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Optoelectrowetting Electrowetting presents a solution to one of the most challenging tasks in lab-on-a-chip systems in its ability to handle and manipulate complete physiological compounds. Conventional microfluidic systems aren't easily adaptable to handle different compounds, requiring reconfiguration that often results in the device being impractical as a whole. Through OEW, a chip with one power source can be readily used with a variety of substances, with potential for multiplexed detection. Photoactuation in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been demonstrated in proof-of-concept experiments. Instead of a typical substrate, a specialized cantilever is placed on top of the liquid-insulator-photoconductor stack. As light is shined on the photoconductor, the capillary force from the drop on the cantilever changes with the contact angle, and deflects the beam. This wireless actuation can be used as a substitute for complex circuit-based systems currently used for optical addressing and control of autonomous wireless sensors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44524545 |
Permanent cell Permanent cells are cells that are incapable of regeneration. These cells are considered to be terminally differentiated and non-proliferative in postnatal life. This includes neurons, heart cells, skeletal muscle cells and red blood cells. Although these cells are considered permanent in that they neither reproduce nor transform into other cells, this does not mean that the body cannot create new versions of these cells. For instance, structures in the bone marrow produce new red blood cells constantly, while skeletal muscle damage can be repaired by underlying satellite cells, which fuse to become a new skeletal muscle cell. Disease and virology studies can use permanent cells to maintain cell count and accurately quantify the effects of vaccines. Some embryology studies also use permanent cells to avoid harvesting embryonic cells from pregnant animals; since the cells are permanent, they may be harvested at a later age when an animal is fully developed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44531850 |
Quaternary Science Reviews is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering quaternary science. It was established in 1982 by Pergamon Press and is currently published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is C.V. Murray Wallace (University of Wollongong). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 4.571. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44537460 |
Darwin (Martian crater) Darwin is an impact crater on Mars, located at 57°S 19°E to the southeast of Argyre Planitia in Noachis Terra. It is approximately 176 km in diameter. The crater's name was formally approved by the IAU in 1973. To the northeast of Darwin are the craters Green and Roddenberry. To the northwest is the larger crater Galle, and to the southwest is the crater Maraldi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44547824 |
Roddenberry (crater) Roddenberry is a crater on Mars, located at 49°S 4°W to the east of Argyre Planitia in Noachis Terra. It measures approximately 139 kilometers in diameter. The crater's name was taken from Gene Roddenberry, creator of the television series , and was formally approved by the IAU in 1994. To the southwest of Roddenberry is the crater Green. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44547915 |
NGC 4102 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. The galaxy contains a LINER region and a starburst region. The starburst region is in diameter containing some 3 billion solar masses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44572231 |
Jinshichi Shibuya was a Japanese entomologist specialized in Lepidoptera. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44582266 |
Heliotron J is a fusion research device in Japan, specifically a helical-axis heliotron designed to study plasma confinement in this type of device. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44585187 |
Desulfurobacteriaceae The family are bacteria belonging to the Aquificae phylum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44595037 |
Ogden Tweto (1912 - 1983) created the now-classic Geologic Map of Colorado which is held as one of the finest examples of a state geologic map. Tweto received awards including the Distinguished Service Award of the Department of the Interior (1970) and the Scientist of the Year Award by the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (1978). While working in Leadville, Colorado, he discovered features dating to the Proterozoic. He is also known for his work involving the Arapahoe Formation, the Leadville Mining District, and the Colorado Mineral Belt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44613114 |
