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List of communist ideologies The core principle of council communism is that the government and the economy should be managed by workers' councils composed of delegates elected at workplaces and recallable at any moment. As such, council communists oppose authoritarian socialism. They also oppose the idea of a revoluti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies Anarchists argued that capitalism and the state were inseparable and that one could not be abolished without the other. Anarcho-communists such as Peter Kropotkin theorized an immediate transition to one society with no classes. Anarcho-syndicalism became one of the dominant forms of anarch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies (King James Version) Christian communism can be seen as a radical form of Christian socialism and because many Christian communists have formed independent stateless communes in the past, there is also a link between Christian communism and Christian anarchism. Christian communists may or m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies The defining common ground is the contention that "the crises of contemporary liberal capitalist societies—ecological degradation, financial turmoil, the loss of trust in the political class, exploding inequality—are systemic, interlinked, not amenable to legislative reform, and require "re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca (Belo Horizonte, February 23, 1957) is a Brazilian economist and author, educated at the University of São Paulo, with specialization in Social Science, Economics, Administration, and Accounting. He received his doctorate in economics from the University of Cambridge, where he was also a pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280789 |
JEL classification codes Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to the JEL classification codes, a system originated by the "Journal of Economic Literature". The "JEL" is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently publ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235747 |
JEL classification codes Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include: A1 General Economics A2 Economic Education and Teaching of Economics A3 Collective Works B1 through 1925 B2 since 1925 B3 : Individuals B4 Economic Methodology B5 Current Heterodox Approaches C1 and Statistical Methods and Methodology: Gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235747 |
JEL classification codes of Economic Agents H4 Publicly Provided Goods H5 National Government Expenditures and Related Policies H6 National Budget, Deficit, and Debt H7 State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations H8 Miscellaneous Issues I1 Health I2 Education and Research Institutions I3 Welfare, Well-Bein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235747 |
JEL classification codes n N5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries N6 Manufacturing and Construction N7 Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services N8 Micro-Business History N9 Regional and Urban History O1 Economic Development O2 Development Planning and Policy O3 Innovat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235747 |
Late fee A late fee, also known as an "overdue fine", "late fine", or "past due fee", is a charge fined against a client by a company or organization for not paying a bill or returning a rented or borrowed item by its due date. Its use is most commonly associated with businesses like creditors, video rental outlets and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2236984 |
Late fee The Public Library Association and the Association of Library Services to Children have asked libraries to reconsider policies that keep low-income teens away for fear of fines. Many libraries also offer alternatives and amnesties in order to encourage patrons to return overdue books. "Food for Fines" programs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2236984 |
Late fee Since libraries face limited funding, fees and fines represent both a source of revenue and a barrier to use (p. 43). Some libraries have stepped up enforcement and collection of late fees. People who do not return library property after an extended period of time may face arrest or a negative action on their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2236984 |
Mundell–Fleming model The Mundell–Fleming model, also known as the IS-LM-BoP model (or IS-LM-BP model), is an economic model first set forth (independently) by Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming. The model is an extension of the IS–LM model. Whereas the traditional IS-LM model deals with economy under autarky (or a clos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model where "E"(π) is the expected rate of inflation. Higher disposable income or a lower real interest rate (nominal interest rate minus expected inflation) leads to higher consumption spending. where "Y" is GDP in the previous period. Higher lagged income or a lower real interest rate leads to higher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model Under flexible exchange rates, the exchange rate is the third endogenous variable while BoP is set equal to zero. In contrast, under fixed exchange rates "e" is exogenous and the balance of payments surplus is determined by the model. Under both types of exchange rate regime, the nominal domestic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model However, under perfect capital mobility the BoP curve is simply horizontal at a level of the domestic interest rate equal to the level of the world interest rate. As explained below, whether domestic monetary or fiscal policy is potent, in the sense of having an effect on real GDP, depends on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model The strengthening of the currency will mean it is more expensive for customers of domestic producers to buy the home country's exports, so net exports will decrease, thereby cancelling out the