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Life expectancy Further, there are many examples of people living significantly longer than the average life expectancy of their time period, such as Socrates, Saint Anthony, Michelangelo, and Benjamin Franklin. However, anthropologist John D. Hawks criticizes the popular conflation of life span (life expectancy) and m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18669 |
Microeconomics (from Greek prefix "mikro-" meaning "small" + "economics") is a branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms. One goal of microeconomics is to analyze the mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics Although microeconomic theory can continue without this assumption, it would make comparative statics impossible since there is no guarantee that the resulting utility function would be differentiable. Microeconomic theory progresses by defining a competitive budget set which is a subset of the consumpti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics That is, since the budget constraint is both bounded and closed, a solution to the utility maximization problem exists. Economists call the solution to the utility maximization problem a Walrasian demand function or correspondence. The utility maximization problem has so far been developed by taking cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics In such cases, economists may attempt to find policies that avoid waste, either directly by government control, indirectly by regulation that induces market participants to act in a manner consistent with optimal welfare, or by creating "missing markets" to enable efficient trading where none had previou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics Consumer demand theory relates preferences for the consumption of both goods and services to the consumption expenditures; ultimately, this relationship between preferences and consumption expenditures is used to relate preferences to consumer demand curves. The link between personal preferences, consump... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics In the mathematical model for the cost of production, the short-run total cost is equal to fixed cost plus total variable cost. The fixed cost refers to the cost that is incurred regardless of how much the firm produces. The variable cost is a function of the quantity of an object being produced. The cos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics But one is willing to do that because the waffle's opportunity cost is lower than the benefits of the chocolate. Opportunity costs are unavoidable constraints on behaviour because one has to decide what's best and give up the next-best alternative. Supply and demand is an economic model of price determin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics A term for this is "constrained utility maximization" (with income and wealth as the constraints on demand). Here, utility refers to the hypothesized relation of each individual consumer for ranking different commodity bundles as more or less preferred. The law of demand states that, in general, price an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics That is, the higher the price at which the good can be sold, the more of it producers will supply, as in the figure. The higher price makes it profitable to increase production. Just as on the demand side, the position of the supply can shift, say from a change in the price of a productive input or a tec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics For a given quantity of a consumer good, the point on the demand curve indicates the value, or marginal utility, to consumers for that unit. It measures what the consumer would be prepared to pay for that unit. The corresponding point on the supply curve measures marginal cost, the increase in total cost... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics For the consumer, that point comes where marginal utility of a good, net of price, reaches zero, leaving no net gain from further consumption increases. Analogously, the producer compares marginal revenue (identical to price for the perfect competitor) against the marginal cost of a good, with "marginal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics It can also be generalized to explain variables across the economy, for example, total output (estimated as real GDP) and the general price level, as studied in macroeconomics. Tracing the qualitative and quantitative effects of variables that change supply and demand, whether in the short or long run, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics One example of this is with regards to building codes, which if absent in a purely competition regulated market system, might result in several horrific injuries or deaths to be required before companies would begin improving structural safety, as consumers may at first not be as concerned or aware of sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics Monopolistic competition is a situation in which many firms with slightly different products compete. Production costs are above what may be achieved by perfectly competitive firms, but society benefits from the product differentiation. Examples of industries with market structures similar to monopolisti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics Game theory is a major method used in mathematical economics and business for modeling competing behaviors of interacting agents. The term "game" here implies the study of any strategic interaction between people. Applications include a wide array of economic phenomena and approaches, such as auctions, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Microeconomics For example, if one does loosen this assumption, then it is possible to scrutinize the actions of agents in situations of uncertainty. It is also possible to more fully understand the impacts – both positive and negative – of agents seeking out or acquiring information. Applied microeconomics includes a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18819 |
Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix "makro-" meaning "large" + "economics") is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole. This includes regional, national, and global economies. While macroeconomics is a broad field of study, there are two ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics The central problems of an economy are 1. What to produce ? 2. How to produce ? 3. For whom to produce ? descended from the once divided fields of business cycle theory and monetary theory. The quantity theory of money was particularly influential prior to World War II. It took many forms, including the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics In Keynes's theory, the quantity theory broke down because people and businesses tend to hold on to their cash in tough economic times – a phenomenon he described in terms of liquidity preferences. Keynes also explained how the multiplier effect would magnify a small decrease in consumption or investment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics Friedman and Edmund Phelps (who was not a monetarist) proposed an "augmented" version of the Phillips curve that excluded the possibility of a stable, long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. When the oil shocks of the 1970s created a high unemployment and high inflation, Friedman and Phelps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics He argued that forecasting models based on empirical relationships would keep producing the same predictions even as the underlying model generating the data changed. He advocated models based on fundamental economic theory that would, in principle, be structurally accurate as economies changed. Followin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics Taylor produced early work in this area by showing that monetary policy could be effective even in models with rational expectations when contracts locked in wages for workers. Other new Keynesian economists, including Olivier Blanchard, Julio Rotemberg, Greg Mankiw, David Romer, and Michael Woodford, ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics This model shows the price level and level of real output given the equilibrium in aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The aggregate demand curve's downward slope means that more output is demanded at lower price levels. The downward slope is the result of three effects: the Pigou or real balance effe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics When the economy faces higher costs, cost-push inflation occurs and the AS curve shifts upward to higher price levels. The AS–AD diagram is also widely used as a pedagogical tool to model the effects of various macroeconomic policies. The IS–LM model gives the underpinnings of aggregate demand (itself di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics The IS-LM model is often used to demonstrate the effects of monetary and fiscal policy. Textbooks frequently use the IS-LM model, but it does not feature the complexities of most modern macroeconomic models. Nevertheless, these models still feature similar relationships to those in IS-LM. The neoclassica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics This group of models explains economic growth through other factors, such as increasing returns to scale for capital and learning-by-doing, that are endogenously determined instead of the exogenous technological improvement used to explain growth in Solow's model. encompasses a variety of concepts and va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics However, output does not always increase consistently over time. Business cycles can cause short-term drops in output called recessions. Economists look for macroeconomic policies that prevent economies from slipping into recessions and that lead to faster long-term growth. The amount of unemployment in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics The quantity theory of money holds that changes in price level are directly related to changes in the money supply. Most economists believe that this relationship explains long-run changes in the price level. Short-run fluctuations may also be related to monetary factors, but changes in aggregate demand ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics Some of them allow the interest rate to fluctuate and focus on targeting inflation rates instead. Central banks generally try to achieve high output without letting loose monetary policy that create large amounts of inflation. Conventional monetary policy can be ineffective in situations such as a liquid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics There is a multiplier effect that boosts the impact of government spending. For instance, when the government pays for a bridge, the project not only adds the value of the bridge to output, but also allows the bridge workers to increase their consumption and investment, which helps to close the output ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Macroeconomics First, monetary policy is generally implemented by independent central banks instead of the political institutions that control fiscal policy. Independent central banks are less likely to make decisions based on political motives. Second, monetary policy suffers shorter inside lags and outside lags than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18820 |
Manufacturing Consent (film) Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media is a 1992 documentary film that explores the political life and ideas of linguist, intellectual, and political activist Noam Chomsky. Canadian filmmakers Mark Achbar and Peter Wintonick expand the analysis of political economy and mass media... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19055 |
Manufacturing Consent (film) He also criticizes "The New York Times" review of the film, which mistakes his message for being a call for voter organizing rather than for engaging in media critique and political action. Mark Achbar edited a companion book of the same name. It features a copy of the script annotated with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19055 |
