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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz However, his project went beyond vortex theory, since at its heart there was an attempt to explain one of the most difficult problems in physics, that of the origin of the cohesion of matter. The principle of sufficient reason has been invoked in recent cosmology, and his identity of indiscern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz In the life sciences and paleontology, he revealed an amazing transformist intuition, fueled by his study of comparative anatomy and fossils. One of his principal works on this subject, "Protogaea", unpublished in his lifetime, has recently been published in English for the first time. He work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bodies act according to the laws of efficient causes, i.e. the laws of motion. And these two realms, that of efficient causes and that of final causes, harmonize with one another.” This idea refers to the mind-body problem, stating that the mind and brain do not act upon each other, but act al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz One principle in the thinking of Leibniz played a fundamental role: “the principle of equality of separate but corresponding viewpoints.” Wundt characterized this style of thought (perspectivism) in a way that also applied for him—viewpoints that "supplement one another, while also being able ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz In public health, he advocated establishing a medical administrative authority, with powers over epidemiology and veterinary medicine. He worked to set up a coherent medical training program, oriented towards public health and preventive measures. In economic policy, he proposed tax reforms an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Early in life, he documented the binary numeral system (base 2), then revisited that system throughout his career. While Leibniz was examining other cultures to compare his metaphysical views, he encountered an ancient Chinese book "I Ching". Leibniz interpreted a diagram which showed yin and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz A number of such machines were made during his years in Hanover by a craftsman working under his supervision. They were not an unambiguous success because they did not fully mechanize the carry operation. Couturat reported finding an unpublished note by Leibniz, dated 1674, describing a machin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz For instance, within a month of taking the new position, he developed a comprehensive plan to expand the library. He was one of the first to consider developing a core collection for a library and felt “that a library for display and ostentation is a luxury and indeed superfluous, but a well-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz He hoped that this abstracting project would eventually include everything printed from his day back to Gutenberg. Neither proposal met with success at the time, but something like them became standard practice among English language publishers during the 20th century, under the aegis of the L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz With the possible exception of Marcus Aurelius, no philosopher has ever had as much experience with practical affairs of state as Leibniz. Leibniz's writings on law, ethics, and politics were long overlooked by English-speaking scholars, but this has changed of late. While Leibniz was no apolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz In 1677, Leibniz called for a European confederation, governed by a council or senate, whose members would represent entire nations and would be free to vote their consciences; this is sometimes considered an anticipation of the European Union. He believed that Europe would adopt a uniform rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz He evidently thought that the thoroughgoing application of reason would suffice to heal the breach caused by the Reformation. Leibniz the philologist was an avid student of languages, eagerly latching on to any information about vocabulary and grammar that came his way. He refuted the belief, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz He noted with fascination how the "I Ching" hexagrams correspond to the binary numbers from 000000 to 111111, and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired. Leibniz communicated his ideas of the binary system r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz During a formal audience with the Austrian Emperor and in subsequent memoranda, he advocated reorganizing the Austrian economy, reforming the coinage of much of central Europe, negotiating a Concordat between the Habsburgs and the Vatican, and creating an imperial research library, official ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Voltaire's depiction of Leibniz's ideas was so influential that many believed it to be an accurate description. Thus Voltaire and his "Candide" bear some of the blame for the lingering failure to appreciate and understand Leibniz's ideas. Leibniz had an ardent disciple, Christian Wolff, whose ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Publication of Leibniz's correspondence with notables such as Antoine Arnauld, Samuel Clarke, Sophia of Hanover, and her daughter Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, began. In 1900, Bertrand Russell published a critical study of Leibniz's metaphysics. Shortly thereafter, Louis Couturat published an i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Work in the history of 17th- and 18th-century ideas has revealed more clearly the 17th-century "Intellectual Revolution" that preceded the better-known Industrial and commercial revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1985, the German government created the Leibniz Prize, offering an an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Moreover, quite a few of these letters are of essay length. Much of his vast correspondence, especially the letters dated after 1700, remains unpublished, and much of what is published has appeared only in recent decades. The amount, variety, and disorder of Leibniz's writings are a predictabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Since then the branches in Potsdam, Münster, Hanover and Berlin have jointly published 57 volumes of the critical edition, with an average of 870 pages, and prepared index and concordance works. The year given is usually that in which the work was completed, not of its eventual publication. Si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12281 |
