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Electronics manufacturing in Chennai Chennai, the Detroit of Asia has now emerged as the Electronics Manufacturing Services hub of India. It already has strong base in Automotive, IT and many other Industries. EMS Corridor stretches from Sriperumbudur to Oragadam. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21672396 |
Market design In game theory, decision-makers deduce strategies for how to behave within the constraints of a game. is the flip side of that coin: given a set of agents, market design seeks to identify the game rules a market designer might implement that would produce the desired behaviors in the players. In some mark... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21689632 |
Market design If signals are independently and identically distributed, then buyer "i"’s expected value formula_5 is independent of the other buyers’ signals. Thus, the buyers’ expected values are independently and identically distributed. This is the standard private value auction. For such auctions the revenue equiva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21689632 |
Market design The intuition for this result is as follows: In the sealed second-price auction the expected payment of a winning bidder with value "v" is based on their own information. By the revenue equivalence theorem if all buyers had the same beliefs, there would be revenue equivalence. However, if values are affil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21689632 |
Market design Suppose buyer 1 deviates and bids "b" = "B"("z") rather than "B"("v") . Let U(z) be their resulting payoff. For "B"("v") to be an equilibrium bid function, "U"("z") must take on its maximum at "x" = "v". With a bid of "b" = "B"("z") buyer 1 wins if The win probability is then formula_33 so that buyer 1's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21689632 |
Tail risk Tail risk, sometimes called "fat tail risk," is the financial risk of an asset or portfolio of assets moving more than 3 standard deviations from its current price, above the risk of a normal distribution. Prudent asset managers are typically cautious with tail risk involving losses which could damage or ruin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21694925 |
Clientele effect The clientele effect is the idea that the set of investors attracted to a particular kind of security will affect the price of the security when policies or circumstances change. For instance, some investors want a company that doesn't pay dividends but instead invests that money in growing the busines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21701952 |
Forum for Stable Currencies is a political advocacy group in the United Kingdom seeking economic democracy through freedom from national debt. Founded in 1998, the group is a non-governmental organization without governmental funding. In 2003, the "New Statesman" reported that the forum was "attracting leading figures ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21708434 |
Forum for Stable Currencies The Forum has hosted notable speakers, including Joseph Huber who on June, 2001 delivered a speech before the Forum at the House of Lords detailing the advantages of economic reform, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus who in February 2008 spoke at St. James's Church, London Piccadil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21708434 |
Housing affordability index A housing affordability index is an index that rates housing affordability. One index is published monthly by the National Association of Realtors. A value of 100 means that a family with the median income has exactly enough income to qualify for a mortgage on a median-priced home. An index ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21710910 |
Ceramic heat cell A ceramic heat cell, also known as Caloric Porous Structure Cell (CPSC), is a ceramic device to burn a fuel without flame, converting the thermal energy to mechanical work. In principle any fuel that can be vapourised and pre-mixed with air can be used. "Ultra vaporized steam" replaces the exploding a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21716908 |
Vladas Jurgutis Award is a prestigious economic award, once a year granted by the Bank of Lithuania and Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The aim of the Award is to encourage scientific activities in the area of research on Lithuania's banking, finance, money and macroeconomics. Award named after the father of Lithuanian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21728823 |
Tangible common equity (TCE) is the subset of shareholders' equity that is not preferred equity and not intangible assets. TCE is an uncommonly used measure of a company's financial strength. It indicates how much ownership equity owners of common stock would receive in the event of a company's liquidation. During the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21731852 |
Third market in finance, refers to the trading of exchange-listed securities in the over-the-counter (OTC) market. These trades allow institutional investors to trade blocks of securities directly, rather than through an exchange, providing liquidity and anonymity to buyers trading was pioneered in the 1960s by firms s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21732339 |
Swap ratio In corporate finance, the swap ratio is an exchange rate of the shares of the companies that undergo a merger; see Stock swap and Mergers and acquisitions #Stock. This ratio is calculated by the valuation of various assets and liabilities of the merging companies. The swap ratio determines the control that e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21742779 |
Portfolio insurance is a hedging strategy developed to limit the losses an investor might face from a declining index of stocks without having to sell the stocks themselves. The technique was pioneered by Hayne Leland and Mark Rubinstein in 1976. Since its inception, the portfolio insurance strategy has been dubiously ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21773827 |
