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Capability approach The capability approach (also referred to as the capabilities approach) is an economic theory conceived in the 1980s as an alternative approach to welfare economics. In this approach, Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum bring together a range of ideas that were previously excluded from (or inadequately ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach The approach emphasizes functional capabilities ("substantive freedoms", such as the ability to live to old age, engage in economic transactions, or participate in political activities); these are construed in terms of the substantive freedoms people have reason to value, instead of utility (happine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach Examples of functionings can vary from elementary things, such as being healthy, having a good job, and being safe, to more complex states, such as being happy, having self-respect, and being calm. Moreover, Amartya Sen contends that functionings are crucial to an adequate understanding of the capab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach Ultimately, capabilities denote a person's opportunity and ability to generate valuable outcomes, taking into account relevant personal characteristics and external factors. The important part of this definition is the "freedom to achieve", because if freedom had only instrumental value (valuable as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach More formally, while the combination of a person's functionings represents their actual achievements, their capability set represents their opportunity freedom — their freedom to choose between alternative combinations of functionings. In addition to being the result of capabilities, some functionin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach Amartya Sen defines an agent as someone who acts and brings about change, whose achievement can be evaluated in terms of his or her own values and goals. This differs from a common use of the term "agent" sometimes used in economics and game theory to mean a person acting on someone else's behalf. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach That is, in order to be agents of their lives, people need the freedom to be educated, speak in public without fear, express themselves, associate, etc.; conversely, people can establish such an environment by being agents. In summary, the agency aspect is important in assessing what a person can do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach On the other hand, Sen refuses to supply a specific list of capabilities. Sen argues that an exact list and weights would be too difficult to define. For one, it requires specifying the context of use of capabilities, which could vary. Also, Sen argues that part of the richness of the capabilities a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach This work argues that the subitems on Nussbaum's list are too distinct to be monitored by single question and that a dashboard of some 40-50 indicators is required to inform the development of empirical work. The measurement of capabilities was, in the early days, thought to be a particular barrier ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach Subsequently, Anand and colleagues have developed datasets for the US, UK and Italy in which all the elements of Sen's framework are reflected in data which permits all three key equations, for functionings, experience and capabilities, to be estimated. In a series of papers, they have shown that bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach They are nevertheless an important one, since richer economies are better placed to create and maintain other well-being-enhancing conditions, such as a clean environment, the likelihood that the average person will have a right to 10 years or more of education, and lead a comparatively long and hea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach In sum, the conclusion of Capabilities Approach is that people do not just value monetary income, and that development is linked to various indicators of life satisfaction and hence are important in measuring well-being. Development policies strive to create an environment for people to live long, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach "Environmental critiques" Another critique by Waring is that the output-based measures ignore negative effects of economic growth and so commodities that lower social welfare, such as nuclear weapons, and oil extraction which causes spills, are considered a good input. The "anti-bads" or the defensi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach 15) this suggests that people are only seen as consumers and not as potential producers, hence any products purchased by an individual are not seen as "being consumed in the productive process of turning out other goods" (p. 15) These accounting measures also fail to capture all forms of work and on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach The resulting measure was entitled the Human Development Index, created by Mahbub ul Haq in collaboration with Sen and others. The purpose was to create an indicator of human development, especially one that would provide a general assessment and critique of global human development to shed light on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach 16) The HDI is calculated for individual countries with a value between 0 and 1 and is "interpreted...as the ultimate development that has been attained by that nation" (p. 17). Currently, the 2011 Human Development Report also includes the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index which accounts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach The empowerment of women is measured by evaluating women's employment in high-ranking economic positions, seats in parliament, and share of household income. Notably this measurement captures more of Nussbaum's 10 Central Capabilities, such