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Bandwagon effect The ancient serpent cult of Aesculapius, in which sacred snakes licked the afflicted as treatment of their diseases, is an example of a bandwagon gathering momentum based on a strong personality, in this case a Roman god. One who supports a particular sports team, despite having shown no interest in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171323 |
Elasticity (economics) In economics, elasticity is the measurement of the percentage change of one economic variable in response to a change in another. An "elastic" variable (with an absolute elasticity value greater than 1) is one which responds more than proportionally to changes in other variables. In contrast, an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171614 |
Elasticity (economics) Frequently used elasticities include price elasticity of demand, price elasticity of supply, income elasticity of demand, elasticity of substitution between factors of production and elasticity of intertemporal substitution. Elasticity is one of the most important concepts in neoclassical economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171614 |
Elasticity (economics) The x-elasticity of y measures the fractional response of y to a fraction change in x, which can be written as In economics, the common elasticities are the price-elasticity of quantity-demanded (elasticity of demand),the price-elasticity of quantity-supplied (elasticity of supply) and the price-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171614 |
Elasticity (economics) In a manner analogous to the price elasticity of demand, it captures the extent of horizontal movement along the supply curve relative to the extent of vertical movement. If the price elasticity of supply is zero the supply of a good supplied is "totally inelastic" and the quantity supplied is fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171614 |
Elasticity (economics) If it is positive, the goods are called substitutes because a rise in the price of the other good causes consumers to substitute away from buying as much of the other good as before and into buying more of this good. If it is negative, the goods are called complements. The concept of elasticity h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171614 |
Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Agricultural policies use predetermined goals, object... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy An example of the breadth and types of agriculture policy concerns can be found in the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics article "Agricultural Economies of Australia and New Zealand" which says that the major challenges and issues faced by their industrial agriculture industry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy In fact, the root cause of the continuing H5N1 pandemic threat may be the way the pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses is masked by co-circulating influenza viruses or bad agricultural vaccines." Dr. Robert Webster explains: "If you use a good vaccine you can prevent the transmission within poultry and to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy There has been a lot of criticism of what they have done, because they have protected their chickens against death from this virus but the chickens still get infected; and then you get drift - the virus mutates in response to the antibodies - and now we have a situation where we have five or six 'fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy </ref> The origin of the disease itself remains unknown. The current scientific view is that infectious proteins called prions developed through spontaneous mutation, probably in the 1970s, and there is a possibility that the use of organophosphorus pesticides increased the susceptibility of cattle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy Infection with foot-and-mouth disease tends to occur locally, that is, the virus is passed on to susceptible animals through direct contact with infected animals or with contaminated pens or vehicles used to transport livestock. The clothes and skin of animal handlers such as farmers, standing water... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy Therefore, rich countries maintain a policy of banning import from all countries, not proven FMD-free by US or EU standards. This is a point of contention. Although this disease is not dangerous to humans and rarely fatal to otherwise healthy animals, it reduces milk and meat production. Outbreaks c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy The rules around meat exports have been changed many times, always to accommodate changing circumstances in rich countries, usually further reducing meat export chances for poor countries. For that reason Kanya and many other countries find the rules very unjust. They are however discouraged to file... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy Citrus canker outbreaks are prevented and managed in a number of ways. In countries that do not have canker, the disease is prevented from entering the country by quarantine measures. In countries with new outbreaks, eradication programs that are started soon after the disease has been discovered ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines food security as existing when "all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life". The four qualific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy The Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change listed high-priority policy actions to address food security, including integrating food security and sustainable agriculture into global and national policies, significantly raising the level of global investment in food systems, and deve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy Enriching peanut farmers for political