text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Sumitomo copper affair The refers to a metal trading scandal in 1995 involving Yasuo Hamanaka, the chief copper trader of the Japanese trading house Sumitomo Corporation. Hamanaka allegedly attempted to corner the entire world's copper market. Sumitomo lost at least $1.8 billion as a result of what it said were unautho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21228568 |
The Mystery of Banking is Murray Rothbard's 1983 book explaining the modern fractional-reserve banking system and its origins. In his June 2008 preface to the 298-page second edition, Douglas E. French suggests the work also lays out the “...devastating effects [of fractional-reserve banking] on the lives of every man,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21232724 |
Cash transfer A cash transfer is a direct transfer payment of money to an eligible person. Cash transfers are either unconditional cash transfers or conditional cash transfers. They may be provided by organisations funded by private donors, or a local or regional government. programmes in developing countries are const... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21270890 |
Cash transfer There also may be a negative effect on social capital as resentment develops of those who receive support by those who do not. A universal approach, i.e.selecting all the under 5s, or pensioners, disabled, female led households, etc., does have many advantages as it increases social unity amongst a sectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21270890 |
Cash transfer In sub-Saharan Africa transfer values are normally limited to 10 to 30% of the ultra poverty line, though donors are now recommending the provision of a transfer level equivalent to 100%. Whether due to the cautious approach or not, studies have shown that inflation is often avoided as traders increase th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21270890 |
Cash transfer Qualitative and participatory research carried out by the Overseas Development Institute (in Kenya, Mozambique, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Uganda and Yemen) investigating individual and community perceptions of cash transfer programmes reveals that the money has a number of positive, and potent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21270890 |
Cash transfer For example: In order to scale up cash transfers in humanitarian aid, organisations need to: Research has been carried out by the Overseas Development Institute into the challenges of implementing cash transfers in Sierra Leone and in ensuring their success. After a decade of conflict over 70% of the popu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21270890 |
Cash transfer The same goes for institutional capacity which is widely believed to be improving. Corruption in Sierra Leone continues to pose a serious challenge and the country ranked only 142 out of 163 in Transparency International's 2006 rankings. Cash transfers are no more prone to corruption than other sources of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21270890 |
Cash transfer The first comprehensive systematic review of the health impact of unconditional cash transfers included 21 studies, of which 16 were randomized controlled trials. It found that unconditional cash transfers may not improve health services use. However, they lead to a large, clinically meaningful reduction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21270890 |
Panel Study of Income Dynamics The (PSID) is a longitudinal panel survey of American families, conducted by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. The PSID measures economic, social, and health factors over the life course of families over multiple generations. Data have been collected from the same ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21311451 |
Panel Study of Income Dynamics After this initial 1968 interview, families were interviewed each year until 1997. After 1997, the survey has been biennial, with data being collected every two years. Over time, as individuals leave their household, they are followed as they form their new residence. As time passed, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21311451 |
Panel Study of Income Dynamics The first CDS study included up to two children per household who were 0 to 12 years old in 1997, and followed those children over three waves, ending in 2007-08. The CDS 2014 includes all eligible children in PSID households born since 1997. When children in the CDS cohort reach 18 years... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21311451 |
Panel Study of Income Dynamics As of 2009, the 75 minute interview collected data on: Many of these areas have been included in the instrument since 1968. Hundreds of additional variables that fall into other domains have been collected in various waves throughout the history of the PSID. No identifying information is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21311451 |
World Bank residual model The World Bank residual model, in economics, refers to a widely used model by economists to measure illicit financial flows. The data sources for this analysis are the large-scale macroeconomic databases maintained by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. In order to estimate ill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21313105 |
Bond vigilante A bond vigilante is a bond market investor who protests monetary or fiscal policies considered inflationary by selling bonds, thus increasing yields. In the bond market, prices move inversely to yields. When investors perceive that inflation risk or credit risk is rising they demand higher yields to comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21326076 |
Bond vigilante , based in Austin, Texas, said, "The vigilante group is different this time around. It’s major foreign creditors. This whole idea that we need to spend our way out of our problems is being questioned." However, economist Paul Krugman and other New Keynesians pointed out that there was no evidence for bon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21326076 |