as, Senses, Imagination and Thought; Affiliation; and Contr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach In support of this index, Sakiko Fukuda-Parr—a development economist and past Director of The Human Development Report Office—differentiates between income poverty and human poverty. Human poverty can be interpreted as deprivations to lead a long healthy and creative life with a decent standard of l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach Nussbaum refers to Sen in saying that, although measures of well-being may be problematic in comparative, quantifiable models due to their subjective matter, the protection of and commitment to human development are too important of matters to be left on the sidelines of economic progress. Well-bein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach Amartya Sen, however, argues this view has three main deficiencies: distributional indifference, neglect of rights, freedoms and other non-utility concerns, and adaptation and mental conditioning. Distributional indifference refers to a utilitarian indifference between different the distributions of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach The capability approach, on the other hand, doesn't fall victim to these same criticisms because it acknowledges inequalities by focusing on equalizing people's capabilities, not happiness, it stresses the intrinsic importance of rights and freedoms when evaluating well-being, and it avoids overlook... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Capability approach Additionally, other contingent circumstances which affect what an individual can make of a given set of resources include environmental diversities (in geographic sense), variations in social climate, differences in relational perspectives, and distribution within the family. The capability approach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674777 |
Ale silver was a rent or tribute annually paid to the Lord Mayor of London by those that sold ale within the city. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3676394 |
Algerian budju The budju was the currency of Algeria until 1848. It was subdivided into 24 "muzuna", each of 2 "kharub" or 29 "asper". It was replaced by the franc when the country was occupied by France. In the early 19th century, copper coins were issued in denominations of 2 and 5 aspers, billon 1 kharub, silver 3, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3680170 |
Dot-com company A dot-com company, or simply a dot-com (alternatively rendered dot.com, dot com, dotcom or .com), is a company that does most of its business on the Internet, usually through a website on the World Wide Web that uses the popular top-level domain ".com". The suffix .com in a URL usually (but not always) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3682503 |
Dot-com company With the stock market crash around the year 2000 that ended the dot-com bubble, many failed and failing dot-com companies were referred to punningly as dot-bombs, dot-cons or dot-gones. Many of the surviving firms dropped the ".com" suffix from their names. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3682503 |
Wagner's law Wagner's law, known as the law of increasing state spending, is a principle named after the German economist Adolph Wagner (1835–1917). He first observed it for his own country and then for other countries. The theory holds that for any country, that public expenditure rises constantly as income growth exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3686788 |
Differentiated Bertrand competition As a solution to the Bertrand paradox in economics, it has been suggested that each firm produces a somewhat differentiated product, and consequently faces a demand curve that is downward-sloping for all levels of the firm's price. An increase in a competitor's price is represented a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694796 |
Merger simulation is a commonly used technique when analyzing potential welfare costs and benefits of mergers between firms. models differ with respect to assumed form of competition that best describes the market (e.g. differentiated Bertrand competition, Cournot competition, auction models, etc.) as well as the struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3700154 |
Shuttle traders (; ) were people engaged in the practice of shuttle trading in late Soviet Union and post-soviet states in which traders shuttle backwards and forwards in and out of the country buying goods and then selling them within the country. Originated during the "perestroika" times, it extended well beyond time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3707737 |
Superdollar (economics) The term superdollar is sometimes used to refer to a period of extreme strength of the United States dollar, relative to other currencies, particularly in the 1980s. This period ended when the G7 countries, concerned about the American trade deficit and the resulting protectionism, agreed to coo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3717267 |
Palisades Water Index The (ZWI) is a modified equal-dollar weighted stock market index. It is designed to track the performance of companies engaged in the global water industry such as pump and filter manufacturers, water utilities, and irrigation equipment manufacturers. The index was set at 1000 as of December 31, 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3717793 |
Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler The kronenthaler was the currency of the Austrian Netherlands since 1755. It was equivalent to 216 liards, 54 sols, 54 stuivers, or 2.7 gulden. During the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands in 1789–90, it was briefly replaced with a short-lived revolutionary currency. Follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3723633 |