purposes, keeping the price of a staple low to keep the poor from rebelling, stabilizing the production of a crop to avoid famine years, encouraging diversification and many other purposes have been suggested as the reason for specific subsidies. Price floors o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy This may produce a net gain for a government despite the cost of interventions because it allows a country to build up an export industry or reduce imports. It also helps to form the nations supply and demand market. Farm or undeveloped land composes the majority of land in most countries. Policies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy The same often counts for poverty relief in the form of food aid, which (unless while during severe drought) drives small producers in poor countries out of production. It tends to benefit lower middle class groups (sub-urban and urban poor) at the expense of the poorest 20 percent, who as a result ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy Opponents point out that most agriculture in developed nations is produced by industrial corporations (agribusiness) which are hardly deserving of sympathy, and that the alternative to exploitation is poverty. Fair trade steak? Much of what developing countries export to the rich world, also comes f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy Several years ago, Ghana was able to feed and export their surplus. Now, it imports rice. From where? Developed countries. Why? Because it's cheaper. Even if it costs the rice producer in the developed world much more to produce the rice, he doesn't have to make a profit from his crop. The governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy " Free trade advocates desire the elimination of all market distorting mechanisms (subsidies, tariffs, regulations) and argue that, as with free trade in all areas, this will result in aggregate benefit for all. This position is particularly popular in competitive agricultural exporting nations in b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy Sugar, for example, comes from sugar cane imported from Polynesia. Instead of buying the sugar from Polynesia, a nation can make sugar from sugar beets, maple sap, or sweetener from stevia plant, keeping the profits circulating within the nation's economy. Paper and clothes can be made of hemp inste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy About forty-nine percent of this amount was accounted for by political measures: 37 billion euros due to direct payments and 43 billion euros from consumers due to the artificially high price. Eighty percent of European farmers receive a direct payment of 5,000 euros or less, while 2.2% receive a di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy While this has diminished the distortions created by the Common Agricultural Policy, many critics argue that a greater focus on the provision of public goods, such as biodiversity and clean water, is needed. The next major reform is expected for 2014, when a new long-term EU budget is coming into ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Agricultural policy A recent Oxfam report estimated that average household incomes of maize farmers will be reduced by as much as 30% over the six years as cheap imports from the US drive down prices in the local markets. The report estimates that in the absence of trade restrictions, US subsidised maize could be marke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171865 |
Family farm A family farm is generally understood to be a farm owned and/or operated by a family; it is sometimes considered to be an estate passed down by inheritance. businesses can take many forms, as most farm families have structured their farm businesses as corporations, limited liability corporations, and trusts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm An "informal discussion of the concepts and definitions" in a working paper published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2014 reviewed English, Spanish and French definitions of the concept of "family farm". Definitions referred to one or more of labor, management, size, provision... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm For example, In the United States, under federal Farm Ownership loan regulations, the definition of a "family farm" does not specify the nature of farm ownership, and management of the farm is either by the borrower, or by members operating the farm when a loan is made to a corporation, co-operative or othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm These latifundia had been of great importance economically, until the long-distance shipping of wine and oil, grain and "garum" disintegrated, but extensive lands controlled in a single pair of hands still constituted "power": it can be argued that the latifundia formed part of the economic basis of the Eur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm Under the tenant system, a farm may be worked by the same family over many generations, but what is inherited is not the farm's estate itself but the lease on the estate. In much of Europe, serfdom was abolished only in the modern period, in Western Europe after the French Revolution, in Russia as late as i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm In German-speaking Europe, farming estates are known as "Hof"; this German word notably has the meaning of both "farming estate" and "royal court", in origin referring to the building or hall at the center of any independent estate. The recharacterized compound "Bauernhof" was formed in the early modern per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm The family farms established in Imperial Russia were again collectivized under the Soviet Union, but the emigration of European farmers displaced by the Industrial Revolution contributed to the emergence of a system of family