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Jevons paradox green taxes, cap and trade, or higher emissions standards). The ecological economists Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees have suggested that any cost savings from efficiency gains be "taxed away or otherwise removed from further economic circulation. Preferably they should be captured for reinvestment i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=988796 |
Population pyramid A population pyramid, also called an "age-gender-pyramid", is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing. Males are conventionally sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=989011 |
Population pyramid The measures of central tendency, mean, median, and mode, should be considered when assessing a population pyramid. since the data is not completely accurate. For example, the average age could be used to determine the type of population in a particular region. A population with an average age of 15 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=989011 |
Population pyramid Also, Weeks' "Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues," considered that the sex ratio gap for the older ages will shrink due to women's health declining due to the effects of smoking, as suggested by the United Nations and U.S. Census Bureau. Moreover, it can also reveal the age-dependency... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=989011 |
Population pyramid In stage two, the pyramid looks similar, but starts to widen in the middle age groups. In stage three, the pyramids start to round out and look similar in shape to a tombstone. In stage four, there is a decrease in the younger age groups. This causes the base of the widened pyramid to narrow. Lastly,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=989011 |
Population pyramid Heinsohn claims that most historical periods of social unrest lacking external triggers (such as rapid climatic changes or other catastrophic changes of the environment) and most genocides can be readily explained as a result of a built-up youth bulge. This factor has been also used to account for th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=989011 |
Population pyramid To reverse the effects of youth bulges, specific policies such as creating more jobs, improving family planning programs, and reducing over all infant mortality rates should be a priority. The Middle East and North Africa are currently experiencing a prominent youth bulge. "Across the Middle East, co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=989011 |
Population pyramid The youth bulge has been referred to by the Middle East Youth Initiative as a demographic gift, which, if engaged, could fuel regional economic growth and development. "While the growth of the youth population imposes supply pressures on education systems and labor markets, it also means that a growi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=989011 |
Moving average In statistics, a moving average (rolling average or running average) is a calculation to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different subsets of the full data set. It is also called a moving mean (MM) or rolling mean and is a type of finite impulse response filter. Variations include... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average Viewed simplistically it can be regarded as smoothing the data. In financial applications a simple moving average (SMA) is the unweighted mean of the previous "n" data. However, in science and engineering, the mean is normally taken from an equal number of data on either side of a central value. This ens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average For a number of applications, it is advantageous to avoid the shifting induced by using only "past" data. Hence a central moving average can be computed, using data equally spaced on either side of the point in the series where the mean is calculated. This requires using an odd number of datum points in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average Mathematically, the weighted moving average is the convolution of the datum points with a fixed weighting function. One application is removing pixelisation from a digital graphical image. In technical analysis of financial data, a weighted moving average (WMA) has the specific meaning of weights that de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average The EMA for a series "Y" may be calculated recursively: Where: "S" may be initialized in a number of different ways, most commonly by setting "S" to "Y" as shown above, though other techniques exist, such as setting "S" to an average of the first 4 or 5 observations. The importance of the "S" initialisat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average By repeated application of this formula for different times, we can eventually write "S" as a weighted sum of the datum points "Y", as: for any suitable "k" ∈ {0, 1, 2, ...} The weight of the general datum point formula_11 is formula_12. This formula can also be expressed in technical analysis terms as f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average This gives: When formula_35 is related to N via to formula_36, this simplifies to approximately, for this example (99.9% weight). Note that there is no "accepted" value that should be chosen for formula_38, although there are some recommended values based on the application. A commonly used value for for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average The sum of the weights of formula_62 terms is formula_63. Both of these sums can be derived by using the formula for the sum of a geometric series. The weight omitted after formula_62 terms is given by subtracting this from 1, and you get formula_65 (this is essentially the formula given previously for t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average The starting values are formula_79 and formula_80, and we then compute the subsequent values using: formula_81 From this, the exponentially weighted moving standard deviation can be computed as formula_82. We can then use the standard score to normalize data with respect to the moving average and varianc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average A further weighting, used by actuaries, is Spencer's 15-Point Moving Average (a central moving average). The symmetric weight coefficients are −3, −6, −5, 3, 21, 46, 67, 74, 67, 46, 21, 3, −5, −6, −3. Outside the world of finance, weighted running means have many forms and applications. Each weighting fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