Serial shipping container code The Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC) is an 18-digit number used to identify logistics units. In order to automate the reading process, the SSCC is often encoded in a barcode, generally GS1-128, and can also be encoded in an RFID tag. It is used in electronic commerce transactions. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3726033 |
Beige Book The Beige Book, more formally called the Summary of Commentary on Current Economic Conditions, is a report published by the United States Federal Reserve Board eight times a year. The report is published in advance of meetings of the Federal Open Market Committee. Each report is a gathering of "anecdotal inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3728249 |
Beige Book While there was initial concern about the book becoming the subject of overinterpretation, the document itself was not much noticed until after the stock market crash of 1987, where it would become more frequently mentioned within financial and news publications like the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3728249 |
Beige Book Current thoughts are that while the beige book may forecast to a small degree, its forecasts are largely influenced by various other factors like the irregular release schedule of the text and the more widely varying economic nature of each individual district. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3728249 |
Lindahl tax A is a form of taxation conceived by Erik Lindahl in which individuals pay for public goods according to their marginal benefits. In other words, they pay according to the amount of satisfaction or utility they derive from the consumption of an additional unit of the public good. It can be seen as an indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3733668 |
Lindahl tax If each person's tax price is set equal to the marginal benefits received at the ideal service level, each person is made better off by provision of the public good and may accordingly agree to have that service level provided. A Lindahl equilibrium is a state of economic equilibrium under a as well as a me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3733668 |
Lindahl tax The importance of Lindahl equilibrium is that it fulfills the Samuelson condition and is therefore Pareto efficient, despite the good in question being a public one. It also demonstrates how efficiency can be reached in an economy with public goods by the use of personalised prices. The personalised prices ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3733668 |
Lindahl tax Preference revelation mechanisms can be used to solve that problem, although none of these has been shown to completely and satisfactorily address it. The Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism is an example of this, ensuring true values are revealed and that a public good is provided only when it should be. The a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3733668 |
Lindahl tax In situations where few individuals are affected by the public good, like the example below, aggregation can be relatively simple. However, in the case of national defense in the United States, compiling the marginal willingness to pay for this public good of each individual would be nearly impossible. We a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3733668 |
Lindahl tax For the 80th acre of park his marginal willingness to pay is zero. Figure 3 shows the aggregate marginal willingness to pay for the public park. As seen on the figure, Sarah and Tom together are willing to pay $60 for the first acre of park. This is higher than the marginal cost of the first acre ($15) and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3733668 |
National Commission for Economic Conversion and Disarmament The was founded in 1988, with preliminary work starting as early as November 1987. The key principals behind the commission were Seymour Melman together with Jonathan Feldman and Robert Krinsky (students of Melman). The three, conceived of the commission as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3738196 |
Privileged group In economics, a privileged group is one possible condition for the production of public goods. A privileged group contains at least one individual that benefits more from a public good than its production costs. Therefore, the good will be produced although other members of the group benefit without pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3740266 |
Antichresis Antichresis, under civil law and Roman law, is a contract whereby a debtor pledges (i.e., conveys possession of but not title to) real property to a creditor, allowing the use and occupation of the pledged property, in lieu of interest on the loan. Historically, antichresis was used in Ancient Mesopotamia (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3740294 |
Clean price In finance, the clean price is the price of a bond excluding any interest accrued since bond's issuance and the most recent coupon payment. Comparatively, the dirty price is the price of a bond including the accrued interest. Therefore, In Bloomberg Terminal or Reuters, bond prices are quoted using the clea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3744966 |
Clean price ) The price changes continuously, as it depends on how many days have passed since the last coupon payment on the bond. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3744966 |
Walter Eucken Institut The is a German ordo-liberal economic think tank based in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Institute was founded in 1954, four years after the death of economist Walter Eucken, by a number of his friends and pupils. The Institute's creation was supported by Ludwig Erhard, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3747233 |
Local nonsatiation The property of local nonsatiation of consumer preferences states that for any bundle of goods there is always another bundle of goods arbitrarily close that is preferred to it. Formally, if X is the consumption set, then for any formula_1 and every formula_2, there exists a formula_3 such that formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3754206 |
