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Open economy An open economy is a type of economy where not only domestic actors but also entities in other countries engage in trade of products (goods and services). Trade can take the form of managerial exchange, technology transfers, and all kinds of goods and services. (However, certain exceptions exist that canno...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108662
Open economy In a closed economy, all output is sold domestically, and expenditure is divided into three components: consumption, investment, and government purchases. where Y is the national income, C is the total consumption, I is the total investment and G is the total government expenditure. In an open economy, som...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108662
Open economy This gives us the value of Net Exports (NX = X − IM), the identity becomes In closed economy: National savings = Investment. Closed economy countries can increase its wealth only by accumulating new capital. If output exceeds domestic spending s, we export the difference: net exports are positive. If outpu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108662
Open economy If the net capital outflow is negative, the economy is experiencing a capital inflow: investment exceeds saving, and the economy is financing this extra investment by borrowing from abroad. The national income accounts identity shows that net capital outflow always equals the "trade balance". That is, Net ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108662
Open economy This means that people in this small open economy will never borrow at more than rate r in the small open economy. They will shift to international markets to borrow or invest, in case r > r*. Because of the popularity of the small open economy model, it is often said that, the interest rates in a small op...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108662
Valid S.A. Valid is a Brazilian engraving company headquartered in Rio de Janeiro that provides security printing services to financial institutions, telecommunication companies, state governments, and public agencies in Brazil, Argentina, and Spain. In total there are 7 factories and 84 personalization sites making th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111001
Valid S.A. This segment also provides intelligent cards; intelligent global system for mobile communications cards used in mobile telephony; induction cards used in public telephony; mobile payment solutions, such as public transportation tickets and micro payments; scratch off cards to purchase credits or to make mobi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111001
Profiteering (business) Profiteering is a pejorative term for the act of making a profit by methods considered unethical. Business owners may be accused of profiteering when they raise prices during an emergency (especially a war). The term is also applied to businesses that play on political corruption to obtain gover...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1115412
Lemass era The is the term given to the period of economic change between 1959 and 1966 in the Republic of Ireland. It is so termed because the "Taoiseach" of Ireland at the time was Seán Lemass. During the "Lemass era", the IDA greatly refocused its efforts on attracting quality industry, RTÉ was created, whilst popul...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1116167
Origination fee An origination fee is a payment associated with the establishment of an account with a bank, broker or other company providing services handling the processing associated with taking out a loan. An origination fee is typically a set amount for any account. However, an origination fee usually varies from...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1117233
Sliding scale fees are variable prices for products, services, or taxes based on a customer's ability to pay. Such fees are thereby reduced for those who have lower incomes, or alternatively, less money to spare after their personal expenses, regardless of income. are a form of price discrimination or differential pric...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1119172
Verdoorn's law is named after Dutch economist Petrus Johannes Verdoorn (1949). It states that in the long run productivity generally grows proportionally to the square root of output. In economics, this law pertains to the relationship between the growth of output and the growth of productivity. According to the law, f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1127107
Verdoorn's law For a given country an expansion of the export sector may cause specialisation in the production of export products, which increase the productivity level, and increase the level of skills in the export sector. This may then lead to a reallocation of resources from the less efficient non-trade sector to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1127107
Land management is the process of managing the use and development (in both urban and rural settings) of land resources. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which may include organic agriculture, reforestation, water resource management and eco-tourism projects. can have positive or negative effects on th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1131116
UnionBanCal Corporation (stylized as UnionBanCal) is a bank holding company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It is a wholly owned member of the Japanese Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group conglomerate. UnionBanCal had assets of $105 billion as of December 31, 2013. UnionBanCal had the largest presence in the U.S...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1142828
Cobdenism refers to an economic ideology (and the associated popular movement) which perceives international free trade and a non-interventionist foreign policy as the key requirements for prosperity and world peace. It is named after the British statesman and economist Richard Cobden and had its heyday of political in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1145245
Cobdenism Rarely used today and already in decline by the end of the 19th century, was revived by some academics during the 1980s to support the liberalization of the British economy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1145245
The National Gain (Swedish title: "Den nationnale winsten") is the main work of the Finnish scientist, philosopher and politician Anders Chydenius, published in 1765. In this thesis Chydenius argues in favour of free export trade rights for the province of Ostrobothnia and lays down the principles of liberalism and the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1147245
Current yield The current yield, interest yield, income yield, flat yield, market yield, mark to market yield or running yield is a financial term used in reference to bonds and other fixed-interest securities such as gilts. It is the ratio of the annual interest payment and the bond's current clean price: formula_1 Th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1147822
Marginal concepts In economics, marginal concepts are associated with a "specific change" in the quantity used of a good or service, as opposed to some notion of the over-all significance of that class of good or service, or of some total quantity thereof. Constraints are conceptualized as a "border" or "margin". The l...
