on whose behalf a transaction is being conducted. It also includes those persons who exercise ultimate effective control over a legal person or arrangement. By 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4474918 |
Beneficial ownership Two similar techniques to provide anonymity for a ship's beneficial owner are "nominee shareholders" and "nominee directors." The 2003 OECD report said that, in some jurisdictions that require shareholder identities to be reported, a loophole may exist where the beneficial owner may appoint a nomin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4474918 |
Beneficial ownership Gianni's 2008 paper cited the 2004 Report of the UN Secretary General's Consultative Group on Flag State Implementation which said that, "It is very easy, and comparatively inexpensive, to establish a complex web of corporate entities to provide very effective cover to the identities of beneficial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4474918 |
Beneficial ownership The Canadian federal Department of Finance—Finance Canada (FC)—February 2018 discussion paper, "Reviewing Canada's Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorist Financing Regime", was prepared in preparation for the FC's legislative Parliamentary Review of the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4474918 |
Beneficial ownership " The Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada 13 February 2020 report, entitled "Strengthening Corporate Beneficial Ownership Transparency in Canada", said that the 2016 Panama Papers and Bahamas Leaks and the 2017 Paradise Papers highlighted the "scale and ease of use of corporations a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4474918 |
California Commission for Economic Development The (CED) was established by statute in 1971 to serve as a bipartisan advisory board on economic development issues to the executive and legislative leadership of the State of California. The CED is composed of six members of the State legislature and ten members of the pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4494160 |
California Commission for Economic Development By 2016, over 75-percent of the recommendations presented in the plan had been at least partially implemented. Pursuant to California Code §14999-14999.10, the Commission has the following powers and authority to carry out its statutory duties: · Evaluating specific econom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4494160 |
The Theory of Money and Credit is a 1912 economics book written by Ludwig von Mises, originally published in German as "Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel". In it Mises expounds on his theory of the origins of money through his "regression theorem", which is based on logical argumentation. It is one of the founda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4495437 |
Palathulli The (Malayalam:പലതുള്ളി, ) program is a water conservation campaign run by the Malayala Manorama newspaper in Kerala, India, for raising awareness on the importance of water conservation and rainwater harvesting. The campaign included exhibitions and video shows which were organized throughout the region. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4496406 |
I-spread The Interpolated Spread or or ISPRD of a bond is the difference between its yield to maturity and the linearly interpolated yield for the same maturity on an appropriate reference yield curve. The reference curve may refer to government debt securities or interest rate swaps or other benchmark instruments, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4496599 |
The Logic of Collective Action The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups is a book by Mancur Olson, Jr. published in 1965. It develops a theory of political science and economics of concentrated benefits versus diffuse costs. Its central argument is that concentrated minor interests will be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499399 |
The Logic of Collective Action Hence, in the absence of selective incentives, the incentive for group action diminishes as group size increases, so that large groups are less able to act in their common interest than small ones. The book concludes that, not only is collective action by large groups difficult to achieve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499399 |
The Logic of Collective Action Instead, she argues they are due to uncertainty (information asymmetry among actors) when special interest groups evaluate how political actors promote their interests. She states that everyone can be considered a special interest. Because everyone is (relatively) sure how well their inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499399 |
The Logic of Collective Action Marwell and Oliver use mathematical and computational models to show that a number of the assumptions made by Olson are unrealistic, and if they are relaxed, the behavior of a system of rational agents changes dramatically. One assumption is that the "production function" of goods is line... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499399 |
Social discount rate (SDR) is the discount rate used in computing the value of funds spent on social projects. Determining this rate is not always easy and can be the subject of discrepancies in the true net benefit to certain projects, plans and policies. The discount rate is considered as a critical element in cost-b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Social discount rate Another problem is that because the current generation will often be paying for most of the costs while future generations will be reaping most of the benefit, whether current and future benefits ought to be weighed differently. The proper discount rate should represent the opportunity cost of what... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Social discount rate A small increase in the social discount rate can matter enormously for benefits far into the future so it is very important to be as accurate as possible when choosing which rate to use. There is a strong case for factoring in the equity issue when discounting benefits and costs of intergenerationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Social discount rate However, critics questioned the findings on the basis that they were partly arrived at using an extremely low pure time preference rate of 0.1% in economic modeling. There is no consensus among economists and, according to the survey, no "one-size-fits-all" solution to the choice of social discount... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Social discount rate One factor is a common expectation of increased wealth in the future, in which case a dollar received now, in the midst of relative poverty, has more utility than a dollar received later, in the midst of relative wealth. (This factor may not apply to non-monetary rewards, for example, measuring liv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Social discount rate According to philosopher Toby Ord, while this is common practice in the economics community, most philosophers consider a "pure time preference" to lack intrinsic moral justification. John Ramsey, himself, labeled it "ethically indefensible". Ord also argues that, given the long and unfortunate hum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Social discount rate Critics worry that valuing the individual welfare of future generations can, if taken to an extreme, lead to a problematic 'Pascal's mugging' conclusion that current welfare has relatively negligible value. This topic has recently been very controversial and highly debated. Since there is such a st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Social discount rate This infers that there is equal weight given to all generations. However, to the extent that future generations are likely to be richer than those in the present, a positive discount rate should be applied reflecting the diminishing marginal utility of consumption. The Stern Review on the Economics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Social discount rate He finds that preventive measures like a tax on carbon emissions are certainly required. But they are of a much smaller magnitude than those recommended in the [Stern] report." The Stern Review did not apply a 0.1 percent discount rate, but it did apply a near-zero rate of time preference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4499414 |
Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics. The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers, preprints, journal articles, and software components. The project started in 1997. Its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4510308 |
Research Papers in Economics Andrei Shleifer is currently the highest-ranked economist, followed by Joseph Stiglitz and James Heckman. The economics department of Harvard University is ranked first, followed by the World Bank and the University of Chicago. Massachusetts is the top region, followed by the United Kingdom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4510308 |
Trade restriction A trade restriction is an artificial restriction on the trade of goods and/or services between two or more countries. It is the byproduct of protectionism. However, the term is controversial because what one part may see as a trade restriction another may see as a way to protect consumers from inferio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4510742 |
Trade restriction Glass-covered headlamps, like those used on the Jaguar E-Type, the pre-1968 VW Beetle, the Porsche 356, the Citroën DS and Ferrari Daytona, now had to be equipped with uncovered headlamps for the US market, further altering the look of European models sold in the United States. The change meant that v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4510742 |
Function cost analysis (FСА) (sometimes called function value analysis (FVA)) is a method of technical and economic research of the systems for purpose to optimize a parity between system's (as product or service) consumer functions or properties (also known as value) and expenses to achieve those functions or properti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4511642 |
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem The is an important result in general equilibrium economics, proved by Gérard Debreu, , and Hugo F. Sonnenschein in the 1970s. It states that the excess demand curve for a market populated with utility-maximizing rational agents can take the shape of any function that is continuous, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4519721 |
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem The assumption is that the rate of change of prices will be proportional to excess demand, so that the adjustment of prices will eventually lead to an equilibrium state in which excess demand for all commodities is zero. In the 1970s, mathematical economists worked hard to establish r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4519721 |
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem There may be more than one price vector at which the excess demand function is zero, which is the standard definition of equilibrium in this context. In the wake of these initial publications, several scholars have extended the initial Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu results in a variety o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4519721 |
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem But in 1982 Jordi Andreu established an important preliminary result suggesting that this was the case, and in 1999 Pierre-André Chiappori and Ivar Ekeland used vector calculus to prove that the Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu results do indeed apply to the market demand curve. This means ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4519721 |
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem The theorem has also raised concerns about the falsifiability of general equilibrium theory, because it seems to imply that almost any observed pattern of market price and quantity data could be interpreted as being the result of individual utility-maximizing behavior. In other words,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4519721 |
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem In mathematical terms, the number of equations that make up a market excess demand function is equal to the number of individual excess demand functions, which in turn equals the number of prices to be solved for. By Walras's law, if all but one of the excess demands is zero then the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4519721 |