William Toby White is an Australian ichthyologist. He studies speciation and biodiversity of shark, ray, and skate species (subclass Elasmobranchii) through morphological and molecular systematics. White received bachelor's (1997) and doctoral (2003) degrees in Biological Science from Murdoch University in Perth, Australia. His doctoral thesis, "Aspects of the biology of elasmobranchs in a subtropical embayment in Western Australia and of chondrichthyan fisheries in Indonesia", examined 1) spatial partitioning of food resources available to shark, ray, and skate species in Shark Bay (off the western coast of Australia), and 2) the relative frequencies of shark, ray, and skate species caught in fisheries off the coast of southeastern Indonesia. From 2004 to 2006 he did post-doctoral training, also at Murdoch University. Since 2006, White has served as ichthyologist at the Australian National Fish Collection which is part of the CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research facility in Hobart, the capital of the Australian state of Tasmania. , he has at least 137 publications, which have been cited at least 1767 times. He has described over 50 new sharks and rays, as well as 7 new bony fishes (teleosts) in publications which he authored or co-authored, including the discovery and naming of the shark species "Squalus formosus". Another stated area of research interest is fishery management of developing countries, particularly in Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian archipelago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44621920 |
William Toby White Since 2011, he has served as editor for the journal "Ichthyological Research". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44621920 |
J. Richard Harris John Richard Harris (born 1910) was an Irish entomologist, fishing consultant, tackle merchant, and author. He was a keen angler and tier of flies from boyhood. He was a sometime merchant seaman, journalist, and freshwater biologist. He was a been demonstrator in limnology at Trinity College, Dublin. He was a director of Garnetts & Keegan's Ltd, Dublin, gunsmiths and suppliers of fishing tackle, until his retirement in 1984. He wrote "An Angler's Entomology", a book about mayflies for fly fishermen. He has been called, "perhaps the greatest living Irish angler-entomologist". He has also been described as, "a large affable man 'with a sharing attitude towards his whiskey and a colourful manner of expressing his trenchant views on fishing, fishermen, journalists, rugby, life and other matters'". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44638228 |
Anatoly Zimon Anatoly Davydovich Zimon (; November 20, 1924 – February 22, 2015) was an honorary professor of the Moscow State Technological Academy, a Doctor of Technical Sciences, Honored Scientist of Russia, Academician of the International Academy of Ecology and Life Safety, veteran of World War II and a retired colonel. He justified and created a new trend in the field of adhesion, which has a major scientific and practical value and has gained recognition in Russia and abroad. Seven monographs of the author, including two published in the United States amounted to an encyclopedia of adhesion. In the book "Decontamination" published in Japan and Germany, based on his own research, he presents the theory and practice of decontamination and testing after the Chernobyl disaster. He has published five scientific books, among them the first time in Physical and Colloid Chemistry Textbooks in Physical and Colloid Chemistry. During the years 1967-2001 he published 26 books, and with a recent re-release this makes 37 volumes and 571 printed pages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44689296 |
Ice XVI is the least dense (0.81 g/cm) experimentally obtained crystalline form of ice. It is topologically equivalent to the empty structure of sII clathrate hydrates. It was first obtained in 2014 by removing gas molecules from a neon clathrate under vacuum at temperatures below 147 K. The resulting empty water frame, ice XVI, is thermodynamically unstable at the experimental conditions, yet it can be preserved at cryogenic temperatures. Above 145–147 K at positive pressures ice XVI transforms into the stacking-faulty Ice I and further into ordinary Ice I . Theoretical studies predict to be thermodynamically stable at negative pressures (that is under tension). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44706819 |
Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology This is a list of encyclopedias as well as encyclopedic and biographical dictionaries published on the subject of biology in any language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44707607 |
NGC 5985 is a spiral galaxy located in the northern constellation Draco. was discovered by William Herschel in 1788. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44719733 |
I Zw 36 I Zwicky 36, often abbreviated to I Zw 36, is a blue compact dwarf galaxy which is in the constellation Canes Venatici. The dominant population of stars in is young in stellar terms, with ages of under 3 million years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44733635 |
