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Baby boom The people born in this period is called the "baby boom generation" (団塊の世代, dankai no sedai, means "the generation of nodule"). It often refers to a period of more than 2 million births from 1971 to 1974, with the number of births in 1973 peaking at 2.09 million. However, unlike the first baby boom, this incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239259 |
Baby boom Some of the 75 million baby boomers began to reach retirement age in 2011. In the year 2000, only 12.4% of the population was 65 or over and is predicted to rise to 18% by 2020, largely due to the baby boom. Currently the Government supports social security to the population over 65, which may lead the states... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239259 |
Black model The (sometimes known as the Black-76 model) is a variant of the Black–Scholes option pricing model. Its primary applications are for pricing options on future contracts, bond options, Interest rate cap and floors, and swaptions. It was first presented in a paper written by Fischer Black in 1976. Black's mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240607 |
Black model The Black formula is easily derived from the use of Margrabe's formula, which in turn is a simple, but clever, application of the Black–Scholes formula. The payoff of the call option on the futures contract is "max (0, F(T) - K)". We can consider this an exchange (Margrabe) option by considering the first a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240607 |
Economic efficiency In microeconomics, economic efficiency is, roughly speaking, a situation in which nothing can be improved without something else being hurt. Depending on the context, it is usually one of the following two related concepts: These definitions are not equivalent: a market or other economic system may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241232 |
Economic efficiency A market can be said to have allocative efficiency if the price of a product that the market is supplying is equal to the marginal value consumers place on it, and equals marginal cost. In other words, when every good or service is produced up to the point where one more unit provides a marginal ben... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241232 |
Economic efficiency The mainstream view is that market economies are generally believed to be closer to efficient than other known alternatives and that government involvement is necessary at the macroeconomic level (via fiscal policy and monetary policy) to counteract the economic cycle – following Keynesian economics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241232 |
Economic efficiency Advocates of an expanded government role follow instead in alternative streams of progressivism; in the Anglosphere (English-speaking countries, notably the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) this is associated with institutional economics and, at the macroeconomic lev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241232 |
Hit-and-run tactics is a tactical doctrine of using short surprise attacks, withdrawing before the enemy can respond in force, and constantly maneuvering to avoid full engagement with the enemy. The purpose is not to decisively defeat the enemy or capture territory, but instead slowly weaken enemy forces through raids,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241982 |
Hit-and-run tactics It involved charging forwards against the enemy lines, only to retreat after a brief clash or without clashing, which would be followed by more attacks in a similar cadence. Through this way, Lusitanians drove the Roman armies to break formation and chase them, capitalizing on this to lead them to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241982 |
Hit-and-run tactics In the Vietnam War, Viet Cong forces used hit-and-run tactics to great effectiveness against anti-communist military forces. It has also been used in Afghanistan by rebel forces during the Soviet–Afghan War. Various Iraqi insurgent groups have also used hit-and-run tactics as part of their tactics a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241982 |
Whole product In marketing, a whole product is a generic product (or core product) augmented by everything that is needed for the customer to have a compelling reason to buy. The core product is the tangible product that the customer experiences. The whole product typically augments the core product with additional ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243328 |
Group of Ten (economics) The Group of Ten (G-10 or G10) refers to the group of countries that agreed to participate in the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB), an agreement to provide the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with additional funds to increase its lending ability. The GAB was established in 1962, when the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243455 |
Group of Ten (economics) 5bn available under an associated arrangement with Saudi Arabia. The GAB was established in 1962 and expanded in 1983 to SDR 17bn, from about SDR 6bn. It has been activated ten times, the last time in 1998. The GAB and the associated credit arrangement with Saudi Arabia have been renewed, witho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243455 |
Community-supported agriculture (CSA model) is a system that connects the producer and consumers within the food system more closely by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms. It is an alternative socioeconomic model of agriculture and food distribution that allows the pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243515 |
Community-supported agriculture Vander Tuin had co-founded a community-supported agricultural project named Topinambur located near Zurich, Switzerland. Coinage of the term "community-supported agriculture" stems from Vander Tuin. This influence led to the separate and simultaneous creation of two CSAs in 1986. The CSA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243515 |