estates in the Americas (Homestead Act of 1862). Thomas Jefferson's argument that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm The wife generally took care of the housework, child rearing, and financial matters pertaining to the farm. However, agricultural activities have taken on many forms and change over time. Agronomy, horticulture, aquaculture, silviculture, and apiculture, along with traditional plants and animals, all make u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation, some limiting factors are: Over the 20th century, the people of developed nations have collectively taken most of the steps down the path to this situation. Individual farmers opted for successive waves of new technology, happily "trading in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm A percentage of consumers have begun to question the viability of industrial agriculture practices and have turned to organic groceries that sell products produced on family farms including not only meat and produce but also such things as wheat germ breads and natural lye soaps (as opposed to bleached whit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm As fuel prices rise, foods shipped to national and international markets are already rising in price. In 2012, the United States had 2,039,093 family farms (as defined by USDA), accounting for 97 percent of all farms and 89 percent of census farm area in the United States. In 1988 Mark Friedberger warned, "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm Because low net farm incomes tend to predominate on such farms, most farm families on small family farms are extremely dependent on off-farm income. Small family farms in which the principal operator was mostly employed off-farm accounted for 42 percent of all farms and 15 percent of total US farm area; med... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm Family-owned corporations account for 5 percent of all farms and 89 percent of corporate farms in the United States. About 98 percent of US family corporations owning farms are small, with no more than 10 shareholders; average net farm income of family corporate farms was $189,400 in 2012. (In contrast, 90 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm Conversion of a sole proprietorship family farm to a family corporation may also be influenced by legal and financial, e.g. tax, considerations. The Canadian Encyclopedia estimates that more than 90 percent of Canadian farms are family operations. In 2006, of Canadian farms with more than one million dollar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm Sub-Saharan agriculture was mostly defined by slash-and-burn subsistence farming, historically spread by the Bantu expansion. Permanent farming estates were established during colonialism, in the 19th to 20th century. After decolonisation, white farmers in some African countries have tended to be attacked, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Family farm The 2014 IYFF will promote broad discussion and cooperation at the national, regional and global levels to increase awareness and understanding of the challenges faced by smallholders and help identify efficient ways to support family farmers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171885 |
Public good (economics) In economics, a public good (also known as a social good or collective good) is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous, in that individuals cannot be excluded from use or could benefit from without paying for it, and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) Public goods may also become subject to restrictions on access and may then be considered to be club goods; exclusion mechanisms include toll roads, congestion pricing, and pay television with an encoded signal that can be decrypted only by paid subscribers. There is a good deal of debate and li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) A good that is rivalrous but "non-excludable" is sometimes called a "common-pool resource". Such goods raise similar issues to public goods: the mirror to the "public goods problem" for this case is the 'tragedy of the commons'. For example, it is so difficult to enforce restrictions on deep-sea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) Copyrights and patents both encourage the creation of such non-rival goods by providing temporary monopolies, or, in the terminology of public goods, providing a legal mechanism to enforce excludability for a limited period of time. For public goods, the "lost revenue" of the producer of the goo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) The theoretical concept of public goods does not distinguish geographic region in regards to how a good may be produced or consumed. However, some theorists, such as Inge Kaul, use the term "global public good" for a public good which is non-rivalrous and non-excludable throughout the whole worl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) ) Law enforcement, streets, libraries, museums, and education are commonly misclassified as public goods, but they are technically classified in economic terms as quasi-public goods because excludability "is" possible, but they do still fit some of the characteristics of public goods. The provis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) Technological progress can significantly impact excludability of traditional public goods: encryption allows broadcasters to sell individual access to their programming. The costs for electronic road pricing have fallen dramatically, paving the way for detailed billing based on actual use. Some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) If private organizations do not reap all the benefits of a public good which they have produced, their incentives to produce it voluntarily might be insufficient. Consumers can take advantage of public goods without contributing