Portfolio insurance Both portfolio insurance and index arbitrage are commonly cited as two types of computer program trading which contributed to the stock market crash of October 19, 1987, also known as Black Monday. Though there is no debate that these two programs played a role in the crash, there seems to have been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21773827 |
Tableau économique The () or "Economic Table" is an economic model first described by French economist François Quesnay in 1758, which laid the foundation of the Physiocratic school of economics. Quesnay believed that trade and industry were not sources of wealth, and instead in his 1758 manuscript "Tableau économique"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21775229 |
Tableau économique ” A “plausible explanation is that the Physiocrats developed their theory in light of the actual situation of the French economy…” France was an absolute monarchy with the land owners constituting 6-8% of the population and owning 50% of the land. (5, p. 859) Agriculture contributes 80% of the countr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21775229 |
Tableau économique India) or Holland (e.g. North America, Africa, South America). Its main colonial presence was in the Caribbean, southern North America, and southeast Asia, and like France, the colonies had agricultural-based economies. The only good which France had in enough excess to export was food; therefore, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21775229 |
Fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation The fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation (FPOM or pay-off method) is a method for valuing real options, developed by Mikael Collan, Robert Fullér, and József Mezei; and published in 2009. It is based on the use of fuzzy logic and fuzzy numbers for the creation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21787029 |
Fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation The scenarios used are a minimum possible scenario (the lowest possible outcome), the maximum possible scenario (the highest possible outcome) and a best estimate (most likely to happen scenario) that is mapped as a fully possible scenario with a full degree of membership ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21787029 |
Fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation The method is useful in analyses for decision making regarding investments that have an uncertain future, and especially so if the underlying data is in the form of cash-flow scenarios. The method is less useful if optimal timing is the objective. The method is flexible an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21787029 |
Polmin (English: State Factory of Mineral Oils, Polish: Państwowa Fabryka Olejów Mineralnych) was a Polish state-owned enterprise, which controlled excavation, transport and distribution of natural gas. Founded in 1909, it was nationalized in 1927, with main office in Lwow. operated a large oil refinery in Drohobych, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21792437 |
Introduction to Economic Analysis is a university microeconomics textbook by Caltech Professor Preston McAfee. It is available free of charge under Creative Commons license (an open source); under this "license that requires attribution, users can pick and choose chapters or integrate with their own material". was the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21818736 |
Asia-Pacific Trade Agreements Database The Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Agreements Database (APTIAD) is a resource for researchers and policymakers in the area of international trade and investment. The online database allows searches in two ways. One relates to the agreements themselves where users can search by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21836925 |
Asia-Pacific Trade Agreements Database export/import value, export/import growth, export/import share, trade share, trade intensity) by country or region, product and year. Export flows are downloaded from UN COMTRADE using World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) for the last 10 years (at present 1998-2007) for selected... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21836925 |
Experimetrics comprises the body of econometric techniques that are customized to experimental applications. refers to the application of econometrics to economics experiments. refers to formal procedures used in designed investigations of economic hypotheses. One branch of experimetrics uses experiments to evaluate th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21858352 |
Information-led development (ILD) is a development strategy whereby a developing country makes as a primary economic policy focus the creation and development of a national information technology (IT) sector with the express aim of relying on this sector as an engine of growth. Notable examples of such countries are In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21890436 |
Information-led development This development model is gaining traction in emerging markets such as Colombia and South Africa, where the data is being used to reduce financial exclusion and facilitate credit access as a means to build wealth and form assets. It is also attracting increasing attention from development ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21890436 |
Small cap company A small cap company is a company whose market capitalization (shares x value of each share) is small, under $1 billion. A small cap company typically has under $1 billion under control and are hence considered small companies. Small companies generally are not able to secure the best (prime) borrowing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21896672 |
Voluntary exchange is the act of buyers and sellers engaging in market transactions, which according to the proponents of the term happens freely and willingly. Moreover, the concept assumes that transactions are made in such a way that both the buyer and the seller are better off after the exchange than before it occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21897741 |
