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Adam Ferguson British gentleman and young men were advised to dispense with aspects of politeness considered too feminine, such as the constant desire to please, and to adopt less superficial qualities that suggested inner virtue and courtesy toward the 'fairer sex.' Ferguson was a leading advocate of the Idea of Progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175401 |
Adam Ferguson The members of civil society give up their liberty-as-autonomy, which savages possess, in exchange for liberty-as-security, or civil liberty. Montesquieu used a similar argument. Smith emphasized capital accumulation as the driver of growth, but Ferguson suggested innovation and technical advance were mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175401 |
Marx's theory of alienation Karl describes the estrangement ("Entfremdung") of people from aspects of their "Gattungswesen" ("species-essence") as a consequence of living in a society of stratified social classes. The alienation from the self is a consequence of being a mechanistic part of a social class, the condition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation Moreover, Max Stirner extended Feuerbach's analysis in "The Ego and its Own" (1845) that even the idea of "humanity" is an alienating concept for individuals to intellectually consider in its full philosophic implication. Marx and Friedrich Engels responded to these philosophic propositions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation Our products would be so many mirrors in which we saw reflected our essential nature. In the "Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844" (1932), Marx identified four types of alienation that occur to the worker labouring under a capitalist system of industrial production. They are alienat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation Moreover, the capitalist production system also reifies labour into the "concrete" concept of "work" (a job), for which the worker is paid wages—at the lowest-possible rate—that maintain a maximum rate of return on the capitalist's investment capital; this is an aspect of exploitation. Furth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation The distribution of private property in the hands of wealth owners, combined with government enforced taxes compel workers to labor. In a capitalist world, our means of survival is based on monetary exchange, therefore we have no other choice than to sell our labour power and consequently be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation The "Gattungswesen" (species-essence), human nature of individuals is not discrete (separate and apart) from their activity as a worker and as such species-essence also comprises all of innate human potential as a person. Conceptually, in the term "species-essence" the word "species" describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation Whereas a person's "Gattungswesen" (human nature) does not exist independently of specific, historically conditioned activities, the essential nature of a human being is actualized when an individual—within their given historical circumstance—is free to subordinate their will to the internal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation In the course of economic development when a new type of economy displaced an old type of economy—agrarian feudalism superseded by mercantilism, in turn superseded by the Industrial Revolution—the rearranged economic order of the social classes favored the social class who controlled the tec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation Hence, when the proletarian working-class become a sufficiently developed political force, they will effect a revolution and re-orient the relations of production to the means of production—from a capitalist mode of production to a communist mode of production. In the resultant communist soc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation Although production will be differentiated by the degree of each worker's abilities, the purpose of the communist system of industrial production will be determined by the collective requirements of society, not by the profit-oriented demands of a capitalist social class who live at the expe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation The capitalist economy's arrangement of the relations of production provokes social conflict by pitting worker against worker in a competition for "higher wages", thereby alienating them from their mutual economic interests; the effect is a false consciousness, which is a form of ideological... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation Therefore, alienation is a lack of self-worth, the absence of meaning in one's life, consequent to being coerced to lead a life without opportunity for self-fulfillment, without the opportunity to become actualized, to become one's self. In "The Phenomenology of Spirit" (1807), Hegel describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation Yet, social alienation remains a practical concern, especially among the contemporary philosophers of Marxist humanism. In "The Marxist-Humanist Theory of State-Capitalism" (1992), Raya Dunayevskaya discussed and described the existence of the desire for self-activity and self-actualisation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Marx's theory of alienation From the former arises the action of preserving the antithesis, from the latter the action of annihilating it. In discussion of "random materialism" ("matérialisme aléatoire"), the French philosopher Louis Althusser criticized such a teleological (goal-oriented) interpretation of because it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177102 |
Economic geography is the subfield of human geography which studies economic activity. It can also be considered a subfield or method in economics. takes a variety of approaches to many different topics, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as "linkages"), transportation, interna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177512 |
Economic geography Early approaches to economic geography are found in the seven Chinese maps of the State of Qin, which date to the 4th century BC and in the Greek geographer Strabo's "Geographika", compiled almost 2000 years ago. As cartography developed, geographers illuminated many aspects used today in the field; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177512 |
Economic geography Schaefer's article "Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination", published in the American journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers", and his critique of regionalism, made a large impact on the field: the article became a rallying point for the younger generation of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177512 |
