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The Road to Serfdom " However, Keynes did not think Hayek's philosophy was of "practical" use; this was explained later in the same letter, commenting: "What we need therefore, in my opinion, is not a change in our economic programmes, which would only lead in practice to disillusion with the results of your philosophy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=824889 |
The Road to Serfdom Herman Finer, a Fabian socialist, published a rebuttal in his "The Road to Reaction" in 1946. Hayek called Finer's book "a specimen of abuse and invective which is probably unique in contemporary academic discussion". In his review (collected in "The Present as History", 1953) Marxist Paul Sweezy jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=824889 |
The Road to Serfdom In the book, Hayek writes that the government has a role to play in the economy through the monetary system (a view that he later withdrew), work-hours regulation, social welfare, and institutions for the flow of proper information. Through analysis of this and many other of Hayek's works, Block ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=824889 |
The Road to Serfdom Sachs cited the Nordic states which remained economically free and relatively capitalist, despite a large welfare state that Hayek was wrong about such programs leading to serfdom. Gordon Tullock has argued Hayek's analysis incorrectly predicted governments in much of Europe in the late 20th century... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=824889 |
The Road to Serfdom Barbara Wootton wrote "Freedom under Planning" after reading an early copy of "The Road to Serfdom", provided to her by Hayek. In the introduction to her book, Wootton mentioned "The Road to Serfdom" and claimed that "Much of what I have written is devoted to criticism of the views put forward by Pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=824889 |
The Road to Serfdom " However, Frank Knight, founder of the Chicago school of economics, disputes the claim that "Freedom under Planning" contradicts "The Road to Serfdom". He wrote in a scholarly review of the Wootton book: "Let me repeat that the Wootton book is in no logical sense an answer to "The Road to Serfdom",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=824889 |
Surplus store A surplus store or disposals store in the Commonwealth of Nations sells items that are used, or purchased but unused, and no longer needed. The surplus is often military, government or industrial excess often called army-navy stores or war surplus stores in the United States. A surplus store may also sell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=835394 |
Surplus store " The surplus included 500,000 tonnes or stock and over 150,000 tonnes of scrap. In the early 1950s the US military began to add their own surplus from the war. The joint surplus was sold in so called "Steg shops" across Germany until the 1980s. Goods included used and new clothing, camping equipment and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=835394 |
Use value (German: "Gebrauchswert") or value in use is a concept in classical political economy and Marxian economics. It refers to the tangible features of a commodity (a tradeable object) which can satisfy some human requirement, want or need, or which serves a useful purpose. In Karl Marx's critique of political eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Use value " With the expansion of market economy, however, the focus of economists has increasingly been on prices and price-relations, the social process of exchange as such being assumed to occur as a naturally given fact. In "The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844", Marx emphasizes that the use-value of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Use value However Marx generally holds that only human labour expended can create value compared with Nature, through instrumentation known as modus operandi, or the method of working. "As exchange-values, all commodities are merely definite quantities of congealed labour-time", wrote Karl Marx. The discrepancy of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Use value Necessary relationships therefore exist between different use-values, because they are technically, materially and practically related. Some authors therefore write about an "industrial complex" or "technological complex", indicating thereby how different technological products are linked in a system. A good ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Use value Apparently it did not occur to him that even in the purest capitalist society, (final) consumption would have to occur as a necessary aspect of economic reproduction, and that capitalist relations extended to, and included, the way in which consumption was organised in capitalist society—increasingly substitu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Use value Other empirical issues include the so-called Solow Residual in which the heterogenous nature of labour is thoroughly explored for its qualitative elements beyond differentiation. and the concept of total factor productivity, prompting some to consider such things as technology, human capital, stock of knowled... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Use value Some academics such as Professor Robert Albritton, a Canadian political scientist, have claimed that according to Marx, capitalists are basically "indifferent" to the use-value of the goods and services in which they trade, since what matters to capitalists is just the money they make; whatever the buyer does... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Use value Even so, the investor is obviously interested in "the state of the market" for the enterprise's products—if certain products are being used less or used more, this affects sales and profits. So to evaluate "the state of the market", the investor needs knowledge about the place of a product in the value chain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Use value In that case, it could be argued not just labour power but the whole person is a use-value (see further Richard Sennett's books such as "The Culture of the New Capitalism", Yale (2006). Some regard this practice as a kind of "wage-slavery". From beginning to end, and from production to consumption, use-value ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843107 |