Max Weber Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (; ; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist, who is regarded today as one of the most important theorists on the development of modern Western society. As his ideas would profoundly influence social theory and social rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber would first elaborate his theory in his seminal work, "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1905), in which he attributes ascetic Protestantism as one of the major "elective affinities" involved in the rise of market-driven capitalism and the rational-legal nation-state in the Western wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber After the First World War, he was among the founders of the liberal German Democratic Party. He also ran unsuccessfully for a seat in parliament and served as advisor to the committee that drafted the ill-fated democratic Weimar Constitution of 1919. After contracting Spanish flu, he died of pneumonia in 1920... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Before entering university, he would read many other classical works. Over time, Weber would also be significantly affected by the marital tension between his father, "a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures," and his mother, a devout Calvinist "who sought to lead an ascetic life." In 1882, Weber enrolled in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber In 1893, Weber married his distant cousin Marianne Schnitger, later a feminist activist and author in her own right, who was instrumental in collecting and publishing Weber's journal articles as books after his death, while her biography of him is an important source for understanding Weber's life. They would... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber From 1893 to 1899, Weber was a member of the "Alldeutscher Verband" (Pan-German League), an organization that campaigned against the influx of the Polish workers; the degree of Weber's support for the Germanisation of Poles and similar nationalist policies is still debated by modern scholars. In some of his w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber After spending the summer and fall months of 1900 in a sanatorium, Weber and his wife travelled to Italy at the end of the year, not returning to Heidelberg until April 1902. He would again withdraw from teaching in 1903 and would not return until 1919. Weber's ordeal with mental illness was carefully describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Some other of his works written in the first one and a half decades of the 20th century—published posthumously and dedicated primarily from the fields of sociology of religion, economic and legal sociology—are also recognised as among his most important intellectual contributions. Also in 1904, Weber visited ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Early on, he supported nationalist rhetoric and the war effort, though with some hesitation, viewing the war as a necessity to fulfill German duty as a leading state power. In time, however, Weber became one of the most prominent critics of German expansionism and of the Kaiser's war policies. Weber publicly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber He opposed both the leftist German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, principled positions that defied the political alignments in Germany at that time, and which may have prevented Friedrich Ebert, the new social-democratic President of Germany, from appointing Weber as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Later that same month, in January 1919, after Weber and his party were defeated for election, Weber delivered one of his greatest academic lectures, "Politics as a Vocation", which reflected on the inherent violence and dishonesty he saw among politicians—a profession in which only recently Weber was so perso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Sociology, for Max Weber, is "a science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its course and effects." Made clear in his methodology, Weber distinguished himself from Durkheim, Marx, and other classical figures, in that (a) his pri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber noted that the importance of subjectivity in social sciences makes creation of fool-proof, universal laws much more difficult than in natural sciences and that the amount of objective knowledge that social sciences may achieve is precariously limited. Overall, Weber supported the goal of objective scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber's position was close to historicism, as he understood social actions as being heavily tied to particular historical contexts and its analysis required the understanding of subjective motivations of individuals (social actors). Thus Weber's methodology emphasises the use of comparative historical analysi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber However, when implemented in a group setting in an organization, some form of efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved, especially with regard to better output. This is especially true when the Bureaucratic Model emphasizes qualification (merits), specialization of job-scope (labour), hierarchy of power, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber understood rationalisation, first, as the individual cost-benefit calculation; second, as the wider bureaucratic organisation of the organisations; and finally, in the more general sense, as the opposite of understanding the reality through mystery and magic (i.e. "disenchantment").The fate of our times... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Similarly, rationalisation could be seen in the economy, with the development of highly rational and calculating capitalism. Weber also saw rationalisation as one of the main factors setting the European West apart from the rest of the world. Rationalisation relied on deep changes in ethics, religion, psychol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Regardless, for Weber the processes of rationalisation affect all of society, removing "sublime values…from public life" and making art less creative. In a dystopian critique of rationalisation, Weber notes that modern society is a product of an individualistic drive of the Reformation, yet at the same time, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber His goal was to find reasons for the different development paths of the cultures of the Occident and the Orient, although without judging or valuing them, like some of the contemporary thinkers who followed the social Darwinist paradigm; Weber wanted primarily to explain the distinctive elements of the Wester... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber As societies grew more complex and encompassed different groups, a hierarchy of gods developed and as power in the society became more centralised, the concept of a single, universal God became more popular and desirable. "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" is Weber's most famous work. It has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber showed that certain types of Protestantism—notably Calvinism—were supportive of rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities dedicated to it, seeing them as endowed with moral and spiritual significance. Weber argued that there were many reasons to look for the origins of modern capitalism i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber abandoned research into Protestantism as his colleague Ernst Troeltsch, a professional theologian, had begun work on the book "Social Teachings of the Christian Churches and Sects". Another reason for Weber's decision was that Troeltsch's work already achieved what he desired in that area: laying the gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Notably, they both valued self-control and restraint and did not oppose accumulation of wealth. However, to both those qualities were just means to the final goal and here they were divided by a key difference. Confucianism's goal was "a cultured status position", while Puritanism's goal was to create individ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber ended his research of society and religion in India by bringing in insights from his previous work on China to discuss similarities of the Asian belief systems. He notes that the beliefs saw the meaning of life as otherworldly mystical experience. The social world is fundamentally divided between the ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber noted that some aspects of Christianity sought to conquer and change the world, rather than withdraw from its imperfections. This fundamental characteristic of Christianity (when compared to Far Eastern religions) stems originally from ancient Jewish prophecy. Weber claimed that Judaism not only fathere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber " Weber also distinguishes that, "the affluent embrace good fortune theodicies, which emphasise that prosperity is a blessing of God…[while] theodices of misfortune emphasise that affluence is a sign of evil and that suffering in this world will be rewarded in the next." Therefore, these two distinctions can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber For example, mainline churches, with their upper class congregations "promote[d] order, stability, and conservatism, and in so doing proved to be a powerful source of legitimation of the status quo and of existing disparities in the distribution of wealth and power," because much of the wealth of the church c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber The political realm is no realm for saints; a politician ought to marry the and the ("ethic of "attitude"" and the "ethic of "responsibility"") and must possess both a passion for his vocation and the capacity to distance himself from the subject of his exertions (the governed). Weber distinguished three idea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Many aspects of modern public administration go back to him and a classic, hierarchically organised civil service of the Continental type is called "Weberian civil service". As the most efficient and rational way of organising, bureaucratisation for Weber was the key part of the rational-legal authority and f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber While recognising bureaucracy as the most efficient form of organisation and even indispensable for the modern state, Weber also saw it as a threat to individual freedoms and the ongoing bureaucratisation as leading to a "polar night of icy darkness", in which increasing rationalisation of human life traps in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber As part of his overarching effort to understand the unique development of the Western world, Weber produced a detailed general study of the city as the characteristic locus of the social and economic relations, political arrangements, and ideas that eventually came to define the West. This resulted in a monog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Weber regarded himself primarily as a "political economist", and all of his professorial appointments were in economics, though today his contributions in that field are largely overshadowed by his role as a founder of modern sociology. As an economist, Weber belonged to the "youngest" German historical schoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber As a result of the various editions in German and English, there are differences between the organization of the different volumes. The book is typically published in a two volume set in both German and English, and is more than 1000 pages long. Though his research interests were always in line with those of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber This, together with his antipositivistic argumentation (see "Verstehen"), can be