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Development economics Rather, "more diverse societies, in terms of ethnic and religious demography, and political systems with large, complex, multiparty systems were more likely to experience terrorism than were more homogeneous states with few or no parties at the national level". Violent conflict and economic develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics However, these measures are criticized as not measuring economic growth well enough, especially in countries where there is much economic activity that is not part of measured financial transactions (such as housekeeping and self-homebuilding), or where funding is not available for accurate measur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Actual knowledge about what creates growth is largely unproven; however recent advances in econometrics and more accurate measurements in many countries is creating new knowledge by compensating for the effects of variables to determine probable causes out of merely correlational statistics. Recen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Development economics Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute also highlight the importance of using economic growth to improve the human condition, raising people out of poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Despite research showing almost no relation between growth and the achievement of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210183 |
Underlying In finance, the underlying of a derivative is an asset, basket of assets, index, or even another derivative, such that the cash flows of the (former) derivative depend on the value of this underlying. There must be an independent way to observe this value to avoid conflicts of interest. According to the Fina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=211963 |
Group of 77 The (G77) at the United Nations is a coalition of 135 developing countries, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but by November 2019 the organization had si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=213948 |
Group of 77 It has been subject to criticism for its lackluster support, or outright opposition, to pro-environmental initiatives, which the group considers secondary to economic development and poverty-eradication initiatives. As of November 2019, the group comprises all of the UN member states (along with the U.N. ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=213948 |
Output budgeting is a wide-ranging management technique introduced into the United States in the mid-1960s by Robert S. McNamara's collaborator Charles J. Hitch, not always with ready cooperation with the administrators and based on the industrial management techniques of program budgeting. Subsequently, the technique ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=215565 |
Output budgeting While each step contains more detailed financial data, the two-year Congressional budget stems from the six-year Future Years Defense Plan, which is based on the even longer term Defense Plan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=215565 |
Value of life The value of life is an economic value used to quantify the benefit of avoiding a fatality. It is also referred to as the cost of life, value of preventing a fatality (VPF) and implied cost of averting a fatality (ICAF). In social and political sciences, it is the marginal cost of death prevention in a ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life There is no standard concept for the value of a specific human life in economics. However, when looking at risk/reward trade-offs that people make with regard to their health, economists often consider the value of a statistical life (VSL). Note that the VSL is very different from the value of an actual l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life The United States government does not have an official value of life threshold, but different values are used in different agencies. It might be that the government values lives quite highly or that calculation standards are not applied uniformly. Using the EPA as an example, the Agency uses estimates of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life In general, it is difficult for people to accurately understand and assess risk. It also hard to control for other aspects of a job or different types of work when using this method. Overall, revealed preference may not represent population preferences as a whole because of the differences between individ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life The first problem is known as the isolation of issues, where participants may give different values when asked to value something alone versus when they are asked to value multiple things. The order of how these issues are presented to people matters as well. Another potential issue is the “embedding effe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life However, as with the QALY, VSL estimates have also had a history of vastly differing ranges of estimates within countries, notwithstanding a standardization among countries. One of the biggest movements to do so was the EuroVaQ project which used a sample of 40,000 individuals to develop the WTP of severa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life Each valuation in figure 1 was the product of several studies which compiled both solicit WTP information from individuals and estimated WTP estimates from risk compensation demanded in the current labor market and was averaged to find a singular VSL. Such data from the labor market was taken from the Cen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life When deciding on the appropriate level of health care spending, a typical method is to equate the marginal cost of the health care to the marginal benefits received. In order to obtain a marginal benefit amount, some estimation of the dollar value of life is required. One notable example was found by Stan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life In transportation modes it is very important to consider the external cost that is paid by the society but is not calculated, for making it more sustainable. The external cost, although consisting of impacts on climate, crops and public health among others, is largely determined by impacts on mortality ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Value of life Developing markets have smaller statistical value of life. The statistical value of life also decreases with age. Historically, children were valued little monetarily, but changes in cultural norms have resulted in a substantial increase as evidenced by trends in damage compensation from wrongful death la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216238 |