Progressive Utilization Theory (PROUT) is a socioeconomic and political theory given by the Indian philosopher and spiritual leader Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. Sarkar introduced PROUT in 1959. Supporters of PROUT (Proutists) claim that the theory exposes and overcomes the limitations of both capitalism and communism. It aim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory Decentralized industry run by sociolinguistic unions would provide people's minimum necessities. The majority of economic transactions would be through producers' and consumers' cooperatives. Incentives for people serving society would be funded via surpluses. At the political level, Prou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory Prout theorises that the first sadvipras would come from disgruntled middle-class intellectuals and warriors. Sadvipras would be organized into executive, legislative, and judicial boards which would be governed by a Supreme Board. They would be responsible for the order of dominance with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory Following a close analysis of the two systems, Prout's propounder argues that these philosophies are "anti-human“ in the sense that they encourage people to relentlessly pursue material attainment, like name, fame, etc. Another criticism of neo-liberalism and capitalism in general is the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory Consequently, this kind of top-down planning will leave communities, enterprises and ultimately workers with a significant level of freedom to decide their own economic future (see decentralized planning). Prout also claims that the nationalization of enterprises is inefficient due to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory Prout proposes instead a minimum and maximum wage, roughly attributed according to the value the work of each person brings to society. We see examples of attempts in this direction in companies like Mondragon or Whole Foods. Regarding neo-liberalism, Sarkar throws a new light to the conc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory Secondly, and following one of the five fundamental principles, Prout argues that there should be an increasing purchasing capacity for each individual, stating that local people will have to hold economic power over their socio-economic region. Still, on this regard, Sarkar theorizes tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory A socio-economic unit, or Samaj in Sanskrit, is the Proutist materialization of the collective effort to create a strong and resilient local community, built on strong feelings of solidarity and self-identity. There are a few criteria that Sarkar outlined in order to build a working and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory Presented with this quasi-paradoxical situation, Prout offers a concept of progress as a society that transcends material and technological development. Moving along the lines of the triple bottom line that analyzes the social, environmental and financial output of a given enterprise, Pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory There are multifarious diseases that affect our body and mind, and even if we stay free of them, eventually time will turn all our physical and mental faculties of no use. Sarkar argues that the only aspect of human life that seems to be subject to no change over time is its transcendenta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Progressive Utilization Theory In time, the theory attracted attention of people like Johan Galtung, founder of the UN Institute for Peace studies who claimed that ""Sarkar’s theory is far superior to Adam Smith’s or that of Marx."" According to a description by Terry Irving and Rowan Cahill, Prout "envisages a decentr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851574 |
Non-DVP trading is defined as securities trading where a client's custodian will have to release payment or deliver securities on behalf of the client before there is certainty that it will receive the counter-value in cash or securities, thus incurring settlement risk. DVP stands for Delivery versus Payment. A party t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851877 |
Commercialism is the application of both manufacturing and consumption towards personal usage, or the practices, methods, aims, and spirit of free enterprise geared toward generating profit. can also be used in a negative connotation to refer to the possibility within open-market capitalism to exploit objects, people, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=863239 |
Public sector borrowing requirement (PSBR) is the old name for the budget deficit in the United Kingdom. The budget deficit has been renamed the public sector net cash requirement (PSNCR) to avoid confusion with net borrowing. PSBR occurs when expenditures for the government activities in the public sector of the econo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=867778 |
Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective Kenneth E. Boulding's evolutionary perspective is an approach to economics (see also evolutionary economics) put forward most completely in his "Ecodynamics" (1978) and "Evolutionary Economics" (1981) had roots in his 1934 work on population theory and the age structure of ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872384 |
Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective "Labor" is a category marginally useful to Boulding for studying distribution, but of no use whatever for studying production. Boulding's factors of production are know-how, materials and energy; hence, a theory which holds labor—a heterogeneous collection of artifacts of kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872384 |
Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective Once one considers the possibility that labor can be seen as an intermediate surrogate for more fundamental factors, like know-how, materials and energy, then it is a short step to treat (as Boulding sometimes does) capital as a surrogate for know-how and land as surrogate fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872384 |
Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective The driving force of this movement is science or the culture that supports science. Development of the third world is a critical part of the movement to a "post-civilized society". His "post-civilized society" is not the stationary state of John Stuart Mill or Herman Daly, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872384 |
Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective Boulding is widely known for his criticism of mainstream economists' use of equilibrium analysis and, in particular, for the profession's acceptance of what Boulding calls "Samuelson's dynamics" (originating with the Foundations (1947)). To appreciate his position, it is impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872384 |
Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective Along with his critique of equilibrium analysis, he has the following critique with the profession's methodological emphasis on prediction as being the criterion of good theory: Prediction of the future is possible only in systems that have stable parameters like celestial me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872384 |
Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective (1991) Biological evolution gives considerable emphasis to the ability of organisms to adapt to unpredictable change—their survival value. In his words, Boulding's observation or conjecture was made prior to widespread adoption of the same idea by economists in the eighties f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872384 |
Theory of value (economics) A theory of value is any economic theory that attempts to explain the exchange value or price of goods and services. Key questions in economic theory include why goods and services are priced as they are, how the value of goods and services comes about, and—for normative value theories—how t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874882 |
Theory of value (economics) Scientific advancements in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inspired English economist William Petty in developing his labor theory of value where the amount of labor that goes into producing or supplying a product determines the value no matter the product. English economist Nichola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874882 |
Theory of value (economics) Instead, he proposed an ‘Adding-up Theory’ (or cost-of-production theory, to later develop into exchange value theory) that explained value was determined by several different factors, including wages and rents. This theory of value, according to Smith, best explained the natural prices in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874882 |
Theory of value (economics) It is the value that an entity has in itself as well, for what it is, or as an end. This value is not physical, saying that this value is physical is the same as saying our minds are physical. The value does not exist as an object, however it is the properties of an object. The value is crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874882 |
Theory of value (economics) Both David Ricardo and Karl Marx attempted to quantify and embody all labor components in order to develop a theory of the real, or natural, price of a commodity. In either case, what is being addressed are general prices—i.e., prices in the aggregate, not a specific price of a particular go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874882 |
Theory of value (economics) Marxian economist John Milios (2003) argues for a monetary theory of value, where "Money is the necessary form of appearance of value (and of capital) in the sense that prices constitute the only form of appearance of the value of commodities." According to this analysis, when money incorpor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874882 |
Theory of value (economics) And since the power behind private ownership is denominated in prices, Nitzan and Bichler argue, there is a need for a power theory of value. There is, however, a causality dilemma to their argument that has drawn criticism: power is based on the ability of firms to set monopoly prices yet t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874882 |
Theory of value (economics) The consumer places a value on an item by determining the marginal utility, or additional satisfaction of one additional good, of that item and deciding what that means to them. The modern subjective theory of value was created by William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras, and Carl Menger in the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874882 |
Small-numbers game In economics and decision theory, a small-numbers game is a situation in an oligopolistic market in which the actions of one player have direct unforeseeable consequences for other players. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=875076 |
Extensive stage Extensive stage, or by its full name, the "predominantly extensive stage of accumulation", pertains to one of the periodizations of capitalism, as proposed by Aglietta (1976). It is the first stage of capitalism. It is also known as the early stage. During the extensive stage, room exists for the growth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=878063 |
Single tax A single tax is a system of taxation based mainly or exclusively on one tax, typically chosen for its special properties, often being a tax on land value. The idea of a single tax on land values was proposed independently by John Locke and Baruch Spinoza in the 17th century. The French physiocrats later coin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=883642 |
Single tax Some libertarians advocate land value capture as a consistently ethical and non-distortionary means to fund the essential operations of government, the surplus rent being distributed as a type of guaranteed basic income, traditionally called the citizen's dividend, to compensate those members of society who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=883642 |
Stock and flow Economics, business, accounting, and related fields often distinguish between quantities that are stocks and those that are flows. These differ in their units of measurement. A "stock" is measured at one specific time, and represents a quantity existing at that point in time (say, December 31, 2004), whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888140 |