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Marginal concepts The marginal utility of a good or service is the utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase in that good or service, or of the specific use that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. In other words, marginal utility is the utility of the marginal use. The ma...
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Business service provider A business service provider (BSP) is one of several categories of service provider in the business world. As opposed to an application service provider which provides application components over a computer network, the services provided by a BSP are more in the area of infrastructure: mail del...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1155866
Isovalue lines In microeconomics, isovalue lines define a relationship between the production of two products in which the total market value is constant. For example: In a market that produces bread and wine, the market is willing to trade one bottle of wine for three breads. If this relationship is constant, we would...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1158226
Slum clearance Slum clearance, slum eviction or slum removal is an urban renewal strategy used to transform low income settlements with poor reputation into another type of development or housing. This has long been a strategy for redeveloping urban communities; for example slum clearance plans were required in the Uni...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1161012
Slum clearance Poor families, often including children and working adults, need a place to live when adequate low income housing is not providing otherwise. Moreover, slums are frequently sites of informal economies that provide jobs, services, and livelihoods not otherwise available in the community. removes the slum,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1161012
Military Keynesianism is the position that government should raise military spending to boost economic growth. The term is often used pejoratively to refer to politicians who apparently reject Keynesian economics, but use Keynesian arguments in support of excessive military spending. Keynesians maintain that government...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1181401
Military Keynesianism "Social spending may well arouse public interest and participation, thus enhancing the threat of democracy; the public cares about hospitals, roads, neighborhoods, and so on, but has no opinion about the choice of missiles and high-tech fighter planes." Essentially, when the public is less interes...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1181401
Military Keynesianism The only things that are considered are the increased weapon sales to replace those stolen and the costs associated with combatting ISIL. Those are considered as increasing the Gross Domestic Product of the United States, and that is assumed to be good.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1181401
Automatic stabilizer In macroeconomics, automatic stabilizers are features of the structure of modern government budgets, particularly income taxes and welfare spending, that act to dampen fluctuations in real GDP. The size of the government budget deficit tends to increase when a country enters a recession, which tend...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1183512
Automatic stabilizer Generally speaking, the number of unemployed people and those on low incomes who are entitled to other benefits increases in a recession and decreases in a boom. As a result, government expenditure increases automatically in recessions and decreases automatically in booms in absolute terms. Since o...
