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Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange The (Bolsa de Valores do Rio de Janeiro, or BVRJ) was Brazil's second largest exchange (after the Bovespa stock exchange in São Paulo), and was amongst the oldest of Brazilian stock exchanges. Its inauguration occurred on July 14, 1820, 3 years after the 1st Brazilian stock exchange inaugu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4614932 |
Performance report A performance report is a report on the performance of something. They are routinely produced by government bodies which, being financed by public money, are required to show that the money was spent efficiently and usefully. Such reports will contain performance indicators which measure the achievem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4621479 |
NewCo or Newco is a generic name for proposed corporate spin-off, startup, or subsidiary companies before they are assigned a final name, or to proposed merged companies to distinguish the to-be-formed combined entity with an existing company involved in the merger which may have the same (or a similar) name. In a hand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4621655 |
Social Fund for Development (Egypt) was established in 1991 by a Presidential decree # 189 and with support of the United Nations Development Programme. SFD was created with a capital of 1.1 Billion Egyptian Pounds to alleviate the hardship created by the returning Egyptian workers from the Gulf area as a result of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4626960 |
Basis risk in finance is the risk associated with imperfect hedging. It arises because of the difference between the price of the asset to be hedged and the price of the asset serving as the hedge, or because of a mismatch between the expiration date of the hedge asset and the actual selling date of the asset (calendar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4627447 |
Brand India Brand world India is a phrase used to describe the campaign India is using to attract business. Basically the campaign is to project the attractiveness of India as an emerging destination for business in the fields of service sector, manufacturing, information technology, infrastructure, information technol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4635597 |
Cotton Price Stabilization Board The (French: "Caisse de Stabilisation des Prix du Coton", CSPC) was a Chadian governative board created in 1968. Its task was to stabilize prices paid to peasant producers by funding operating losses incurred by Cotontchad, the parastatal giant that bought, ginned and sold all the cotto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4636194 |
Ecotivity is an abbreviation, or blend, of the term, ecological activity. An ecotivity is any activity that promotes the conservation or sustainability of ecosystems and bio-diversity. In more general terms, an ecotivity can be thought of as any ecologically friendly activity. Ecotivities therefore make a positive cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4636641 |
Character (income tax) Character is the type of income to calculate the taxpayer's tax liability. In the United States, the Supreme Court decided ( Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co.) that income is an accession to wealth, however capital gain is of different character from ordinary income. Ordinary income includes ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4637096 |
David Vines David Anthony Vines (born 8 May 1949), is an Australian economist teaching at Oxford University. Vines is currently a Professor of Economics at Oxford University and a Fellow of Balliol College and is the Director of the Centre for International Macroeconomics at Oxford. He is also an Adjunct Professor in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4640732 |
David Vines Besides his tasks at university, he acts as Advisor to Fair Observer, an online magazine covering global issues from a plurality of perspectives, on all economic matters. Vines was born in Oxford, in 1949, when his Australian father was a research student in Chemistry at Lincoln College. He grew up in Austr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4640732 |
Modern Monetary Theory or Modern Money Theory (MMT) or and Practice (MMTP) is a macroeconomic theory and practice that describes the practical uses of fiat currency in a public monopoly from the issuing authority, normally the government's central bank. Effects on employment are used as evidence that a currency monopol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory The first four MMT tenets do not conflict with mainstream economics understanding of how money creation and inflation works. For example, as former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan said, "The United States can pay any debt it has because we can always print money to do that. So there is zero probability ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory The prevailing view of money was that it had evolved from systems of barter to become a medium of exchange because it represented a durable commodity which had some use value, but proponents of MMT such as Randall Wray and Mathew Forstater argue that more general statements appearing to support a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory Bill Mitchell, Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre of Full Employment and Equity or CofFEE, at the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, refers to an increasing related theoretical work as "". Pavlina R. Tcherneva has developed the first mathematical framework for MMT and has la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory Steven Hail of the University of Adelaide is another well known MMT economist. In February 2019, the first academic textbook based on the theory was published. In sovereign financial systems, banks can create money but these "horizontal" transactions do not increase net financial assets as assets... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory The approach of MMT typically reverses theories of governmental austerity. The policy implications of the two are likewise typically opposed. MMT labels any transactions between the government, or public sector, and the non-government, or private sector, as a "vertical transaction". The governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory Taxation works exactly in reverse; private bank accounts are debited, and hence deposits in the commercial banking sector fall. In the United States, a portion of tax receipts are deposited in the treasury operating account, and a portion in commercial banks' designated Treasury Tax and Loan acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory Banks with more reserves than they need will be willing to lend to banks with a reserve shortage on the interbank lending market. The surplus banks will want to earn a higher rate than the support rate that the central bank pays on reserves; whereas the deficit banks will want to pay a lower inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory In this case, there may be a system-wide deficit of reserves. As a result, surplus funds will be in demand on the interbank market, and thus the short-term interest rate will rise towards the discount rate. Thus, if the central bank wants to maintain a target interest rate somewhere between the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory MMT economists regard the concept of the money multiplier, where a bank is completely constrained in lending through the deposits it holds and its capital requirement, as misleading. Rather than being a practical limitation on lending, the cost of borrowing funds from the interbank market (or the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory Cheap imports may also cause the failure of local firms providing similar goods at higher prices, and hence unemployment but MMT commentators label that consideration as a subjective value-based one, rather than an economic-based one: it is up to a nation to decide whether it values the benefit o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory In that case, the government can default, or attempt to shift to an export-led strategy or raise interest rates to attract foreign investment in the currency. Either one has a negative effect on the economy. Economist Stephanie Kelton explained several policy claims made by MMT in March 2019: Eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory Proponents argue that this can be consistent with price stability as it targets unemployment directly rather than attempting to increase private sector job creation indirectly through a much larger economic stimulus, and maintains a "buffer stock" of labor that can readily switch to the private s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory Palley denies the MMT claim that standard Keynesian analysis does not fully capture the accounting identities and financial restraints on a government that can issue its own money. He argues that these insights are well captured by standard Keynesian stock-flow consistent IS-LM models, and have b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory Palley concludes that MMT provides no new insights about monetary theory, while making unsubstantiated claims about macroeconomic policy, and that MMT has only received attention recently due to it being a "policy polemic for depressed times." Marc Lavoie argues that whilst the neochartalist argu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Modern Monetary Theory The chartalist view of money itself, and the MMT emphasis on the importance of taxes in driving money, is also a source of criticism. Economist Eladio Febrero argues that modern money draws its value from its ability to cancel (private) bank debt, particularly as legal tender, rather than to pay ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4682782 |
Autonomism Autonomism, also known as autonomia operaia, autonomismo, autonomist Marxism, autonomous Marxism or worker autonomism, is a set of anti-authoritarian left-wing political and social movements and theories. As a theoretical system, it first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerist ("operaismo") communism. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism Those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from Marxists to anarchists. The term "autonomia"/"Autonome" is composed out of two Greek words: αὐτο- "auto-" "self" and νόμος "nomos", "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's own law". , in this sense, is not independe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism However, autonomists have a broader definition of the working class than do other Marxists: as well as wage-earning workers (both white collar and blue collar), autonomists also include in this category the unwaged (students, the unemployed, homemakers, etc.), who are traditionally deprived of any form of un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism The disillusionment of these workers with their organised representation, along with the resultant riots (in particular the 1962 riots by FIAT workers in Turin, "fatti di Piazza Statuto"), were critical factors in the development of a theory of self-organised labour representation outside the scope of tradit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism The journal "Quaderni Rossi" ("Red Notebooks"), produced between 1961 and 1965, and its successor "Classe Operaia" ("Working Class"), produced between 1963 and 1966, were also influential in the development of early autonomism. Raniero Panzieri, Mario Tronti, and Toni Negri were some primary collaborators. P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism The group was active in Rome, during the occupation of the university La Sapienza in 1977. On 11 March 1977, riots took place in Bologna following the killing of student Francesco Lorusso by police. Beginning in 1979, the state effectively prosecuted the autonomist movement, accusing it of protecting the Red... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism Central to the tute bianche movement was the Italian Ya Basta Association, a network of groups throughout Italy that was inspired by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation uprising in Chiapas in 1994. Ya Basta primarily originated in the "autonomist" social centers of Milan, particularly Centro Sociale Le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism Philosopher Jean-François Lyotard was also part of this movement. However, the Italian influence of the "operaismo" movement was more directly felt in the creation of the review "Matériaux pour l'intervention" (1972–73) by Yann Moulier-Boutang, a French economist close to Toni Negri. This led in turn to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism In the 1980s, the autonomist movement underwent a deep crisis in Italy because of effective prosecution by the State, and was stronger in Germany than in France. It remained present in Parisian squats and in some riots (for example in 1980 near the Jussieu Campus in Paris, or in 1982 in the Ardennes departme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism Several autonomist journals date from this time: "Quilombo" (1988–93), "Apache" (1990–98), "Tic-Tac" (1995–97), "Karoshi" (1998–99), and "Tiqqun" (1999–2001). From 19 to 28 July 2002, a No borders camp was made in Strasbourg to protest against anti-immigration policies, in particular inside the Schengen Euro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism These individuals participated in practically all actions of the social movements at the time, especially in demonstrations against nuclear energy plants (Brokdorf 1981, Wackersdorf 1986) and in actions against the construction of airport runways (Frankfurt 1976–86). The defense of squats against the police ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
Autonomism The Autonomist Marxist and "Autonomen" movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English-speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics. Some English-speaking anarchists even describe themselves as "Autonomists". The Italian "operaism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 |
The Costs of Accidents The Costs of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis by Guido Calabresi is a work in the law and economics tradition because it provides an economic efficiency analysis of the rules of tort law. The text was initially published in 1970 by Yale University Press. The central aim of tort law is not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4696003 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model The Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model, or Ramsey growth model, is a neoclassical model of economic growth based primarily on the work of Frank P. Ramsey, with significant extensions by David Cass and Tjalling Koopmans. The differs from the Solow–Swan model in that the choice of consumption is explic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model Since this production function is assumed to be homogeneous of degree 1, one can express it in "per capita" terms, formula_4. The amount of labour is equal to the population in the economy, and grows at a constant rate formula_5, i.e. formula_6 where formula_7 was the population in the initia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model The utility function is assumed to be strictly increasing (i.e., there is no bliss point) and concave in formula_12, with formula_20, where formula_21 is short-hand notation for the marginal utility of consumption formula_22. Normalizing the initial population formula_23 to one, the problem c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model The steady state, which is found by setting formula_40 and formula_41 equal to zero, is given by the pair formula_42 implicitly defined by The equilibrium has saddle point property as can be seen from the phase diagram. By the Hartman–Grobman theorem the non-linear system is topologically equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model Spear and Young re-examine the history of optimal growth during the 1950s and 1960s, focusing in part on the veracity of the claimed simultaneous and independent development of Cass' "Optimum growth in an aggregative model of capital accumulation" (published in 1965 in the "Review of Economic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model In the interview that Cass gave to "Macroeconomic Dynamics", he credits Koopmans with pointing him to Frank Ramsey's previous work, claiming to have been embarrassed not to have known of it, but says nothing to dispel the basic claim that his work and Koopmans' were in fact independent. Spear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model At the end of the presentation, Koopmans asks Malinvaud whether it is not the case that Condition I simply guarantees that solutions to the Euler equations that do not converge to the optimal steady-state hit a boundary in finite time. Malinvaud replies that this is not the case, and suggests... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model In the published version of Koopmans' paper, he imposes a new Condition Alpha in addition to the Euler equations, stating that the only admissible trajectories among those satisfying the Euler equations is the one that converges to the optimal steady-state equilibrium of the model. This resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 |
Royal Mines Act 1424 The was an act of the Parliament of Scotland (1424 c. 12) stating that gold and silver mines containing ore above a certain value would belong to the king. This made such mines "inter regalia" under Scots law (that is, property belonging to the sovereign), and by the phrasing of the act lead mines ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4719588 |
Lausanne School The of economics, sometimes referred to as the Mathematical School, refers to the neoclassical economics school of thought surrounding Léon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto. It is named after the University of Lausanne, at which both Walras and Pareto held professorships. Polish economist Leon Winiarski is al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4722576 |