rise in government spending and shifting the IS curve to the left. Therefore, the rise in government spen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model Under the fixed exchange rate system, the central bank operates in the foreign exchange market to maintain a specific exchange rate. If there is pressure to devalue the domestic currency's exchange rate because the supply of domestic currency exceeds its demand in foreign exchange markets, the loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model If the central bank were to conduct open market operations in the domestic bond market in order to offset these balance-of-payments-induced changes in the money supply — a process called sterilization – it would absorb newly arrived money by decreasing its holdings of domestic bonds (or the opposi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model To maintain the fixed exchange rate, the central bank must accommodate the capital flows (in or out) which are caused by a change of the global interest rate, in order to offset pressure on the exchange rate. If the global interest rate increases, shifting the BoP curve upward, capital flows out t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model Some of the results from this model differ from those of the IS-LM model because of the open economy assumption. Results for a large open economy, on the other hand, can be consistent with those predicted by the IS-LM model. The reason is that a large open economy has the characteristics of both a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model But for a small open economy with perfect capital mobility and a flexible exchange rate, the domestic interest rate is predetermined by the horizontal BoP curve, and so by the LM equation given previously there is exactly one level of output that can make the money market be in equilibrium at that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model The accommodated monetary outflows exactly offset the intended rise in the domestic money supply, completely offsetting the tendency of the LM curve to shift to the right, and the interest rate remains equal to the world rate of interest. One of the assumptions of the is that domestic and foreign ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Mundell–Fleming model Nevertheless, Dornbusch concludes that monetary policy is still effective even if it worsens a trade balance, because a monetary expansion pushes down interest rates and encourages spending. He adds that, in the short run, fiscal policy works because it raises interest rates and the velocity of mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237734 |
Business record A business record is a document (hard copy or digital) that records a business dealing. Business records include meeting minutes, memoranda, employment contracts, and . It must be retrievable at a later date so that the business dealings can be accurately reviewed as required. Since business is dependen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2254416 |
Consumer service Consumer services refers to the formulation, deformulation, technical consulting and testing of most consumer products, such as food, herbs, beverages, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, hair products, household cleaners, paints, plastics, metals, waxes, coatings, minerals, ceramics, construction ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2257481 |
Carbon footprint A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent. Greenhouse gases, including the carbon-containing gases carbon dioxide and methane, can be emitted through the burning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Once the size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to reduce it, for example, by technological developments, energy efficiency improvements, better process and product management, changed Green Public or Private Procurement (GPP), carbon capture, consumption strategies, carbon offs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint The variables of owning electronic goods such as the production, shipment, and previous technology used to make that product, can make it difficult to create an accurate carbon footprint. It is important to question, and address the accuracy of Carbon Footprint techniques, especially due to its overwhe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint While carbon footprints are usually reported in tons of emissions (CO2-equivalent) per year, ecological footprints are usually reported in comparison to what the planet can renew. This assesses the number of "earths" that would be required if everyone on the planet consumed resources at the same level ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Defra no longer provide international emission factors and refer visitors to the IEA who provide free highlights and paid for details covering Scope 1 and 2. Indirect carbon emissions are emissions from sources upstream or downstream from the process being studied, also known as scope 3 emissions. Exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Animal sources of protein (especially red meat), rice (typically produced in high methane-emitting paddies), foods transported long-distance or via fuel-inefficient transport (e.g., highly perishable produce flown long-distance) and heavily processed and packaged foods are among the major contributors ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint If that option isn't available, it is best to properly recycle the disposable items after use. When one household recycles at least half of their household waste, they can save 1.2 tons of carbon dioxide annually. Another option for reducing the carbon footprint of humans is to use less air conditionin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint " The Handprint is being used around the world to strengthen action towards the fulfillment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The most powerful industrial climate actions are: refrigerant management (90 billion tonnes of