Moving average However, the normal distribution does not place high probability on very large deviations from the trend which explains why such deviations will have a disproportionately large effect on the trend estimate. It can be shown that if the fluctuations are instead assumed to be Laplace distributed, then the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 |
John R. Commons John Rogers Commons (October 13, 1862 – May 11, 1945) was an American institutional economist, Georgist, progressive and labor historian at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. was born in Hollansburg, Ohio on October 13, 1862. Commons had a religious upbringing which led him to be an advocate for socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=991546 |
John R. Commons He was a frequent contributor to "Kingdom" magazine, was a founder of the American Institute for Christian Sociology, and authored a book in 1894 called "Social Reform and the Church." He was an advocate of temperance legislation and was active in the national Prohibition Party. By his Wisconsin years, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=991546 |
John R. Commons He drafted legislation establishing Wisconsin's worker's compensation program, the first of its kind in the United States. In 1934, Commons published "Institutional Economics", which laid out his view that institutions were made up of collective actions that, along with conflict of interests, defined th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=991546 |
John R. Commons Almost as soon as that work was complete, Commons began editing "History of Labor in the United States", a narrative work which built on the previous 10-volume documentary history. He died on May 11, 1945. Today, Commons's contribution to labor history is considered equal to his contributions to the the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=991546 |
Liquid capital Liquid capital, or fluid capital is a readily convertible asset, such as money or other bearer economic instruments, as opposed to a long term asset like real estate. may be held by individuals, companies, or governments. Globalization means that developing countries have easier access to liquid capital ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=992568 |
Poverty trap A poverty trap is a self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist. If it persists from generation to generation, the effect can reinforce itself as a "cycle of poverty", if steps are not taken to break the trap. In the developing world, many factors can contribute to a poverty trap, including:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996078 |
Poverty trap The problem is that unlike start-ups, which simply go bankrupt if they fail to receive funding, in Africa people continue to die at a high rate due in large part to lack of sufficient aid. Sachs points out that the extreme poor lack six major kinds of capital: human capital, business capital, infrastructur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996078 |
Poverty trap " Sachs believes the public sector should focus mainly on investments in human capital (health, education, nutrition), infrastructure (roads, power, water and sanitation, environmental conservation), natural capital (conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems), public institutional capital (a well-run pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996078 |
Poverty trap Several other forms of poverty traps are discussed in the literature, including nations being landlocked with bad neighbors; a vicious cycle of violent conflict; subsistence traps in which farmers wait for middlemen before they specialize but middlemen wait for a region to specialize first; working capital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996078 |
Green economy The green economy is defined as economy that aims at making issues of reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus. The 2011 UNE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699 |
Green economy A holistic approach to the subject is typical, such that economic ideas are commingled with any number of other subjects, depending on the particular theorist. Proponents of feminism, postmodernism, the environmental movement, peace movement, Green politics, green anarchism and anti-globalization movement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699 |
Green economy Or, it is viewed as Marxist economics with nature represented as a form of Lumpenproletariat, an exploited base of non-human workers providing surplus value to the human economy, or as a branch of neoclassical economics in which the price of life for developing vs. developed nations is held steady at a ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699 |
Green economy " Karl Burkart defines a green economy as based on six main sectors: The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) representing global business defines green economy as “an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699 |
Green economy It also comprises any project, policies, framework or system participating in the protection and application of inherent moral values (e.g abolition of crime against humanity, slavery, children labour….).”" Measuring economic output and progress is done through the use of economic index indicators. Green ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699 |
Green economy However, other experts argue that green strategies can be highly profitable for corporations that understand the business case for sustainability and can market green products and services beyond the traditional green consumer. A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Gree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699 |