Debt rescheduling is the lengthening of the time of debt repayment and forgiving, or dismissing, part of a loan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21330110 |
Demand-pull theory In economics, the demand-pull theory is the theory that inflation occurs when demand for goods and services exceeds existing supplies. According to the demand pull theory, there is a range of effects on innovative activity driven by changes in expected demand, the competitive structure of markets, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21330463 |
Easy money policy An easy money policy is a monetary policy that increases the money supply usually by lowering interest rates. It occurs when a country's central bank decides to allow new cash flows into the banking system. Since interest rates are lower, it is easier for banks and lenders to loan money, thus leading ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21345474 |
Journal of Trading The is a quarterly academic journal covering tools and strategies in institutional trading including topics such as algorithmic trading, transaction costs, execution options, trading platforms, liquidity, and multi-asset trading. Its editor in chief is Brian R. Bruce (Finance Institute, Southern Meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21359640 |
Excess supply In economics, an excess supply or economic surplus is a situation in which the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than the quantity demanded, and the price is above the equilibrium level determined by supply and demand. That is, the quantity of the product that producers wish to sell exceeds t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21359791 |
Excess supply An excess supply prevents the economy from operating efficiently. in a perfectly competitive market is the "extra" amount of supply, beyond the quantity demanded. As an example, suppose the price of a television is $600, the quantity supplied at that price is 1000 televisions, and the quantity demanded is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21359791 |
Neo-Capitalism Neo-capitalism is an economic ideology which blends some elements of capitalism with other systems. The new capitalism was new compared to the capitalism in the era before World War II. Social and economic ideology that arose in the second half of the 20th century and in which the capitalist doctrine bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21372270 |
Remunicipalization Remunicipalisation commonly refers to the return of previously privatised water supply and sanitation services to municipal authorities. It also encompasses regional or national initiatives. The concept is broadly used to cover: Remunicipalisation happens at many levels: At least 234 cases of water r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Remunicipalization Civil society movements have proven key to promoting remunicipalisation as a policy option, as well framing it as an opportunity to build socially desirable and environmentally sustainable public water models to benefit present and future generations. Researchers have been playing a role in internati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Remunicipalization David McDonald puts remunicipalisation debates in a historical perspective: “Most contemporary water services around the world started as private enterprises (as early as the mid-1800s), but as the inefficiency of private sector providers became increasingly evident, and as private companies denied w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Remunicipalization In Buenos Aires, Argentina, achieving universal access to water became a top priority for the new public operator AySA. The utility increased investment in infrastructure dramatically, and extended training programmes for employees who work with poor neighbourhood residents to expand services. Remuni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Remunicipalization Each privatisation experience leaves significant structural, financial and ideological legacies that shape the direction of remunicipalisation and often constrain the potential for public sector success. Even where political will is strong and financial and technical capacity exists, reverting to pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Remunicipalization The city of Indianapolis, US was forced to pay a $29-million fee to French multinational Veolia to terminate the 20-year contract over a decade early. Berlin residents have had to accept very high costs to buy back the shares held by two private operators. Private concessionaires sued Tucuman and Bue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Remunicipalization Experiments with public participation in water services planning, worker cooperatives, community water systems and other innovative models of service delivery are challenging older models of public water delivery. Proponents argue that remunicipalisation cannot be an unquestioned return to what was o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Remunicipalization The regional institution CONGIAC in Catalonia also played a key role in Arenys de Munt’s remunicipalisation process from decision making to implementation. There are other such examples across boundaries. After failed public-private partnerships (PPPs), the Mozambican government entered into a not-fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Remunicipalization Cases focus on understanding why and how the remunicipalisation process took place as well as the obstacles encountered and the results achieved. In many cases, more detailed information is available through links. To provide a more realistic overview of the trend, the tracker also includes ongoing c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21381280 |