Gilles Deleuze (; ; 18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1950s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volumes of "Capitalism and Schizophrenia": "Anti-Oedipus" (1972) and "A Thousand Plateaus" (1980), b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze His teachers there included several noted specialists in the history of philosophy, such as Georges Canguilhem, Jean Hyppolite, Ferdinand Alquié, and Maurice de Gandillac. Deleuze's lifelong interest in the canonical figures of modern philosophy owed much to these teachers. Deleuze passed the agrégation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze Deleuze taught at Vincennes until his retirement in 1987. Deleuze was an atheist. He married Denise Paul "Fanny" Grandjouan in 1956. According to James Miller, Deleuze betrayed little visible interest in actually "doing" many of the risky things he so vividly conjured up in his lectures and writing. Marr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze Prior to his death, Deleuze had announced his intention to write a book entitled "La Grandeur de Marx" ("The Greatness of Marx"), and left behind two chapters of an unfinished project entitled "Ensembles and Multiplicities" (these chapters have been published as the essays "Immanence: A Life" and "The Ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze Identities are neither logically nor metaphysically prior to difference, Deleuze argues, "given that there exist differences of nature between things of the same genus." That is, not only are no two things ever the same, the categories we use to identify individuals in the first place derive from differe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze ") While Deleuze's virtual ideas superficially resemble Plato's forms and Kant's ideas of pure reason, they are not originals or models, nor do they transcend possible experience; instead they are the conditions of actual experience, the internal difference in itself. "The concept they [the conditions] f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze Deleuze borrows the doctrine of "ontological univocity" from the medieval philosopher John Duns Scotus. In medieval disputes over the nature of God, many eminent theologians and philosophers (such as Thomas Aquinas) held that when one says that "God is good", God's goodness is only analogous to human goo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze "Difference and Repetition" (1968) is Deleuze's most sustained and systematic attempt to work out the details of such a metaphysics, but his other works develop similar ideas. In "Nietzsche and Philosophy" (1962), for example, reality is a play of forces; in "Anti-Oedipus" (1972), a "body without organs"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze By setting aside the assumption that thinking has a natural ability to recognize the truth, Deleuze says, we attain a "thought without image", a thought always determined by problems rather than solving them. "All this, however, presupposes codes or axioms which do not result by chance, but which do not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze But when substantives and adjectives begin to dissolve, when the names of pause and rest are carried away by the verbs of pure becoming and slide into the language of events, all identity disappears from the self, the world, and God." Deleuze's peculiar readings of the history of philosophy stem from thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze " In Deleuze's view, then, philosophy more closely resembles practical or artistic production than it does an adjunct to a definitive scientific description of a pre-existing world (as in the tradition of John Locke or Willard Van Orman Quine). In his later work (from roughly 1981 onward), Deleuze sharpl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze In a classical liberal model of society, morality begins from individuals, who bear abstract natural rights or duties set by themselves or a God. Following his rejection of any metaphysics based on identity, Deleuze criticizes the notion of an individual as an arresting or halting of differentiation (as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze " In his 1990 essay "Postscript on the Societies of Control" ("Post-scriptum sur les sociétés de contrôle"), Deleuze builds on Foucault's notion of the society of discipline to argue that society is undergoing a shift in structure and control. Where societies of discipline were characterized by discrete ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze "Herein, perhaps, lies the secret: to bring into existence and not to judge. If it is so disgusting to judge, it is not because everything is of equal value, but on the contrary because what has value can be made or distinguished only by defying judgment. What expert judgment, in art, could ever bear on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze A parallel in painting Deleuze points to is Francis Bacon's "Study after Velázquez"—it is quite beside the point to say that Bacon "gets Velasquez wrong". Similar considerations apply, in Deleuze's view, to his own uses of mathematical and scientific terms, "pace" critics such as Alan Sokal: "I'm not say... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze His books "Difference and Repetition" (1968) and "The Logic of Sense" (1969) led Michel Foucault to declare that "one day, perhaps, this century will be called Deleuzian." (Deleuze, for his part, said Foucault's comment was "a joke meant to make people who like us laugh, and make everyone else livid.") I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze Likewise in the English-speaking academy, Deleuze's work is typically classified as continental philosophy. Deleuze has attracted critics as well. The following list is not exhaustive, and gives only the briefest of summaries. Among French philosophers, Vincent Descombes argues that Deleuze's account of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze Slavoj Žižek claims that Deleuze's ontology oscillates between materialism and idealism, and that the Deleuze of "Anti-Oedipus" ("arguably Deleuze's worst book"), the "political" Deleuze under the "'bad' influence" of Guattari, ends up, despite protestations to the contrary, as "the ideologist of late ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze Thus Hallward claims that Deleuze's thought is literally other-worldly, aiming only at a passive contemplation of the dissolution of all identity into the theophanic self-creation of nature. In "Fashionable Nonsense" (1997), physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont accuse Deleuze of abusing mathematical a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gilles Deleuze As sexuality historian Alison M. Moore notes, Deleuze's own value placed on difference is poorly reflected in this booklet which fails to differentiate between Masoch's own view of his desire and that imposed upon him by the pathologizing forms of psychiatric thought prevailing in the late nineteenth cen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12557 |
Gini coefficient In economics, the ( ), sometimes called the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measurement of inequality. It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient For OECD countries, in the late 20th century, considering the effect of taxes and transfer payments, the income ranged between 0.24 and 0.49, with Slovenia being the lowest and Mexico the highest. African countries had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008–2009, with South Africa the world's hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient The can then be thought of as the ratio of the area that lies between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve (marked "A" in the diagram) over the total area under the line of equality (marked "A" and "B" in the diagram); i.e., . It is also equal to 2"A" and to due to the fact that (since the axes sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient If "x" is the wealth or income of person "i", and there are "n" persons, then the "G" is given by: When the income (or wealth) distribution is given as a continuous probability distribution function "p"("x"), the is again half of the relative mean absolute difference: where formula_4 is the mean of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient For example, (taking "y" to mean the income or wealth of a person or household): Since the is half the relative mean absolute difference, it can also be calculated using formulas for the relative mean absolute difference. For a random sample "S" consisting of values "y", "i" = 1 to "n", that are indexe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient Defining μ as the mean of the distribution, and specifying that "F"("y") is zero for all negative values, the is given by: The latter result comes from integration by parts. (Note that this formula can be applied when there are negative values if the integration is taken from minus infinity to plus inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient More accurate results can be obtained using other methods to approximate the area B, such as approximating the Lorenz curve with a quadratic function across pairs of intervals, or building an appropriately smooth approximation to the underlying distribution function that matches the known data. If the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient This method only requires the use of ordinary least squares regression after ordering the sample data. The results compare favorably with the estimates from the jackknife with agreement improving with increasing sample size. However it has since been argued that this is dependent on the model's assumpt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient Perfect equality—the absence of inequality—exists when and only when the inequality ratio, formula_28, equals 1 for all j units in some population (for example, there is perfect income equality when everyone's income formula_29 equals the mean income formula_30, so that formula_31 for everyone). Measur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient The difference in Gini indices between OECD countries, on after-taxes and transfers basis, is significantly narrower. For OECD countries, over 2008–2009 period, on pre-taxes and transfers basis for total population ranged between 0.34 and 0.53, with South Korea the lowest and Italy the highest. on afte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient According to UNICEF, Latin America and the Caribbean region had the highest net income Gini index in the world at 48.3, on unweighted average basis in 2008. The remaining regional averages were: sub-Saharan Africa (44.2), Asia (40.4), Middle East and North Africa (39.2), Eastern Europe and Central Asia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient is widely used in fields as diverse as