Green economy Clive Spash, an ecological economist, has criticised the use of economic growth to address environmental losses, and argued that the Green Economy, as advocated by the UN, is not a new approach at all and is actually a diversion from the real drivers of environmental crisis. He has also criticised the UN'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699 |
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, known as ECLAC, UNECLAC or in Spanish and Portuguese CEPAL, is a United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation. ECLAC includes 46 member States (20 in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=998073 |
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean This perception, combined with the Monroe Doctrine that asserted the United States as the only foreign power that could intervene in Latin American affairs, led to substantial resentment in Latin America. In the eyes of those living in the continent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=998073 |
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean The terms of trade at this time, set by the United States, introduced the concept of "unequal exchange" in that the so-called "North" mandated prices that allowed them a greater return on its own resources than that of the "South's". Thus, although ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=998073 |
Corporate capitalism In social science and economics, corporate capitalism is a capitalist marketplace characterized by the dominance of hierarchical and bureaucratic corporations. A large proportion of the economy of the United States and its labour market falls within corporate control. In the developed world, corpor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=998577 |
Corporate capitalism Many social scientists have criticized corporations for failing to act in the interests of the people, and their existence seems to circumvent the principles of democracy, which assumes equal power relations between individuals in a society. In an April 29, 1938 message to the Congress, Franklin D.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=998577 |
Economic appraisal is a type of decision method applied to a project, programme or policy that takes into account a wide range of costs and benefits, denominated in monetary terms or for which a monetary equivalent can be estimated. is a key tool for achieving value for money and satisfying requirements for decision ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1003699 |
Value investing is an investment paradigm that involves buying securities that appear underpriced by some form of fundamental analysis. The various forms of value investing derive from the investment philosophy first taught by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd at Columbia Business School in 1928, and subsequently develope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing Graham never used the phrase, "value investing" — the term was coined later to help describe his ideas and has resulted in significant misinterpretation of his principles, the foremost being that Graham simply recommended cheap stocks. And now The Heilbrunn Center is the home of the Value Investing Prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing Sometimes, the production power of an asset can be significantly reduced due to competitive disruptive innovation and therefore its value can suffer permanent impairment. One good example of decreasing asset value is a personal computer. An example of where book value does not mean much is the service a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing A better way to investigate the performance of a group of value investors was suggested by Warren Buffett, in his May 17, 1984 speech that was published as The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville. In this speech, Buffett examined the performance of those investors who worked at Graham-Newman Corpora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing Irving Kahn was one of Graham's teaching assistants at Columbia University in the 1930s. He was a close friend and confidant of Graham's for decades and made research contributions to Graham's texts "Security Analysis", "Storage and Stability", "World Commodities and World Currencies" and "The Intellige... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing Browne wrote "The Little Book of Value Investing" in order to teach ordinary investors how to value invest. Peter Cundill was a well-known Canadian value investor who followed the Graham teachings. His flagship Cundill Value Fund allowed Canadian investors access to fund management according to the stri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing " Columbia Business School has played a significant role in shaping the principles of the "Value Investor", with professors and students making their mark on history and on each other. Ben Graham’s book, "The Intelligent Investor", was Warren Buffett’s bible and he referred to it as "the greatest book o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing Seth Klarman, a Mutual Series alum, is the founder and president of The Baupost Group, a Boston-based private investment partnership, and author of "Margin of Safety, Risk Averse Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor", which since has become a value investing classic. Now out of print, "Margi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing Larson has consistently outperformed the market since the establishment of Cascade and has rivaled or outperformed Berkshire Hathaway's returns as well as other funds based on the value investing strategy. Martin J. Whitman is another well-regarded value investor. His approach is called safe-and-cheap, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing For a time, these two were paired up at the First Eagle Funds, compiling an enviable track record of risk-adjusted outperformance. For example, Morningstar designated them the 2001 "International Stock Manager of the Year" and de Vaulx earned second place from Morningstar for 2006. Eveillard is known fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing Furthermore, Foye and Mramor (2016) find that country-specific factors have a strong influence on measures of value (such as the book-to-market ratio) this leads them to conclude that the reasons why value stocks outperform are country-specific. An issue with buying shares in a bear market is that despi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Value investing Piotroski retrospectively analyzed a class of high book-to-market stocks in the period 1976-1996, and demonstrated that high F-Score selections increased returns by 7.5% annually versus the class as a whole. The American Association of Individual Investors examined 56 screening methods in a retrospectiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011242 |