Economic geography Spatiotemporal systems of analysis include economic activities of region, mixed social spaces, and development. Alternatively, analysis may focus on production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of items of economic activity. Allowing parameters of space-time and item to vary, a geographer may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177512 |
Economic geography Generally, spatially interested economists study the effects of space "on the economy". Geographers, on the other hand, are interested in the economic processes' impact "on spatial structures". Moreover, economists and economic geographers differ in their methods in approaching spatial-economic probl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177512 |
Economic geography These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many different people, as well as the use of tacit knowledge. As a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177512 |
Economic geography The two also share a focus on the firm as the most important unit and on growth rather than development of regions. As a result, the actual impact of clusters on a region is given far less attention, relative to the focus on clustering of related activities in a region. However, the focus on the firm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177512 |
Economic geography Danny Quah explains these spatial divisions through the characteristics of knowledge goods in the New Economy: goods defined by their infinite expansibility, weightlessness, and nonrivalry. Social divisions are expressed through new spatial segregation that illustrates spatial sorting by income, ethn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177512 |
Ecological economics Ecological economics, also known as bioeconomics of Georgescu-Roegen, ecolonomy, or eco-economics, is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Ecological economists have questioned fundamental mainstream economic approaches such as cost-benefit analysis, and the separability of economic values from scientific research, contending that economics is unavoidably normative, i.e. prescriptive, rather than positive or descriptive. Positional an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics He argued that a market system failed to take into account the needs of future generations, and that a socialist economy required Calculation in kind, the tracking of all the different materials, rather than synthesising them into money as a general equivalent. In this he was criticised by neo-libe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Schumacher, whose book "Small Is Beautiful – A Study of Economics as if People Mattered" (1973) was published just a few years before the first edition of Herman Daly's comprehensive and persuasive "Steady-State Economics" (1977). The first organized meetings of ecological economists occurred in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Articles by Inge Ropke (2004, 2005) and Clive Spash (1999) cover the development and modern history of ecological economics and explain its differentiation from resource and environmental economics, as well as some of the controversy between American and European schools of thought. An article by R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics These are the mainstream new resource economists, the new environmental pragmatists, and the more radical social ecological economists. International survey work comparing the relevance of the categories for mainstream and heterodox economists shows some clear divisions between environmental and ec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Effectively, the instructional capital of the genomes is undervalued by analyses which view the rainforest primarily as a source of wood, oil/tar and perhaps food. Increasingly the carbon credit for leaving the extremely carbon-intensive ("dirty") bitumen in the ground is also valued - the governme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics The "sink function" describes an environment's ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution: when waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long-term damage occurs. Some persistent pollutants, such as some organic pollutants and nuclear waste are absorbed very slowly or not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Early economists such as Thomas Malthus pointed out the finite carrying capacity of the earth, which was also central to the MIT study "Limits to Growth". Diminishing returns suggest that productivity increases will slow if major technological progress is not made. Food production may become a prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Genetically modified food (GMF) a conventional solution to the problem, presents numerous problems – Bt corn produces its own Bacillus thuringiensis toxin/protein, but the pest resistance is believed to be only a matter of time. Global warming is now widely acknowledged as a major issue, with all n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics The "United Nations Environment Program" (UNEP) defines a ‘green economy’ as one that focuses on the human aspects and natural influences and an economic order that can generate high-salary jobs. In 2011, its definition was further developed as the word ‘green’ is made to refer to an economy that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Shifting to a Green Economy demands a fresh mindset and an innovative outlook of doing business. It likewise necessitates new capacities, skills set from labor and professionals who can competently function across sectors, and able to work as effective components within multi-disciplinary teams. To... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Well-being in ecological economics is also differentiated from welfare as found in mainstream economics and the 'new welfare economics' from the 1930s which informs resource and environmental economics. This entails a limited preference utilitarian conception of value i.e., Nature is valuable to ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics There has then been a move to regard such things as natural capital and ecosystems functions as goods and services. However, this is far from uncontroversial within ecology or ecological economics due to the potential for narrowing down values to those found in mainstream economics and the danger o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics challenges the conventional approach towards natural resources, claiming that it undervalues natural capital by considering it as interchangeable with human-made capital—labor and technology. The impending depletion of natural resources and increase of climate-changing greenhouse gasses should moti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics This is known as the weak sustainability view, essentially that every technology can be improved upon or replaced by innovation, and that there is a substitute for any and all scarce materials. At the other extreme, the strong sustainability view argues that the stock of natural resources and ecolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics generally rejects the view of energy economics that growth in