Monotone preferences In economics, an agent's preferences are said to be weakly monotonic if, given a consumption bundle formula_1, the agent prefers all consumption bundles formula_2 that have more of all goods. That is, formula_3 implies formula_4. An agent's preferences are said to be strongly monotonic if, given a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3754390 |
T2 Corporation The Income Tax Return or T2 is the form used in Canada by corporations to file their income tax return. All corporations other than registered charities must file a T2 return for every taxation year, regardless of whether tax is payable. The form has to be filed within six months of the end of each corpo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3758690 |
Macro Markets () is a book by Robert Shiller. It was published in 1993 by the Clarendon Press imprint of the Oxford University Press. It suggests that humans cannot fully diversify away their risk as portfolio theory would like us to. This is because there are missing markets, such as the general geographically computa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3761688 |
Risk factor (finance) A risk factor is a concept in finance theory such as the CAPM, arbitrage pricing theory and other theories that use pricing kernels. In these models, the rate of return of an asset ("hence the converse its price") is a random variable whose realization in any time period is a linear combination of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3761719 |
School of Salamanca The () is the Renaissance of thought in diverse intellectual areas by Spanish theologians, rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria. From the beginning of the 16th century the traditional Catholic conception of man and of his relation to God and to the world had been a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca The Conimbricenses were Jesuits who, from the end of 16th century took over the intellectual leadership of the Catholic world from the Dominicans. Among those Jesuits were Luis de Molina (1535–1600), the aforementioned Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), and Giovanni Botero (1544–1617), who would continue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca One direct consequence of the separation of realms of power is that the king or emperor does not legitimately have jurisdiction over souls, nor does the pope have legitimate temporal power. This included the proposal that there are limits on the legitimate powers of government. Thus, according to Lu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca Possibly the one who went furthest in this direction was Francisco Suárez, whose work "Defensio Fidei Catholicae adversus Anglicanae sectae errores" ("The Defense of the Catholic Faith against the errors of the Anglican sect" 1613) was the strongest defense in this period of popular sovereignty. Men... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca He extrapolated his ideas of legitimate sovereign power to society at the international level, concluding that this scope as well ought to be ruled by just forms respecting the rights of all. The common good of the world is of a category superior to the good of each state. This meant that relations ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca A diplomatic agreement is preferable, even for the more powerful party, before a war is started. Examples of "just war" are: A war is not legitimate or illegitimate simply based on its original motivation: it must comply with a series of additional requirements: Under this doctrine, expansionist war... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca The first and perhaps most fundamental relates to communication between people, who jointly constitute a universal society. "Ius peregrinandi et degendi" is the right of every human being to travel and do commerce in all parts of the earth, independently of who governs or what is the religion of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca It did not coin, but certainly consolidated, the use of the term in economics. Schumpeter studied scholastic doctrine in general and Spanish scholastic doctrine in particular, and praised the high level of economic science in Spain in the 16th century. He argued that the most deserves to be consider... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca They moved away from views that they found to be obsolete, adopting instead new ideas based on principles of natural law. According to these views, the natural order is based in the "freedom of circulation" of people, goods, and ideas, allowing people to know one another and increase their sentiment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca Precious metals, like any other mercantile good, gained at least some of their value from their scarcity. This scarcity theory of value was a precursor of the quantitative theory of money put forward slightly later by Jean Bodin (1530–1596). Up until that time, the predominant theory of value had be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca Why should a bale of linen brought overland from Brittany at great expense be worth more than one which is transported cheaply by sea?... Why should a book written out by hand be worth more than one which is printed, when the latter is better though it costs less to produce?... The just price is fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca Given that borrowed money was no longer strictly for consumption but for production as well, it could not be viewed in the same manner. The elaborated various reasons that justified the charging of interest. The person who received a loan benefited; one could consider interest as a premium paid for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca Perhaps the fundamental contribution of the to theology is the study of problems much closer to humanity, which had previously been ignored, and the opening of questions that had previously not been posed. The term "positive theology" is sometimes used to distinguish this new, more practical, theolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca In 1582 the Jesuit Prudencio Montemayor and Fray Luis de León spoke publicly about human liberty. Domingo Báñez considered that they gave free will too great a weight and that they used terminology that sounded heretical; he denounced them to the Spanish Inquisition, accusing them of Pelagianism, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