Workerism is a political theory that emphasizes the importance of, or glorifies, the working class. Workerism, or operaismo, was of particular significance in Italian left politics. (or "operaismo") is a political analysis, whose main elements were to merge into autonomism, that starts out from the power of the working... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011693 |
Workerism Associated with this theoretical development was a praxis based on workplace organising, most notably by Lotta Continua. This reached its peak in the Italian "Hot Autumn" of 1969. By the mid-1970s, however, the emphasis shifted from the factory to "the social factory"—the everyday lives of working people in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011693 |
Engel's law is an observation in economics stating that, as income rises, the "proportion" of income spent on food falls―even if "absolute" expenditure on food rises. In other words, the income elasticity of demand of food is between 0 and 1. The law was named after the statistician Ernst Engel (1821–1896). does not im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1013999 |
Revenu Québec (formerly the Ministère du Revenu du Québec (Quebec Ministry of Revenue) is the department of the government of the Province of Quebec, Canada that: Effective 2005, the Ministère du Revenu du Québec has been renamed Revenu Québec. Effective 2010, has been reconstituted as Agence du Revenu du Québec. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1019907 |
Hodrick–Prescott filter The (also known as Hodrick–Prescott decomposition) is a mathematical tool used in macroeconomics, especially in real business cycle theory, to remove the cyclical component of a time series from raw data. It is used to obtain a smoothed-curve representation of a time series, one that is more sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021099 |
Hodrick–Prescott filter Hodrick and Prescott suggest 1600 as a value for formula_1 for quarterly data. Ravn and Uhlig (2002) state that formula_1 should vary by the fourth power of the frequency observation ratio; thus, formula_1 should equal 6.25 (1600/4^4) for annual data and 129,600 (1600*3^4) for monthly data. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021099 |
Hodrick–Prescott filter <br> (3) A statistical formalization of the problem typically produces values for the smoothing parameter vastly at odds with common practice, e.g., a value for λ far below 1600 for quarterly data.<br> (4) There’s a better alternative. A regression of the variable at date t+h on the four most re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021099 |
Equity premium puzzle The equity premium puzzle refers to the inability of an important class of economic models to explain the average premium of the returns on a well-diversified U.S. equity portfolio over U.S. Treasury Bills observed for more than 100 years. The term was coined by Rajnish Mehra and Edward C. Prescot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021521 |
Equity premium puzzle The intuitive notion that stocks are much riskier than bonds is not a sufficient explanation of the observation that the magnitude of the disparity between the two returns, the equity risk premium (ERP), is so great that it implies an implausibly high level of investor risk aversion that is fundam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021521 |
Equity premium puzzle The economy has a single representative household whose preferences over stochastic consumption paths are given by: where formula_2 is the subjective discount factor, formula_3 is the per capita consumption at time formula_4, U() is an increasing and concave utility function. In the Mehra and Pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021521 |
Equity premium puzzle There is only one equity share held by the representative household. We work out the intertemporal choice problem. This leads to: as the fundamental equation. For computing stock returns where gives the result. They can compute the derivative with respect to the percentage of stocks, and this must... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021521 |
Equity premium puzzle This new evidence implies that an important subclass of dynamic general equilibrium models studied by Mehra and Prescott (1985) generates negative equity premium for reasonable risk-aversion levels, thus further exacerbating the equity premium puzzle. Some explanations rely on assumptions about in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021521 |
Equity premium puzzle A second class of explanations focuses on characteristics of equity not captured by standard capital market models, but nonetheless consistent with rational optimization by investors in smoothly functioning markets. Writers including Bansal and Coleman (1996), Palomino (1996) and Holmstrom and Tir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021521 |
Equity premium puzzle The bank then obtains a profit rate of formula_18 where "i" = "r·ρ·d" is the interest rate on loans. Since "ρ·d" = "R/L" < 1, the profit rate "r" is higher than the interest rate "i". In a competitive market, the interest rates will be equalized across banks. Since bond holders compete with banks ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021521 |