sufficiently to their creation. This is called the free rider probl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) On the other hand, the free rider knows that he or she cannot be excluded from the benefits of national defense, regardless of whether he or she contributes to it. There is also no way that these benefits can be split up and distributed as individual parcels to people. The free rider would not v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) In the case of an information good, however, because of its characteristics of non-excludability and also because of almost zero reproduction costs, commoditization is difficult and not always efficient even from a neoclassical economic point of view. The Pareto optimum provision of a public goo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Public good (economics) An important question regarding public goods is whether they should be owned by the public or the private sector. Economic theorists such as Oliver Hart (1995) argue that ownership matters for investment incentives when contracts are incomplete. The incomplete contracting paradigm has been appli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173155 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (; ; 30 September 17143 August 1780) was a French philosopher and epistemologist, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind. He was born at Grenoble into a legal family, the youngest of three brothers. His two older brothers Jean and Gabriel took names associated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac He had already published several works when the French court sent him to Parma to educate the orphan duke, then a child of seven years. On his return from Italy, Condillac was elected to the Académie française in 1768. Contrary to the popular idea that he attended only one meeting, he was a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac His polemic, which is inspired throughout by Locke, is directed against the innate ideas of the Cartesians, Malebranche's faculty-psychology, Leibniz's monadism and pre-established harmony, and, above all, against the conception of substance set forth in the first part of the "Ethics" of Bar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac The statue's smell-experience will produce pleasure or pain; and pleasure and pain will thenceforward be the master-principle which, determining all the operations of its mind, will raise it by degrees to all the knowledge of which it is capable. The next stage is memory, which is the linger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac He thoroughly developed this idea through the subsequent chapters: "Of the Ideas of a Man limited to the Sense of Smell," "Of a Man limited to the Sense of Hearing," "Of Smell and Hearing combined," "Of Taste by itself, and of Taste combined with Smell and Hearing," "Of a Man limited to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Condillac's work on politics and history, in his "Cours d'études", is considered of less interest. In logic, on which he wrote extensively, he is far less successful than in psychology. He enlarges with much iteration on the supremacy of the analytic method; argues that reasoning consists in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac He always asserts the substantive reality of the soul; and in the opening words of his ', "Whether we rise to heaven, or descend to the abyss, we never get outside ourselves—it is always our own thoughts that we perceive," we have the subjectivist principle that forms the starting-point of B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Most physiocrats rejected utility and the idea was ignored until his 'rediscovery' by Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger in 1871. In his theory of "vrai prix" [true price], Condillac proposed a theory of human history divided into two phases: progress and decline. Progress is marked by a rationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac As was fitting to a disciple of Locke, Condillac's ideas have had most importance in their effect upon English thought. In matters connected with the association of ideas, the supremacy of pleasure and pain, and the general explanation of all mental contents as sensations or transformed sens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac In France Condillac's doctrine, so congenial to the tone of 18th century philosophism, reigned in the schools for over fifty years, challenged only by a few who, like Maine de Biran, saw that it gave no sufficient account of volitional experience. Early in the 19th century, the romantic awak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174004 |
Supply-side economics is a macroeconomic theory arguing that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering taxes and decreasing regulation, by which it is directly opposed to demand-side economics. According to supply-side economics, consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics However, what most separates supply-side economics as a modern phenomenon is its argument in favor of low tax rates primarily for collective and notably working-class reasons, rather than traditional ideological ones. Classical liberals opposed taxes because they opposed government, taxation being... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics Wanniski advocated lower tax rates and a return to some kind of gold standard, similar to the 1944–1971 Bretton Woods System that Nixon abandoned. The Laffer curve embodies a postulate of supply-side economics: that tax rates and tax revenues are distinct, with government tax revenues the same at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics Supply-side fiscal policies are designed to increase aggregate supply, as opposed to aggregate demand, thereby expanding output and employment while lowering prices. Such policies are of several general varieties: One benefit of such policies is that shifting the aggregate supply curve outward mea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics Many early proponents argued that the size of the economic growth would be significant enough that the increased government revenue from a faster-growing economy would be sufficient to compensate completely for the short-term costs of a tax cut and that tax cuts could in fact cause overall revenue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics Bush's Council of Economic Advisers, offered similarly sharp criticism of the school in the early editions of his introductory economics textbook. Mankiw wrote in June 2017: In a 1992 article for the Harvard International Review, James Tobin wrote: Supply side proponents Trabandt and Uhlig argue t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics Their conclusion was that the proposal would both increase deficits dramatically and worsen after-tax income inequality. The combination of market forces driving pre-tax inequality combined with a reduction in marginal tax rates after 1979 resulted in the share of after-tax income received by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics With the reduction in rates in the twenties, higher-income taxpayers reduced their sheltering of income and the number of returns and share of income taxes paid by higher-income taxpayers rose". Democratic President John F. Kennedy advocated a drastic tax-rate cut in 1963 when the top income tax r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics Switching from an earlier monetarist policy, Federal Reserve chair Paul Volcker began a policy of tighter monetary policies such as lower money supply growth to break the inflationary psychology and squeeze inflationary expectations out of the economic system. Therefore, supply-side supporters arg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics 7% to 7% and the ceiling was raised by $2,100. For the self-employed, the FICA tax rate went from 9.35% to 14%. The FICA tax rate increased throughout Reagan's term and rose to 7.51% in 1988 and the ceiling was raised by 61% through Reagan's two terms. Those tax hikes on wage earners, along with i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics Economists Jeffrey Frankel and Peter Orszag summarized Clintonomics in a 2001 paper: "It sought to adopt some of the pro-market orientation associated with the ascendancy of the Republicans in the 1980s, and marry it with traditional Democratic values such as concern for the environment and a more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics But 1998 marked the fifth consecutive year in which growth in revenues outstripped growth in national income. Tax increases enacted in 1993 helped boost revenues in 1994 and 1995, but rapid growth in taxes on capital gains realizations, increases in taxable incomes as a share of GDP, and other exc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics " Supply-side economist Alan Reynolds argued that the Clinton era represented a continuation of a low tax policy (from the 1980s): In 2003, Alan Murray, who at the time was Washington bureau chief for CNBC and a co-host of the television program Capital Report, declared the debate over supply-side... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics This is contrary to the supply-side explanation of the Laffer curve, in which the increases in tax revenue are held to be the result of an increase in labor supply. Instead their proposed mechanism for the Laffer effect was that "tax rate cuts can increase revenues by improving tax compliance". Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics The majority of the models applied predicted that the proposed tax cuts would not increase revenues. In 2006, the CBO released a study titled "A Dynamic Analysis of Permanent Extension of the President's Tax Relief". This study found that under the best possible scenario making tax cuts permanent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics The tax cuts have been called the "Kansas experiment", and described as "one of the cleanest experiments for how tax cuts effect economic growth in the U.S." The law cut taxes by 231 million in its first year, and cuts were projected to total 934 million after six years. They eliminated taxes on "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics " The cuts were based on model legislation published by the conservative American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), and were supported by "The Wall Street Journal", supply-side economist Arthur Laffer, and anti-tax leader Grover Norquist. By 2017, state revenues had fallen by hundreds of millio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics In addition, concern over the state's large budget deficits "might have deterred businesses from making major new investments". Economist Paul Krugman wrote in 2017: "Sam Brownback, governor of Kansas, slashed taxes in what he called a “real live experiment” in conservative fiscal policy. But the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics " The writers explained that "It's highly unusual for deficits...to grow this much during periods of prosperity" and that "the fiscal health of the U.S. is deteriorating fast, as revenues have declined sharply" (nearly $200 billion or about 6%) relative to the CBO forecast prior to the tax cuts. R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Supply-side economics In a 2012 survey, when asked whether a "cut in federal income tax rates in the US right now would raise taxable income enough so that the annual total tax revenue would be higher within five years than without the tax cut", none of the economists surveyed by the University of Chicago agreed. 35% a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174607 |