Community-supported agriculture The rise of CSAs seems to be correlated with the increase in awareness of the environmental movement in the United States. Some examples of larger and well established CSAs in the US are Angelic Organics, Golden Earthworm Organic Farm Phillies Bridge Farm Project, and Roxbury Farm. CSAs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243515 |
Community-supported agriculture Chinese CSA farmers, researchers and civil society organizations gather annually at the national CSA symposium held since 2009. Much of the growth in women labour participation in agriculture is outside the "male dominated field of conventional agriculture". In community supported agricu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243515 |
Community-supported agriculture This kind of farming operates with a much greater degree of involvement of consumers and other stakeholders than usual — resulting in a stronger consumer-producer relationship. The core design includes developing a cohesive consumer group that is willing to fund a whole season's budget i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243515 |
Community-supported agriculture This core group of members helped to make decisions about and run the CSA including marketing, distribution, administrative, and community organization functions. CSAs with a core group of members are most profitable and successful. However, in 1999, 72 percent of CSAs did not have a cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243515 |
Community-supported agriculture This is the most common type of CSA. The final type is collaborative; this is the closest to the original aims of CSAs where the relationship between the farmer and the subscribers is seen as a partnership. Shares of a CSA originally and predominantly consist of produce. In more recent y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243515 |
Community-supported agriculture CSAs employ different channels of marketing to diversify their sales efforts and increase subscriptions. CSAs use local farmers' markets, restaurants, on-farm retail, wholesale to natural food stores, and wholesale to local groceries in addition to their CSAs to market shares. One proble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243515 |
Forecasting is the process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data and most commonly by analysis of trends. A commonplace example might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified future date. Prediction is a similar, but more general term. Both might refer to formal statisti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting Quantitative forecasting models are used to forecast future data as a function of past data. They are appropriate to use when past numerical data is available and when it is reasonable to assume that some of the patterns in the data are expected to continue into the future. These methods are usually applied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting Naïve forecasts are the most cost-effective forecasting model, and provide a benchmark against which more sophisticated models can be compared. This forecasting method is only suitable for time series data. Using the naïve approach, forecasts are produced that are equal to the last observed value. This meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting Time series methods use historical data as the basis of estimating future outcomes. They are based on the assumption that past demand history is a good indicator of future demand. Some forecasting methods try to identify the underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast. For ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting For example, it was found in one context that GMDH has higher forecasting accuracy than traditional ARIMA Judgmental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgement, opinions and subjective probability estimates. Judgmental forecasting is used in cases where there is lack of historical data or during co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting Measures of aggregate error: The forecast error, E, is on the same scale as the data, as such, these accuracy measures are scale-dependent and cannot be used to make comparisons between series on different scales. Mean absolute error (MAE) or mean absolute deviation (MAD): formula_12 Mean squared error (MSE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting When evaluating the quality of forecasts, it is invalid to look at how well a model fits the historical data; the accuracy of forecasts can only be determined by considering how well a model performs on new data that were not used when fitting the model. When choosing models, it is common to use a portion o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting Any predictable change or pattern in a time series that recurs or repeats over a one-year period can be said to be seasonal. It is common in many situations – such as grocery store or even in a Medical Examiner's office—that the demand depends on the day of the week. In such situations, the forecasting proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting As an example of cyclic behaviour, the population of a particular natural ecosystem will exhibit cyclic behaviour when the population decreases as its natural food source decreases, and once the population is low, the food source will recover and the population will start to increase again. Cyclic data cann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting foreign exchange movements is typically achieved through a combination of chart and fundamental analysis. An essential difference between chart analysis and fundamental economic analysis is that chartists study only the price action of a market, whereas fundamentalists attempt to look to the reasons behind ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting A good place to find a method, is by visiting a selection tree. An example of a selection tree can be found here. has application in many situations: Limitations pose barriers beyond which forecasting methods cannot reliably predict. There are many events and values that cannot be forecast reliably. Events ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Forecasting Or, a prediction that cybersecurity will become a major issue may cause organizations to implement more security cybersecurity measures, thus limiting the issue. As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, long range weather forecasts, those made at a range of two weeks or more, are impossible to definitively pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246074 |