Ministry of the Popular Power for the Communal Economy The (MINEP), also known as the Ministry for Popular Economy, is a ministry of the government of Venezuela which was created by Hugo Chávez in 2004. Succeeding the Ministry of the Social Economy, MINEP manages government relations with, and funding of, local and nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21382126 |
Agentic leadership derives from the term agency. This leadership style is generally found in the business field by a person who is respected by subordinates. This person demonstrates assertiveness, competitiveness, independence, courageousness, and is masterful in achieving their task at hand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21400502 |
CARIACO Ocean Time Series Program In 1995, the Ocean Time Series Program called CARIACO (Carbon Retention in a Colored Ocean) was initiated, completing 232 monthly core cruises through January 2017. This time series consists of field observations using ship, mooring, and satellite platforms in the eastern Cariaco Basin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21417849 |
CARIACO Ocean Time Series Program "Satellite observations" The remote sensing component of the CARIACO Oceanographic Time Series Program is based on real-time and historical satellite measurements (Muller-Karger et al., 2005). The satellite data helps observe surface variations in sea surface temperature (SST) and ocea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21417849 |
Cand.oecon. Candidatus oeconomices (male) or Candidata oeconomices (female), often abbreviated cand.oecon. is an academic degree in economics at Danish, Icelandic and Norwegian universities. It is roughly equivalent to a Master of Economics. It was introduced in Norway in 1905 as a supplementary academic degree in econ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21419715 |
Eclectic paradigm The eclectic paradigm, also known as the OLI Model or OLI Framework ("OLI" stands for "Ownership", "Location", and "Internalization"), is a theory in economics. It is a further development of the internalization theory and published by John H. Dunning in 1979. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21420928 |
Choices (magazine) Choices is an online peer-reviewed magazine published by the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association (AAEA) for readers interested in the policy and management of agriculture, the food industry, natural resources, rural communities, and the environment. "Choices" is published quarterly and is av... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21422761 |
Policy Issues is a series of online peer-reviewed articles published by the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association (AAEA). Each article presents a short analysis and discussion focusing on timely policy issues targeted for those in public and private sector decision-making roles that have a stake in the national ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21422796 |
NCUA Corporate Stabilization Program The was created on January 28, 2009, in response to investment losses incurred at U.S. Central Credit Union. U.S. Central was a third-level corporate credit union that provided services to other corporate credit unions, which in turn served public-facing credit unions. The National ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21424148 |
Pigford v. Glickman (1999) was a class action lawsuit against the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), alleging racial discrimination against African-American farmers in its allocation of farm loans and assistance between 1981 and 1996. The lawsuit was settled on April 14, 1999, by Judge Paul L. Friedman of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman In Mississippi, where black farmers made up 2/3 of the total of farmers in the Delta in the late 19th century, most lost their land by 1910 and had to go to sharecropping or tenant farming. Divested of political power, African Americans were even less able to gain credit. White planters used their w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman " But more often, the USDA used paper-shuffling, delaying loans for black farmers until the end of planting season, approving only a fraction of black farmers' loan requests, and denying crop-disaster payments for black farmers, which white farmers were routinely granted. USDA carried out its operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman He reapplied, but did not receive the loan until planting season was over. Additionally, his loan was "supervised", so he had to get a signature by a USDA official to take money out. It was routine for the USDA to make this a provision for black farmers, but not for white farmers. Mr. Hall lost his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman During investigations of USDA policies and operations, the USDA's Secretary of Agriculture reported that the process for resolving discrimination complaints had failed. He testified that the USDA has not acted in good faith on the complaints: appeals were too often delayed and for too long; favorabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman Many individuals and organizations argued that the settlement in the consent decree should have included broader relief. However, the judge said that was not the test; the test is whether settlement is fair and reasonable compared to cost of trial. The judge found that the two tracks would ensure pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman After the lawsuit was filed, Pigford requested blanket mediation to cover what was thought to be about 2,000 farmers who may have been discriminated against. The U.S. Department of Justice opposed the mediation, saying that each case had to be investigated separately. As the case moved toward trial,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman Finally, plaintiffs were permitted to withdraw from the class and pursue their individual cases in federal court or through the USDA administrative process. This settlement was approved on