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem This means that comparative statics, or the analysis of how the equilibrium changes when there are shocks to the economy, can still be relevant as long as the shocks are not too large. But this leaves the question of the stability of the equilibrium unanswered, since a comparative sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4519721 |
Regional economics is a sub-discipline of economics and is often regarded as one of the fields of the social sciences. It addresses the economic aspect of the regional problems that are spatially analyzable so that theoretical or policy implications can be derived with respect to regions whose geographical scope ranges... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4534169 |
Regional economics Woglom under the title of "The Economics of Location", consistently showed, economic approach to (industrial and consumer) locations has been central in both regional economics and regional science. Harold Hotelling's spatial approach to economic competition, which was introduced in "The Economic Jou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4534169 |
Regional economics Muth), denied the possibility for any break-up of regional studies or regional science into "parts parallel to the disciplines employed." The second approach is to conform with the definition of Lionel Charles Robbins (1932: 15), stated as "Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4534169 |
Regional economics Hoover and Frank Giarratanai, and from Dubey's (1964: 29) definition of regional economics as "the study of differentiation and interrelationships of areas in a universe of unevenly distributed and imperfectly mobile resources with particular emphasis in application on the planning of the social over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4534169 |
Exponential discounting In economics exponential discounting is a specific form of the discount function, used in the analysis of choice over time (with or without uncertainty). Formally, exponential discounting occurs when total utility is given by where "c" is consumption at time "t", formula_2 is the exponential dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4535801 |
NOPAT In corporate finance, net operating profit after tax (NOPAT) is a company's after-tax operating profit for all investors, including shareholders and debt holders. is used by analysts and investors as a precise and accurate measurement of profitability to compare a company's financial results across its history an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4543676 |
Comparison between U.S. states and sovereign states by GDP This is a comparison between U.S. states and sovereign states' Nominal Gross Domestic Product based on International Monetary Fund and Bureau of Economic Analysis data. Many of the states of the United States have large gross domestic product (called gross stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4544125 |
Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 The Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988, also known as ICTA, was the foremost United Kingdom Act of Parliament concerned with taxation until the Income Tax Act 2007 and the Corporation Tax Act 2010. ICTA was enacted in order to consolidate a number of earlier legislative provisio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4546428 |
Total delivery cost Total Delivered Cost (TDC) is the amount of money it takes for a company to manufacture and deliver a product. Its components are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4552164 |
Resource-based view The resource-based view (RBV) is a managerial framework used to determine the strategic resources a firm can exploit to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Barney's 1991 article "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage" is widely cited as a pivotal work in the emergence of the reso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4561754 |
Resource-based view A number of scholars point out that a fragmentary resource-based perspective was evident from the 1930s, noting that Barney was heavily influenced by Wernerfelt's earlier work which introduced the idea of resource position barriers being roughly analogous to entry barriers in the positioning school.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4561754 |
Resource-based view Barney stated that for resources to hold potential as sources of sustainable competitive advantage, they should be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and not substitutable (now generally known as "VRIN" criteria). The resource-based view suggests that organisations must develop unique, firm-specif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4561754 |
Resource-based view The sustainability of any competitive advantage depends on the extent to which resources can be imitated or substituted. Barney and others point out that understanding the causal relationship between the sources of advantage and successful strategies can be very difficult in practice. Thus, a great ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4561754 |
Resource-based view controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness" Capabilities are "a special type of resource, specifically an organizationally embedded non-transferable firm-specific resource whose purpose is to improve the productivit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4561754 |
Resource-based view Given that strategic resources represent a complex network of inter-related assets and capabilities, organisations can adopt many possible competitive positions. Although scholars debate the precise categories of competitive positions that are used, there is general agreement, within the literature,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4561754 |
State Domestic Product State Domestic Product, or SDP, is the total value of goods and services produced during any financial year within the geographical boundaries of a "state". Also called the "state income", SDP is always calculated or estimated in monetary terms, and is instrumental in the evaluation of per capita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4576580 |
