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Economics At the dawn as a social science, economics was defined and discussed at length as the study of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth by Jean-Baptiste Say in his "Treatise on Political Economy or, The Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth" (1803). These three items are considered by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics " Citing Robbins: "is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses". After discussing it for decades, Robbins' definition became widely accepted by mainstream economists, and it has opened way into current textbooks. Although far from una... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics In the 20th century, neoclassical theorists moved away from an earlier notion suggesting that total utility for a society could be measured in favour of ordinal utility, which hypothesizes merely behaviour-based relations across persons. In microeconomics, neoclassical economics represents incentives and cost... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics There exists an economic problem, subject to study by economic science, when a decision (choice) is made by one or more resource-controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions. In other words, resource-controlling agents maximize value subject to the constraints impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Each period, as if they were in a giant feedback system, economic players influence the pricing processes and the economy, and are in turn influenced by them until a steady state (equilibrium) of all variables involved is reached or until an external shock throws the system toward a new equilibrium point. Bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Within this group researchers tend to share with other economists the emphasis on models employing micro foundations and optimizing behaviour but with a narrower focus on standard Keynesian themes such as price and wage rigidity. These are usually made to be endogenous features of the models, rather than simp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Contemporary mainstream economics is sometimes separated into the Saltwater approach of those universities along the Eastern and Western coasts of the US, and the Freshwater, or Chicago-school approach. Within macroeconomics there is, in general order of their appearance in the literature; classical economics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics They are now rare; examples can still be seen in Cuba, North Korea and Laos. Mainstream economic theory relies upon "a priori" quantitative economic models, which employ a variety of concepts. Theory typically proceeds with an assumption of "ceteris paribus", which means holding constant explanatory variables... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics In development economics, slower growth in developed nations has been sometimes predicted because of the declining marginal returns of investment and capital, and this has been observed in the Four Asian Tigers. Sometimes an economic hypothesis is only "qualitative", not "quantitative". Expositions of economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics In theory, in a free market the aggregates (sum of) of "quantity demanded" by buyers and "quantity supplied" by sellers may reach economic equilibrium over time in reaction to price changes; in practice, various issues may prevent equilibrium, and any equilibrium reached may not necessarily be morally equitab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Microeconomics studies individual markets by simplifying the economic system by assuming that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets. This method of analysis is known as partial-equilibrium analysis (supply and demand). This method aggregates (the sum of all activity) in only one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Part of the cost of making pretzels is that neither the flour nor the morning are available any longer, for use in some other way. The opportunity cost of an activity is an element in ensuring that scarce resources are used efficiently, such that the cost is weighed against the value of that activity in decid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics The PPF is a table or graph (as at the right) showing the different quantity combinations of the two goods producible with a given technology and total factor inputs, which limit feasible total output. Each point on the curve shows potential total output for the economy, which is the maximum feasible output o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics A point "inside" the curve (as at "A"), is feasible but represents "production inefficiency" (wasteful use of inputs), in that output of "one or both goods" could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve. Examples cited of such inefficiency include high unemployment during a busines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Even if one region has an absolute advantage as to the ratio of its outputs to inputs in every type of output, it may still specialize in the output in which it has a comparative advantage and thereby gain from trading with a region that lacks any absolute advantage but has a comparative advantage in producin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs. In the process, aggregate output may increase as a by-product or by desi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics A term for this is "constrained utility maximization" (with income and wealth as the constraints on demand). Here, utility refers to the hypothesized relation of each individual consumer for ranking different commodity bundles as more or less preferred. The law of demand states that, in general, price and qua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics That is, the higher the price at which the good can be sold, the more of it producers will supply, as in the figure. The higher price makes it profitable to increase production. Just as on the demand side, the position of the supply can shift, say from a change in the price of a productive input or a technica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Instead, on the supply side, they may work in and produce through "firms". The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations, partnerships and trusts. According to Ronald Coase, people begin to organize their production in firms when the costs of doing business becomes lower than doing it on the market. Firms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Uncertainty in economics is an unknown prospect of gain or loss, whether quantifiable as risk or not. Without it, household behaviour would be unaffected by uncertain employment and income prospects, financial and capital markets would reduce to exchange of a single instrument in each market period, and there... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies, ethics, political science, and evolutionary biology. Risk aversion may stimulate activity that in well-functioning markets smooths out risk and communicates information about risk, as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Moreover, attempting to reduce one problem, say adverse selection by mandating insurance, may add to another, say moral hazard. Information economics, which studies such problems, has relevance in subjects such as insurance, contract law, mechanism design, monetary economics, and health care. Applied subjects... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.). Governments often tax and otherwise restrict the sale of goods that have negative externalities and subsidize or otherwise promote the purchase of goods that have positive exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Public finance is the field of economics that deals with budgeting the revenues and expenditures of a public sector entity, usually government. The subject addresses such matters as tax incidence (who really pays a particular tax), cost-benefit analysis of government programmes, effects on economic efficiency... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Since at least the 1960s, macroeconomics has been characterized by further integration as to micro-based modelling of sectors, including rationality of players, efficient use of market information, and imperfect competition. This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the sam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output. He therefore advocated active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics In particular, New Keynesians assume prices and wages are "sticky", which means they do not adjust instantaneously to changes in economic conditions. Thus, the new classicals assume that prices and wages adjust automatically to attain full employment, whereas the new Keynesians see full employment as being au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand. Structural unemployment is similar to frictional unemployment since both reflect the problem of matching workers with job vacancies, but structu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics It is essentially a measure of value and more importantly, a store of value being a basis for credit creation. Its economic function can be contrasted with barter (non-monetary exchange). Given a diverse array of produced goods and specialized producers, barter may entail a hard-to-locate double coincidence o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Both tax cuts and spending have multiplier effects where the initial increase in demand from the policy percolates through the economy and generates additional economic activity. The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out. When there is no output gap, the economy is producing at full capacity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Increased trade in goods, services and capital between countries is a major effect of contemporary globalization. Development economics examines economic aspects of the economic development process in relatively low-income countries focusing on structural change, poverty, and economic growth. Approaches in de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics It analyzes "social welfare", however measured, in terms of economic activities of the individuals that compose the theoretical society considered. Accordingly, individuals, with associated economic activities, are the basic units for aggregating to social welfare, whether of a group, a community, or a societ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Smith repeatedly attacks groups of politically aligned individuals who attempt to use their collective influence to manipulate a government into doing their bidding. In Smith's day, these were referred to as factions, but are now more commonly called special interests, a term which can comprise international ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Often there exists a low approval rate from professional economists regarding many public policies. Policy issues featured in one survey of American Economic Association economists include trade restrictions, social insurance for those put out of work by international competition, genetically modified foods, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics has been subject to criticism that it relies on unrealistic, unverifiable, or highly simplified assumptions, in some cases because these assumptions simplify the proofs of desired conclusions. Examples of such assumptions include perfect information, profit maximization and rational choices. The field of info... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Contrary to common conceptions of economics as a positive and objective science, feminist economists call attention to the social construction of economics and highlight the ways in which its models and methods reflect masculine preferences. Primary criticisms focus on failures to account for: the selfish nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet. Philip Mirowski obs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Law and economics, or economic analysis of law, is an approach to legal theory that applies methods of economics to law. It includes the use of economic concepts to explain the effects of legal rules, to assess which legal rules are economically efficient, and to predict what the legal rules will be. A semina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics The sociological subfield of economic sociology arose, primarily through the work of Émile Durkheim, Max Weber and Georg Simmel, as an approach to analysing the effects of economic phenomena in relation to the overarching social paradigm (i.e. modernity). Classic works include Max Weber's "The Protestant Ethi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Practitioners use such methods to estimate the size, economic significance, and statistical significance ("signal strength") of the hypothesized relation(s) and to adjust for noise from other variables. By such means, a hypothesis may gain acceptance, although in a probabilistic, rather than certain, sense. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics Experimental economics has promoted the use of scientifically controlled experiments. This has reduced the long-noted distinction of economics from natural sciences because it allows direct tests of what were previously taken as axioms. In some cases these have found that the axioms are not entirely correct; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economics There are dozens of prizes awarded to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions to the field, the most prominent of which is the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, though it is not a Nobel Prize. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9223 |