Voluntary exchange On the other hand, there is no theoretical basis for arguing that partially or completely involuntary exchange is preferable to other arrangements such as government mandates. is sometimes at the root of arguments about the morality of markets. Market proponents often invoke what they believe is the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21897741 |
.eco is a top-level domain (TLD). It was proposed in ICANN's new generic top-level domain (gTLD) program and became available to the general public on April 25, 2017. Big Room is the registry for the domain and names can be registered at go.eco. The company won the rights through a community application after assemblin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21897806 |
Planet Money is an American podcast and blog produced by NPR. Using "creative and entertaining" dialogue and narrative, "Planet Money" claims to be "The Economy Explained". The podcast launched on September 6, 2008 to cover the financial crisis of 2007–2008 in the wake of the Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21904965 |
Planet Money This method of entertainment translates political or economic topics, that were historically dependent on academic language and higher education, to stories that engage the general public. This technique allows for larger and/or younger audiences while continuing to maintain contact with original markets b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21904965 |
Planet Money In 2017, "The Indicator" was launched as "Planet Money"'s first spin-off hosted by "Planet Money"'s Stacey Vanek Smith and the "Financial Times"' Cardiff Garcia With a similar storytelling approach, it delivers faster, shorter podcasts, more frequently. Each episode breaks down a big idea, using "Planet Mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21904965 |
European Multilateral Clearing Facility N.V. The European Multilateral Clearing Facility (EMCF) is a clearing house based in the Netherlands for equity trades done on stock exchanges or multilateral trading facility throughout Europe. It was established after the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) regul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21906854 |
Global Enabling Trade Report The was first published in 2008 by the World Economic Forum. The 2008 report covers 118 major and emerging economies. At the core of the report is the Enabling Trade Index which ranks the countries using data from different sources (e.g., World Economic Forum's Executive Opinion Survey, Int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21922390 |
Odd Langholm (born 8 November 1928) is a Norwegian economist and historian of economic thought. He spent his entire academic career at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, being a professor from 1966 to 1998. He was born in Haugesund as a son of Karl Johan Langholm (1891–1974) and Anna Stampen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21923106 |
Odd Langholm A Study in Scholastic Economic Sources" (1979), "Wealth and Money in the Aristotelian Tradition" (1983), "The Aristotelian Analyses of Usury" (1984), "Economics in the Medieval Schools. Wealth, Exchange, Value, Money and Usury according to the Paris Theological Tradition, 1200–1350" (1992) and "The Legacy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21923106 |
Transfer problem The transfer problem refers to the possibility that a debtor country might end up better off after making payments to its creditor countries. It was a subject of debate between John Maynard Keynes and Bertil Ohlin in the 1920s, regarding the issue of the ability of German reparation payment after World... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21925918 |
Net income attributable The net income attributable (NIA), is a concept in the Internal Revenue Code for calculating the net gain or loss generated by an excess individual retirement account (IRA) contribution or the net gain or loss for the purposes of a Roth IRA conversion or recharacterization. The term "net income ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21934910 |
Net income attributable However, after the original $5,000 contribution was made, the investments in the IRA sharply declined in value due to unfavorable economic conditions. At the time of the excess removal the total value of the account is only $6,000. The NIA for the $2,000 excess contribution is: The $2,000 excess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21934910 |
State Reserves Bureau copper scandal The State Reserves Bureau Copper Scandal refers to a loss of approximately $200 million by a single trader for the State Reserve Bureau of China at the London Metal Exchange in 2005. The incident caused copper to hit a record $4,160/tonne on Thursday November 17, 2005 and caused it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21938060 |
Financial innovation is the act of creating new financial instruments as well as new financial technologies, institutions, and markets. Recent financial innovations include hedge funds, private equity, weather derivatives, retail-structured products, exchange-traded funds, multi-family offices, and Islamic bonds (Sukuk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21954995 |
Financial innovation The securities may trade at different prices depending on their composition, but they must ultimately add up to the same value. Furthermore, there should be little demand for specific types of securities. The capital asset pricing model, first developed by Jack L. Treynor and William F. Sharpe, sug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21954995 |
Financial innovation Tufano (2003) and Duffie and Rahi (1995) provide useful reviews of the literature. The extensive literature on principal–agent problems, adverse selection, and information asymmetry points to why investors might prefer some types of securities, such as debt, over others like equity. Myers and Majlu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21954995 |
Financial innovation Ross (1989) develops a model in which new financial products must overcome marketing and distribution costs. Persons and Warther (1997) studied booms and busts associated with financial innovation. The fixed costs of creating liquid markets for new financial instruments appears to be considerable. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21954995 |