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Automatic stabilizer This example shows us how the multiplier is lessened by the existence of an automatic stabilizer, and thus helping to lessen the fluctuations in real GDP as a result from changes in expenditure. Not only does this example work with changes in T, it would also work by changing the MPI while holding ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1183512
Photokina (rendered in the promoters' branding as "photokina") is a trade fair held in Europe for the photographic and imaging industries. It is the world's largest such trade fair. The first was held in Cologne, Germany, in 1950, and since 1966 it has been held biennially in September at the koelnmesse Trade Fair and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1187101
Ripple effect A ripple effect is a situation in which, like ripples expanding across the water when an object is dropped into it, an effect from an initial state can be followed outwards incrementally. The ripple effect is often used colloquially to mean a multiplier in macroeconomics. For example, an individual's redu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1188460
Ripple effect The effect lead to the formation of the controversial Me Too movement, where people share their experiences of sexual harassment/assault.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1188460
Deferred income (also known as deferred revenue, unearned revenue, or unearned income) is, in accrual accounting, money earned for goods or services which have not yet been delivered. According to the revenue recognition principle, it is recorded as a liability until delivery is made, at which time it is converted into...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1190341
Deferred income To put this more clearly, deferred income – the money that a company receives in advance – indicates the goods and services the company owes to its customers, while accrued expense indicates the money a company owes to others.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1190341
Entrepôt An entrepôt (; ) or transshipment port is a port, city, or trading post where merchandise may be imported, stored or traded, usually to be exported again. These commercial cities spawned due to the growth of long-distance trade. Such centers played a critical role in trade during the days of wind-powered shipp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1191426
No-trade theorem In financial economics, the no-trade theorem states that if then even though some traders may possess private information, none of them will be in a position to profit from it. The assumptions are deliberately unrealistic, but the theorem may nonetheless be pertinent to debates over inside information....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1192056
Total personal income is defined by the United States' Bureau of Economic Analysis as:income received by persons from all sources. It includes income received from participation in production as well as from government and business transfer payments. It is the sum of compensation of employees (received), supplements to...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1192519
Action axiom An action axiom is an axiom that embodies a criterion for describing action. Action axioms are of the form "If a condition holds, then the following will be done". Decision theory and, hence, decision analysis are based on the "maximum expected utility" (MEU) action axiom. In general, the principle for act...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1194118
Value of control The value of control is a quantitative measure of the value of controlling the outcome of an uncertain variable. Decision analysis provides a means for calculating the value of both perfect and imperfect control. The former value, informally known as the value of wizardry, is an upper bound for the lat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1194496
Convertible security A convertible security is a security that can be converted into another security. Convertible securities may be convertible bonds or preferred stocks that pay regular interest and can be converted into shares of common stock (sometimes conditioned on the stock price appreciating to a predetermined ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1195063
Beneficiary A beneficiary (also, in trust law, "cestui que use") in the broadest sense is a natural person or other legal entity who receives money or other benefits from a benefactor. For example, the beneficiary of a life insurance policy is the person who receives the payment of the amount of insurance after the dea...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1195256
Beneficiary In the context of development aid, the term "beneficiaries" refer to the persons and the communities that use the project outputs: the entities that development-aid projects.
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Benefactor (law) A benefactor () is a person who gives some form of help to benefit a person, group or organization (the beneficiary), often gifting a monetary contribution in the form of an endowment to help a cause. Benefactors are humanitarian leaders and charitable patrons providing assistance in many forms, such a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1195271
Group of Seven The (G7) is an international intergovernmental economic organization consisting of the seven largest IMF- advanced economies in the world: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. As of 2018, the seven countries involved represent 58% of the global net wealth ($317...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Group of Seven The informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan, and France became known as the "Group of Five". Then, in 1974, President Pompidou of France died and his immediate successor refused to run in the special election, making two changes of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Group of Seven President Gerald Ford could get together in an informal retreat and discuss election results and the issues of the day. In late spring, d'Estaing of France invited the heads of government from West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States to a summit in Château de Rambouillet; the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Group of Seven At the invitation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and President of the United States Bill Clinton, Russian President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant. After the 1997 meeting Russia was formally invited to the next meeting and formally joi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Group of Seven In 1999, the G7 decided to get more directly involved in "managing the international monetary system" through the Financial Stability Forum, formed earlier in 1999 and the G-20, established following the summit, to "promote dialogue between major industrial and emerging market countries". The G7 also ann...