CO2e 2017–2050, since refrigerants have thousands of times the warming pote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Reforestation, the restocking of existing forests or woodlands that have previously been depleted, is an example of Carbon Offsetting, the counteracting of carbon dioxide emissions with an equivalent reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon offsetting can reduce a companies overall carbon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Typical for both markets is the trade with emission certificates: To reach the goals defined in the Kyoto Protocol, with the least economical costs, the following flexible mechanisms were introduced for the mandatory market: The CDM and JI mechanisms requirements for projects which create a supply of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint The new changes will target the emissions produced by flight travel in and out of the European Union. Other nations are scheduled to start participating in Emissions Trading Schemes within the next few years. These nations include China, India and the United States. In contrast to the strict rules set ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint The OTC market does not involve a legally binding scheme and a wide array of buyers from the public and private spheres, as well as special events that want to go carbon neutral. Being carbon neutral refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Industrial Gas projects receive criticism because such projects only apply to large industrial plants that already have high fixed costs. Siphoning off industrial gas for sequestration is considered picking the low hanging fruit; which is why credits generated from industrial gas projects are the cheap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint households is about 5 times greater than the global average. For most U.S. households the single most important action to reduce their carbon footprint is driving less or switching to a more efficient vehicle. The following table compares, from peer-reviewed studies of full life cycle emissions and fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint The CO footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint, much lower than micro-power or heat pumps. Coal production has been refined to greatly reduce carbon emiss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint CO emissions per passenger-kilometre (pkm) for all road travel for 2011 in Europe as provided by the European Environment Agency: For vehicles, average figures for CO emissions per kilometer for road travel for 2013 in Europe, normalized to the NEDC test cycle, are provided by the International Council... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Companies, nonprofits and academics have addressed mailing letters and packages. Carnegie Mellon University has estimated the CO footprints of 46 large sectors of the economy in each of eight countries. Carnegie Mellon, Sweden and the Carbon Trust have addressed foods at home and in restaurants. The Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint However, studies of textile production in Europe suggest the following carbon dioxide equivalent emissions footprints per kilo of textile at the point of purchase by a consumer: Accounting for durability and energy required to wash and dry textile products, synthetic fabrics generally have a substantia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Automatic transfer service account An automatic transfer service account is a deposit account that allows the transfer of funds from a savings account to a checking account in order to cover a check written or to maintain a minimum balance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2267766 |
E. Roy Weintraub Eliot Roy Weintraub (; born March 22, 1943) is an American mathematician, economist, and, since 1976, professor of economics at Duke University. He was born in 1943 in New York City. Weintraub has published numerous articles in professional journals and other edited volumes. His teaching and research h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2268051 |
E. Roy Weintraub At Duke he was Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Economics from 1972 to 1983, Chair of that department from 1983 to 1987, Acting Director of the Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences in 1987, Director of the Center for Social and Historical Studies of Science from 1995–1999, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2268051 |
E. Roy Weintraub thesis advisors were Lawrence Klein and Herbert Wilf. He joined the Duke University faculty in 1970 following a first academic position at Rutgers University. He lives with his family in Durham, North Carolina. is the son of the economist Sidney Weintraub. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2268051 |
Ask price Ask price, also called offer price, offer, asking price, or simply ask, is the price a seller states they will accept. The seller may qualify the stated asking price as firm or negotiable. Firm means the seller is implying that the price is fixed and will not change. In bid and ask, the term ask price is used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275004 |
Closed-household economy A closed-household economy is a society's economic system in which goods are not traded. Instead, those goods are produced and consumed by the same households. In other words, a closed-household economy is an economy where households are closed to trading. This kind of economy is present, for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275212 |
Oligopolistic reaction An oligopolistic reaction is a concept from economics introduced by Frederick T. Knickerbocker ("Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise", Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973) to explain why firms follow rivals into foreign markets. Under conditions of growth in an economy, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279164 |