Financial innovation Miller (1986) placed great emphasis on the role of taxes and government regulation in stimulating financial innovation. The Modigliani-Miller theorem explicitly considered taxes as a reason to prefer one type of security over another, despite that corporations and investors should be indifferent to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21954995 |
Financial innovation For example, Paul Volcker suggested that for most people, the creation of the ATM was a greater financial innovation than asset-backed securitization. Other types of financial innovation affecting the payments system include credit and debit cards and online payment systems like PayPal. These types... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21954995 |
Financial innovation Some economists argue that financial innovation has little to no productivity benefit: Paul Volcker stated that "there is little correlation between sophistication of a banking system and productivity growth", that there is no "neutral evidence that financial innovation has led to economic growth",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21954995 |
American Defense Systems American Defense Systems, Inc. ("ADSI") is a company that designs armor for military and commercial uses. Incorporated on December 6, 2002, the company is based in Hicksville, New York. It trades on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) under the symbol EAG.A. The company has wholly owned subsidia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21972756 |
Expected loss is the sum of the values of all possible losses, each multiplied by the probability of that loss occurring. In bank lending (homes, autos, credit cards, commercial lending, etc.) the expected loss on a loan varies over time for a number of reasons. Most loans are repaid over time and therefore have a decl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21988536 |
The Death of Money is a 1993 book (and an article with the same title) by Joel Kurtzman, a former editor of "Harvard Business Review". Kurtzman uses the "death of money" to refer to a change in the economic nature of money in the United States following Richard Nixon's removal of US dollar from the gold standard (as in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22000089 |
Composite (finance) A composite or a composite index is combination of equities or indexes intended to measure the overall market performance over time. A composite index may also be used in the natural or social sciences to summarize complex or multidimensional data or redundant measures. An example of a composite ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22024302 |
Treynor–Black model In Finance the is a mathematical model for security selection published by Fischer Black and Jack Treynor in 1973. The model assumes an investor who considers that most securities are priced efficiently, but who believes they have information that can be used to predict the abnormal performance (Alp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22054660 |
Treynor–Black model The alpha, beta and residual risk of the constructed active portfolio are found using the previously computed weights "w": The overall risky portfolio for the investor consists of a fraction "w" invested in the active portfolio and the remainder invested in the market portfolio. This active fraction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22054660 |
Gas Technology Institute The is an American non-profit research and development organization which develops, demonstrates, and licenses new energy technologies for private and public clients, with a particular focus on the natural gas industry. GTI is located in Des Plaines, Illinois. The Institute of Gas Technology wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22090661 |
The Twenty-First Century City The Twenty-First Century City: Resurrecting Urban America is a book by former Indianapolis mayor Stephen Goldsmith. Many of the ideas presented in the book resemble libertarianism or anarcho-capitalism - essentially the government needn't or shouldn't provide services that a market economy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22097323 |
Ecoflation (a portmanteau of ecological inflation) is a future scenario in "Rattling Supply Chains," a research report by the World Resources Institute and A.T. Kearney released in November 2008, characterized by natural resources becoming scarcer and sustainability issues become more pressing, with environmental costs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22103162 |
Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement The or Washington Agreement (August 8, 1944) was a failed attempt by the British and American governments to establish a lasting agreement to manage international petroleum supply and demand. The agreement would have established the International Petroleum Commission for the purposes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22135800 |
Pavitt's Taxonomy categorizes mostly large industrial firms along trajectories of technological change according to sources of technology, requirements of the users, and appropriability regime (Pavitt 1984). The taxonomy aims to classify innovation modes according to different sectoral groups and the flow of knowledge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22144176 |
Back taxes is a term for taxes that were not completely paid when due. Typically, these are taxes that are owed from a prior year. In the United States, unpaid taxes can be owed at federal, state and/or local government levels and therefore are assessed by them. Paying the full amount of tax debt as soon as possible is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22149976 |
Back taxes If the IRS notices a discrepancy between a persons report and the records they send a Proposed Tax Change Notice. If so, a person may either dispute the taxes owed or simpy make arrangements to pay the proposed sum (plus fines). The notice deadline is 45 days. When failing to file a tax return the IRS will d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22149976 |