Blue-collar worker A blue-collar worker is a working class person who performs manual labor. Blue-collar work may involve skilled or unskilled labor. The type of work may involve manufacturing, warehousing, mining, excavation, electricity generation and power plant operations, custodial work, farming, commercial fishin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246816 |
Blue-collar worker Navy and light blue colors conceal potential dirt or grease on the worker's clothing, helping him or her to appear cleaner. For the same reason, blue is a popular color for boilersuits which protect workers' clothing. Some blue collar workers have uniforms with the name of the business and/or the ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246816 |
Blue-collar worker This offshoring has pushed formerly agrarian nations to industrialized economies and concurrently decreased the number of blue-collar jobs in developed countries. In the United States, blue collar and service occupations generally refer to jobs in precision production, craft, and repair occupations; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246816 |
Blue-collar worker Some examples of technology that threaten workers are self-driving cars and automated cleaning devices, which could place blue-collar workers such as truck drivers or janitors out of work. Others have suggested that technological advancement will not lead to blue-collar job unemployment, but rather s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246816 |
Blue-collar worker Opponents of this view believe Trump's success with this bloc had more to do with an anti-illegal immigrant and nationalist platform that supports deportation of illegal immigrants and discourages investment in higher education. In British politics in 2019, the Blue Collar Conservative caucus was fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246816 |
White-collar worker A white-collar worker is a person who performs professional, managerial, or administrative work. White-collar work may be performed in an office or other administrative setting. White-collar workers include works related to academia, accountancy, business and executive management, management consult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246818 |
White-collar worker Formerly a minority in the agrarian and early industrial societies, white-collar workers have become a majority in industrialized countries due to modernization and outsourcing of manufacturing jobs. The blue-collar and white-collar descriptors as it pertains to work dress may no longer be an accura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246818 |
White-collar worker More research is needed to determine which interventions may be effective in the long-term. Low quality evidence indicates that sit-stand desks may reduce sitting in the workplace during the first year of their use, however, it is not clear if sit-stand desks may be effective at reducing sitting in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246818 |
Welfare is a type of government support for the citizens of that society. may be provided to people of any income level, as with social security (and is then often called a social safety net), but it is usually intended to ensure that people can meet their basic human needs such as food and shelter. attempts to provide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare In the countries of western Europe, Scandinavia, and Australasia, social welfare is mainly provided by the government out of the national tax revenues, and to a lesser extent by non-government organizations (NGOs), and charities (social and religious). In the U.S., "welfare program" is the general term for gove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare According to economist Robert Henry Nelson, "The medieval Roman Catholic Church operated a far-reaching and comprehensive welfare system for the poor..." Early welfare programs in Europe included the English Poor Law of 1601, which gave parishes the responsibility for providing welfare payments to the poor. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare Modern welfare states include Germany, France, the Netherlands, as well as the Nordic countries, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland which employ a system known as the Nordic model. Esping-Andersen classified the most developed welfare state systems into three categories; Social Democratic, Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare systems differ from country to country, but welfare is commonly provided to individuals who are unemployed, those with illness or disability, the elderly, those with dependent children, and veterans. A person's eligibility for welfare may also be constrained by means testing or other conditions. is provided by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare During the Second World War, Australia under a labor government created a welfare state by enacting national schemes for: child endowment in 1941 (superseding the 1927 New South Wales scheme); a widows’ pension in 1942 (superseding the New South Wales 1926 scheme); a wife's allowance in 1943; additional allowan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare Most programs from that era are still in use, although many were scaled back during the 1990s as government priorities shifted towards reducing debt and deficits. Danish welfare is handled by the state through a series of policies (and the like) that seeks to provide welfare services to citizens, hence the term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare Under Adolf Hitler, the National Socialist Program stated "We demand an expansion on a large scale of old age welfare". Today, the social protection of all its citizens is considered a central pillar of German national policy. 