PRI disease resistant apple breeding program The is a joint project of the Purdue University, Rutgers University, and the University of Illinois, to breed apple cultivars to be resistant to apple scab. PRI stands for 'P'urdue, 'R'utgers and 'I'llinois. It was L. Fredric Hough, then a graduate student at the University of Illinois that studied the papers of C. S. Crandall that carried out intensive studies early in the 20th century, of crosses between the cultivated apples and crab apples, to be scab resistant. However, Crandall didn't see any fruits of his investigations, and if not Hough, all his collection and experiments would be lost. Hough's paper was published in 1944, and led to the 1945 collaboration with J. Ralph Shay. Hough then relocated to Rutgers and the collaborative effort was extended there. The modified backcross breeding strategy used cultivated apple with recurrent parents from selected susceptible members of the wild ancestral genus malus. Several Malus species were screened and utilized to incorporate their resistance factors into the more advanced pomological backgrounds. By 2000, the PRI have already released a total of eighteen apple cultivars, containing the scab-resistant "Vf gene" derived from Malus floribunda 821. Fifty-some PRI germplasm cultivars have also been released worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44772528 |
Hana Librová (born 26 November 1943 in Brno, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) is a Czech biologist, sociologist and environmentalist. She founded the Department of Environmental Studies at Masaryk University. She has carried out research on environmental lifestyle and environmental values. She studied biology at the Jan Evangelista Purkyně University (former name of Masaryk University). Since 1968 she worked at the Department of Sociology at the Jan Evangelista Purkyně University. In 1997 she was appointed as a professor of sociology. In 1999 established the Department of Environmental Studies. is a sister of prof. Jana Nechutová, classical philologist. She is married and has a daughter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44778097 |
Dietmar Seyferth is emeritus professor of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has published widely on topics in organometallic chemistry and is the founding editor of the journal Organometallics. Seyferth was born in 1929 in Chemnitz, Germany and received his college education at the University of Buffalo. His PhD thesis dealt with main group chemistry under the mentorship of Eugene G. Rochow at Harvard. He spent his entire academic career at , focusing initially on organophosphorus, organosilicon, and organomercury chemistry. He also contributed to organocobalt chemistry and organoiron chemistry, e.g. the popularization of FeS(CO). He has been widely recognized, notably with the American Chemical Society Award in Organometallic Chemistry and election to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44799308 |
Chloroorganic carrier The chloroorganic carrier is a group of molecules that aids the transport of dyes into a fiber. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44800053 |
List of spiral DRAGNs Spiral DRAGNs are a type of galaxy; spiral galaxies which contain DRAGNs (Double Radio-source Associated with Galactic Nucleus), and are therefore also radio galaxies. Most DRAGNs are associated with elliptical galaxies, as are most double-lobed radio-galaxies.<ref name="VLA/14A-406"> </ref> Spiral DRAGNs are inconsistent with currently known galaxy formation processes. As of 2015, there are 4 known spiral DRAGNs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44805034 |
Estonian Museum of Natural History The (Estonian: "Eesti Loodusmuuseum") is the Estonian national museum for natural history. It is situated in Tallinn's Old Town. The museum focuses on natural history and nature education, offering its visitors a tour in the wilderness of Estonia. The exhibition space consists of permanent exhibition and temporary showcases. The foundation of the was laid by naturalists of the 19th century. The history of the museum goes back to an earlier museum, that of the Estonian Literary Society which was founded in 1842. This museum was active in exploring the natural sciences, an area that increased in significance at the museum in 1872 when Alexander von der Pahlen (1820–1895) began to contribute to the collection. Pahlen was later elected chairman and under his leadership the collection continued to grow. It soon became apparent that a separate museum for natural history was needed. The collection was kept and displayed in a temporary building until 1911 when a building was purchased in Kohtu Street in Tallinn. The new Provincial Museum exhibited the art and natural sciences collection of the entire province of Harjumaa. The collection was under threat of damage during the First World War so it was moved to Russia for safe keeping and returned when the war ended. The Provincial Museum continued to operate under the Arts and Heritage Department of the Minister of Education and Research but changed its name back to The Estonian Literary Society in 1926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44807402 |