sociology, economics, health science, ecology, engineering and agriculture. For example, in social sciences and economics, in addition to income Gini coefficients, scholars have published education Gini coefficients and opportunity Gini coefficients. Education Gin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient Kovacevic in a review of opportunity explains that the coefficient estimates how well a society enables its citizens to achieve success in life where the success is based on a person's choices, efforts and talents, not his background defined by a set of predetermined circumstances at birth, such as, ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient A 2010 study using social security income data for the United States since 1937 and Gini-based Shorrocks indices concludes that income mobility in the United States has had a complicated history, primarily due to mass influx of women into the American labor force after World War II. Income inequality a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient For a given time interval, can therefore be used to compare diverse countries and different regions or groups within a country; for example states, counties, urban versus rural areas, gender and ethnic groups. Gini coefficients can be used to compare income distribution over time, thus it is possible t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient Gini coefficients are simple, and this simplicity can lead to oversights and can confuse the comparison of different populations; for example, while both Bangladesh (per capita income of $1,693) and the Netherlands (per capita income of $42,183) had an income of 0.31 in 2010, the quality of life, econo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient Bellù and Liberati claim that to rank income inequality between two different populations based on their Gini indices is sometimes not possible, or misleading. A Gini index does not contain information about absolute national or personal incomes. Populations can have very low income Gini indices, yet s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient For example, five 20% quantiles (low granularity) will usually yield a lower than twenty 5% quantiles (high granularity) for the same distribution. Philippe Monfort has shown that using inconsistent or unspecified granularity limits the usefulness of measurements. The measure gives different results wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient Because of this, factors such as age distribution within a population and mobility within income classes can create the appearance of inequality when none exist taking into account demographic effects. Thus a given economy may have a higher at any one point in time compared to another, while the calcul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient According to the US Census Bureau, between 1979 and 2010, the population of United States experienced structural changes in overall households, the income for all income brackets increased in inflation-adjusted terms, household income distributions shifted into higher income brackets over time, while t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient Informal economy accounts for over half of global employment and as much as 90 per cent of employment in some of the poorer sub-Saharan countries with high official Gini inequality coefficients. Schneider et al., in their 2010 study of 162 countries, report about 31.2%, or about $20 trillion, of world'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient These measures attempt to compare the distribution of resources by intelligent agents in the market with a maximum entropy random distribution, which would occur if these agents acted like non-interacting particles in a closed system following the laws of statistical physics. The is sometimes alternati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient For example, in ecology the has been used as a measure of biodiversity, where the cumulative proportion of species is plotted against cumulative proportion of individuals. In health, it has been used as a measure of the inequality of health related quality of life in a population. In education, it has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Gini coefficient The formula formula_38, in calculation section above, may be used for the final model and also at individual model factor level, to quantify the discriminatory power of individual factors. It is related to accuracy ratio in population assessment models. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 |
Tertiary sector of the economy The service sector is the third of the three economic sectors of the three-sector theory. The others are the secondary sector (approximately the same as manufacturing), and the primary sector (raw materials). The service sector consists of the production of services instead of end product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14551 |
Tertiary sector of the economy In order to classify a business as a service, one can use classification systems such as the United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification standard, the United States' Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code system and its new replacement, the North American Indus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14551 |
Tertiary sector of the economy In examining the growth of the service sector in the early Nineties, the globalist Kenichi Ohmae noted that: Economies tend to follow a developmental progression that takes them from a heavy reliance on agriculture and mining, toward the development of manufacturing (e.g. automobiles, tex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14551 |