Overshooting model The overshooting model, or the exchange rate overshooting hypothesis, first developed by economist Rudi Dornbusch, is a theoretical explanation for high levels of exchange rate volatility. The key features of the model include the assumptions that goods' prices are sticky, or slow to change, in the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4728741 |
Overshooting model Initially, because of the "stickiness" of prices of goods, the new short run equilibrium level will first be achieved through shifts in financial market prices. Then, gradually, as prices of goods "unstick" and shift to the new equilibrium, the foreign exchange market continuously reprices, approachi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4728741 |
Overshooting model If financial markets can adjust instantaneously and investors are risk neutral, it can be said the uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) holds at all times. That is, the equation r = r* + Δs holds at all times (explanation of this formula is below). It is clear, then, that an expected depreciation/app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4728741 |
Overshooting model Substituting that into [6] shows: [9] p_hat = m -kŷ + l r* taking [8] & [9] together: [10] ŝ = ŷ(h - k) + m +lr* comparing [9] & [10], it is clear that the only difference between them is the intercept (that is the slope of both is the same). This reveals that given a rise in money stock pushes up th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4728741 |
Overshooting model This demonstrated the overshooting and subsequent readjustment. In the graph on the top left, So is the initial long run equilibrium, S1 is the long run equilibrium after the injection of extra money and S2 is where the exchange rate initially jumps to (thus overshooting). When this overshoot takes p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4728741 |
Capital guarantee A capital guarantee product means that when an investor buys, or "enters", this specific structured product he is guaranteed to get back at maturity a part or the totality of the money he invested on day one. Examples of capital guarantees include bond plus option, usually bond plus call, and constant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4733791 |
Constant proportion portfolio insurance Constant proportion portfolio investment (CPPI) is a trading strategy that allows an investor to maintain an exposure to the upside potential of a risky asset while providing a capital guarantee against downside risk. The outcome of the CPPI strategy is somewhat similar to that o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4733909 |
Constant proportion portfolio insurance For example, say an investor has a $100 portfolio, a floor of $90 (price of the bond to guarantee his $100 at maturity) and a multiplier of 5 (ensuring protection against a drop of at most 20% before rebalancing the portfolio). Then on day one, the writer will allocate (5 * ($100... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4733909 |
Constant proportion portfolio insurance Benefits is that the price of a CPPI protection is much cheaper and less impacted by market movements. A variation of CPPI is the so-called Time Invariant Portfolio Strategy (TIPP) where the capital is (partially) protected continuously (typically on a daily basis) as opposed to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4733909 |
Constant proportion portfolio insurance It effectively reduces transaction costs, but the drawback is that whenever a trade event to reallocate the weights to the theoretical values happen, the prices have either shifted quite a bit high or low, resulting in the CPPI effectively buying (due to leverage) high and sellin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4733909 |
Constant proportion portfolio insurance At the end of each period, the exposure is rebalanced. Say we have a note of $1 million, and the initial allocations are 100k, 200k, and 700k. After period one, the market value changes to 120k:80k:600k. We now rebalance to increase exposure on the outperforming asset and reduce ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4733909 |
The Peter Pyramid () is a book published in 1986 by Dr. Laurence J. Peter, who also wrote "The Peter Principle" published in 1969. In this book he turns his attention to proliferating bureaucracies, burgeoning officialdom and does for the system what the Peter Principle did for the individual. With a host of unfortunat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4742174 |
Conference of Socialist Economists The (CSE) describes itself as an international, democratic membership organisation committed to developing a materialist critique of capitalism, unconstrained by conventional academic divisions between subjects. CSE's origins lie in the general upsurge in socialist politics in the Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4748226 |
Conference of Socialist Economists Probably only a minority of CSE members are professional economists, and the journal's contents range over the whole of the social and human sciences. Common Sense was Journal of the Edinburgh Conference of Socialist Economists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4748226 |
Occupational Outlook Handbook The is a publication of the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics that includes information about the nature of work, working conditions, training and education, earnings and job outlook for hundreds of different occupations in the United States. It is released bie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4748598 |
OpenIPO is a modified Dutch auction which allows shares of an initial public offering (IPO) to be allocated in an impartial way. It is a variation on the traditional way that shares are sold during the IPO process and results in all successful bidders paying the same price per share. Based on an auction system designed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4773375 |
OpenIPO Wright have shown that before the Civil War, most early U.S. corporations sold shares in themselves directly to the public without the aid of intermediaries like investment banks. The direct public offering or DPO, as they term it, was not done by auction but rather at a share price set by the issuing corporati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4773375 |