Back taxes If the taxes remain unpaid, the tax authority can then use a tax levy to legally seize the taxpayer's assets (such as bank accounts, investment accounts, automobiles and real property) in order to collect the money it is owed. Tax liens are publicly recorded and may be reported to credit agencies. These two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22149976 |
Rainy day fund A rainy day or rainy day fund is a reserved amount of money to be used in times when regular income is disrupted or decreased in order for typical operations to continue. In the United States, the term is usually used to apply to the funds maintained by most U.S. states to help deal with budget shortfall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22154169 |
List of G20 summits The following list of G20 summits summarizes all G20 conferences held at various different levels: summits of heads of state or heads of government, ministerial-level meetings, Engagement Group meetings and others. Locations in bold text indicate the meeting was concurrent with a G20 summit. Ministe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22166706 |
IAMWARM ("Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water-bodies Restoration and Management") is a 6-year water management project in the arid Indian state of Tamil Nadu that aims to facilitate efficient irrigation practices by local farmers. In Tamil Nadu, this project successfully implemented as TN-IAMWARM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22167745 |
Head fake A head fake is a type of feint in which someone moves the head to fake an intended change in direction and thereby deceive opponents. The term originated in sports, but it has become applied more broadly. In financial markets, a head fake refers to a time when the market appears to be moving in one direction,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22176178 |
Camcon binary actuator The is a digital valve device used by oil and gas operators and sold by Camcon Technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22196710 |
EURONIA is the volume-weighted index average of interest rates on unsecured overnight euro deposits arranged by eight money brokers in London. It is thus a UK-based equivalent of the better known EONIA, which uses data from trades originating in the Eurozone. was introduced in January 1999 by the Wholesale Markets Brok... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22207916 |
IBoxx The iBoxx bond market indices are benchmarks for professional use and comprise liquid investment grade bond issues. They enable investors to analyse and select benchmarks that reflect their investment profile. They are used for fixed income research, asset allocation and performance evaluation. Underlying bond pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22209777 |
Occupational licensing Occupational licensing, also called occupational licensure, is a form of government regulation requiring a license to pursue a particular profession or vocation for compensation. Often only market entry as a self-employed is restricted to licensed professionals. It is related to occupational clos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Occupational licensing In 2020, 12 of these deregulated professions reinstate the licensing requirement. In the United States, licensing has been among the fastest growing labor market institutions. The figure shows the growth of occupational licensing relative to the decline of union membership since the 1950s. By 200... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Occupational licensing Introducing economics to this otherwise mechanical model by noting that a key discipline on incumbents—the threat of revoking one's license—may not mean much if incumbents can easily re-enter the profession, such as by moving to a new firm, or by shifting to an alternative occupation with little ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Occupational licensing The threat of losing these monopoly rents could, in principle, give incentives to incumbents to maintain quality standards. This may also result in some increases in human capital investments in order to attain the additional requirements. The rents could also motivate potential entrants to inves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Occupational licensing Once an occupation is regulated, members of that occupation in a geographic or political jurisdiction can implement tougher statutes or examination pass rates and may gain relative to those who have easier requirements by further restricting the supply of labor and obtaining economic rents for in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Occupational licensing It is well understood that occupational licensing can serve as a barrier to occupational entry resulting in reduced employment, monopoly rents for workers in the occupation, and higher prices for consumers (Friedman, 1962). Kleiner and Krueger (2010 and 2013) show that after controlling for educa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Occupational licensing Using a “difference-in-difference” regression analysis, Kleiner found that partially licensed occupations had a 20 percent lower growth rate in states with licensing relative to states without licensing and relative to the difference in growth rates between these sets of states of fully licensed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Occupational licensing Low-income consumers, in particular, would benefit because reduced barriers to entry would reduce the prices of services provided (Shapiro, 1986 and Cox and Foster, 1990). For Germany, a study exploits the deregulation of occupational licenses called Meister for 53 occupations in 2004 as a natura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Occupational licensing To distinguish various forms of regulation, there are three forms of government regulation of occupations: In contrast to government regulation, voluntary professional certification can be used to demonstrate competence without the harmful economic effects of legalized occupational barriers. Exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22212901 |