Stockholm School (economics) The Stockholm School (), is a school of economic thought. It refers to a loosely organized group of Swedish economists that worked together, in Stockholm, Sweden primarily in the 1930s. The Stockholm School had—like John Maynard Keynes—come to the same conclusions in macroeconomics and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216841 |
Stockholm School (economics) Myrdal and Ohlin went on to further develop their theories, and in so doing, they developed the intellectual underpinnings of the modern north European welfare state. Their theories were embraced and implemented as national policy by the two powerful arms of the Swedish labor movement, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216841 |
Social welfare function In welfare economics, a social welfare function is a function that ranks social states (alternative complete descriptions of the society) as less desirable, more desirable, or indifferent for every possible pair of social states. Inputs of the function include any variables considered to affect ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Social welfare function The object was "to state in precise form the value judgments required for the derivation of the conditions of maximum economic welfare" set out by earlier writers, including Marshall and Pigou, Pareto and Barone, and Lerner. The function was real-valued and differentiable. It was specified to de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Social welfare function 26) notes that Bergson's function "could derive Pareto optimality conditions as "necessary" but not sufficient for defining interpersonal normative equity." Still, Pareto efficiency could also characterize "one" dimension of a particular social welfare function with distribution of commodities a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Social welfare function The Possibility function also depends on technology and resource restraints. It is written in implicit form, reflecting the "feasible" locus of utility combinations imposed by the restraints and allowed by Pareto efficiency. At a given point on the Possibility function, if the utility of all but... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Social welfare function This social ordering selected the top-ranked "feasible" alternative from the economic environment as to resource constraints. Arrow proposed to examine mapping different sets of individual orderings to possibly different social orderings. Here the social ordering would depend on the set of indiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Social welfare function In this case, maximizing the social welfare means maximizing the total income of the people in the society, without regard to how incomes are distributed in society. It does not distinguish between an income transfer from rich to poor and vice versa. If an income transfer from the poor to the ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Social welfare function Amartya Sen proposed a welfare function in 1973: The average per capita income of a measured group (e.g. nation) is multiplied with formula_9 where formula_10 is the Gini index, a relative inequality measure. James E. Foster (1996) proposed to use one of Atkinson's Indexes, which is an entropy m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Social welfare function "R" is a weak total order on utility profiles—it can tell us, given any two utility profiles, if they are indifferent or one of them is better than the other. A reasonable preference ordering should satisfy several axioms: 1. Monotonicity, i.e., if the utility of an individual increases while al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Social welfare function , the relation between two utility profiles does not change if both of them are multiplied by the same scalar (e.g., the relation does not depend on whether we measure the income in cents, dollars or thousands). If the preference relation has properties 1-5, then the function "w" belongs to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217104 |
Theory of imputation The theory of imputation is based on the so-called theory of factors of production proposed by the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say and elaborated by the American economist John Bates Clark in his work "The Distribution of Wealth" (1899; Russian translation, 1934). The proponents of the theory of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220589 |
Theory of imputation In connection with his opportunity cost, the value so derived represents an opportunity cost across all industries, and the values of the factors of production and goods are determined in the whole system. Thus, supply and demand do not develop into the determinants of value; the determinant of val... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220589 |
Israel Kirzner Israel Meir Kirzner (also Yisroel Mayer Kirzner ; born February 13, 1930) is a British-born American economist closely identified with the Austrian School. The son of a well-known rabbi and Talmudist, Kirzner was born in London and arrived to the United States via South Africa. After studying with the Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220602 |