Forward exchange rate The forward exchange rate (also referred to as forward rate or forward price) is the exchange rate at which a bank agrees to exchange one currency for another at a future date when it enters into a forward contract with an investor. Multinational corporations, banks, and other financial institutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate Multinational corporations and financial institutions often use the forward market to hedge future payables or receivables denominated in a foreign currency against foreign exchange risk by using a forward contract to lock in a forward exchange rate. Hedging with forward contracts is typically use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate The following equation represents covered interest rate parity, a condition under which investors eliminate exposure to foreign exchange risk (unanticipated changes in exchange rates) with the use of a forward contract – the exchange rate risk is effectively "covered". Under this condition, a dome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate where This equation can be arranged such that it solves for the forward rate: The equilibrium that results from the relationship between forward and spot exchange rates within the context of covered interest rate parity is responsible for eliminating or correcting for market inefficiencies that wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate 021572 or 2.16% premium against the dollar for delivery in 30 days. Conversely, if one were to work this example in euro terms rather than dollar terms, the perspective would be reversed and one would say that the dollar is trading at a discount against the Euro. The unbiasedness hypothesis states... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate The following equation represents the forward rate as being equal to a future spot rate and a risk premium (not to be confused with a "forward premium"): The current spot rate can be introduced so that the equation solves for the forward-spot differential (the difference between the forward rate a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate Other rationales for the failure of the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis include considering the conditional bias to be an exogenous variable explained by a policy aimed at smoothing interest rates and stabilizing exchange rates, or considering that an economy allowing for discrete changes cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate The move enables the parties that are involved in the transaction to better their future and budget for their financial projects. Effective budgeting is facilitated by effective understanding about the future transactions’ specific exchange rate and transaction period. Forward exchange rates are c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate These arrangements are made through the bank where each contract is associated with a specific transaction or sometimes use a number of contracts to cover a pool of transactions (Parameswaran, 2011). Based on the SSAP 20 in the UK GAAP, the foreign currency translation that provides the option of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate In this transaction, there is no difference that arises as the sale of goods in a foreign currency and forward contract are effectively treated as one transaction. Here the rate of $1.26 = $1 U.S dollar is used throughout the recording of both transactions. Accounting Treatment under the FRS 102 T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate Lastly, in a situation where the foreign currency contracts are part of a qualifying hedging arrangement, then they should be accounted as per the hedge accounting rules (Parameswaran, 2011). Using the provided information the accounting journal entries should be as follows; As at the date of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Forward exchange rate Somerset John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated 2017 Parameswaran, S. K. (2011). "Fundamentals of financial instruments: An introduction to stocks, bonds, foreign exchange, and derivatives". Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Walmsley, J. (2000). "The foreign exchange and money markets guide". New York: Wiley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4779268 |
Women and Economics – A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution is a book written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and published in 1898. It is considered by many to be her single greatest work, and as with much of Gilman's writing, the book touched a few dominant themes: the tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4780918 |
Women and Economics These sexual distinctions have left women behind and allowed men to claim credit for human progress. Gilman argues that women fulfill the dual roles of mother and martyr, and pass these roles down to their children, creating a continuing image of women as unpaid workers and nurturers. This in turn, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4780918 |
Women and Economics Gilman was one of the first to propose the professionalization of housework, encouraging women to hire housekeepers and cooks to release them from housework. Gilman envisioned kitchenless houses and designed cooperative kitchens in city apartment buildings which would further help women balance work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4780918 |
Women and Economics ” Gilman's feminist friends and colleagues praised the book upon its release, with Jane Addams calling it a “masterpiece,” and Florence Kelley writing that it was “the first real, substantial contribution made by a woman to the science of economics.” Not all reviews were as positive though. The "Chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4780918 |
Women and Economics She took the idea that women are object of exchange between men from Thorstein Veblen; and from sociologist Lester Ward, she borrowed the idea that women, rather than men, originated evolution and species. While Gilman drew upon these thinkers for concepts, she did not become part of the movements t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4780918 |