Weakly additive In fair division, a topic in economics, a preference relation is weakly additive if the following condition is met: Every additive utility function is weakly-additive. However, additivity is applicable only to cardinal utility functions, while weak additivity is applicable to ordinal utility functions. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2282064 |
Secondary mortgage market The secondary mortgage market is the market for the sale of securities or bonds collateralized by the value of mortgage loans. A mortgage lender, commercial banks, or specialized firm will group together many loans (from the "primary mortgage market") and sell grouped loans known as collateral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2284839 |
Secondary mortgage market While historically in the US, fewer than 2% of people lost their homes to foreclosure; rates were far higher during the Subprime mortgage crisis. Delinquencies, defaults, and decreased real estate values could make CDOs difficult to evaluate. This happened to BNP Paribas in August, 2007, causi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2284839 |
Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Since the prime minister happens to be the ex-officio chairperson of Planning Commission of India, the position of the deputy chairperson has great significance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2286427 |
Bank paper is a thin strong writing paper of less than 50g/m. It is commonly used for typewriting and correspondence. The term is also used for securities that are issued by banks, instead of governments. See also commercial paper, securities issued by corporations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2293257 |
Süleyman Başak (born c. 1964) is a financial economist of Turkish Cypriot origin. He is Professor at the Institute of Finance and Accounting of the London Business School, an MBA-granting part of the University of London and has previously taught at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania until June 30, 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2301017 |
Unearned increment is an increase in the value of land or any property without expenditure of any kind on the part of the proprietor; it is an early statement of the notion of unearned income. It was coined by John Stuart Mill, who proposed taxing it so that it benefits every member of a society . Mill's concept was re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302537 |
Scope statement Scope statements can take many forms depending on the type of project being implemented and the nature of the organization. The scope statement details the project deliverables and describes the major objectives. The objectives should include measurable success criteria for the project. A scope statemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2305841 |
Stan Zin Stanley Eugene Zin is a Canadian economist. He is the William R. Berkley Professor Economics and Business at the Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University. His research interests are in the areas of asset pricing and macroeconomics. He is well known for his work on Epstein–Zin preferences which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2306452 |
Stigler Commission Formally known as the Price Statistics Review Committee, the was convened in 1961 to study the measurement of inflation in the United States. Headed by economist George Stigler, its mandate was to conduct research into all types of price indices, including the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Based on its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2309511 |
Developed market In investing, a developed market is a country that is most developed in terms of its economy and capital markets. The country must be high income, but this also includes openness to foreign ownership, ease of capital movement, and efficiency of market institutions. This term is contrasted with developi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2310659 |
Travers Twiss Sir QC FRS (19 March 1809 in London – 14 January 1897 in London) was an English jurist. He had a distinguished academic and legal career culminating in his appointment as Queen's Advocate-General. Twiss was particularly noted for his contribution to the theory of international law. He was widely consulted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311738 |
Travers Twiss He was professor of international law at King's College London (1852–1855). In 1840, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and became an advocate at Doctors' Commons. In the ecclesiastical courts he enjoyed a large practice, and filled many of the appointments incidental thereto, such as commissary-g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311738 |
Travers Twiss In 1862 he had married the 22-year-old Marie van Lynnseele, who he presented as the daughter of a Polish aristocrat. A solicitor named Alexander Chaffers claimed that Marie was in reality a French former prostitute who went by the name "Marie Gelas", and had been Twiss's mistress before their marriage. Ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311738 |
Basket (finance) In finance, a basket is a group of several securities created for the purpose of simultaneous buying or selling. Baskets are frequently used for program trading. Certain specific products can be seen as specialized "baskets". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2321729 |
Agricultural cooperative An agricultural cooperative, also known as a farmers' co-op, is a cooperative where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity. A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between 'agricultural service cooperatives', which provide various services to their individ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2330138 |
Agricultural cooperative Both are organized as corporations, but IOFs pursue profit maximization objectives, whereas cooperatives strive to maximize the benefits they generate for their members (which usually involves zero-profit operation). Agricultural cooperatives are therefore created in situations where farmers ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2330138 |