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Group of Seven This location was chosen because all G7 leaders were already present to attend the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit hosted by the Netherlands. This was the first G7 meeting neither taking place in a member nation nor having the host leader participating in the meeting. On 4 June 2014 leaders at the G7 summit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Group of Seven Including the EU the G7 represents over 70% of the global net wealth. French President Emmanuel Macron, the host of the G7 summit held in Biarritz in August 2019, has also invited non-member countries. The invited guest nations include Australia, Chile, Egypt, India, Iran, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Group of Seven The Trump administration had just imposed steel and aluminum tariffs on many countries, including European countries that are fellow members of the G7, and Canada, the host country for the 2018 meeting. Trump expressed dismay at Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau for holding a press conference in which Cana...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Group of Seven President Donald Trump's reiteration of Russia's readmission to the group (see above), instigation of a trade war with China, increased tensions in Iran, Trump's alleged reticence to attend the conference and a number of international crises made the 2019 G7 meeting in Biarritz, France the most divided s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1196634
Post-autistic economics The post-autistic economics movement () or movement of students for the reform of economics teaching () is a political movement which criticises neoclassical economics and advocates for pluralism in economics. The movement gained attention after an open letter signed by almost a thousand economi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1204592
Post-autistic economics Robert Solow adhered to the "main thesis" of the French students' petition, but criticised the "opaque and almost incomprehensible" debate that followed among academics. Olivier Blanchard also published a response defending mainstream economics. Other notable economists, such as Steve Keen and J...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1204592
Immiserizing growth is a theoretical situation first proposed by Jagdish Bhagwati, in 1958, where economic growth could result in a country being worse off than before the growth. If growth is heavily export based it might lead to a fall in the terms of trade of the exporting country. In rare circumstances this fall in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1205785
Time-and-a-half is payment to a worker (or workers) at 1.5 times their usual hourly rate. It is usually paid as an incentive to work on a particular day (such as Saturday) or as government-mandated compensation for having workers work on particular days (such as public holidays). In New Zealand, if an employee works on...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1209780
Crowding out (economics) In economics, crowding out is a phenomenon that occurs when increased government involvement in a sector of the market economy substantially affects the remainder of the market, either on the supply or demand side of the market. One type frequently discussed is when expansionary fiscal policy r...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1218945
Crowding out (economics) From the 'Geddes Axe' after the First World War, through John Maynard Keynes' attack on the 'Treasury View' in the interwar years, down to the 'monetarist' assaults on the public sector of the 1970s and 1980s, it has been alleged that public sector growth in itself, but especially if funded by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1218945
Crowding out (economics) , via stimulus programs) could create competition with the private sector for scarce funds available for investment, resulting in an increase in interest rates and reduced private investment or consumption. Thus the effect of the stimulus is offset by the effect of crowding out. On the other ha...
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Crowding out (economics) The extent to which interest rate adjustments dampen the output expansion induced by increased government spending is determined by: In each case, the extent of crowding out is greater the more interest rate increases when government spending rises. Economist Laura D'Andrea Tyson wrote in June ...
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Crowding out (economics) The crowding-in argument is the right one for current economic conditions." If the economy is in a hypothesized liquidity trap, the "Liquidity-Money" (LM) curve is horizontal, an increase in government spending has its full multiplier effect on the equilibrium income. There is no change in the ...
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Crowding out (economics) In this case, the increase in interest rates crowds out an amount of private spending equal to increase in government spending. Thus, there is full crowding out if LM is vertical. If increased borrowing leads to higher interest rates by creating a greater demand for money and loanable funds and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1218945
Crowding out (economics) " Another American economist, Paul Krugman, pointed out that, after the beginning of the recession in 2008, the federal government's borrowing increased by hundreds of billions of dollars, leading to warnings about crowding out, but instead interest rates had actually fallen. When aggregate dem...
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Crowding out (economics) Then the government's expansionary fiscal policy encourages increased prices, which lead to an increased demand for money. This in turn leads to higher interest rates ("ceteris paribus") and crowds out interest-sensitive spending. At potential output, businesses are in no need of markets, so th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1218945
Crowding out (economics) This effect was seen, for example, in expansions to Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in the late 1990s. Therefore, high takeup rates for new or expanded programs do not merely represent the previously uninsured, but also represent those who may have been forced...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1218945
Crowding out (economics) Thus, in comparison to Medicare, which allows for near "auto-enrollment" for those over 64, children's caregivers may be required to fill out 17-page forms, produce multiple consecutive pay stubs, re-apply at more than yearly intervals and even conduct face-to-face interviews to prove the eligi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1218945
Value Line Value Line, Inc. is an independent investment research and financial publishing firm based in New York City, New York, United States, founded in 1931 by Arnold Bernhard. is best known for publishing "The Investment Survey", a stock analysis newsletter that is among the most highly regarded and widely used in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1220577
Value Line The Company's print and electronic services are marketed from time to time through media, direct mail and the internet to retail and institutional investors. In addition to Publishing LLC, the Company's other wholly owned subsidiaries include Vanderbilt Advertising Agency, Inc., Compupower Corporation and Di...