Economic calculation problem The economic calculation problem is a criticism of using economic planning as a substitute for market-based allocation of the factors of production. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in his 1920 article "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth" and later expanded upon by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem Mises's initial criticism received multiple reactions and led to the conception of trial-and-error market socialism, most notably the Lange–Lerner theorem. In the 1920 paper, Mises argued that the pricing systems in socialist economies were necessarily deficient because if a public entity o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem Therefore, the price system is said to promote economically efficient use of resources by agents who may not have explicit knowledge of all of the conditions of production or supply. This is called the signalling function of prices as well as the rationing function which prevents over-use o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem Thus, the exchange of consumer goods establishes prices that represent the marginal utility of consumers and money is representative of consumer satisfaction. If money is also spent on capital goods and labor, then it is possible to make comparisons between capital goods and consumer goods.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem Marxist theory allows for the possibility that labour content can serve as a common means of valuing capital goods, a position now out of favour with economists following the success of the theory of marginal utility. The third condition for economic calculation is the existence of genuine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem The problem of planning production is the knowledge problem explained by Hayek (1937, 1945), but first mentioned and illustrated by his mentor Mises in "Socialism" (1922), not to be mistaken with "Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis" (1951). The planning could either be done in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem However, central planners face the local knowledge problem in forming a comprehensive plan for production. Mises and Hayek saw centralization as inevitable in socialism. Opponents argued that in principle an economy can be seen as a set of equations. Thus, there should be no need for prices... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem Part of the reason that Hayek stressed the knowledge problem was also because he was mainly concerned with debating the proposal for market socialism and the Lange Model by Oskar R. Lange (1938) and Hayek's student Abba Lerner (1934, 1937, 1938) which was developed in response to the calcul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem He further argues that much of the information individuals have cannot be collected or used by others. First, individuals may have no or little incentive to share their information with central or even local planners. Second, the individual may not be aware that he has valuable information;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem Capitalists use prices to form expectations that determine the composition of capital accumulation, the pattern of investment across industry. Those who invest in accordance with consumers' desires are rewarded with profits, those who do not are forced to become more efficient or go out of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem The entrepreneurs who commit the worst errors by forming the least accurate expectations of future consumer demands incur financial losses. Financial losses remove these inept entrepreneurs from positions of authority in industry. Entrepreneurs who commit smaller errors by anticipating cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem Mises insisted that socialist calculation is impossible because socialism precludes the exchange of capital goods in terms of a generally accepted medium of exchange, or money. Investment in financial markets determines the capital structure of modern industry with some degree of efficiency... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem Alec Nove argues that in his "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth", Mises "tends to spoil his case by the implicit assumption that capitalism and optimum resource allocation go together". Economist Joan Robinson also argued that many prices in modern capitalism are effectivel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem They adamantly oppose any distortion of market structure by the introduction of government influence, asserting that such interference would be a form of central planning or state capitalism, insofar as it would redirect decision making from the private to the public sector. Joseph Schumpet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem The model assumes that various sorts of information are "given" to the auctioneer or planning board. However, without a capital market, this information does not exist; and if it does exist, it exists in a fundamentally distributed form, unavailable to the planners. If the planners somehow ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Economic calculation problem In a state of abundance, there is no such cost; which is to say that in situations where one need not economize, economics does not apply, e.g. areas with abundant fresh air and water. In "Towards a New Socialism"'s "Information and Economics: A Critique of Hayek" and "Against Mises", Paul ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297 |