April 14, 1999, by Judge Paul L. Friedman of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. Originally, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman The largest compensation , from the first part of the Pigford case, was the $13 million paid to the members of the defunct collective farm New Communities of Southwest Georgia in 2009; their attorney said that the value of the land of their former 6,000-acre farm was probably worth $9 million. The c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman In 2004, the Black Farmers and Agriculturalists Association (BFAA) filed a US$20.5 billion class action lawsuit against the USDA for the same practices, alleging racially discriminatory practices between 1997 and 2004. The lawsuit was dismissed when the BFAA failed to show it had standing to bring t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman Complaints were not properly investigated, and decisions were mismanaged and lacked integrity, giving rise to more discrimination complaints and a surge in the number of backlogged complaints. The USDA's reports on minority participation were determined to be unreliable and of limited usefulness; st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Pigford v. Glickman She noted major points: the article "mischaracterized the 'Pigford' settlement, implying falsely that all claimants received payment" (nearly one-third were denied relief); it "fails to explain that in each of the discrimination cases referenced, claimants were required to submit evidence that shows... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21465985 |
Choice model simulation Although the concept choice models is widely understood and practiced these days, it is often difficult to acquire hands-on knowledge in simulating choice models. While many stat packages provide useful tools to simulate, researchers attempting to test and simulate new choice models with data of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21468529 |
Choice model simulation Then, the consumer utilities for choosing the Irish pub and the American pub can be defined: where formula_3 captures unobserved variables that affect consumer utilities. Once the consumer utilities have been specified, the researcher can derive choice probabilities. Namely, the probability of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21468529 |
Choice model simulation Also, if we write the choice probability in the format of (3), only the difference between formula_16 affects the choice probability (i.e. our estimation can only identify the difference). So it's convenient to normalize all the alternative-specific constants to one of the alternatives. If we no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21468529 |
Federal Advisory Council The Federal advisory council or (FAC) is a body composed of representatives chosen by each of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks that "consults with and advises the Board on all matters within the Board's jurisdiction." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21472683 |
Business game (also called business simulation game) refers to simulation games that are used as an educational tool for teaching business. Business games may be carried out for various business training such as: general management, finance, organizational behaviour, human resources, etc. Often, the term "business simu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21484189 |
Business game Its successor INTOPIA was first released in 1995, and it has been used by universities in over 55 countries around the world, including 18 in the U.S. Business games are also used within companies for management training and development . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21484189 |
Marginal efficiency of capital The marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) is that rate of discount which would equate the price of a fixed capital asset with its present discounted value of expected income. The term “marginal efficiency of capital” was introduced by John Maynard Keynes in his "General Theory", and define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21530142 |
Marginal efficiency of capital With the European Commission according to its data bank "AMECO" (Annual Macro-Economic Data) the marginal efficiency of capital is defined as "Change in GDP at constant market prices of year T per unit of gross fixed capital formation at constant prices of year T-.5 [that is, lagged by ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21530142 |
Foreign portfolio investment A foreign portfolio investment is a grouping of assets such as stocks, bonds, and cash equivalents. Portfolio investments are held directly by an investor or managed by financial professionals. In economics, foreign portfolio investment is the entry of funds into a country where foreigners ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21535327 |
Foreign portfolio investment This means that FPI tends to be more liquid and less risky than FDI. The relatively high liquidity of FPI's makes them much easier to sell than FDI's. Foreign portfolio investments also tend to have a shorter time frame for returns than foreign direct investments. Some benefits that come to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21535327 |
Free contract In economics, free contract is the concept that people may decide what agreements they want to enter into. A contract may be described as "free" when it is free from force or fraud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21535421 |
List of production functions This is a list of production functions that have been used in the economics literature. Production functions are a key part of modelling national output and national income. For a much more extensive discussion of various types of production functions and their properties, their relationshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21536356 |