Open-field system The open-field system was the prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe during the Middle Ages and lasted into the 20th century in parts of western Europe, Russia, Iran, and Turkey. Under the open-field system, each manor or village had two or three large fields, usually several hundred acres ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system Most tenants likewise were not free without penalty to depart the manor for other locations or occupations. The rise of capitalism and the concept of land as a commodity to be bought and sold led to the gradual demise of the open-field system. The open-field system was gradually replaced over several ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system The remainder of the land was cultivated by 113 tenants who lived in a village on the manor. Counting spouses, children, and other dependents, plus landless people, the total population resident in the manor village was probably 500 to 600. The abbot also owned two water mills for grinding grain, a fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system The land of a typical manor in England and other countries was subdivided into two or three large fields. Non-arable land was allocated to common pasture land or "waste", where the villagers would graze their livestock throughout the year, woodland for pigs and timber, and also some private fenced lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system The typical planting scheme in a three-field system was that barley, oats, or legumes would be planted in one field in spring, wheat or rye in the second field in the fall and the third field would be left fallow. The following year, the planting in the fields would be rotated. Pasturage was held in c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system At Elton in 1286, perhaps typical of that time in England, the tenants harvested about twice as much barley as wheat with lesser amounts of oats, peas, beans, rye, flax, apples, and vegetables. The land-holding tenants also had livestock, including sheep, pigs, cattle, horses, oxen, and poultry. Pork ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system The primary area of open fields was in the lowland areas of England in a broad swathe from Yorkshire and Lincolnshire diagonally across England to the south, taking in parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, large areas of the Midlands, and most of south central England. This area was the main g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system The steadily increasing number of formerly open fields converted to enclosed (fenced) fields caused social and economic stress among small farmers who lost their access to communal grazing lands. Many tenants were forced off the lands their families may have cultivated for centuries to work for wages ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system The open-field system, especially its characteristic of common grazing lands, has often been used as an example by economists to illustrate "the tragedy of the commons" and assert that private ownership is a better steward of resources than common or public ownership. "Tragedy of the commons" refers t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system More than half the agricultural land of England was still not enclosed in 1700, after which the government discouraged the continuation of the open-field system. It was finally laid to rest in England about 1850 after more than 5,000 Acts of Parliament over several centuries had transformed the "scatt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Open-field system It is still farmed with due regard to its ancient origins and is conserved by those who recognise its importance although the number of owners has fallen dramatically throughout the years and this has resulted in the amalgamation of some of the strips. There is also a surviving medieval open strip fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174799 |
Adam Ferguson Adam Ferguson, FRSE (Scottish Gaelic: "Adhamh MacFhearghais"), also known as Ferguson of Raith (1 July N.S./20 June O.S. 1723 – 22 February 1816), was a Scottish philosopher and historian of the Scottish Enlightenment. Ferguson was sympathetic to traditional societies, such as the Highlands, for producing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175401 |
Adam Ferguson He continued attached to the regiment till 1754, when, disappointed at not obtaining a living, he left the clergy and resolved to devote himself to literary pursuits. After residing in Leipzig for a time, he returned to Edinburgh where in January 1757 he succeeded David Hume as librarian to the Faculty of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175401 |
Adam Ferguson In 1783 appeared his "History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic", it became very popular and went through several editions. Ferguson believed that the history of the Roman Republic during the period of their greatness formed a practical illustration of those ethical and political doctr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175401 |
Adam Ferguson Victor Cousin criticised Ferguson's speculations (see his "Cours d'histoire de la philosophie morale an dix-huitième siècle", pt. II., 1839–1840): We find in his method the wisdom and circumspection of the Scottish school, with something more masculine and decisive in the results. The principle of perfect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175401 |
Adam Ferguson Ferguson's "An Essay on the History of Civil Society" (1767) drew on classical authors and contemporary travel literature, to analyze modern commercial society with a critique of its abandonment of civic and communal virtues. Central themes in Ferguson's theory of citizenship are conflict, play, political... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175401 |
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