Israel Kirzner " While Kirzner's ideas have greatly impacted the field of entrepreneurship studies, he has mainly been associated with the opportunity discovery view. However, a careful reading of Kirzner's work would suggest that his work on entrepreneurship can be split into two camps, one focusing on discovery and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220602 |
Israel Kirzner The fourth volume, "Competition and Entrepreneurship," is scheduled to come out in 2013, which will also be the year of the 40th anniversary of the publication of the book. Kirzner is also an ordained rabbi and Talmudic scholar, and serves as the rabbi of the congregation once headed by his father in Bro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220602 |
Dispersed knowledge in economics is the notion that no single agent has information as to all of the factors which influence prices and production throughout the system. Each agent in a market for assets, goods, or services possesses incomplete knowledge as to most of the factors which affect prices in that market. For... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221284 |
Dispersed knowledge Friedrich Hayek claimed that "dispersed knowledge is "essentially" dispersed, and cannot possibly be gathered together and conveyed to an authority charged with the task of deliberately creating order". will give rise to uncertainty which will lead to different kinds of results. Richard LeFauve high... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221284 |
Dispersed knowledge First of all, replacing knowledge by getting access to knowledge can be one of the strategies. What's more, the capability to complete incomplete knowledge can deal with knowledge gaps created by the dispersed knowledge. In addition, making a design of institutions with reasonable coordination mecha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221284 |
Intertemporal choice is the process by which people make decisions about what and how much to do at various points in time, when choices at one time influence the possibilities available at other points in time. These choices are influenced by the relative value people assign to two or more payoffs at different points ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221299 |
Intertemporal choice In general this dependence on prior decisions implies that current decisions must take into account their probabilistic effect on future portfolio constraints. There are some exceptions to this, however: with a logarithmic utility function, or with a HARA utility function and serial independence of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221299 |
Intertemporal choice Irving Fisher developed the theory of intertemporal choice in his book "Theory of interest" (1930). Contrary to Keynes, who related consumption to current income, Fisher's model showed how rational forward looking consumers choose consumption for the present and future to maximize their lifetime sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221299 |
Intertemporal choice Multiplying the equation by formula_13 would give us the corresponding future values. Now the consumer has to choose a formula_14 and formula_15 so as to A consumer may be a net saver or a net borrower. If he's initially at a level of consumption where he's neither a net borrower nor a net saver, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221299 |
Intertemporal choice This model states that early in one's life consumption expenditure may very well exceed income as the individual may be making major purchases related to buying a new home, starting a family, and beginning a career. At this stage in life the individual will borrow from the future to support these e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221299 |
Intertemporal choice Actual consumption, "C", and actual income, "Y", consist of these permanent components plus unanticipated transitory components, "C" and "Y", respectively: The choice of an individual as to how much labor to currently supply involves a trade-off between current labor and leisure. The amount of labo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221299 |
Intertemporal choice The reason for such purchases is to increase the amount of output that can potentially be produced at various times in the future, so this is an intertemporal choice. The article so far has considered cases where individuals make intertemporal choices by considering the present discounted value of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221299 |
Intertemporal equilibrium is a notion of economic equilibrium conceived over many periods of time. In modern economic theory, most models explicitly take into account the fact that the economy evolves over time, and that its equilibrium cannot be fruitfully analyzed from a purely static perspective. Therefore the gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221385 |
Intertemporal equilibrium Thus "intertemporal equilibrium" can only be reached when the consumption and investment choices of individuals are matched with the investment being carried out in the production structure which will allow goods to come to market in the future, in accordance with the time preference of the po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221385 |
Marginalism is a theory of economics that attempts to explain the discrepancy in the value of goods and services by reference to their secondary, or marginal, utility. The reason why the price of diamonds is higher than that of water, for example, owes to the greater additional satisfaction of the diamonds over the wat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism Neoclassical economics usually assumes that marginal changes are infinitesimals or limits. Although this assumption makes the analysis less robust, it increases tractability. One is therefore often told that "marginal" is synonymous with "very small", though in more general analysis this may not be operatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism On such assumptions, each increase would be put to the specific, feasible, previously unrealized use of greatest priority, and each decrease would result in abandonment of the use of