Gerald Shove Gerald Frank Shove (November 1887 – 11August 1947) was a British economist. He was involved in the economics debates in Cambridge in the 1920s and 1930s. Shove was born at Faversham, Kent, the son of Herbert Samuel Shove and his wife Bertha Millen. His younger brother was the Olympic rower Ralph Shove. He ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4579193 |
Asset specificity is a term related to the inter-party relationships of a transaction. It is usually defined as the extent to which the investments made to support a particular transaction have a higher value to that transaction than they would have if they were redeployed for any other purpose. has been extensively st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4585696 |
Asset specificity Williamson argued that the two most important dimensions of business behavior are the problems of imperfect competition and the propensity to act opportunistically. "Asset specificity" becomes an issue because of opportunism. is usually defined as the extent to which the investments made to support a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4585696 |
Asset specificity On the other hand, learning to speak Navajo, a rare Athabaskan language spoken in the southwest United States, could be highly asset-specific (human asset-specific, specifically), since your investment return (being able to communicate with others) is high with the few Navajo-speaking people, but almo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4585696 |
Asset specificity Joskow's series of papers have looked at contract structuring in order to examine how contracts mitigate transaction costs inherent in a market based relationship Zaheer and Venkatraman (1994) acknowledge four asset specificity dimensions: site, human, physical, and dedicated assets. In addition, they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4585696 |
Corn exchange A corn exchange is a building where merchants trade grains. The word "corn" in British English denotes all cereal grains, such as wheat and barley; in the United States these buildings were called grain exchange. Such trade was common in towns and cities across England until the 19th century, but as the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4586288 |
Net capital outflow (NCO) is the net flow of funds being invested abroad by a country during a certain period of time (usually a year). A positive NCO means that the country invests outside more than the world invests in it. NCO is one of two major ways of characterizing the nature of a country's financial and economic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4597608 |
Net capital outflow By an accounting identity, Country A's NCO is always equal to A's Net Exports, because the value of net exports is equal to the amount of capital spent abroad (i.e. outflow) for goods that are imported in A. It is also equal to the net amount of A's currency traded in the foreign exchange market ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4597608 |
IZA Institute of Labor Economics The IZA - Institute of Labor Economics (), until 2016 referred to as the Institute of the Study of Labor (IZA), is a private, independent economic research institute and academic network focused on the analysis of global labor markets and headquartered in Bonn, Germany. Founded in 1998,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4608742 |
IZA Institute of Labor Economics IZA's main focus is the economic analysis of national and international labor markets within a broad range of research areas. Furthermore IZA provides policy advice on crucial labor market issues for national and international policy institutions. IZA's research activities currently con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4608742 |
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Since 2002 IZA awards yearly the IZA Prize in Labor Economics for exceptional academic accomplishments in the field of labor economics. It is endowed with an award of 50,000 euros and is among the most prestigious economics awards worldwide. In 2006, IZA also established the "IZA Young ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4608742 |
Scottish Journal of Political Economy is a scholarly political economy journal published by the Scottish Economic Society. Sir Alexander Cairncross was the first editor in 1954. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 0.286, ranking it 131st out of 161 journals in the catego... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4609094 |
Cash concentration is the transfer of funds from diverse accounts into a central account to improve the efficiency of cash management. The consolidation of cash into a single account allows a company to maintain smaller cash balances overall, and to identify excess cash available for short term investments. The cash av... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610497 |
Economic planning is an allocation mechanism based on a computational procedure for solving a constrained maximization problem and an iterative process to obtaining its solution. Planning is a mechanism for the allocation of resources between and within organizations contrasted with the market mechanism. As an allocati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning Physical planning involves economic planning and coordination conducted in terms of disaggregated physical units whereas financial planning involves plans formulated in terms of financial units. Different forms of economic planning have been featured in various models of socialism. These range from de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning In the context of mainstream economics and the field of comparative economic systems, socialist planning usually refers to the Soviet-style command economy, regardless of whether or not this economic system actually constituted a type of socialism or state capitalism or a third, non-socialist and non-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning This differs from planning within the framework of capitalism which is based on the planned accumulation of capital in order to either stabilize the business cycle (when undertaken by governments) or to maximize profits (when undertaken by firms) as opposed to the socialist concept of planned producti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning As a result, the phrase administrative command economy gained currency as a more accurate descriptor of Soviet-type