Edmund Burke (; 12 January <nowiki>[</nowiki>NS<nowiki>]</nowiki> 1729 – 9 July 1797) was an Irish statesman and philosopher. Born in Dublin, Burke served as a member of parliament (MP) between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons of Great Britain with the Whig Party after moving to London in 1750. Burke was a propone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Subsequently in the 20th century, he became widely regarded as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism. Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother Mary, "née" Nagle (c. 1702–1770), was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family and a cousin of the Catholic educator Nano Nagl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Omer—but this was false, as his father was a regular practitioner of the Law at Dublin, which he could not be unless of the Established Church: & it so happened that though Mr. B—was twice at Paris, he never happened to go through the Town of St. Omer. After being elected to the House of Commons, Burke was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing. The late Lord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Whereas this "Vindication" is everywhere enforc'd, not only in the language, and on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather so real an earnestness, that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other". A minority of scholars have taken the position that in fact Burke did write the "Vindicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke On commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his, Lord Acton said "it is ever to be regretted that the reverse did not occur". During the year following that contract, Burke founded with Dodsley the influential "Annual Register", a publication in which various auth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke In 1765, Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig politician Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782. Rockingham also introduced Burke as a Freemason. In December 1765, Burke entered th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke His speeches and writings, having made him famous, led to the suggestion that he was the author of the "Letters of Junius". At about this time, Burke joined the circle of leading intellectuals and artists in London of whom Samuel Johnson was the central luminary. This circle also included David Garrick, Ol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke During 1771, Burke wrote a bill that would have given juries the right to determine what was libel, if passed. Burke spoke in favour of the bill, but it was opposed by some, including Charles James Fox, not becoming law. When introducing his own bill in 1791 in opposition, Fox repeated almost verbatim the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke At the conclusion of the poll, he made his "Speech to the Electors of Bristol at the Conclusion of the Poll", a remarkable disclaimer of the constituent-imperative form of democracy, for which he substituted his statement of the "representative mandate" form. He failed to win re-election for that seat. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Burke also called capital punishment "the Butchery which we call justice" in 1776 and in 1780 condemned the use of the pillory for two men convicted for attempting to practice sodomy. This support for unpopular causes, notably free trade with Ireland and Catholic emancipation, led to Burke losing his seat ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke But if intemperately, unwisely, fatally, you sophisticate and poison the very source of government by urging subtle deductions, and consequences odious to those you govern, from the unlimited and illimitable nature of supreme sovereignty, you will teach them by these means to call that sovereignty itself i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Let the colonies always keep the idea of their civil rights associated with your government—they will cling and grapple to you, and no force under heaven will be of power to tear them from their allegiance. But let it be once understood that your government may be one thing and their privileges another, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Not peace through the medium of war, not peace to be hunted through the labyrinth of intricate and endless negotiations, not peace to arise out of universal discord. [...] [I]t is simple peace, sought in its natural course and in its ordinary haunts. It is peace sought in the spirit of peace, and laid in p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic—the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil. It was not temporary force, uncertainty,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775) in which Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America—which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke In Burke's view, the British government was fighting "the American English" ("our English Brethren in the Colonies"), with a Germanic king employing "the hireling sword of German boors and vassals" to destroy the English liberties of the colonists. On American independence, Burke wrote: "I do not know how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke This Act was repealed by Shelburne's administration, but the Act that replaced it repeated verbatim almost the whole text of the Burke Act. The Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 was a watered down version of Burke's original intentions as outlined in his famous "Speech on Economical Reform" of 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, to theirs; and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiased opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men livi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Second, he thought that if they had the vote, common people had dangerous and angry passions that could be aroused easily by demagogues, fearing that the authoritarian impulses that could be empowered by these passions would undermine cherished traditions and established religion, leading to violence and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke While Burke and the committee focused their attention on these matters, a second secret committee was formed to assess the same issues. Both committee reports were written by Burke. Among other purposes, the reports conveyed to the Indian princes that Britain would