lowest priority amongst the uses to which the good or service had been put. The marginal utility of a good or service is the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism In this context, it is not surprising to find many presentations that fail to recognize a more general approach. Under the special case in which usefulness can be quantified, the change in utility of moving from state formula_1 to state formula_2 is Moreover, if formula_1 and formula_2 are distinguishable b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism If there is scarcity, then a rational agent will satisfy wants of highest possible priority, so that no want is avoidably sacrificed to satisfy a want of "lower" priority. In the absence of complementarity across the uses, this will imply that the priority of use of any additional amount will be lower than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism In the absence of complementarity of goods or services, diminishing marginal utility implies convexity of indifference curves, although such convexity would also follow from quasiconcavity of the utility function. The "rate of substitution" is the "least favorable" rate at which an agent is willing to excha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism If an individual has a stock or flow of a good or service whose marginal utility is less than would be that of some other good or service for which he or she could trade, then it is in his or her interest to effect that trade. As one thing is traded-away and another is acquired, the respective marginal gain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism and neoclassical economics typically explain price formation broadly through the interaction of curves or schedules of supply and demand. In any case buyers are modelled as pursuing typically lower quantities, and sellers offering typically higher quantities, as price is increased, with each being willing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism Marginalists in the tradition of Marshall and neoclassical economists tend to represent the supply curve for any producer as a curve of marginal pecuniary costs objectively determined by physical processes, with an upward slope determined by diminishing returns. A more thorough-going marginalism represents ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism Marginalists explained that it is the "marginal" usefulness of any given quantity that matters, rather than the usefulness of a "class" or of a "totality". For most people, water was sufficiently abundant that the loss or gain of a gallon would withdraw or add only some very minor use if any, whereas diamon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism Eighteenth-century Italian mercantilists, such as Antonio Genovesi, Giammaria Ortes, Pietro Verri, Cesare Beccaria, and Giovanni Rinaldo, held that value was explained in terms of the general utility and of scarcity, though they did not typically work-out a theory of how these interacted. In "Della Moneta" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism Frédéric Bastiat in chapters V and XI of his "Economic Harmonies" (1850) also develops a theory of value as ratio between services that increment utility, rather than between total utility. The first unambiguous published statement of any sort of theory of marginal utility was by Daniel Bernoulli, in "Speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism In "An Outline of the Science of Political Economy" (1836), Nassau William Senior asserted that marginal utilities were the ultimate determinant of demand, yet apparently did not pursue implications, though some interpret his work as indeed doing just that. In "De la mesure de l'utilité des travaux publics"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism The American John Bates Clark is also associated with the origins of Marginalism, but did little to advance the theory. Although the Marginal Revolution flowed from the work of Jevons, Menger, and Walras, their work might have failed to enter the mainstream were it not for a second generation of economists.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism He was further noted for producing a theory of interest and of profit in equilibrium based upon the interaction of diminishing marginal utility with diminishing marginal productivity of time and with time preference. (This theory was adopted in full and then further developed by Knut Wicksell and with modif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism The first volume of "Das Kapital" was not published until July 1867, when marginalism was already developing, but before the advent of Marxian economics, proto-marginalist ideas such as those of Gossen had largely fallen on deaf ears. It was only in the 1880s, when Marxism had come to the fore as the main e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism The most famous early Marxist responses were Rudolf Hilferding's "Böhm-Bawerks Marx-Kritik" (1904) and "The Economic Theory of the Leisure Class" (1914) by Nikolai Bukharin. In his 1881 work "Mathematical Psychics", Francis Ysidro Edgeworth presented the indifference curve, deriving its properties from marg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism For those who accepted that superseded marginal utility analysis had been superseded by indifference curve analysis, the former became at best somewhat analogous to the Bohr model of the atom—perhaps pedagogically useful, but "old fashioned" and ultimately incorrect. When Cramer and Bernoulli introduced the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism In his "Capital", he rejected the explanation of long-term market values by supply and demand: In his early response to marginalism, Nikolai Bukharin argued that "the subjective evaluation from which price is to be derived really starts from this price", concluding: Similarly a later Marxist critic, Ernest ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Marginalism They believed that Marx lacked a sophisticated theory of prices, and neoclassical economics lacked a theory of the social frameworks of economic activity. Some other Marxists have also argued that on one level there is no conflict between marginalism and Marxism as one could employ a marginalist theory of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221419 |