Estonian Museum of Natural History After the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Baltic-German institutions, including the Estonian Literary Society, were closed. In 1940, through the Regulation of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Estonian SSR, the Soviet authorities nationalized all museums allowing for a National Museum of Natural History to be established in Tallinn on January 1, 1941 . The collections of the contain nearly 300 000 museum specimens. Approximately 90% of the plant, beetle, butterfly and moth, bird and mammal species found in Estonia are represented in the collections. A highly valuable part of the collections is made up by type specimens – the specimens used to provide the first description of a new taxon and serving as a definitive example of that taxon. The principal botanical collection contains approximately 108,000 plant specimens. The vascular plant herbarium includes 79,000 specimens, of which 77,000 are leaves, and the rest fruits, seeds, and strobili. Most of the material was collected in Estonia, and the collection contains specimens of a predominant part of the domestic flora - 1,600 taxons. The mycological herbarium includes approximately 2,450 plant specimens. The unlichenized fungi collection contains 250 samples. Of the more than 2,200 specimens included in the lichen i.e. lichenized fungi collection, approximately 1,600 were collected in Estonia and 600 from abroad (mainly Scandinavia and other parts of Europe). The zoological collections of the Museum of Natural History contain approximately 130,000 specimens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44807402 |
Estonian Museum of Natural History The collections boast a wide selection of both vertebrate and invertebrate species from Estonia as well as other parts of the world. The zoological collections include: The geological collection of the Museum of Natural History holds approximately 3,500 samples. Nearly three fourths of the specimens constitute paleontological material, the oldest specimens of which were collected in the mid-19th century. The dominant part of the paleontological collection is formed by Paleozoic fossils found in the Estonian bedrock. The most numerous samples among the preserved material include fossils of marine invertebrates from the Ordovician and Silurian Periods. The paleontological collections furthermore contain bone fractions and skeletal fragments of mammals of the Quaternary Period, most of which originate from Russia’s northern territories. Lithological collections hold typical sedimentary rocks of the Estonian bedrock: limestone, marl, sandstone, and mudstone. Petrological collections are small, with the main specimens being Estonian glacial erratic samples and samples of metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks collected from the territory of the former Soviet Union. The number of the Museum’s mineralogical specimens has increased significantly during the last decade, owing to domestic and foreign donations. While minerals inserted into the collections in previous years mostly come from Russia, Eastern Europe, and Germany, the contemporary collection includes minerals from Australia, South America, and Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44807402 |
Estonian Museum of Natural History Some of the most notable mineralogical samples include large quartz, amethyst, and fluoride druses. The history of science collection with approximately 1 050 specimens comprises archival materials and historical items pertaining to the study and mediation of nature. The photo collection contains photos, negatives and colour slides, 28 000 specimens in total, reflecting the daily life, exhibitions, field work and events of the museum throughout time. The photo collection of the museum has been digitised in the biodiversity information system PlutoF under the acronym TAMF. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44807402 |
KKs 3 is a dwarf galaxy in the Local Cluster. It is unusual because it is gas poor and very isolated in the halo of the local group. is 7 million light years away from Earth. It is categorised as a dwarf spheroidal dSph galaxy. The mass of is 2.3 × 10 (23 million times the mass of the Sun) with a blue absolute magnitude of −10.8. Three-quarters of its stars are over 12 billion years old. Coordinates are R.A. = 02h 24m 44.4s, Dec. = −73°30′51". It was discovered in December 2014 as a result of the image taken in August by the Hubble telescope. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44811652 |
Histoire Naturelle The Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi (; ) is an encyclopaedic collection of 36 large (quarto) volumes written between 1749–1804, initially by the Comte de Buffon, and continued in eight more volumes after his death by his colleagues, led by Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The books cover what was known of the "natural sciences" at the time, including what would now be called material science, physics, chemistry and technology as well as the natural history of animals. The "Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi" is the work that the Comte de Buffon (1707–1788) is remembered for. He worked on it for some 50 years, initially at Montbard in his office in the Tour Saint-Louis, then in his library at Petit Fontenet. 