Salary inversion refers to situations in which the starting salaries for new recruits to an organization increase faster than those for existing employees. It typically happens in areas where the demand for suitably qualified professionals exceeds the supply of such professionals in the market. For example, the informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22249872 |
Request for waiver In a manufacturing environment, a request for waiver (RFW) is a request for authorization to accept an item which, during manufacture or after inspection, is found to depart from specified requirements, but nevertheless is considered suitable for use "as is" or after repair by an approved method. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22250500 |
Regenerative economic theory Regenerative economics is an economic system that works to regenerate capital assets. A capital asset is an asset that provides goods and/or services that are required for, or contribute to, our well being. In standard economic theory, one can either “regenerate” one's capital assets or con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22261471 |
List of communist ideologies Communist ideologies notable enough in the history of communism include philosophical, social, political and economic ideologies and movements whose ultimate goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order structured upon the ideas of common ownership of the means of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies The offshoots of Marxism–Leninism are the most well-known of these and have been a driving force in international relations during most of the 20th century. Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies This revolutionary change is the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new economic systems. As a term, orthodox Marxism refers to the methods of historical materialism and of dialectical materialism and not the normative aspects inherent to c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies After the death of Lenin in 1924, Stalin established universal ideologic orthodoxy among the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Soviet Union and the Communist International to establish universal Marxist–Leninist praxis. In the late 1930s, Stalin's official textbook "The History of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies Parties with a Marxist–Leninist understanding of the historical development of socialism advocate for the nationalisation of natural resources and monopolist industries of capitalism and for their internal democratization as part of the transition to workers' control. The economy under such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies Although Stalin himself repudiated any qualitatively original contribution to Marxism, the communist movement usually credits him with systematizing and expanding the ideas of Lenin into the ideology of Marxism–Leninism as a distinct body of work. In this sense, Stalinism can be thought of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies Trotskyism supports the theory of permanent revolution and world revolution instead of the two stage theory and socialism in one country. It supported proletarian internationalism and another communist revolution in the Soviet Union which Trotsky claimed had become a degenerated worker's st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies There are several distinguishing characteristics of this school of thought—foremost is the theory of permanent revolution, contrasted to the theory of socialism in one country. This stated that in less-developed countries the bourgeoisie were too weak to lead their own bourgeois-democratic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies As the Sino-Soviet split in the international communist movement turned toward open hostility, China portrayed itself as a leader of the underdeveloped world against the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. Parties and groups that supported the Communist Party of China i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies Deng also stressed opening China to the outside world, the implementation of one country, two systems and through the phrase "seek truth from facts" an advocation of political and economic pragmatism. As reformist communism and a branch of Maoism, Dengism is often criticized by traditional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies It boosted its economy and achieved the Chinese economic miracle. It has increased the Chinese GDP growth rate to over 8% per year for thirty years and China now has the second highest GDP in the world. Due to the influence of Dengism, Vietnam and Laos have also adopted this belief, allowin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies Since then, it has grown and developed significantly and has served as an animating force of revolutionary movements in countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Nepal and the Philippines and has also led to efforts being undertaken towards the constitution or reconstitution of co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies This tendency would demarcate itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Stalin and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist. Critical of the United States, Soviet Union and China, Enver Hoxha declared the latter two to be social-imperialist and condemned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies During Josip Broz Tito's era, this specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of and often in opposition to the policies of the Soviet Union. The term was originally meant as a pejorative and was labeled by Moscow as a heresy during the period of tensions bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
List of communist ideologies It was especially prominent in France, Italy and Spain. Since the early 1970s, the term Eurocommunism was used to refer to the ideology of moderate, reformist communist parties in Western Europe. These parties did not support the Soviet Union and denounced its policies. Such parties were po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280428 |
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