the energy supply is related directly to well being, focusing instead on biodiversity and creativity - or natural capital and individual capital, in the terminology sometimes adopted to describe these economically. In practice, ecologica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics In recent decades, utilization of exergy has spread outside of physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology, ecological economics, systems ecology, and energetics. An energy balance can be used to track energy through a system, and is a very useful tool for determining resource use a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics This study was criticized by pre-ecological and even some environmental economists - for being inconsistent with assumptions of financial capital valuation - and ecological economists - for being inconsistent with an ecological economics focus on biological and physical indicators. The whole idea o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics The growing field of biodiversity finance began to emerge in 2008 in response to many specific proposals such as the Ecuadoran Yasuni proposal or similar ones in the Congo. US news outlets treated the stories as a "threat" to "drill a park" reflecting a previously dominant view that NGOs and govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Joan Martinez Alier, for instance shows that the bulk of consumers are automatically excluded from having an impact upon the prices of commodities, as these consumers are future generations who have not been born yet. The assumptions behind future discounting, which assume that future goods will be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics In fact the modern business enterprise operates on the basis of shifting costs onto others as normal practice to make profits. Charles Eisenstein has argued that this method of privatising profits while socialising the costs through externalities, passing the costs to the community, to the natural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Drawing upon a transdisciplinary literature, ecological economics roots its policy work in monetary theory and its goals of sustainable scale, just distribution, and efficient allocation. Ecological economics' work on monetary theory and policy can be traced to Frederick Soddy's work on money. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics Wolves play a critical role in regulating prey populations; the absence of such an apex predator in the Scottish Highlands has caused the over population of deer, preventing afforestation, which increases the risk of flooding and damage to property. Secondly, allocating monetary value to nature wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Ecological economics However, this same event is praised by the local communities as they gain significant financial benefits from trading the fish. McCauley argues that, for these reasons, trying to convince decision-makers to conserve nature for monetary reasons is not the path to be followed, and instead appealing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
Behavioral economics studies the effects of psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural and social factors on the decisions of individuals and institutions and how those decisions vary from those implied by classical economic theory. is primarily concerned with the bounds of rationality of economic agents. Behavioral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Jeremy Bentham wrote extensively on the psychological underpinnings of utility. Then, during the development of neo-classical economics, economists sought to reshape the discipline as a natural science, deducing behavior from assumptions about the nature of economic agents. They developed the conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Mathematical psychology reflects a longstanding interest in preference transitivity and the measurement of utility. Bounded rationality is the idea that when individuals make decisions, their rationality is limited by the tractability of the decision problem, their cognitive limitations and the tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics A widely cited proposal from Sunstein and Thaler urges that healthier food be placed at sight level in order to increase the likelihood that a person will opt for that choice instead of less healthy option. Some critics of "Nudge" have lodged attacks that modifying choice architectures will lead to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Its main feature was that it allowed for non-linear probability weighting in a cumulative manner, which was originally suggested in John Quiggin's rank-dependent utility theory. Psychological traits such as overconfidence, projection bias, and the effects of limited attention are now part of the th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics This pattern can also be explained through models of sub-additive discounting that distinguish the delay and interval of discounting: people are less patient (per-time-unit) over shorter intervals regardless of when they occur. Other branches of behavioral economics enrich the model of the utility ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics " Practitioners of the discipline have studied quasi-public policy topics such as broadband mapping. Applications for behavioral economics include the modeling of the consumer decision-making process for applications in artificial intelligence and machine learning. The Silicon Valley-based start-up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Selfish-reasoning, 'adult behaviors', and similar, can be identified within criminal-concealment(s), and legal-deficiencies and neglect of different types can be observed and discovered. Awareness of indirect consequence (or lack of), at least in potential with different experimental models and met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Others note that cognitive theories, such as prospect theory, are models of decision-making, not generalized economic behavior, and are only applicable to the sort of once-off decision problems presented to experiment participants or survey respondents. Others argue that decision-making models, suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Some researchers point out that participants of experiments conducted by behavioural economists are not representative enough and drawing broad conclusions on the basis of such experiments is not possible. An acronym WEIRD has been coined in order to describe the studies participants - as those, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics " Nudge is a concept in behavioral science, political theory and economics which proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influence the behavior and decision making of groups or individuals. Nudging contrasts with other ways to achieve compliance, such as education, legis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Thaler and Sunstein defined their concept as: In this