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily at a new location (geographic region). The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form glo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Bilateral and multilateral arrangements are features of migration governance, and there are several global arrangements in the form of international treaties in which States have reached agreement on the application of human rights and the related responsibilities of States in specific areas. The distin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Structurally, there is substantial South-South and North-North migration; in 2013, 38% of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries, while 23% had migrated from high-income OECD countries to other high-income countries. The United Nations Population Fund says that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Studies of worldwide migration patterns, however, tend to limit their scope to international migration. Almost half of these migrants are women, which is one of the most significant migrant-pattern changes in the last half century. Women migrate alone or with their family members and community. Even tho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration The top ten remittance recipients in 2018. In addition to economic impacts, migrants also make substantial contributions in the areas of sociocultural and civic-political life. Sociocultural contributions occur in the following areas of societies: food/cuisine, sport, music, art/culture, ideas and belie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Although specific to forced migration, any other harmful factor can be considered a "push factor" or determinant / trigger factor, such examples being: poor quality of life, lack of jobs, excessive pollution, hunger, drought or natural disasters. Such conditions represent decisive reasons for voluntary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Such migrants often send some of their income home to family members in the form of economic remittances, which have become an economic staple in a number of developing countries. People may also move or are forced to move as a result of conflict, of human-rights violations, of violence, or to escape pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Negative selection, on the other hand, occurs when the source country displays a lower skill premium. The relative skill premia defines migrants selectivity. Age heaping techniques display one method to measure the relative skill premium of a country. A number of theories attempt to explain the internat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration This theory assumes that the labor markets in these developed countries consist of two segments: the primary market, which requires high-skilled labor, and the secondary market, which is very labor-intensive requiring low-skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed countries ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration interstate migration from 1991 to 2011, theorizing that the reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in the geographic specificity of occupations and an increase in workers’ ability to learn about other locations before moving there, through both information technology and inexpensive travel. Ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Trade with one country, which causes economic decline in another, may create incentive to migrate to a country with a more vibrant economy. It can be argued that even after decolonization, the economic dependence of former colonies still remains on mother countries. This view of international trade is c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration During these periods, water availability, adequate climate, security and population density represent the natural determinants of human migration. For the complicated migration, it is characterised by the speedy evolution and the emergence of new sub-determinants notably earning, unemployment, networks ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration In this framework, work on social remittances by Peggy Levitt and others has led to a stronger conceptualisation of how migrants affect socio-political processes in their countries of origin. Much work also takes place in the field of integration of migrants into destination-societies. Political scienti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Push factors Pull factors The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement throughout history have had their origins in climatic cycles, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in Central Asia, especially Mongolia and to its west the Altai. People... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Bilateral and multilateral arrangements are features of migration governance, and there are several global arrangements in the form of international treaties in which States have reached agreement on the application of human rights and the related responsibilities of States in specific areas. The 1966 I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Human migration Although it is not legally binding, the Global Compact for Migration was adopted by consensus in December 2018 at a United Nations conference in which more than 150 United Nations Member States participated and, later that same month, in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), by a vote among the Me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221773 |
Nonparametric statistics is the branch of statistics that is not based solely on parametrized families of probability distributions (common examples of parameters are the mean and variance). is based on either being distribution-free or having a specified distribution but with the distribution's parameters unspecified.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=223369 |