Equity premium puzzle This can be argued from a number of ways, all of them being different forms of the argument that we don't have enough statistical power to distinguish the equity premium from zero: A related criticism is that the apparent equity premium is an artifact of observing stock market bubbles in progress.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1021521 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect The Balassa–Samuelson effect, also known as Harrod–(Kravis and Lipsey 1983), the Ricardo–Viner–Harrod–Balassa–Samuelson–Penn–Bhagwati effect (Samuelson 1994, p. 201), or productivity biased purchasing power parity (PPP) (Officer 1976) is the tendency for consumer prices to be systematically hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect The simplest model which generates a has two countries, two goods (one tradable, and a country specific nontradable) and one factor of production, labor. For simplicity assume that productivity, as measured by marginal product (in terms of goods produced) of labor, in the nontradable sector is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect Therefore, the RER-deviation exists independent of what happens to the "nominal exchange rate" (which is always 1 for areas sharing the same currency). Looking at the price level distribution within a country gives a clearer picture of the effect, because this removes three complicating factors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect However, the Balassa–Samuelson (BS) hypothesis implies that countries with rapidly expanding economies should tend to have more rapidly appreciating exchange rates (for instance the Four Asian Tigers); conventional econometric tests have resulted with mixed findings for the predictions of the B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect Consensus has been reached on the testing of internal and external HBS effects (vis a vis a numeraire country) with a strong reservation against the purchasing power parity assumption in the tradable sector. Analysis of empirical data shows that the vast majority of the evidence supports the HB... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect For instance: The next section lists some of the alternative proposals to an explanation of the Penn effect, but there are significant econometric problems with testing the BS-hypothesis, and the lack of strong evidence for it between modern economies may not refute it, or imply that it produce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect As the RER appreciates, the competitiveness of the traded-goods sectors falls (in terms of the international price of traded goods). In this model, there has been no change in real economy productivities, but money price productivity in traded goods has been exogenously lowered through currency... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect This alone may shift the consumer price index, and might make the non-trade sector look relatively less productive than it had been when demand was lower; if service quality (rather than quantity) follows diminishing returns to labour input, a general demand for a higher service quality automat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Balassa–Samuelson effect However, this reasoning is slightly different from the pure BS-hypothesis, because the goods being produced are 'traded-goods', even though protectionist measures mean that they are more expensive on the domestic market than the international market, so they will not be "traded" internationally... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025655 |
Tax advantage refers to the economic bonus which applies to certain accounts or investments that are, by statute, tax-reduced, tax-deferred, or tax-free. Governments establish the tax advantages to encourage private individuals to contribute money when it is considered to be in the public interest. An example is retire... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1028140 |
Tax advantage In short, a US Tax payer with dual citizenship may have to pay taxes on the gains from the UK pension to the United States government, but not the United Kingdom. In order to reduce the burden on such schemes, many governments give privately funded retirement plans a tax advantaged status in order to enco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1028140 |
Tax advantage This allows each dollar in the entire investment to accrue interest, which could potentially be an advantage compared to taxable investments. Additionally, upon cashing the annuity out, the investor can decide to receive a lump-sum payment, or develop a more spread out payout plan. In order to encourage h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1028140 |
Tax advantage Partnerships are not taxed, but corporations are. For LLCs taxed as partnerships the income is taxed to the partners. For a corporation or an LLC taxed like a corporation, the entity is subject to tax and dividends on after tax income are also taxed to the shareholders of the corporation or the members of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1028140 |
Tax advantage Upon the sale of a property, depreciation recapture is the part of the gains that the depreciation deductions are responsible for during the period of ownership. The following is an example to show the idea of depreciation in a clear manner. A building owner buys a building for $20 million. After 5 years ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1028140 |
Net D net 10, net 15, net 30 and net 60 (often hyphenated "net-" and/or followed by "days", e.g., "net 10 days") are forms of trade credit which specify that the net amount (the total outstanding on the invoice) is expected to be paid in full by the buyer within 10, 15, 30 or 60 days of the date when the goods are disp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029359 |
Net D The same happens with net 60, but 60 days are given for payment, interest penalties begin on the 61st day and thus a purchase in transit for 7 days has now 53 days until payment is due to the seller. In certain markets such as the United Kingdom, a construction such as "net 30, end of the month" or "Net Monthly A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029359 |