Stock and flow Some accounting entries are normally always represented as a flow (e.g. profit or income), while others may be represented both as a stock or as a flow (e.g. capital). A person or country might have stocks of money, financial assets, liabilities, wealth, real means of production, capital, inventories, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888140 |
Stock and flow In discrete time, the change in a stock variable from one point in time to another point in time one time unit later (the first difference of the stock) is equal to the corresponding flow variable per unit of time. For example, if a country's stock of physical capital on January 1, 2010 is 20 machines an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888140 |
Stock and flow In living systems, such as the human body, energy homeostasis describes the linear relationship between flows (the food we eat and the energy we expend along with the wastes we excrete) and the stock (manifesting as our gain or loss of body weight over time). In Earth system science, many stock and flow ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888140 |
Stock and flow Likewise, the "stock" at some time "t" is the integral of the "flow" from some time when the time was zero until time "t". For example, if the capital stock formula_5 is increased gradually over time by a flow of gross investment formula_6 and decreased gradually over time by a flow of depreciation formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888140 |
War chest A war chest is a metaphor for any collection of tools or money intended to be used in a challenging or dangerous situation. Historically, it referred to the chest located in the homes or barracks of soldiers, in which the soldier kept arms and armor. In the modern era, it more often refers to a collection of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888187 |
War chest Today companies can use accumulated cash or rely on quickly raised debt which costs less to carry when you don't need it. This is not always a reasonable substitute, as the credit available to a company typically drops as a result of the same actions that require the war chest to be opened. Companies can redi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888187 |
Liberty Seguros is an international subsidiary of Liberty Mutual Group, a Boston-based insurance company. sponsored the UCI ProTour cycling team, – Würth, but dropped the sponsorship on 25 May 2006 due to the Operación Puerto doping case, involving the team manager Manolo Saiz. They also sponsored a smaller continental... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888425 |
Unto This Last is an essay and book on economy by John Ruskin, first published between August and December 1860 in the monthly journal "Cornhill Magazine" in four articles. Ruskin says himself that the articles were "very violently criticized", forcing the publisher to stop its publication after four months. Subscriber... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=893649 |
Unto This Last I will give unto this last even as unto thee. If ye think good, give me my price; And if not, forbear. So they weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver. </poem> "Unto This Last" had a very important impact on Gandhi's philosophy. He discovered the book in March 1904 through Henry Polak, whom he had m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=893649 |
Neo-Ricardianism The neo-Ricardian school is an economic school that derives from the close reading and interpretation of David Ricardo by Piero Sraffa, and from Sraffa's critique of neo-classical economics as presented in his "The Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities", and further developed by the neo-Ric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=893867 |
The Global Trap Die Globalisierungsfalle: Der Angriff auf Demokratie und Wohlstand is a 1996 non-fiction book by Hans-Peter Martin (born 1957 in Bregenz, Austria), and Harald Schumann (born 1957 in Kassel, Germany), that describes possible implications of current trends in globalization. It was published in English as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=896352 |
The Global Trap It describes a growing social divide as a result of "delimitation" of the economy and a loss of political control by the state over the economic development, which is increasingly controlled by global corporations. The authors warn of a so-called "20-to-80-society". They describe how a global 80:20 dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=896352 |
Eurocurrency is currency held on deposit outside its home market, i.e., held in banks located outside of the country which issues the currency. For example, a US dollar denominated deposit in a Singapore bank is Eurocurrency, or more specifically Eurodollar deposit. The "Euro-" prefix can be applied to any combination ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897015 |
Eurocurrency Eurocredits are short-to-medium-term loans of extended by Eurobanks to corporations, sovereign governments, nonprime banks, or international organizations. The loans are denominated in currencies other than the home currency of the Eurobank. Because these loans are frequently too large for a single bank to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897015 |
Market-based valuation A is a form of stock valuation that refers to market indicators, also called extrinsic criteria (i.e. not related to economic fundamentals and account data, which are intrinsic criteria). Technical analysis is the most characteristic market-based method, although it focuses more on timing than pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897547 |
Macroeconomic model A macroeconomic model is an analytical tool designed to describe the operation of the problems of economy of a country or a region. These models are usually designed to examine the comparative statics and dynamics of aggregate quantities such as the total amount of goods and services produced, total... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897740 |