36 volumes came out between 1749 and 1789, followed by 8 more after his death, thanks to Bernard Germain de Lacépède. It includes all the knowledge available in his time on the "natural sciences", a broad term that includes disciplines which today would be called material science, physics, chemistry and technology. Buffon notes the morphological similarities between men and apes, although he considered apes completely devoid of the ability to think, differentiating them sharply from human beings. Buffon's attention to internal anatomy made him an early comparative anatomist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle "L’intérieur, dans les êtres vivants, est le fond du dessin de la nature", he wrote in his "Quadrupèdes," "the interior, in living things, is the foundation of nature's design." The "Histoire Naturelle", which was meant to address the whole of natural history, actually covers only minerals, birds, and the quadrupeds among animals. It is accompanied by some discourses and a theory of the earth by way of introduction, and by supplements including an elegantly written account of the epochs of nature. The "Suppléments" cover a wide range of topics; for example, in (Suppléments IV), there is a "Discours sur le style" (Discourse on Style) and an "Essai d'arithmétique morale" (essay on Moral Arithmetic). Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton assisted Buffon on the quadrupeds; Philippe Guéneau de Montbeillard worked on the birds. They were joined, from 1767, by Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, the abbot Gabriel Bexon and Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt. The whole descriptive and anatomical part of "l’Histoire des Quadrupèdes" was the work of Daubenton and Jean-Claude Mertrud. Buffon attached much importance to the illustrations; Jacques de Sève illustrated the quadrupeds and François-Nicolas Martinet illustrated the birds. Nearly 2000 plates adorn the work, representing animals with care given both to aesthetics and anatomical accuracy, with dreamlike and mythological settings. On minerals, Buffon collaborated with André Thouin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond and Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau provided sources for the mineral volumes. L’"Histoire Naturelle" met immense success, almost as great as "Encyclopédie" by Diderot, which came out in the same period. The first three volumes of "L’Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du cabinet du Roi" were reprinted three times in six weeks. The encyclopaedia appeared in 36 volumes : "L’Histoire Naturelle" was initially printed at the Imprimerie royale in 36 volumes (1749–1789). In 1764 Buffon bought back the rights to his work. It was continued by Bernard Germain de Lacépède, who described the egg-laying quadrupeds, snakes, fishes and cetaceans in 8 volumes (1788–1804). Buffon was assisted in the work by Jacques-François Artur (1708–1779), Gabriel Léopold Charles Amé Bexon (1748–1785), Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716–1799), Edme-Louis Daubenton (1732–1786), Jacques de Sève (actif 1742–1788), Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741–1819), Philippe Guéneau de Montbeillard (1720–1785), Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau (1737–1816), Bernard Germain de Lacépède (1756–1825), François-Nicolas Martinet (1731–1800), the anatomist Jean-Claude Mertrud (1728–1802), Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt (1751–1812), and André Thouin (1747–1823). Each group is introduced with a general essay. This is followed by an article, sometimes of many pages, on each animal (or other item) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle The article on the wolf begins with the claim that it is one of the animals with a specially strong appetite for flesh; it asserts that the animal is naturally coarse and cowardly ("grossier et poltron"), but becoming crafty at need, and hardy by necessity, driven by hunger. The language, as in this instance, is elegant and elaborate, even "flowery and ornate". Buffon was roundly criticised by his fellow academics for writing a "purely popularizing work, empty and puffed up, with little real scientific value". The species is named in Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, German, English, Swedish, and Polish. The zoological descriptions of the species by Gessner, Ray, Linnaeus, Klein and Buffon himself (""Canis ex griseo flavescens. Lupus vulgaris". Buffon. "Reg. animal. pag. 235"") are cited. The text is written as a continuous essay, without the sections on identification, distribution and behaviour that might have been expected from other natural histories. Parts concern human responses rather than the animal itself, as for example that the wolf likes human flesh, and the strongest wolves sometimes eat nothing else. Measurements may be included; in the case of the wolf, 41 separate measurements are tabulated, in pre-revolutionary French feet and inches starting with the "Length of the whole body measured in a straight line from the end of the muzzle to the anus...3 feet. 7 inches." (1.2 m); the "Length of the largest claws" is given as "10 lines" (2.2 cm) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle The wolf is illustrated standing in farmland, and as a complete skeleton standing on a stone plinth in a landscape. The account of the species occupies 32 pages including illustrations. The original edition of the "Histoire Naturelle" by