Mang Inasal Philippines, Inc., also known as Mang Inasal, (Hiligaynon for "Mr. Barbecue") is a barbecue fast food restaurant chain in the Philippines, established in Iloilo City in 2003. The company was started by Edgar Sia, who owned his first business at the age of twenty. Sia engaged in the food business at twenty-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21540282 |
Kingsbury Colliery was a coal mine in Kingsbury, Warwickshire, which operated between 1897 and 1968. It was opened in 1897 and changed the nature of the village almost overnight from a predominantly agriculturally based community to a mining village, and helped Kingsbury's expansion. Coal extracted from was used mainly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21547084 |
Redistribution of income and wealth is the transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others by means of a social mechanism such as taxation, charity, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law. The term typically refers to redis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth Redistribution tax policy should not be confused with predistribution policies. "Predistribution" is the idea that the state should try to prevent inequalities occurring in the first place rather than through the tax and benefits system once they have occurred. For example, a governm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth A closely related term, distributism (also known as distributionism or distributivism), is an economic ideology that developed in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his enc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth This phenomenon persists even among people who would benefit most from redistributive policies, as poor Americans tend to favor redistributive policy less than equally poor Europeans. Research shows this is because when a society has a fundamental belief that those who work hard will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth Nonetheless, the classic theory that individual preferences for redistribution decrease with their income, leading to societal preferences for redistribution that increase with income inequality has been disputed. The redistribution of wealth and its practical application are bound t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth Along with utilizing a system of taxation to achieve the redistribution of wealth, the same socio-economic benefit could be achieved if there are appropriate policies enacted within current political infrastructure that addresses these issues. Modern thinking towards the topic of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth These transfer payment programs are funded through general taxation, but benefit the poor or influential special interest groups and corporations. While the persons receiving transfers from such programs may prefer to be directly given cash, these programs may be more palatable to so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth Governmental redistribution of income may include a direct benefit program involving either cash transfers or the purchase of specific services for an individual. Medicare is one example. Medicare is a government-run health insurance program that covers people age 65 or older, certai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth One basis for redistribution is the concept of distributive justice, whose premise is that money and resources ought to be distributed in such a way as to lead to a socially just, and possibly more financially egalitarian, society. Another argument is that a larger middle class benef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth The reason is that rising inequality caused people on low and middle incomes, particularly in the US, to increase their debt to keep up their consumption levels with that of richer people. Borrowing was particularly high in the housing market and deregulation in the financial sector ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US, British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett show a correlation between income inequality and higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Redistribution of income and wealth They point out that social democracy requires a strong labor movement to sustain its heavy redistribution, and that it is unrealistic to expect such redistribution to be feasible in countries with weaker labor movements. They point out that, even in the Scandinavian countries, social... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21554936 |
Animal spirits (Keynes) Animal spirits is the term John Maynard Keynes used in his 1936 book "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" to describe the instincts, proclivities and emotions that ostensibly influence and guide human behavior, and which can be measured in terms of, for example, consumer confid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21559940 |
Animal spirits (Keynes) Ralph Waldo Emerson in "Society and Solitude" (1870) wrote of "animal spirits" as prompting people to action, in a broader sense than Keynes's: In social science, Karl Marx refers to "animal spirits" in the 1887 English translation of Capital, Volume 1. Marx speaks of the animal spirits of the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21559940 |
Animal spirits (Keynes) Restoring equilibrium subsequently required a firm sanction from those in authority and possibly also a re-casting of the regulation to prevent repeats of the actions undertaken. The slang term of the era for this was 'ragging'. Wodehouse uses antithesis in the latter example to make comedy out ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21559940 |
Animal spirits (Keynes) In 2009, economists Akerlof and Shiller advised in addition that: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21559940 |
Law of increasing costs In economics, the law of increasing costs is a principle that states that once all factors of production (land, labor, capital) are at maximum output and efficiency, producing more will cost more than average. As production increases, the opportunity cost does as well. The best way to look at th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21561303 |