not wage war on them, along with demandin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke These are the grand sepulchres built by ambition; but by the ambition of an insatiable benevolence, which, not contented with reigning in the dispensation of happiness during the contracted term of human life, had strained, with all the reachings and graspings of a vivacious mind, to extend the dominion of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Burke's indictment, fuelled by emotional indignation, branded Hastings a "captain-general of iniquity" who never dined without "creating a famine", whose heart was "gangrened to the core" and who resembled both a "spider of Hell" and a "ravenous vulture devouring the carcasses of the dead". The House of Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke On 4 November, Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken "as no more than the expression of doubt", but he added: "You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom". In the same mon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke In January 1790, Burke read Richard Price's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled "A Discourse on the Love of Our Country" to the Revolution Society. That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In this sermon, Price espoused the philosophy of universal "Rights of Men". Price ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790 it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator Pierre-Gaëton Dupont wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke You will see that Sir Edward Coke, that great oracle of our law, and indeed all the great men who follow him, to Blackstone, are industrious to prove the pedigree of our liberties. They endeavour to prove that the ancient charter... were nothing more than a re-affirmance of the still more ancient standing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Burke criticised social contract theory by claiming that society is indeed a contract, although it is "a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born". The most famous passage in Burke's "Reflections" was his descripti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but they did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues. Burke wrote on 29 November 1790: "I have received from the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke [Burke] said, no, Sir, not more than usual—You have and very well employed too, but there are none so deaf as those that w'ont hear, and none so blind as those that w'ont see—[Burke] made a low bow, Sir, I certainly now understand you, but was afraid my vanity or presumption might have led me to imagine wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Mackintosh later said: "Burke was one of the first thinkers as well as one of the greatest orators of his time. He is without parallel in any age, excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever". In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Burke contrasted Rousseau's theory of universal benevolence and his having sent his children to a foundling hospital, stating that he was "a lover of his kind, but a hater of his kindred". These events and the disagreements that arose from them within the Whig Party led to its break-up and to the rupture o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke He questioned the sincerity of Burke, who seemed to have forgotten the lessons he had learned from him, quoting from Burke's own speeches of fourteen and fifteen years before. Burke's response was as follows: It certainly was indiscreet at any period, but especially at his time of life, to parade enemies, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Burke was dismayed that some Whigs, instead of reaffirming the principles of the Whig Party he laid out in the "Reflections", had rejected them in favour of "French principles" and that they criticised Burke for abandoning Whig principles. Burke wanted to demonstrate his fidelity to Whig principles and fea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Writing in the third person, Burke asserted in his "Appeal": [The] foundations laid down by the Commons, on the trial of Doctor Sacheverel, for justifying the revolution of 1688, are the very same laid down in Mr. Burke's Reflections; that is to say,—a breach of the "original contract", implied and express... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Fitzwilliam saw the "Appeal" as containing "the doctrines I have sworn by, long and long since". Francis Basset, a backbench Whig MP, wrote to Burke that "though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments, I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of oppos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke In December 1791, Burke sent government ministers his "Thoughts on French Affairs" where he put forward three main points, namely that no counter-revolution in France would come about by purely domestic causes; that the longer the Revolutionary Government exists, the stronger it becomes; and that the Revol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke If it were even possible to lay things down exactly as they stood, before the series of experimental politicks began, I am quite sure that they could not long continue in that situation. In one Sense of L'Ancien Régime I am clear that nothing else can reasonably be done. Burke delivered a speech on the deb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vendée, describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham as "the sole affair I have much heart in". Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached and in whom he saw signs of promise which were not patent to others and which in fact appear to have been non-existent, although this view may have rather reflected the fact that his son Richard had work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented and included a description of the British Constitution: But as to "our" country and "our" race, as long as the well compacted structure of our church and state, the sanctuary, the holy of holies of that anci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
Edmund Burke The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects—dominion over minds by proselytism, over bodies by arms". This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France woul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 |
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