Macroeconomic model They are based on a few equations involving a few variables, which can often be explained with simple diagrams. Many of these models are static, but some are dynamic, describing the economy over many time periods. The variables that appear in these models often represent macroeconomic aggregates (su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897740 |
Macroeconomic model Thus, these models grew to include hundreds or thousands of equations describing the evolution of hundreds or thousands of prices and quantities over time, making computers essential for their solution. While the choice of which variables to include in each equation was partly guided by economic the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897740 |
Macroeconomic model They claimed that the historical relation between inflation and unemployment was due to the fact that past inflationary episodes had been largely unexpected. They argued that if monetary authorities permanently raised the inflation rate, workers and firms would eventually come to understand this, at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897740 |
Macroeconomic model Lucas argued that economists would remain unable to predict the effects of new policies unless they built models based on economic fundamentals (like preferences, technology, and budget constraints) that should be unaffected by policy changes. Partly as a response to the Lucas critique, economists o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897740 |
Macroeconomic model However, these are only simplifying assumptions, and are not essential for the DSGE methodology; many DSGE studies aim for greater realism by considering heterogeneous agents or various types of adaptive expectations. Compared with empirical forecasting models, DSGE models typically have fewer varia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897740 |
Macroeconomic model DSGE models instead emphasize the dynamics of the economy over time (often at a quarterly frequency), making them suited for studying business cycles and the cyclical effects of monetary and fiscal policy. Another modeling methodology which has developed at the same time as DSGE models is Agent-base... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897740 |
Macroeconomic model DSGE models may exaggerate individual rationality and foresight, and understate the importance of heterogeneity, since the rational expectations, representative agent case remains the simplest and thus the most common type of DSGE model to solve. Also, unlike ACE models, it may be difficult to study... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897740 |
Neutral good In economics, neutral goods refers either to goods whose demand is independent of income, or those that have no change on the consumer's utility when consumed. Under the first definition, neutral goods have substitution effects but not income effects. Examples of this include prescription medicines such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=902789 |
Universe (economics) In economics and marketing a universe is a population to be studied or measured. In economics a population to be measured is described as a "universe", and the measures which are generated are intended to reflect the behavior of that population. Different statistical surveys may measure related, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=903351 |
Dirigisme or dirigism () is an economic doctrine in which the state plays a strong directive role as opposed to a merely regulatory or non-interventionist role over a capitalist market economy. As an economic doctrine, dirigisme is the opposite to laissez-faire, stressing a positive role for state intervention in curbi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=909320 |
Dirigisme Before the Second World War, France had a relatively fragmented capitalist economic system. The many small companies, often family-owned, were often not dynamic and efficient in comparison to the large industrial groups in Germany or the United States. The Second World War laid waste to France. Railroads and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=909320 |
Dirigisme In those times, the policy was viewed as a middle way between the American policy of little state involvement and the Soviet policy of total state control. In 1981, Socialist president François Mitterrand was elected, promising greater state enterprise in the economy; his government soon nationalised industri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=909320 |
Dirigisme The idea of dirigisme is to complement and improve the efficiency of the market through indirect planning intended to provide better information to market participants. This concept is held in contrast to a planned economy, which aims to replace market-based allocation of production and investment with a bind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=909320 |
Dirigisme Volontarisme emphasized modernization, resulting in a variety of ambitious state plans. Examples of this trend include the extensive use of nuclear energy (close to 80% of French electrical consumption), the Minitel, an early online system for the masses, and the TGV, a high-speed rail network. Economic dirig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=909320 |
Reserve requirement The reserve requirement (or cash reserve ratio) is a central bank regulation employed by most, but not all, of the world's central banks, that sets the minimum amount of reserves that must be held by a commercial bank. The minimum reserve is generally determined by the central bank to be no less tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=911658 |
Reserve requirement Under the theory, the higher the reserve requirement is set, the less funds banks will have available to lend out, leading to lower money creation and perhaps to higher purchasing power of the money previously in use. Under this view, the effect is multiplied, because money obtained as loan proceeds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=911658 |
Reserve requirement Under this view, reserves therefore impose no constraints, as the deposit multiplier is simply, in the words of Kydland and Prescott (1990), a myth. Under this theory, private banks almost fully control the money creation process. In the United States, a reserve requirement (or liquidity ratio) is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=911658 |