Law of increasing costs The only difference is that resources are being taken from one area and applied to another, instead of simply producing more of the same (as assumed in the first paragraph) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21561303 |
Learning effect (economics) In economics, the learning effect is the process by which education increases productivity and results in higher wages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21561568 |
Master of Financial Economics A master's degree in Financial Economics provides a rigorous understanding of theoretical finance and the economic framework upon which that theory is based. The degree is postgraduate, and usually incorporates a thesis or research component. Programs may be offered jointly by the business... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21575033 |
Master of Financial Economics The programs require a bachelor's degree prior to admission, but do not (usually) require an undergraduate major in finance or economics; a typical requirement is exposure to (multivariable) calculus and differential equations, statistics and probability theory, and linear algebra. Many pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21575033 |
Master of Financial Economics These degrees are focused on financial management, corporate finance and investment management, and are practice oriented with limited exposure to the underlying economic theory. Since these courses train graduates in the "use" of the models developed in Financial Economics, the theory is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21575033 |
Marginal product of labor In economics, the marginal product of labor (MP) is the change in output that results from employing an added unit of labor. It is a feature of the production function, and depends on the amounts of physical capital and labor already in use. The marginal product of a factor of production is ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21582679 |
Marginal product of labor When the marginal product of labor becomes negative, it is known as negative marginal returns. The marginal product of labor is directly related to costs of production. Costs are divided between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that relate to the fixed input, capital, or "rK", w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21582679 |
Marginal product of labor The primary reason for the increase is specialization and division of labor. At the point the AP reaches its maximum value AP equals the MP. Beyond this point the AP falls. During the early stages of production MP is greater than AP. When the MP is above the AP the AP will increase. Eventually... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21582679 |
Marginal product of labor The law states, "as units of one input are added (with all other inputs held constant) a point will be reached where the resulting additions to output will begin to decrease; that is marginal product will decline." The law of diminishing marginal returns applies regardless of whether the produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21582679 |
Marginal product of labor The marginal profit per unit of labor equals the marginal revenue product of labor minus the marginal cost of labor or Mπ = MRP − MCA firm maximizes profits where Mπ = 0. The marginal revenue product is the change in total revenue per unit change in the variable input assume labor. That is, MR... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21582679 |
Market demand schedule In economics, a market demand schedule is a tabulation of the quantity of a good that all consumers in a market will purchase at a given price. At any given price, the corresponding value on the demand schedule is the sum of all consumers’ quantities demanded at that price. Generally, there is an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21586378 |
Private benefits of control is a technical term used by corporate lawyers and economists. It refers to the economic gain from exerting influence on a company by large shareholders at the expense of small shareholders. There are two different types of private benefits of control from company value perspective: Benefits ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21591658 |
Bunkering is the supplying of fuel for use by ships, and includes the shipboard logistics of loading fuel and distributing it among available bunker tanks. The term originated in the days of steamships, when the fuel, coal, was stored in bunkers. Nowadays the term bunker is generally applied to the storage of petroleum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21598045 |
Business cycle accounting is an accounting procedure used in macroeconomics to decompose business cycle fluctuations into contributing factors. The procedure was introduced by V. V. Chari, Patrick Kehoe, and Ellen McGrattan but is similar to techniques introduced earlier. The underlying premise of the procedure is that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21605358 |
Entrepreneurs' relief In the United Kingdom, entrepreneurs selling their business (technically "qualifying assets") can claim entrepreneurs' relief. This is a lifetime allowance of £1,000,000 of gain that will be taxed at a reduced rate of 10%. This was reduced from £10,000,000 in the 2020 Budget on 11 March 2020. To b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21670976 |
Entrepreneurs' relief Roughly 52,000 individuals benefited from the tax break in 2015-16, but the chief financial gain was for a few very people, with about 6,000 claiming over £1m each. The overall cost of the tax relief over a decade was roughly £22bn though its effectiveness has not been seriously evaluated. Most en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21670976 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.