Family income is generally considered a primary measure of a nation's financial prosperity. In the United States, political parties perennially disagree over which economic policies are more likely to increase family income. The party in power often takes the credit (or blame) for any significant changes in family inco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1032184 |
Economic base analysis is a theory that posits that activities in an area divide into two categories: basic and nonbasic. Basic industries are those exporting from the region and bringing wealth from outside, while nonbasic (or service) industries support basic industries. Because export-import flows are usually not tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033912 |
Economic base analysis The formula for computing location quotients can be written as: formula_1 Where: formula_2 Local employment in industry i formula_3 Total local employment formula_4 Reference area employment in industry i formula_5 Total reference area employment It is assumed that the base year is identical in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033912 |
Economic base analysis If its economic base is concentrated in sectors that are growing, then it is in good shape. Methodologically, economic base analysis views the region as if it were a small nation and uses notions of relative and comparative advantage from international trade theory (Charles Tiebout 1963). In a se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033912 |
Economic forecasting is the process of making predictions about the economy. Forecasts can be carried out at a high level of aggregation—for example for GDP, inflation, unemployment or the fiscal deficit—or at a more disaggregated level, for specific sectors of the economy or even specific firms. Many institutions enga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033935 |
Economic forecasting Stock market analysts use forecasts to help them estimate the valuation of a company and its stock. Economists select which variables are important to the subject material under discussion. Economists may use statistical analysis of historical data to determine the apparent relationships between pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033935 |
Economic forecasting Congressional Budget Office (CBO) publishes a report titled "The Budget and Economic Outlook" annually, which primarily covers the following ten-year period. The U.S. Federal Reserve Board of Governors members also give speeches, provide testimony, and issue reports throughout the year that cover t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033935 |
Economic forecasting Methods of forecasting include Econometric models, Consensus forecasts, Economic base analysis, Shift-share analysis, Input-output model and the Grinold and Kroner Model. See also Land use forecasting, Reference class forecasting, Transportation planning and Calculating Demand Forecast Accuracy. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033935 |
Economic forecasting The failure to forecast the "Great Recession" has caused a lot of soul searching in the profession. The UK's Queen Elizabeth herself asked why had nobody noticed that the credit crunch was on its way, and a group of economists—experts from business, the City, its regulators, academia, and governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033935 |
Lerner symmetry theorem The is a result used in international trade theory, which states that an ad valorem import tariff (a percentage of value or an amount per unit) will have the same effects as an export tax. The theorem is based on the observation that the effect on relative prices is the same regardless of which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1035908 |
Hicks–Marshall laws of derived demand In economics, the assert that, other things equal, the own-wage elasticity of demand for a category of labor is high under the following conditions: The "Hicks–Marshall" is named for economists John Hicks (from "The Theory of Wages", 1932) and Alfred Marshall (from "Principles of E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1036205 |
Input–output model In economics, an input–output model is a quantitative economic model that represents the interdependencies between different sectors of a national economy or different regional economies. Wassily Leontief (1906–1999) is credited with developing this type of analysis and earned the Nobel Prize in Econ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1036651 |
Input–output model The model depicts inter-industry relationships within an economy, showing how output from one industrial sector may become an input to another industrial sector. In the inter-industry matrix, column entries typically represent inputs to an industrial sector, while row entries represent outputs from a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1036651 |
Input–output model If the matrix formula_15 is invertible then this is a linear system of equations with a unique solution, and so given some final demand vector the required output can be found. Furthermore, if the principal minors of the matrix formula_15 are all positive (known as the Hawkins–Simon condition), the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1036651 |
Input–output model This technique has been criticized because there are several location quotient regionalization techniques, and none are universally superior across all use-cases. Transportation is implicit in the notion of inter-industry flows. It is explicitly recognized when transportation is identified as an indu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1036651 |
Input–output model One who wishes to do work with input–output systems must deal skillfully with industry classification, data estimation, and inverting very large, ill-conditioned matrices. Moreover, changes in relative prices are not readily handled by this modeling approach alone. Input–output accounts are part and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1036651 |
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