form, drawing on behavioral economics, the nudge is more generally applied to influence behaviour. One of the most frequently cited examples of a nudge is the etching of the image of a housefly into the men's room urinals at Amsterdam's Schiphol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Nudge theory has also been applied to business management and corporate culture, such as in relation to health, safety and environment (HSE) and human resources. Regarding its application to HSE, one of the primary goals of nudge is to achieve a "zero accident culture." Leading Silicon Valley compa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Some, such as Hausman & Welch have inquired whether nudging should be permissible on grounds of (distributive) justice; Lepenies & Malecka have questioned whether nudges are compatible with the rule of law. Similarly, legal scholars have discussed the role of nudges and the law. Behavioral economis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Technical analysts consider behavioral finance to be behavioral economics' "academic cousin" and the theoretical basis for technical analysis. Other key observations include the asymmetry between decisions to acquire or keep resources, known as the "bird in the bush" paradox, and loss aversion, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Some financial models used in money management and asset valuation incorporate behavioral finance parameters. Examples: Critics such as Eugene Fama typically support the efficient-market hypothesis. They contend that behavioral finance is more a collection of anomalies than a true branch of finance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Behavioral game theory, invented by Colin Camerer, analyzes interactive strategic decisions and behavior using the methods of game theory, experimental economics, and experimental psychology. Experiments include testing deviations from typical simplifications of economic theory such as the independ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Recent studies have adopted a slightly different approach, taking a more evolutionary perspective, comparing economic behavior of humans to a species of non-human primate, the capuchin monkey. Many early studies of non-human economic reasoning were performed on rats and pigeons in an operant condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics The value of the currency can be adjusted in several ways, including the amount of food delivered, the rate of food delivery and the type of food delivered (some foods are more desirable than others). Economic behavior similar to that observed in humans is discovered when the hungry pigeons stop wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Under these circumstances, the researchers claim that changing the number of bar presses required to obtain a commodity item is analogous to changing the price of a commodity item in human economics. In effect, results of demand studies in non-human animals show that, as the bar-pressing requiremen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Tshilidzi Marwala and Evan Hurwitz in their book, studied the utility of behavioral economics in such situations and concluded that these intelligent machines reduce the impact of bounded rational decision making. In particular, they observed that these intelligent machines reduce the degree of inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Behavioral economics Variants of the subject outside such formal confines include natural and quasi-natural experiments. Neuroeconomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to follow a course of action. It studies how economic behavi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177698 |
Feminist economics is the critical study of economics and economies, with a focus on gender-aware and inclusive economic inquiry and policy analysis. Feminist economic researchers include academics, activists, policy theorists, and practitioners. Much feminist economic research focuses on topics that have been neglecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics While economics traditionally focused on markets and masculine-associated ideas of autonomy, abstraction and logic, feminist economists call for a fuller exploration of economic life, including such "culturally feminine" topics such as family economics, and examining the importance of connections, co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Written in 1969 and later published in the "Houseworker's Handbook", Betsy Warrior's "Housework: Slavery or a Labor of Love and The Source of Leisure Time" presents a cogent argument that the production and reproduction of domestic labor performed by women constitutes the foundation of all economic t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Even in underground economies where women predominate numerically, like trafficking in humans, prostitution and domestic servitude, only a tiny fraction of the pimp's revenue filters down to the women and children he deploys. Usually the amount spent on them is merely for the maintenance of their liv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics " Moreover, measures such as employment equity were implemented in developed nations in the 1970s to 1990s, but these were not entirely successful in removing wage gaps even in nations with strong equity traditions. In 1988, Marilyn Waring published "If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics", a gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Feminist economists pushed for and produced gender aware theory and analysis, broadened the focus on economics and sought pluralism of methodology and research methods. shares many of its perspectives with ecological economics and the more applied field of green economy, including the focus on sustai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics In this way, narrative constructions necessarily underlie all definitions of variables and statistics. Therefore, economic research cannot escape being inherently qualitative, regardless of how it is labeled." Feminist economists call attention to the value judgements in all aspects economics and cri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Thus women suffered significantly from the transition away from subsistence food production towards specialization and trade." Similarly, since women often lack economic power as business owners, they are more likely to be hired as cheap labor, often involving them in exploitative situations. call at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics In some countries, such as Norway, which had included unpaid household work in the GDP in the first half of the 20th century, it was left out in 1950 for reasons of compatibility with the new international standard. Ailsa McKay argues for a basic income as "a tool for promoting gender-neutral social ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Amartya Sen argues that "the systematically inferior position of women inside and outside the household in