Women and Economics In various other works, she refers to other races as inferior and belonging to a lower part of the evolutionary ladder, “echoing the very social Darwinist sentiments that she despised when applied to gender”. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4780918 |
Underwriting spread The underwriting spread is the difference between the amount paid by the underwriting group in a new issue of securities and the price at which securities are offered for sale to the public. It is the underwriter's gross profit margin, usually expressed in points per unit of sale (bond or stock). Sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4800082 |
Room and board describes a situation where, in exchange for money, labor or other considerations, a person is provided with a place to live as well as meals on a comprehensive basis. It commonly occurs as a fee at higher educational institutions, such as colleges and universities; it also occurs in hotel-style accommod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4819881 |
Counter-economics is an economic theory and revolutionary method consisting of direct action carried out through the black market or the gray market. As a term, it was originally used by American libertarian activists and theorists Samuel Edward Konkin III and J. Neil Schulman. The former defined it as the study or pra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4821491 |
Counter-economics Konkin's agorism, as exposited in his "New Libertarian Manifesto", postulates that the correct method of achieving a voluntary society is through advocacy and growth of the underground economy or "black market" – the "counter-economy" as Konkin put it – until such a point that the State's perceived mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4821491 |
Counter-economics Voluntary practices of counter-economics include: According to Per Bylund, counter-economics applies two basic strategies to liberate people from the state, vertical or introverted and horizontal or extroverted, arguing: The vertical or introverted strategy is aimed towards individuals concentrating o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4821491 |
Common fund A common fund is a form of collective investment scheme based upon contractual law rather than being enacted through a trust, corporation or insurance policy. The model for this type of arrangement is the Fonds commun de placement common in France and Luxembourg. The common contractual fund in Ireland is an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4821982 |
Eco commerce is a business, investment, and technology-development model that employs market-based solutions to balancing the world’s energy needs and environmental integrity. Through the use of green trading and green finance, eco-commerce promotes the further development of "clean technologies" such as wind power, so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4835058 |
Capital outflow is an economic term describing capital flowing out of (or leaving) a particular economy. Outflowing capital can be caused by any number of economic or political reasons but can often originate from instability in either sphere. Regardless of cause, capital outflowing is generally perceived as always und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4842974 |
List of fascist movements This article discusses regimes and movements that have described themselves as fascist, or are alleged to have been fascist or sympathetic to fascism. It is often a matter of dispute whether a certain government is to be characterized as fascist (radical authoritarian nationalism), authoritari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843627 |
List of fascist movements The German National socialists were known for their use of thuggery and intimidation of political opponents and dissenters, including outright persecution of the country's Jewish citizenry, resulting in the Holocaust. Nonetheless, they were widely popular among many segments of the German popu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843627 |
List of fascist movements Dollfuß dissolved parliament and established a clerical-fascist dictatorship which lasted until Austria was incorporated into Nazi Germany through the "Anschluss" of 1938. Briefly, Vargas' regime was aligned with Plínio Salgado's Integralist Party, Brazil's fascist movement. Vargas launched a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843627 |
List of fascist movements "Poglavnik" Ante Pavelić, leader of the infamous Ustaše movement, came to power in 1941 as the Croatian puppet leader under the control of Nazi Germany. Under the indirect control of Germany, the Ustaše regime was based heavily upon both upon clerical fascism and the Italian model of fascism, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843627 |
List of fascist movements As early as October 1940 the Vichy regime introduced the infamous "statut des Juifs", that produced a new legal definition of Jewishness and which barred Jews from certain public offices. They interned Liberals, Communists, Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, in concentration camps as soon as 1940. Al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843627 |
List of fascist movements Most of the deportees sealed in the transports died en route due to lack of food or water. The few survivors were sent to the gas chambers. A few months later, a police operation took place in Marseille, known as the Battle of Marseille, and led to massive raids in the so-called "free zone", a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843627 |
List of fascist movements Horthy also showed signs of admiring the efficiency and conservative leanings of the Italian fascist state under Mussolini and was not too reluctant to appoint a fascist government (with terms for the extent of Horthy's power). Horthy would keep control over the mainstream fascist movement in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843627 |
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