Buffon comprised 36 volumes in quarto, divided into the following series: Histoire de la Terre et de l'Homme, Quadrupèdes, Oiseaux, Minéraux, Suppléments. Buffon edited 35 volumes in his lifetime. Soon after his death, the fifth and final volume of "l’Histoire des minéraux" appeared in 1788 at the "Imprimerie des Bâtiments du Roi". The seventh and final volume of "Suppléments" by Buffon was published posthumously in 1789 through Lacépède's hands. Lacépède continued the part of the "Histoire Naturelle" which dealt with animals. A few months before Buffon's death, en 1788, Lacépède published, as a continuation, the first volume of his "Histoire des Reptiles", on egg-laying quadrupeds. The next year, he wrote a second volume on snakes, published during the French Revolution. Between 1798 and 1803, he brought out the volume "Histoire des Poissons". Lacépède made use of the notes and collections left by Philibert Commerson (1727–1773). He wrote "Histoire des Cétacés" which was printed in 1804. At that point, the "Histoire Naturelle", by Buffon and Lacépède, thus contained 44 quarto volumes forming the definitive edition. Another edition in quarto format was printed by the "Imprimerie royale" in 36 volumes (1774–1804). It consisted of 28 volumes par Buffon, and 8 volumes by Lacépède | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle The part containing anatomical articles by Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton was dropped. The supplements were merged into the relevant articles in the main volumes. The "Imprimerie royale" also published two editions of the "Histoire Naturelle" in duodecimo format (1752–1805), occupying 90 or 71 volumes, depending on whether or not they included the part on anatomy. In this print format, the original work by Buffon occupied 73 volumes with the part on anatomy, or 54 volumes without the part on anatomy. The continuation by Lacépède took up 17 duodecimo volumes. A de luxe edition of "des Oiseaux" (Birds) (1771–1786) was produced by the "Imprimerie royale" in 10 folio and quarto volumes, with 1008 engraved and hand-coloured plates, executed under Buffon's personal supervision by Edme-Louis Daubenton, cousin and brother-in-law of Buffon's principal collaborator. The "Histoire Naturelle" was translated into languages including English, German, Swedish, Russian and Italian. Many translations, often partial (single volumes, or all volumes to a certain date), abridged, reprinted in the same translation by different printers, or with additional text (for example on insects) and new illustrations, were made at the end of the eighteenth century and the start of the nineteenth century, presenting a complicated publication history. Early translations were necessarily only of the earlier volumes. Given the complexity, all catalogue dates other than of single volumes should be taken as approximate. R | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle Griffith published an early translation of the volume on "The Horse" in London in 1762. T. Bell published a translation of the first six volumes in London between 1775 and 1776. William Creech published an edition in Edinburgh between 1780 and 1785. T. Cadell and W. Davies published another edition in London in 1812. An abridged edition was published by Wogan, Byrne et al. in Dublin in 1791; that same year R. Morison and Son of Perth, J. and J. Fairbairn of Edinburgh and T. Kay and C. Forster of London published their edition. W. Strahan and T. Cadell published a translation with notes by the encyclopaedist William Smellie in London around 1785. "Barr's Buffon" in ten volumes was published in London between 1797 and 1807. W. Davidson published an abridged version including the natural history of insects taken from Swammerdam, Brookes, Goldsmith et al., with "elegant engravings on wood"; its four volumes appeared in Alnwick in 1814. German translations include those published by Joseph Georg Trassler 1784–1785; by Pauli, 1772–1829; Grund and Holle, 1750–1775; and Johann Samuel Heinsius, 1756–1782. Italian translations include those published by Fratelle Bassaglia around 1788 and Boringherieri in 1959. Per Olof Gravander translated an 1802–1803 French abridgement into Swedish, publishing it in Örebro in 1806–1807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle A Russian version (The General and Particular Natural History by Count Buffon; "Всеобщая и частная естественная история графа Бюффона") was brought out by The Imperial Academy of Sciences (Императорской Академией Наук) in St. Petersburg between 1789 and 1808. An abridged edition for children was published by Frederick Warne in London and Scribner, Welford and Co. c. 1870. The original edition was arranged as follows: Natural history, and description of the king's cabinet of curiosities "Quadrupèdes" (Quadrupeds) "des Oiseaux" (Birds) (1770–1783) "des Minéraux" (Minerals) (1783–1788) "Suppléments à l’Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière" (Supplements) (1774–1789) "des Quadrupèdes ovipares et des Serpents" (Egg-laying Quadrupeds and Snakes) (1788–1789) "des Poissons" (Fish) (1798–1803) "des Cétacés" (Cetaceans) (1804) The "Histoire Naturelle" had a distinctly mixed reception in the eighteenth