Agricultural cooperative Cooperatives provide a method for farmers to join together in an 'association', through which a group of farmers can acquire a better outcome, typically financial, than by going alone. This approach is aligned to the concept of economies of scale and can also be related as a form of economic sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2330138 |
Agricultural cooperative The first agricultural cooperatives were created in Europe in the seventeenth century in the Military Frontier, where the wives and children of the border guards lived together in organized agricultural cooperatives next to a funfair and a public bath. The first civil agricultural cooperatives ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2330138 |
Agricultural cooperative Agricultural marketing cooperatives are cooperative businesses owned by farmers, to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock.) New Zealand has a strong history of agricultural cooperatives, dating back to the late 19th century. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2330138 |
Agricultural cooperative Two smaller cooperatives did not join Fonterra, preferring to remain independent – the Morrinsville-based Tatua Dairy Company and Westland Milk Products on the West Coast of the South Island. The other main agricultural co-operatives in New Zealand are in the meat and fertiliser industries. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2330138 |
Agricultural cooperative In India, there are networks of cooperatives at the local, regional, state and national levels that assist in agricultural marketing. The commodities that are mostly handled are food grains, jute, cotton, sugar, milk and nuts Dairy farming based on the Anand Pattern, with a single marketing coo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2330138 |
Agricultural cooperative Over the last sixty years, the local sugar mills have played a crucial part in encouraging rural political participation and as a stepping stone for aspiring politicians. This is particularly true in the state of Maharashtra where a large number of politicians belonging to the Congress party or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2330138 |
LECOP The was a bond issued by Argentine national government. "LECOP" (sometimes written as a common word, "Lecop"), stands for Letra de Cancelación de Obligaciones Provinciales ("Letter of Cancellation of Provincial Obligations"). These bonds were circulated at a substantial discount from their face value, so anybody ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2335977 |
Wolle Chekol (1941–2005) was an Ethiopian statesman whose positions included Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Trade, and Deputy Prime Ministe . He was born in Gojjam, where he completed his elementary and secondary education. He earned his BA degree in economics from Haile Selassie I University, Addis Ababa wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2340797 |
Tax exporting occurs when a country (or other jurisdiction) shifts its tax burden (partially) abroad. For example, if residents of country A hold shares of a company in country B, the government in B might want to levy an inefficiently high tax on this company's profits since the tax is partially borne by the sharehold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2351125 |
Casa da Moeda do Brasil The is the Brazilian mint, owned by the Brazilian government and administratively subordinated to the Ministry of Finances. It was established in 1694. Its current headquarters and industrial facilities occupy a modern plant with 110,000 square metres (1.2 million square feet) in Rio de Janeiro'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2355844 |
Unidade real de valor The Daily Unidade Real de Valor, or URV (Portuguese, "Real Value Unit"), was a non-monetary reference currency (i.e., non-fiat) created in March 1994, as part of the Plano Real in Brazil. It was the most theoretically sophisticated piece of the Plano Real and was based on a previous academic work ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2356897 |
Unidade real de valor Prices were quoted both in URVs and "cruzeiros reais" but payments had to be made exclusively in "cruzeiros reais", since the URV would not become legal tender until July 1, 1994. For instance, banks were required to report balances on accounts in both currencies and contracts had to be rewritten ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2356897 |
Postal service privatization Several countries have undergone or are in various stages of privatizing their national postal service: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2357915 |
Inertial inflation is a situation where all prices in an economy are continuously adjusted with relation to a price index by force of contracts. Changes in price indices trigger changes in prices of goods. Contracts are made to accommodate this price-changing scenario by means of indexation. Indexation in a high-inflat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2358491 |
Collective action clause A collective action clause (CAC) allows a supermajority of bondholders to agree to a debt restructuring that is legally binding on all holders of the bond, including those who vote against the restructuring. Bondholders generally opposed such clauses in the 1980s and 1990s, fearing that it gave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2362408 |
Collective action clause In accordance with the treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism, all bonds issued by Eurozone member states with maturities exceeding one year, issued after January 1, 2013, have a mandatory collective action clause. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2362408 |