School of Salamanca Finally Paul V in 1607 recognized the liberty of Dominicans and Jesuits to defend their ideas, prohibiting that either side of this disagreement be characterized as heresy. The existence of evil in a world created and ruled by an infinitely good and powerful God has long been viewed as paradoxical. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1062850 |
Observational equivalence is the property of two or more underlying entities being indistinguishable on the basis of their observable implications. Thus, for example, two scientific theories are observationally equivalent if all of their empirically testable predictions are identical, in which case empirical evidence c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1064136 |
Michael Walker (economist) Michael Walker (born 1945, in Corner Brook, Newfoundland) is a Canadian economist. He is best known as the founder of the Fraser Institute. He is a journalist, broadcaster and consultant. Walker earned a BA from St. Francis Xavier University, and went on to earn a Ph.D. from the University of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1064833 |
Female economic activity is a common measure of gender equality in an economy. It is one of the numbers used by the UNDP in the calculation of the Human Development Index, but the numbers themselves are gathered by the International Labour Organization. It is a measure of women over the age of fifteen who are working o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068697 |
Female economic activity Abbreviated as FEAR, it is a proportion of female population aged fifteen years and above who furnish or are available to furnish, the supply of labor for production of goods and services in accordance with System of National Accounts (SNA). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068697 |
Subsistence economy A subsistence economy is a non-monetary economy which relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs, through hunting, gathering, and subsistence agriculture. "Subsistence" means supporting oneself at a minimum level; in a subsistence economy, economic surplus is minimal and only used to tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1069073 |
Great Contraction The is economist Milton Friedman's term for the recessionary period from 1929 until 1933, i.e., the early years of the Great Depression. The phrase was the title of a chapter in the landmark 1963 book "A Monetary History of the United States" by Friedman and his fellow monetarist Anna Schwartz. The ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1094478 |
Voluntary sector The voluntary sector or civic sector is the duty of social activity undertaken by organizations that are non-governmental nonprofit organizations. This sector is also called the third sector, community sector, and nonprofit sector, in contrast to the public sector and the private sector. Civic sector o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1101312 |
Voluntary sector In Sweden, the nonprofit sector is attributed with fostering a nationwide social change towards progressive economic, social and cultural policies, while in Italy the third sector is increasingly viewed as a primary employment source for the entire country. In the United States, approximately 10% of GD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1101312 |
Voluntary sector There have been long-ranging arguments regarding the financial accountability of the nonprofit sector throughout Western society. There is also ongoing concern whether the nonprofit sector will unequally draw retiring workers from the private sector as the currently large Baby Boomers age. Development ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1101312 |
Voluntary sector These organizations generally fill a gap in the existing government or municipal service provision. Examples include United Hatzalah for emergency medical first response, Yad Sarah for free loan of medical equipment, Yad Eliezer for poverty relief efforts, Akim for assistance for the mentally handicapp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1101312 |
Voluntary sector Contributions are from two to 20 times higher in the U.S. than in other countries of comparable wealth and modernity. Examples: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1101312 |
Development studies is an interdisciplinary branch of social science. is offered as a specialized master's degree in a number of reputed universities across the world, and, less commonly, as an undergraduate degree. It has grown in popularity as a subject of study since the early 1990s, and has been most widely taught ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1105116 |
Development studies In the immediate post-war period, development economics, a branch of economics, arose out of previous studies in colonial economics. By the 1960s, an increasing number of development economists felt that economics alone could not fully address issues such as political effectiveness and educational p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1105116 |
Development studies But development studies has since also taken an interest in lessons of past development experiences of Western countries. More recently, the emergence of human security – a new, people-oriented approach to understanding and addressing global security threats – has led to a growing recognition of a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1105116 |