Reserve requirement The removal of reserve requirements followed the Federal Reserve's shift to an "ample-reserves" system, in which the Federal Reserve Banks pay member banks interest on reserves that they keep in excess of the required amount. The International Banking Act of 1978 required branches of foreign banks o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=911658 |
Reserve requirement Even in the United States, which retains formal (though now mostly irrelevant) reserve requirements, the notion of controlling the money supply by targeting the quantity of base money fell out of favor many years ago, and now the pragmatic explanation of monetary policy refers to targeting the "inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=911658 |
Reserve requirement Upon the parallel introduction of quantitative easing and interest on excess reserves in 2009, banks were no longer required to set out a target, and so were no longer penalised for holding excess reserves; indeed, they were proportionally compensated for holding all their reserves at the Bank Rate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=911658 |
Regional policy is the sum of a series of policies formulated according to regional differences to coordinate regional relations and regional macro operation mechanism, which affects regional development at the macro level. It includes regional economic policy, regional social policy, regional environmental policy, reg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916257 |
Regional policy Originally intended to last for six months, it survived until 1984. New roads, irrigation projects and developments in infrastructure were built in an area where local communities had suffered seriously from poverty, de-population and high levels of emigration. Tourism projects attempted to exploit Cala... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916257 |
Regional policy The key role in regional policy and regional development plays The Department of Regional Economy under the Chinese National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC).The development of regional policy in China can be divided into three stages. Balanced development in the early 30 years of New China (194... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916257 |
Regional policy Unbalanced development in reform and opening up (1979-1998) At the end of 1978, China began the historical process of reform and opening up, and profoundly summed up the lessons of the "Cultural Revolution" and the disadvantages of planned economy. During this period, unbalanced development was highly p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916257 |
Regional policy After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, the unbalanced development strategy is oriented by "efficiency" and adopts the policy of inclining to the East, which promotes the rapid development of economic core areas such as the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta and the Bohai rim, and eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916257 |
Regional policy Since 2003, the State Council has issued a series of documents to build an energy-saving society. The development mode of low-carbon economy has become China's transformation of economic development mode and adjustment China (Shanghai) pilot Free Trade Zone, the first free trade zone in China, was offic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916257 |
Regional policy One belt and one road One belt and one road, Silk Road Economic Belt & 21st century maritime Silk Road, is a global development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 involving infrastructure development and investments in nearly 70 countries and international organizations in Asia, Europe, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916257 |
Central Bank of Brazil The () is Brazil's central bank. It was established on December 31, 1964. The Central Bank is linked with the Ministry of the Economy. Like other central banks, the Brazilian central bank is the principal monetary authority of the country. It received this authority when it was founded by three d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=917127 |
Fundraising or fund-raising (also known as ""development"" or ""advancement"") is the process of seeking and gathering voluntary financial contributions by engaging individuals, businesses, charitable foundations, or governmental agencies. Although fundraising typically refers to efforts to gather money for non-profit ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=917917 |
Fundraising Commonly the fundraising, or "development" / "advancement," program, makes a distinction between annual fund appeals and major campaigns. Most institutions use professional development officers to conduct superior fundraising appeals for both the entire institution or individual colleges and departments (e.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=917917 |
Fundraising While public broadcasters are completely government-funded in much of the world, there are many countries where some funds must come from donations from the public. In the United States less than 15% of local public broadcasting stations' funding comes from the federal government. Pledge drives, a type of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=917917 |
Fundraising These are charitable giving programs set up by corporations in which the company matches donations made by employees to eligible nonprofit organizations or provides grants to eligible nonprofit organizations as a way to recognize and promote employee volunteerism. The donor base (often called a file or simp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=917917 |
Fundraising While fundraising often involves the donation of money as an outright gift, money may also be generated by selling a product of some kind, also known as product fundraising. Girl Scouts of the USA are well known for selling cookies in order to generate funds. It is also common to see on-line impulse sales l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=917917 |
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