taken as a methodological justification for the model of the "rational economic man" ("homo economicus"), which is at the heart of modern mainstream economics. Unlike other historicists, Weber also accepted the marginal theory of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber He argued that bureaucratic political and economic systems emerging in the Middle Ages were essential in the rise of modern capitalism (including rational book-keeping and organisation of formally free labour), while they were a hindrance in the case of ancient capitalism, which had a different social and pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber " Weber, like his colleague Werner Sombart, regarded economic calculation and especially the double-entry bookkeeping method of business accounting, as one of the most important forms of rationalisation associated with the development of modern capitalism. Weber's preoccupation with the importance of economic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Friedrich Hayek in particular elaborated the arguments of Weber and Mises about economic calculation into a central part of free market economics's intellectual assault on socialism, as well as into a model for the spontaneous coordination of "dispersed knowledge" in markets. Weber's thinking was strongly inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber " Another major influence in Weber's life was the writings of Karl Marx and the workings of socialist thought in academia and active politics. While Weber shares some of Marx's consternation with bureaucratic systems and maligns them as being capable of advancing their own logic to the detriment of human free... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber He is known to have visited the Ordo Templi Orientis at Monte Verità shortly before articulating his idea of disenchantment. He is known to have met the German poet and occultist Stefan George and developed some elements of his theory of charisma after observing George. However, Weber disagreed with many of G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber The breadth of Weber's topical interests is apparent in the depth of his social theory, Joachim Radkau (2009) writing: Many of Weber's works famous today were collected, revised and published posthumously. Significant interpretations of his writings were produced by such sociological luminaries as Talcott Par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber " Weber's explanations are highly specific to the historical periods he analysed. Some academics disagree, pointing out that, despite the fact that Weber did write in the early twentieth century, his ideas remain alive and relevant for understanding issues like politics, bureaucracy, and social stratification... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Weber Many translations are made of parts or sections of various German originals and the names of the translations often do not reveal what part of German work they contain. Weber's work is generally quoted according to the critical "Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe" (Collected Works edition), which is published by Mohr Si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 |
Max Horkheimer (; ; February 14, 1895 – July 7, 1973) was a German philosopher and sociologist who was famous for his work in critical theory as a member of the 'Frankfurt School' of social research. Horkheimer addressed authoritarianism, militarism, economic disruption, environmental crisis, and the poverty of mass cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer Eight years Max's senior, a gentile, and of an economically lower class, Riekher (whom Max called "Maidon") was not considered a suitable match by Moritz Horkheimer. Despite this, Max and Maidon would marry in 1926 and remain together until her death in 1969. In 1917, his manufacturing career ended and h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer Here, he met Friedrich Pollock who would be his colleague at the Institute of Social Research. The following year, Max was appointed "Privatdozent." Shortly after, in 1926, Horkheimer married Rose Riekher. In 1926 Horkheimer was an "unsalaried lecturer in Frankfurt." Shortly after, in 1930, he was promot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer The Institute focused on integrating the views of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. The Frankfurt School attempted this by systematically hitching together the different conceptual structures of historical materialism and psychoanalysis. During the time between Horkheimer's being named Professor of Social Phi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer " In 1942, Horkheimer assumed the directorship of the Scientific Division of the American Jewish Committee. In this capacity, he helped launch and organize a series of five Studies in Prejudice, which were published in 1949 and 1950. The most important of these was the pioneering study in social psycholo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer with the help of Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, Leo Lowenthal, Otto Kirchheimer, Frederick Pollock and Neumann developed "Critical Theory". According to Larry Ray "Critical Theory" has "become one of the most influential social theories of the twentieth century". Horkheimer's work is m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer Horkheimer helped to create Critical Theory through a mix of radical and conservative lenses that stem from radical Marxism and end up in "pessimistic Jewish transcendentalism". Horkheimer developed his critical theory by examining his own wealth while witnessing the juxtaposition of the bourgeois and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer "Between Philosophy and Social Science" appeared between 1930 and 1938, during the time the Frankfurt school moved from Frankfurt to Geneva to Columbia University. It included: "Materialism and Morality", "The Present Situation of Moral Philosophy and the Tasks of an Institute for Social Research", "On t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer This is important to Horkheimer because for workers, he is aware of individuals losing their identity in products, which affects the power an individual may have of him/herself. "The Present Situation of Social Philosophy and the Tasks for an Institute of Social Research" was not only included in this vo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer Horkheimer's book, "Eclipse of Reason", started in 1941 and published in 1947, is broken into five sections: Means and Ends, Conflicting Panaceas, The Revolt of Nature, The Rise and Decline of the Individual, and On the Concept of Philosophy. The 'Eclipse of Reason focuses on the concept of reason within... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer In instrumental reason, the sole criterion of reason is its operational value or purposefulness, and with this, the idea of truth becomes contingent on mere subjective preference (hence the relation with subjective reason). Because subjective/instrumental reason rules, the ideals of a society, for exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer Horkheimer believed that the illnesses of modern society are caused by misunderstanding reason: if people use true reason to critique their societies, they will be able to solve problems they may have. Despite the explicit common referrals to "subjective" reason in the book, his frequent connecting of it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer However, they also explain how pseudo-individuality is encouraged among these products in order to keep the consumers coming back for more. They argue that small differences in products within the same area are acceptable. The similar patterns found in the content of popular culture (films, popular songs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer Rolf Wiggershaus, author of "The Frankfurt School" believed Horkheimer lacked the audacious theoretical construction produced by those like Marx and Lukács and that his main argument was that those living in misery had the right to material egoism. In his book, "Social Theory", Alex Callinicos claims tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer For Horkheimer, the working class had been a revolutionary subject only in the abstract ... [it] was essentially an empty placeholder for the subject which would overthrow an economic and social system which they considered wrong. If it failed to live up to its expectations, then it could easily be repla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Max Horkheimer " Solty identifies Horkheimer's (and, implicitly, the Frankfurt School's) work as an important influence on that of Michel Foucault: "Ultimately, both Horkheimer and Foucault only considered the defense of remaining elements of freedom and the identification of “micro-powers” of domination a possibility,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456 |
Murray Rothbard Murray Newton Rothbard (; March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American heterodox economist of the Austrian School, historian, and political theorist. Rothbard was the founder and leading theoretician of anarcho-capitalism, a staunch advocate of historical revisionism and a central figure in the 20th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217 |
Murray Rothbard Rothbard's parents were David and Rae Rothbard, Jewish immigrants to the United States from Poland and Russia, respectively. David Rothbard was a chemist. Murray attended Birch Wathen, a private school in New York City. Rothbard later stated that he much preferred Birch Wathen to the "debasing and egali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217 |
Murray Rothbard Rothbard later stated that all of his fellow students there were extreme leftists and that he was one of only two Republicans on the Columbia campus at the time. During the 1940s, Rothbard became acquainted with Frank Chodorov and read widely in libertarian-oriented works by Albert Jay Nock, Garet Garre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217 |
Murray Rothbard They enjoyed a loving marriage and Rothbard often called her "the indispensable framework" behind his life and achievements. According to Joey, patronage from the Volker Fund allowed Rothbard to work from home as a freelance theorist and pundit for the first fifteen years of their marriage. The Volker F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217 |
Murray Rothbard Rothbard maintained his position at UNLV from 1986 until his death. Rothbard founded the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1976 and the "Journal of Libertarian Studies" in 1977. In 1982, he co-founded the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama and was vice president of academic affairs until 1995... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217 |
Murray Rothbard In 1954, Rothbard, along with several other attendees of Mises' seminar, joined the circle of novelist Ayn Rand, the founder of Objectivism. He soon parted from her, writing among other things that her ideas were not as original as she proclaimed, but similar to those of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217 |
Murray Rothbard Rothbard was an advocate and practitioner of the Austrian School tradition of his teacher Ludwig von Mises. Like Mises, Rothbard rejected the application of the scientific method to economics and dismissed econometrics, empirical and statistical analysis and other tools of mainstream social science as u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217 |
Murray Rothbard Rothbard wrote extensively on Austrian business cycle theory and as part of this approach strongly opposed central banking, fiat money and fractional-reserve banking and advocated a gold standard and a 100% reserve requirement for banks. Rothbard authored a series of scathing polemics against modern mai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217 |
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