27.6 percent of Germany's GDP is channeled into an all-embracing system of health, pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, increases in public spending and a major focus on universality brought it on the same path as social-democratic systems. In 1978, a universalistic welfare model was introduced in Italy, offering a number of universal and free services such as a National Health Fund. Social welfare... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare The economic crisis of the 1980s and the liberalization of the labor market led to a growing informal sector and a rapid increase in poverty and inequality. Latin American countries did not have the institutions and funds to properly handle such a crisis, both due to the structure of the social security system,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare New, mostly short-term programs emerged. These include: New Zealand is often regarded as having one of the first comprehensive welfare systems in the world. During the 1890s a Liberal government adopted many social programmes to help the poor who had suffered from a long economic depression in the 1880s. One of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare It can be separated into three parts falling under three different ministries; social welfare, falling under the responsibility of Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Research and labor market, under the responsibility of Ministry of Employ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare " The government's austerity programme, which involves reduction in government policy, has been linked to a rise in food banks. A study published in the "British Medical Journal" in 2015 found that each 1 percentage point increase in the rate of Jobseeker's Allowance claimants sanctioned was associated with a 0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare The New Deal employment program such as the Works Progress Administration primarily served men. Prior to the New Deal, anti-poverty programs were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments; however, these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the Depression. The United... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare It encourages states to require some sort of employment search in exchange for providing funds to individuals, and imposes a five-year lifetime limit on cash assistance. In FY 2010, 31.8% of TANF families were white, 31.9% were African-American, and 30.0% were Hispanic. According to the U.S. Census Bureau data ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Welfare 38 billion to charity in 2014. This is rewarded by the United States government through tax incentives for individuals and companies that are not typically seen in other countries. Income transfers can be either conditional or unconditional. Conditionalities are sometimes criticized as being paternalistic and u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247817 |
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. Spencer is best known as the origin of the expression "survival of the fittest", coined by him in "Principles of Biology" (1864),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Spencer's father was a religious dissenter who drifted from Methodism to Quakerism, and who seems to have transmitted to his son an opposition to all forms of authority. He ran a school founded on the progressive teaching methods of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and also served as Secretary of the Derby Ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer From 1848 to 1853 he served as sub-editor on the free-trade journal "The Economist", during which time he published his first book, "Social Statics" (1851), which predicted that humanity would eventually become completely adapted to the requirements of living in society with the consequential withering ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Through this paradigm, Spencer aimed to reconcile the associationist psychology of Mill's "Logic", the notion that human mind was constructed from atomic sensations held together by the laws of the association of ideas, with the apparently more 'scientific' theory of phrenology, which located specific m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Comte's "Système de Philosophie Positive" had been written with the ambition of demonstrating the universality of natural law, and Spencer was to follow Comte in the scale of his ambition. However, Spencer differed from Comte in believing it was possible to discover a single law of universal application... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer He also became a member of the Athenaeum, an exclusive Gentleman's Club in London open only to those distinguished in the arts and sciences, and the X Club, a dining club of nine founded by T.H. Huxley that met every month and included some of the most prominent thinkers of the Victorian age (three of w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Whereas "Social Statics" had been the work of a radical democrat who believed in votes for women (and even for children) and in the nationalisation of the land to break the power of the aristocracy, by the 1880s he had become a staunch opponent of female suffrage and made common cause with the landowner... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer His ashes are interred in the eastern side of London's Highgate Cemetery facing Karl Marx's grave. At Spencer's funeral the Indian nationalist leader Shyamji Krishna Varma announced a donation of £1,000 to establish a lectureship at Oxford University in tribute to Spencer and his work. The basis for Spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Although Spencer lost his Christian faith as a teenager and later rejected any 'anthropomorphic' conception of the Deity, he nonetheless held fast to this conception at an almost sub-conscious level. At the same time, however, he owed far more than he would ever acknowledge to positivism, in particular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Even in his writings on ethics, he held that it was possible to discover 'laws' of morality that had the status of laws of nature while still having normative content, a conception which can be traced to George Combe's "Constitution of Man". The second objective of the Synthetic Philosophy was to show t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer In it he expounded a theory of evolution which combined insights from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's essay 'The Theory of Life' – itself derivative from Friedrich von Schelling's Naturphilosophie – with a generalisation of von Baer's law of embryological development. Spencer posited that all structures in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer The alleged contradiction between Spencer's theory and the second law of thermodynamics might arise from limiting the definition of homogeneity and heterogeneity to the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of matter. For instance, according to the second law of thermodynamics, molec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer But although after reading Darwin's work he coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest' as his own term for Darwin's concept, and is often misrepresented as a thinker who merely applied the Darwinian theory to society, he only grudgingly incorporated natural selection into his preexisting overall system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Spencer in his book "Principles of Biology" (1864), proposed a pangenesis theory that involved "physiological units" assumed to be related to specific body parts and responsible for the transmission of characteristics to offspring. These hypothetical hereditary units were similar to Darwin's gemmules. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer He developed a theory of two types of society, the militant and the industrial, which corresponded to this evolutionary progression. Militant society, structured around relationships of hierarchy and obedience, was simple and undifferentiated; industrial society, based on voluntary, contractually assume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer In the United States, the sociologist Lester Frank Ward, who would be elected as the first president of the American Sociological Association, launched a relentless attack on Spencer's theories of laissez-faire and political ethics. Although Ward admired much of Spencer's work he believed that Spencer's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer The psychological – and hence also the moral – constitution which had been bequeathed to the present generation by our ancestors, and which we in turn would hand on to future generations, was in the process of gradual adaptation to the requirements of living in society. For example, aggression was a sur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Although charitable giving was to be encouraged even it had to be limited by the consideration that suffering was frequently the result of individuals receiving the consequences of their actions. Hence too much individual benevolence directed to the 'undeserving poor' would break the link between conduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer However, he recognized that our inherited moral constitution does not currently permit us to behave in full compliance with the code of Absolute Ethics, and for this reason we need a code of 'Relative Ethics' which takes into account the distorting factors of our present imperfections. Spencer's distinc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Spencer's reputation among the Victorians owed a great deal to his agnosticism. He rejected theology as representing the 'impiety of the pious.' He was to gain much notoriety from his repudiation of traditional religion, and was frequently condemned by religious thinkers for allegedly advocating atheism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer ' He called this awareness of 'the Unknowable' and he presented worship of the Unknowable as capable of being a positive faith which could substitute for conventional religion. Indeed, he thought that the Unknowable represented the ultimate stage in the evolution of religion, the final elimination of it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer The expression 'There is no alternative' (TINA), made famous by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, may be traced to its emphatic use by Spencer. By the 1880s he was denouncing "the new Toryism" (that is, the "social reformist wing" of the Liberal party – the wing to some extent hostile to Prime Minister ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Spencer anticipated many of the analytical standpoints of later libertarian theorists such as Friedrich Hayek, especially in his "law of equal liberty", his insistence on the limits to predictive knowledge, his model of a spontaneous social order, and his warnings about the "unintended consequences" of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer For many, the name of is virtually synonymous with Social Darwinism, a social theory that applies the law of the survival of the fittest to society and is integrally related to the nineteenth century rise in scientific racism. In addition to Spencer's many positive contributions to intellectual thought,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer Focusing on the form as well as the content of Spencer's "Synthetic Philosophy", one writer has identified it as the paradigmatic case of "Social Darwinism", understood as a politically motivated metaphysic very different in both form and motivation from Darwinist science. In a letter to the Japanese go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer He was probably the first, and possibly the only, philosopher in history to sell over a million copies of his works during his own lifetime. In the United States, where pirated editions were still commonplace, his authorised publisher, Appleton, sold 368,755 copies between 1860 and 1903. This figure did... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer In post-1863-Uprising Poland, many of Spencer's ideas became integral to the dominant "fin-de-siècle" ideology, "Polish Positivism". The leading Polish writer of the period, Bolesław Prus, hailed Spencer as "the Aristotle of the nineteenth century" and adopted Spencer's metaphor of society-as-organism, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer New York", conservative justices of the United States Supreme Court could find inspiration in Spencer's writings for striking down a New York law limiting the number of hours a baker could work during the week, on the ground that this law restricted liberty of contract. Arguing against the majority's ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer He also corresponded with Kaneko Kentaro, warning him of the dangers of imperialism. Savarkar writes in his "Inside the Enemy Camp", about reading all of Spencer's works, of his great interest in them, of their translation into Marathi, and their influence on the likes of Tilak and Agarkar, and the affe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer While the overall influence that "The Philosophy of Style" had on the field of rhetoric was not as far-reaching as his contribution to other fields, Spencer's voice lent authoritative support to formalist views of rhetoric. Spencer influenced literature inasmuch as many novelists and short story authors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Herbert Spencer " "I am good enough Herbert Spencerian, I trust, to meet little thing like death, which is all in my fate, you know." "He thanked all the Gods of Hindustan, and Herbert Spencer, that there remained some valuables to steal." Essay Collections: Biographical Sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248859 |
Binomial options pricing model In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250074 |
Binomial options pricing model For options with several sources of uncertainty (e.g., real options) and for options with complicated features (e.g., Asian options), binomial methods are less practical due to several difficulties, and Monte Carlo option models are commonly used instead. When simulating a small number of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250074 |
Binomial options pricing model Option valuation using this method is, as described, a three-step process: The tree of prices is produced by working forward from valuation date to expiration. At each step, it is assumed that the underlying instrument will move up or down by a specific factor (formula_1 or formula_2) per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250074 |
Binomial options pricing model At each final node of the tree—i.e. at expiration of the option—the option value is simply its intrinsic, or exercise, value: where is the strike price and formula_16 is the spot price of the underlying asset at the period. Once the above step is complete, the option value is then found f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250074 |
Binomial options pricing model In this case then, for European options without dividends, the binomial model value converges on the Black–Scholes formula value as the number of time steps increases. In addition, when analyzed as a numerical procedure, the CRR binomial method can be viewed as a special case of the expli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250074 |
Simultaneous equations model Simultaneous equation models are a type of statistical model in which the dependent variables are functions of other dependent variables, rather than just independent variables. This means some of the explanatory variables are jointly determined with the dependent variable, which in economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250436 |
Simultaneous equations model The “−"i"” notation indicates that the vector "y" may contain any of the "y"’s except for "y" (since it is already present on the left-hand side). The regression coefficients "β" and "γ" are of dimensions "k×"1 and "n×"1 correspondingly. Vertically stacking the "T" observations correspondin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250436 |
Simultaneous equations model Finally, is a "T×m" matrix of the error terms. Postmultiplying the structural equation by , the system can be written in the reduced form as This is already a simple general linear model, and it can be estimated for example by ordinary least squares. Unfortunately, the task of decomposing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250436 |
Simultaneous equations model The "rank condition" of identifiability is that , where Π is a matrix which is obtained from Π by crossing out those columns which correspond to the excluded endogenous variables, and those rows which correspond to the included exogenous variables. The simplest and the most common estimatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250436 |
Simultaneous equations model Rubin in 1949. It is used when one is interested in estimating a single structural equation at a time (hence its name of limited information), say for observation i: The structural equations for the remaining endogenous variables Y are not specified, and they are given in their reduced form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250436 |
Simultaneous equations model Without further restrictions, the first equation is not identified because there is no excluded exogenous variable. The second equation is just identified if δ≠0, which is assumed to be true for the rest of discussion. Now we impose the cross equation restriction of δ=δ. Since the second eq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250436 |
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