Tertiary sector of the economy Whereas a manufacturer may use technology, simplification, and other techniques to lower the cost of goods sold, the service provider often faces an unrelenting pattern of increasing costs. Product differentiation is often difficult. For example, how does one choose one investment adviser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14551 |
Primary sector of the economy The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, forestry, fishing and mining. The primary sector tends to make up a larger portion of the economy in developing countries than it does in developed countries... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14552 |
Secondary sector of the economy The secondary sector of the economy including industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in construction. This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for expor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14553 |
Secondary sector of the economy Among developed countries, it is an important source of well-paying jobs for the middle class to facilitate greater social mobility for successive generations on the economy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14553 |
Ithaca Hours The Ithaca HOUR is a local currency used in Ithaca, New York and is the oldest and largest local currency system in the United States that is still operating, although its use is reported to be in decline. It has inspired other similar systems in Madison, Wisconsin; Santa Barbara, California, Corvallis, Or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14976 |
Ithaca Hours While in Ithaca, Glover had acted as an evangelist and networker for HOURS, helping spread their use and helping businesses find ways to spend HOURS they had received. Secondly, a general shift away from cash transactions towards electronic transfers with debit or credit cards. Glover has emphasized that e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14976 |
Ithaca Hours He established that each HOUR would be worth the equivalent of $10, which was about the average hourly amount that workers earned in surrounding Tompkins County, although the exact rate of exchange for any given transaction was to be decided by the parties themselves. At GreenStar Cooperative Market, a loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14976 |
Ithaca Hours The day after that, October 18, 1991, 382 HOURS were disbursed and prepared for mailing to the first 93 pioneers. On October 19, 1991, Glover bought a samosa from Catherine Martinez at the Farmers' Market with Half HOUR #751—the first use of an HOUR. Several other Market vendors enrolled that day. During t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14976 |
Ithaca Hours " Thus one underlying principle of the local currency movement is to create "fair trade" with a minimum of conflict or exploitation of either people or natural resources. The Advisory Board incorporated the Ithaca HOUR system as Ithaca Hours, Inc. in October 1998, and hosted the first elections for Board o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14976 |
Ithaca Hours While non-local businesses are welcome to accept Hours, those businesses need to spend them on local goods and services to be economically sustainable. In their mission to promote local economic development, the Board of Directors also makes interest-free loans of Ithaca HOURS to local businesses and grant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14976 |
Demographics of Japan The demographic features of the population of Japan include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects regarding the population. For information on historical demographic data in Japan prior to 1945 refer to: Ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan In 2012 the population had for six consecutive years declined by 212,000, the largest drop on record since 1947 and also reflecting a record low of 1.03 million births. In 2014 a new record of population decrease - 268,000 people - occurred. more than 20 percent of the population of Japan were age... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan In 1991, as the bubble economy started to collapse, land prices began a steep decline, and within a few years fell 60% below their peak. After a decade of declining land prices, residents began moving back into central city areas (especially Tokyo's 23 wards), as evidenced by 2005 census figures. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan Many farmers supplement their income with part-time jobs in nearby towns and cities. About 80 million of the urban population is heavily concentrated on the Pacific shore of Honshu. Metropolitan Tokyo-Yokohama, with its population of 35 million residents, is the world's most populous city. Japan f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan Compared to the findings of July 1993 as well as in July 2000, the population density has greatly increased, from 50% of the population living on 2% of the land to 77%. However, as the years have progressed since the last recordings of the population, Japan’s population has decreased, raising conc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan About 50% of these moves were within the same prefecture; the others were relocations from one prefecture to another. During Japan's economic development in the twentieth century, and especially during the 1950s and 1960s, migration was characterized by urbanization as people from rural areas in i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan With a decreasing total population, internal migration results in only 8 prefectures showing an increase in population. These are Okinawa(2.9%), Tokyo(2.7%), Aichi(1.0%), Saitama(1.0%), Kanagawa(0.9%), Fukuoka(0.6%), Shiga(0.2%), and Chiba(0.1%). About 663,300 Japanese were living abroad, approxim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan This includes 209,373 Filipinos, many of whom are married to Japanese nationals, 210,032 Brazilians, the majority possessing some degree of Japanese ancestry, 687,156 Chinese and 565,989 Koreans. Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, and Brazilians account for about 69.5% of foreign residents in Japan. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan Although official statistics show near homogeneity, one analysis describe the population as “multi-ethnic”, although unofficial statistics still show that ethnic minorities are small compared with many other countries. There is an increase of foreign residents, but they are not Japanese nationals ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan This is because Japanese law does not recognise dual citizenship after the age of adulthood, and so people becoming naturalised Japanese citizens must relinquish citizenship of other countries when they reach the age of 20. Some ethnic Koreans and Chinese and their descendants (who may speak only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan Japanese people enjoy a high standard of living, and nearly 90% of the population consider themselves part of the middle class. However, many studies on happiness and satisfaction with life tend to find that Japanese people average relatively low levels of life satisfaction and happiness when comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan The Meiji government abolished most derogatory names applied to these discriminated communities in 1871, but the new laws had little effect on the social discrimination faced by the former outcasts and their descendants. The laws, however, did eliminate the economic monopoly they had over certain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan One of the largest minority groups among Japanese citizens is the Ryukyuan people. They are primarily distinguished from their use of several distinct Ryukyuan languages though use of Ryukyuan is dying out. The Ryukyuan people and language originated in the Ryukyu Islands, which are in Okinawa pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan According to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, one in forty-nine babies born in Japan today are born into families with one non-Japanese parent. Most intermarriages in Japan are between Japanese men and women from other Asian countries, including China, the Philippines and South ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan A number of long-term resident Koreans in Japan today retain familial links with the descendants of Koreans, that either immigrated voluntarily or were forcibly relocated during the Japanese Occupation of the Korea. Within this group, a number hold Special Permanent Resident status, granted under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan From the early 1980s, a civil disobedience movement encouraged refusal of the fingerprinting that accompanied registration every five years. Opponents of fingerprinting argued that it was discriminatory because the only Japanese who were fingerprinted were criminals. The courts upheld fingerprinti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan Migrant wives often travel as mail-order brides as a result of arranged marriages with Japanese men. Additionally, Japanese men in urban parts of the country have also begun marrying foreign Asian women. There was an increase of 110,358 foreign residents from 2014 to 2015. Vietnamese made the larg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan The total number of permanent residents had declined over the previous 5 years due to high cost of living. In 2018, the number of resident foreigners was 2.22 million in Japan. This is an all-time high and 1.76% of the population. In 2018, net immigration rose for the sixth straight year with 165,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan Well known programs include: In the light of current demographic trends Japan is likely to experience a decrease in tax revenue without a corresponding decrease in welfare expenses for an increasingly elderly population. Given growing manpower shortages, immigrant workers continue to play an impor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan The "koseki" system continues for Japanese citizens, while foreigners are recorded in a separate residency management system administered by immigration offices which combines the previous immigration status and local alien registration systems. The Japanese Ministry of Justice maintains a website... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
Demographics of Japan However, most Japanese people generally do not exclusively identify themselves as adherents of one religion, but rather incorporate various elements in a syncretic fashion. There are small Christian and other minorities as well, with the Christian population dating to as early as the 1500s, as a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15576 |
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873), usually cited as J. S. Mill, was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy. Dubbed "the most infl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15626 |
John Stuart Mill His father, a follower of Bentham and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit aim to create a genius intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after he and Bentham had died. Mill was a notably precocious child. He describes his education in his autobiog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15626 |
John Stuart Mill In the following year he was introduced to political economy and studied Adam Smith and David Ricardo with his father, ultimately completing their classical economic view of factors of production. Mill's "comptes rendus" of his daily economy lessons helped his father in writing "Elements of Political E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15626 |
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