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Value Line His interest piqued by Edwin Lefèvre's book "Reminiscences of a Stock Operator," Bernhard broke into the investment management business, first as an analyst with Moody's Investor Service and later as an account executive managing investments. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 led to his lay off from Moody's, but...
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Value Line The system came to be known as the "Ranking System for Timeliness". With Eisenstadt on board, Bernhard continued to expand the business, adding the other publications and mutual funds along the way. In May 1983, sold stock for the public for the first time (), though the Bernhard family retained 80% control....
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Value Line The Commission further imposed officer and director bars and broker-dealer, investment adviser, and investment company associational bars (“Associational Bars”) against Buttner and Henigson. No criminal charges were filed. As of December 23, 2010, Value Line, Inc. (“Value Line”) completed its previously anno...
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Value Line Pursuant to EAM’s Declaration of Trust (the “Declaration of Trust”), has no voting authority with respect to the election or removal of the trustees of EAM and holds an interest in certain revenues of EAM and a portion of the residual profits of EAM. The Shareholders were selected by the independent director...
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Value Line The Declaration of Trust also provides for distribution of proceeds in the event of a full or partial sale of EAM in accordance with capital accounts (currently approximately $56 million held entirely by Value Line) and then in accordance with a sharing formula set forth in the Declaration of Trust. Howard A...
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Gross spread refers to the fees that underwriters receive for arranging and underwriting an offering of debt or equity securities. The gross spread for an initial public offering (IPO) can be higher than 10% while the gross spread on a debt offering can be as low as 0.05%. For example, if a company sells $100 million o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1220994
Negative Population Growth is an organization in the United States, founded in 1972. NPG works on overpopulation issues and advocates a gradual reduction in U.S. and world population. NPG believes the optimal population for the United States is 150 to 200 million and that the optimal world population is two to three bi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1221671
Hull–White model In financial mathematics, the is a model of future interest rates. In its most generic formulation, it belongs to the class of no-arbitrage models that are able to fit today's term structure of interest rates. It is relatively straightforward to translate the mathematical description of the evolution o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1224131
Hull–White model Typically α is left as a user input (for example it may be estimated from historical data). σ is determined via calibration to a set of caplets and swaptions readily tradeable in the market. When formula_4, formula_2, and formula_13 are constant, Itô's lemma can be used to prove that which has distribu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1224131
Hull–White model For example, in the case of a bond put Because formula_25 is lognormally distributed, the general calculation used for the Black–Scholes model shows that where and Thus today's value (with the "P"(0,"S") multiplied back in and "t" set to 0) is: Here formula_38 is the standard deviation (relative volati...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1224131
Hull–White model The real use of the model is to value somewhat more exotic derivatives such as bermudan swaptions on a lattice, or other derivatives in a multi-currency context such as Quanto Constant Maturity Swaps, as explained for example in Brigo and Mercurio (2001). The efficient and exact Monte-Carlo simulation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1224131
Discount function A discount function is used in economic models to describe the weights placed on rewards received at different points in time. For example, if time is discrete and utility is time-separable, with the discount function formula_1 having a negative first derivative and with formula_2 (or formula_3 in con...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1229844
Treasury services is a function of an investment bank which provides transaction, investment, and information services for chief financial officers or treasurers. concentrates and invests client money, and provides trade finance and logistics solutions as well as safeguards, values, clears and services securities and p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1235068
Treasury services Rather than purchasing the required currency in small bits and pieces across the globe, the treasury can negotiate better rates for a consolidated open position. Helping the client trade across borders and ensure the delivery and timely collection of payments e.g., letters of credit, document collecti...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1235068
Neoclassical finance is an approach within finance, developing since the mid-1960s, which holds that markets are efficient, and that prices will thus tend to equilibrium and be "rational"; and asset pricing models must then reflect these. It may be contrasted with, for example, behavioral finance which is based on diff...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1237990