Silent commerce Silent Commerce is an expression for the execution of business transactions between electronic devices. It happens without assistance and in some cases even without awareness of the human owners of those devices. Another name for electronic commerce where automated financial exchanges are transacted bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1105407 |
Equal pay for equal work is the concept of labour rights that individuals in the same workplace be given equal pay. It is most commonly used in the context of sexual discrimination, in relation to the gender pay gap. Equal pay relates to the full range of payments and benefits, including basic pay, non-salary payments,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work However, following the Second World War, trade unions and the legislatures of industrialized countries gradually embraced the principle of equal pay for equal work; one example of this process is the UK's introduction of the Equal Pay Act 1970 in response both to the Treaty of Rome and the Ford... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Post-war Europe has seen a fairly consistent pattern in women's participation in the labour market and legislation to promote equal pay for equal work across Eastern and Western countries. Some countries now in the EU, including France, Germany, and Poland, had already enshrined the principle o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work The main national legislation concerning pay equity between men and women for different European countries is as follows. 2018 Update "Law on Equal Pay Certification based on the Equal Pay Standard in Iceland" Iceland introduced an Equal Pay Standard in 2012, ÍST 85:2012 (Equal wage management ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Twenty years later, legislation passed by the federal government in 1963 made it illegal to pay men and women different wage rates for equal work on jobs that require equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and are performed under similar working conditions. One year after passing the Equal Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Thus US federal law now states that "employers may not pay unequal wages to men and women who perform jobs that require substantially equal skill, effort and responsibility, and that are performed under similar working conditions within the same establishment." In 1944, the state of New York ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Thus in 1981, AFSCME filed a sex discrimination complaint with the EEOC against the State of Washington. The District Court ruled that since the state had done a study of sex discrimination in the state, found that there was severe disparities in wages, and had not done anything to ameliorate t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Hay Associates proved that in the 19 years since the Equal Pay Act was passed, wage discrimination persisted and had even increased over from 1976 to 1981. Using their point system, they noted that while delivery van drivers and clerk typists were both scaled with 117 points each of "worth" to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work In 2009, President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, permitting women to sue employers for unfair pay up to 180 days after receiving an unfair paycheck. On 29 January 2016, he signed an executive order obliging all companies with at least 100 employees to disclose the pay of all wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work "Pay equality" is required by law in each of Canada’s 14 legislative jurisdictions (ten provinces, three territories, and the federal government). Note that federal legislation applies only to those employers in certain federally regulated industries such as banks, broadcasters, and airlines, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work For example, in Ontario, "pay equality" is guaranteed through the Ontario Employment Standards Act while "pay equity" is guaranteed through the Ontario Pay Equity Act. On the other hand, the three westernmost provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan) have "pay equality" legislatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Some believe that government actions to correct gender pay disparity serve to interfere with the system of voluntary exchange. They argue the fundamental issue is that the employer is the owner of the job, not the government or the employee. The employer negotiates the job and pays according to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Women are rarely found at the very top levels of US business organizations and comprise only 15.2% of the corporate boards of Fortune-500, about four-in-ten working women (42%) said they have experienced gender discrimination at work, compared with about two-in-ten men (22%) who said the same. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Male-dominated industries tend to have higher wages than industries and occupations made up mostly of female workers. An example of a male-dominated industry today in America would be construction work or engineering. Women typically need to earn a higher academic degree than their male colleag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work Those jobs are exemplified in this ad as bringing coffee, and secretarial jobs, and doing mindless work around the office with little responsibility. If they have jobs, they are not able to manage looking after children and keeping up with household duties, but careers hinder the ability of a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
Equal pay for equal work These occupations fall in the realm of Community & Social Services, Education, Library & Training, Office & Administrative Support, and Personal Care & Services. Also, to limit the spread of COVID-19 children were kept from going to school so parents had to compensate by taking care of their ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108449 |
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