economies. Decentralized economic planning is a planning process that starts at the user-level in a bottom-up flow of information. As such, decentralized planning often appears as a comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning Eventually, this method became an established part of the Soviet conception of socialism in the post-war period and other socialist states emulated it in the latter half of the 20th century. Material balancing involves a planning agency (Gosplan in the case of the Soviet Union) taking a survey of avai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning Thus, the internal structures of corporations have been described as centralized command economies that use both planning and hierarchical organization and management. According to J. Bradford DeLong, many transactions in Western economies do not pass through anything resembling a market, but are actu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning Galbraith stated that both the obsolete notion of entrepreneurial capitalism and democratic socialism (defined as democratic management) are impossible organizational forms for managing a modern industrial system. Joseph Schumpeter, an economist associated with both the Austrian School and the institu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning Many socialists viewed these tendencies, specifically the increasing trend toward economic planning in capitalist firms, as evidence of the increasing obsolescence of capitalism and inapplicability of ideals like perfect competition to the economy, with the next stage of evolution being the applicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning For instance, a different form of planned economy operated in India during the Permit Raj era from 1947 to 1990. The unusually large government sector in countries like Saudi Arabia means that even though there is a market, central government planning controls allocation of most economic resources. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning France experienced its "Trente Glorieuses" (Thirty Glorious), years with economic prosperity. The Soviet Union was the first national economy to attempt economic planning as a substitute for factor market allocation. Soviet-type economic planning took form in the 1930s and largely remained unchanged d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning Owing to difficulties in transmitting information in a timely fashion and disseminating information on demand throughout the whole economy, administrative mechanisms of decision-making and resource allocation played the dominant role in allocating factor inputs as opposed to planning. The need for lon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning The government performs 50% of all R&D in the United States, with a dynamic state-directed public-sector developing most of the technology that later becomes the basis of the private sector economy. As a result, Noam Chomsky has referred to the United States economic model as a form of state capitalis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Economic planning In practice, economic planners in Soviet-typed planned economies were able to make use of this technique in practice. Proponents of decentralized economic planning have also criticized central economic planning. For example, Leon Trotsky believed that central planners, regardless of their intellectual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610544 |
Liquidity forecast A liquidity forecast is an estimate of a company's cash flows (payables and receivables) at some future time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4610649 |
G. L. S. Shackle George Lennox Sharman Shackle (14 July 1903 – 3 March 1992) was an English economist. He made a practical attempt to challenge classical rational choice theory and has been characterised as a "post-Keynesian", though he is influenced as well by Austrian economics. Much of his work is associated with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4612023 |
G. L. S. Shackle Shackle was influenced by Keynes and Gunnar Myrdal and challenged the conventional role of probability in economics, contending that it failed adequately to deal with "surprising" events. The grounds of his thinking can be seen in Keynes's remark: Though technical in nature, Shackle's work took economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4612023 |
G. L. S. Shackle The first of these three steps was to be found in Keynes' "Treatise on Money". "Before the "Treatise"", Shackle wrote, "the interest rate was determined by tastes and objective circumstances, by the persuadibility of income-earners to transfer consumption from the present into the future, and the desir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4612023 |
G. L. S. Shackle In these writing Keynes formulated a theory of uncertainty about the future that exploded the entire edifice of traditional economics which rested, implicitly, on the notion of timeless equilibrium conceptions which implied full access to knowledge on the part of all actors. In outlining this Shackle s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4612023 |
G. L. S. Shackle Neoclassical economics relies on the idea that agents will act rationally; but this rationality is effectively synonymous with saying that agents know the future. Shackle pointed out that in order for agents to act "rationally"—in the sense that neoclassical economists understood that word—they would h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4612023 |
G. L. S. Shackle What is more Shackle was extremely dismissive of attempts to relax the strong assumptions of market equilibrium theory to render it more realistic. He thought that the foundations were too at odds with the nature of the material being dealt with to salvage it by relaxing some of the stronger assumption... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4612023 |
G. L. S. Shackle In 'The Black Swan', Nassim Nicholas Taleb writes about Shackle (emphasis added): Hayek is one of the rare celebrated members of his "profession" (along with J. M. Keynes and G.L.S. Shackle) to focus on true uncertainty, on the limitations of knowledge, on the unread books in Eco's library. <br>[...] T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4612023 |
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