Arrow–Debreu model In mathematical economics, the suggests that under certain economic assumptions (convex preferences, perfect competition, and demand independence) there must be a set of prices such that aggregate supplies will equal aggregate demands for every commodity in the economy. The model is central to the th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1239556
Arrow–Debreu model For example, the rotation of the unit circle by 90 degrees lacks fixed points, although this rotation is a continuous transformation of a compact set into itself; although compact, the unit circle is non-convex. In contrast, the same rotation applied to the convex hull of the unit circle leaves the p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1239556
Arrow–Debreu model The specifies the conditions of perfectly competitive markets. In financial economics the term "Arrow–Debreu" is most commonly used with reference to an Arrow–Debreu security. A canonical Arrow–Debreu security is a security that pays one unit of numeraire if a particular state of the world is reached...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1239556
Erin Brockovich (film) Erin Brockovich is a 2000 American biographical film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Susannah Grant. The film is a dramatization of the true story of Erin Brockovich, portrayed by Julia Roberts, who fought against the energy corporation Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E). The fi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1241914
Erin Brockovich (film) Erin is surprised to see medical records in the file and visits Donna, who explains that she had simply kept all her PG&E correspondence together. Donna appreciates PG&E's help: she has had several tumors and her husband has Hodgkin's lymphoma, but PG&E has always supplied a doctor at their own e...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1241914
Erin Brockovich (film) Knowing that PG&E could slow any settlement for years through delays and appeals, Ed decides to arrange for disposition by binding arbitration, but a large majority of the plaintiffs must agree to this. Erin returns to Hinkley and persuades all 634 plaintiffs to go along. While she is there, a ma...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1241914
Erin Brockovich (film) 1 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $126.6 million in North America and $130.7 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $257.3 million. The majority of critics responded favorably towards the film, with Roberts's performance receiving positive reviews. It holds a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1241914
Erin Brockovich (film) "Rolling Stone" magazine's Peter Travers wrote, "Roberts shows the emotional toll on Erin as she tries to stay responsible to her children and to a job that has provided her with a first taste of self-esteem". In his review for "Entertainment Weekly", Owen Gleiberman gave the film a "B+" rating a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1241914
Erin Brockovich (film) As the movie drags on, her performance swells to bursting with moral vanity and phony populism". "Time" magazine's Richard Corliss found the film to be "slick, grating and false. We bet it makes a bundle". The film was released on VHS and DVD on August 15, 2000. "Erin Brockovich" received numerou...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1241914
Erin Brockovich (film) American Film Institute recognition: On her website, Brockovich says the film is "probably 98% accurate". While the general facts of the story are accurate, there are some minor discrepancies between actual events and the movie, as well as a number of controversial and disputed issues more fundam...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1241914
Arminio Fraga Armínio Fraga Neto (born 20 July 1957, in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian economist who was president of the Central Bank of Brazil from 1999 to 2003. He is also a former associate of George Soros and his Quantum Fund. Since 2001 he has been a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1245480
Wage regulation refers to attempts by a government to regulate wages paid to citizens. Minimum wage regulation attempts to set an hourly, or other periodic monetary standard for pay at work. A recent example was the U.K. National Minimum Wage Act 1998. Germany is currently debating whether to introduce its own. Collect...
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Wage regulation Behaviour is rational when it conforms to the model of rational choice, whatever the state of mind of the chooser.” So any conscious attempt to improve working standards are impossible under this view.
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William Baumol William Jack Baumol (February 26, 1922 – May 4, 2017) was an American economist. He was a professor of economics at New York University, Academic Director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. He was a prolific author of more than eight...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253178
William Baumol After witnessing his debating skills at Lord Lionel Robbins' seminars, he was within weeks switched to the doctoral program and also admitted to the faculty as an Assistant Lecturer. His Ph.D. oral exam lasted five hours. While a professor at Princeton University he supervised some graduate students who ...
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