Leontief paradox Leontief's paradox in economics is that a country with a higher capital per worker has a "lower" capital/labor ratio in exports than in imports. This econometric find was the result of Wassily W. Leontief's attempt to test the Heckscher–Ohlin theory ("H–O theory") empirically. In 1953, Leontief found t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2371921 |
Leontief paradox For instance, the Linder hypothesis states that demand plays a more important role than comparative advantage as a determinant of trade—with the hypothesis that countries which share similar demands will be more likely to trade. For instance, both the United States and Germany are developed countries w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2371921 |
Francisco Gil Díaz (born 2 September 1943 in Mexico City) is a Mexican economist who served as Secretary of Finance in the cabinet of President Vicente Fox and currently serves as regional chairman of Telefónica for Mexico and Central America. Gil Díaz is the son of Francisco Gil Arias, a fisherman, and Ana María Díaz ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2372237 |
Redemption value is the price at which the issuing company may choose to repurchase a security before its maturity date. A bond is purchased at a discount if its redemption value exceeds its purchase price. It is purchased at a premium if its purchase price exceeds its redemption value. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2376959 |
Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (born May 13, 1954) is a left-wing Mexican politician previously affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution, the Unified Socialist Party of Mexico, the Mexican Socialist Party and the Mexican Communist Party. He served as the 4th Head of Government of the Federal District from 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2380336 |
Grant-in-aid A grant-in-aid is money coming from a central government for a specific project. This kind of funding is usually used when the government and parliament have decided that the recipient should be publicly funded but operate with reasonable independence from the state. In the United Kingdom, most bodies in r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2396604 |
Honesty bar An honesty bar is an unattended beverage bar, typically in the lobby or lounge of a hotel, where payment is left to the guest. Honesty bars differ significantly from in-room mini-bars, where any consumption is automatically charged to the guest's account. Honesty bars are less common than staffed bars, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399603 |
Heterodox economics is any economic thought or theory that contrasts with orthodox schools of economic thought, or that may be beyond neoclassical economics. These include institutional, evolutionary, feminist, social, post-Keynesian (not to be confused with New Keynesian), ecological, Georgist, Austrian, Marxian, soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399697 |
Heterodox economics " In defining a common ground in the "critical commentary," one writer described fellow heterodox economists as trying to do three things: (1) identify shared ideas that generate a pattern of heterodox critique across topics and chapters of introductory macro texts; (2) give special attention to ide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399697 |
Heterodox economics Joseph Henry, an American physicist and first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, remarked that the "fundamental principle of political economy is that the physical labor of man can only be ameliorated by… the transformation of matter from a crude state to a artificial condition...by expending... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399697 |
Heterodox economics Davis, proposed that the definition of heterodox economics has to be adapted to this new, more complex reality: There is no single "heterodox economic theory"; there are many different "heterodox theories" in existence. What they all share, however, is a rejection of the neoclassical orthodoxy as re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399697 |
Heterodox economics A typical version of the critique is that of Satya Gabriel: Neoclassical economic theory is grounded in a particular conception of human psychology, agency or decision-making. It is assumed that all human beings make economic decisions so as to maximize pleasure or utility. Some heterodox theories r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399697 |
Heterodox economics In microeconomic theory, cost-minimization by consumers and by firms implies the existence of supply and demand correspondences for which market clearing equilibrium prices exist, if there are large numbers of consumers and producers. Under convexity assumptions or under some marginal-cost pricing r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399697 |
Heterodox economics This cross-fertilization of ideas is creating a new generation of scholarship in which novel combinations of heterodox ideas are being brought to bear on important contemporary and historical problems, such as socially grounded reconstructions of the individual in economic theory; the goals and tool... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399697 |
Heterodox economics The posited relationship between economic theory, energy and entropy, has been extended further by systems scientists to explain the role of energy in biological evolution in terms of such economic criteria as productivity, efficiency, and especially the costs and benefits of the various mechanisms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399697 |
Interest rate parity is a no-arbitrage condition representing an equilibrium state under which investors will be indifferent to interest rates available on bank deposits in two countries. The fact that this condition does not always hold allows for potential opportunities to earn riskless profits from covered interest ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2406246 |
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