Nonparametric statistics The wider applicability and increased robustness of non-parametric tests comes at a cost: in cases where a parametric test would be appropriate, non-parametric tests have less power. In other words, a larger sample size can be required to draw conclusions with the same degree of confidence. "No... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=223369 |
Juche (; ; usually left untranslated or translated as "self-reliance") is the official ideology of North Korea, described by the government as "Kim Il-sung's original, brilliant and revolutionary contribution to national and international thought". It postulates that "man is the master of his destiny", that the Korean ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche "Juche" comes from the Sino-Japanese word (modern spelling: ), whose Japanese reading is "shutai". The word was coined in 1887 to translate the concept of "" in German philosophy (subject, meaning "the entity perceiving or acting upon an object or environment") into Japanese. The word migrated to the Korean langu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche Hwang Jang-yop, Kim's top adviser on ideology, discovered Kim's 1955 speech in the late 1950s when Kim, having established a cult of personality, sought to develop his own version of Marxism–Leninism into a North Korean ideology. In his 1955 speech, the first known to refer to "Juche", Kim Il-sung said: To make r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche Kim Jong-il states in the work that "Juche" is not a creative application of Marxism–Leninism, but rather "a new era in the development of human history" while criticizing the "communists and nationalists" of the 1920s for their elitist posture, claiming that they were "divorced from the masses". The WPK's break ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche Malagasy President Didier Ratsiraka expressed strong sympathies and support for North Korea. An excerpt from the opening speech says:Regardless of the opposition forces, the determination of the people and their strength and conviction are not measured by territorial dimensions, possession of advanced technology,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche Not long after the term's introduction into the North Korean lexicon, Kim Jong-il allegedly launched a " of the Whole Society" campaign. These campaigns were introduced so as to strengthen Kim Jong-il's position within the Workers' Party of Korea. According to political analyst Lim Jae-cheon, ""Kimilsungism" refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche In many ways, it signaled a move from socialism to nationalism. This was made very clear in a speech in 1982, when North Korea celebrated Kim Il-sung's 70th birthday in which love for the nation came before love for socialism. This particularism gave birth to such concepts as A Theory of the Korean Nation as Numb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche " Socialism of Our Style, also referred to as Korean-style socialism and our-style socialism within North Korea, is an ideological concept Kim Jong-il introduced on 27 December 1990 in the speech "Socialism of Our Country is a Socialism of Our Style as Embodied by the "Juche" idea". Speaking after the Revolutions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche Additionally, he believed the situation in North Korea was also more complex because of the American presence in South Korea. Thanks to Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il argued, the revolution had "put forward original lines and policies suited to our people's aspirations and the specific situation of our country". "The "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche In contrast to Marxist–Leninist thought in which people's decisions are inextricably linked to their relations to the means of production (a concept referred to as "relations of production"), in "Juche" thought man is independent and decides everything. Just like Marxist–Leninist thought, "Juche" believes history... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche The Great Leader is also a flawless and incorruptible human being who never commits mistakes, who is always benevolent and who always rules for the masses. For the Great Leader system to function, a unitary ideological system must be in place. In North Korea, that unitary ideological system is known as the Ten Pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche Correspondingly, the "proletarian intelligentsia" was exalted for bringing forth progressive scientists and Marxist theoreticians whereas the "bourgeois intelligentsia" was condemned for producing "bourgeois ideology", which were all non-Marxist worldviews. Language reforms followed revolutions more than once, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche It defined the military-centered thinking of the time by stating; "the revolutionary philosophy to safeguard our own style of socialism under any circumstances". The concept was credited to "Respected General Kim Jong-il". In a joint editorial on 16 June 1998 entitled "Our Party's Military-First Politics Will Ine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche He stated that North Korea co-operated with "socialist countries", the "international communist movement" and "newly-emerging nations" on the basis of non-interference, equality and mutual benefit. North Korea emerged from Soviet occupation and fought alongside the Chinese Communists in the Chinese Civil War and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
Juche However, he stated that this did not rule out international economic co-operation. In 1956, Kim Il-sung declared "Juche" to be the guiding principle of the North Korean economy. After the devastation of the Korean War, North Korea began to rebuild its economy with a base in heavy industry, with the aim of becomin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225153 |
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