many societies points to the necessity of treating gender as a force of its own in development analysis." He goes on to say that experiences of men and women, even within the same household, are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Conducting meta-analyses of recent studies, she demonstrates that, while statistically significant differences in measures of mean risk aversion are sometimes found, the substantive size of these group-level differences tend to be small (on the order of a fraction of a standard deviation), and many o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Feminist economists argue that people are more complex than such models, and call for "a more holistic vision of an economic actor, which includes group interactions and actions motivated by factors other than greed." holds that such a reformation provides a better description of the actual experienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics also includes study of norms relevant to economics, challenging the traditional view that material incentives will reliably provide the goods we want and need (consumer sovereignty), which does not hold true for many people. Institutional economics is one means by which feminist economists improve up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Feminist economists, argue on the contrary that a mathematical conception of economics limited to scarce resources is a holdover from the early years of science and Cartesian philosophy, and limits economic analysis. So feminist economists often call for more diverse data collection and broader econo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics " Feminist economists show that social constructs act to privilege male-identified, western, and heterosexual interpretations of economics. They generally incorporate feminist theory and frameworks to show how traditional economics communities signal expectations regarding appropriate participants, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Additionally, feminist economists claim that the historical bases of economics are inherently exclusionary to women. Michèle Pujol points to five specific historical assumptions about woman that arose, became embedded in the formulation of economics, and continue to be used to maintain that women are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics In general, these modifications take three main forms: gender disaggregation, the addition of gender-based macroeconomic variables, and the creation of a two-sector system. This method of economic analysis seeks to overcome gender bias by showing how men and women differ in their consumption, investm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics In both of these cases, economists highlight and address the gender biases of macroeconomic variables to show that gender plays a significant role in models' outcomes. The two-sector system approach models the economy as two separate systems: one involving the standard macroeconomic variables, while ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Bina Agarwal and Pradeep Panda illustrate that a woman's property status (such as owning a house or land) directly and significantly reduces her chances of experiencing domestic violence, while employment makes little difference. They argue that such immovable property increases women's self-esteem, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Unlike traditional economic measures of success, focused on GDP, utility, income, assets or other monetary measures, the capabilities approach focuses on what individuals are able to do. This approach emphasizes processes as well as outcomes, and draws attention to cultural, social and material dynam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Feminist economists modify these assumptions to account for exploitative sexual and gender relations, single-parent families, same-sex relationships, familial relations with children, and the consequences of reproduction. Specifically, feminist economists move beyond unitary household models and game... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Sabine O'Hara argues that care is the basis for all economic activity and market economies, concluding that "everything needs care," not only people, but animals and things. She highlights the sustaining nature of care services offered outwith the formal economy. Riane Eisler claims we need the econo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics We need to leave behind the gender double standard that devaluates caring. Only then we can shift from domination to partnership and create a new economic model that Eisler proposes in her book The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics. Contributions of people and of nature present the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics These studies began to justify different means of determining value — some of which influenced the theory of social capital and individual capital, that emerged in the late 1990s and, along with ecological economics, influenced modern human development theory. (See also the entry on Gender and Social... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics " Unpaid market work is "the direct contributions of unpaid family members to market work that officially belongs to another member of the household." Voluntary work is usually work done for non-household members, but in return for little to no remuneration. Each country measures its economic output ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics This goal was restated at the 1995 UN Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. The method most widely used to measure unpaid work is gathering information on time use, which has "been implemented by at least 20 developing countries and more are underway" as of 2006. Time use measurement involves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics "Time-use surveys may reveal relatively little time devoted to unpaid direct care activities [because] the demands of subsistence production in those countries are great," and may not take into account multitasking — for example, a mother may collect wood fuel while a child is in the same location, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics Men's standards of care may be limited to ensuring the children are not hurt. Dirty diapers may be ignored or deliberately left until the mother returns." A paradoxical aspect of this problem is that those most burdened may not be able to participate in the studies: "It is usually those women with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
Feminist economics ' There are no readily accepted terms to express different work activities or job titles. Housewife, home manager, homemaker are all problematic and none of them conveys the sense of a women who juggles both domestic labor and paid employment." A third problem is the complexity of domestic labor and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177765 |
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