century. Wealthy homes in both England and France purchased copies, and the first edition was sold out within six weeks. But Buffon was criticised by some priests for suggesting (in the essay "Les Epoques de Nature", Volume XXXIV) that the earth was more than 6,000 years old and that mountains had arisen in geological time. Buffon cites as evidence that fossil sea-shells had been found at the tops of mountains; but the claim was seen as contradicting the biblical account in the Book of Genesis. Buffon also disagreed with Linnaeus's system of classifying plants as described in "Systema Naturae" (1735) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle In Buffon's view, expounded in the "Premier Discours" of the "Histoire Naturelle" (1749), the concept of species was entirely artificial, the only real entity in nature being the individual; as for a taxonomy based on the number of stamens or pistils in a flower, mere counting (despite Buffon's own training in mathematics) had no bearing on nature. The Paris faculty of theology, acting as the official censor, wrote to Buffon with a list of statements in the "Histoire Naturelle" that were contradictory to Roman Catholic Church teaching. Hypocritically, Buffon replied that he believed firmly in the biblical account of creation, and was able to continue printing his book, and remain in position as the leader of the 'old school', complete with his job as director of the royal botanical garden. On Buffon's death, the 19-year-old Georges Cuvier celebrated with the words "This time, the Comte de Buffon is dead and buried". Soon afterwards, the French revolution went much further in sweeping away old attitudes to natural history, along with much else. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy calls the "Histoire Naturelle" "Buffon's major work", observing that "In addressing the history of the earth, Buffon also broke with the 'counter-factual' tradition of Descartes, and presented a secular and realist account of the origins of the earth and its life forms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle " In its view, the work created an "age of Buffon", defining what natural history itself was, while Buffon's "Discourse on Method" (unlike that of Descartes) at the start of the work argued that repeated observation could lead to a greater certainty of knowledge even than "mathematical analysis of nature". Buffon also led natural history away from the natural theology of British parson-naturalists such as John Ray. He thus offered both a new methodology and an empirical style of enquiry. Buffon's position on evolution is complex; he noted in Volume 4 from Daubenton's comparative anatomy of the horse and the donkey that species might "transform", but initially (1753) rejected the possibility. However, in doing so he changed the definition of a species from a fixed or universal class (which could not change, by definition) to "the historical succession of ancestor and descendant linked by material connection through generation", identified by the ability to mate and produce fertile offspring. Thus the horse and donkey, which produce only sterile hybrids, are seen empirically not to be the same species, even though they have similar anatomy. That empirical fact leaves open the possibility of evolution. The botanist Sandra Knapp writes that "Buffon's prose was so purple that the ideas themselves are almost hidden", observing that this was also the contemporary academic opinion. She notes that some quite radical ideas are to be found in his work, but they are almost invisible, given the language they are cloaked in | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle She quotes Buffon's dramatic description of the lion, which along with the engraving in her view "emphasized both the lion's regal bearing and personality not only in his text but also in the illustration... A reader was left in no doubt as to the importance and character of the animal." She concludes "No wonder the cultured aristocratic public lapped it up – the text reads more like a romantic novel than a dry scientific treatise". The evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr comments that "In this monumental and fascinating "Histoire naturelle", Buffon dealt in a stimulating manner with almost all the problems that would subsequently be raised by evolutionists. Written in a brilliant style, this work was read in French or in one of the numerous translations by every educated person in Europe". Mayr argued that "virtually all the well-known writers of the Enlightenment" were "Buffonians", and calls Buffon "the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the eighteenth century". Mayr notes that Buffon was not an "evolutionist", but was certainly responsible for creating the great amount of interest in natural history in France. He agrees that Buffon's thought is hard to classify and even self-contradictory, and that the theologians forced him to avoid writing some of his opinions openly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Histoire Naturelle Mayr argues however that Buffon was "fully aware of the possibility of 'common descent', and was perhaps the first author ever to articulate it clearly", quoting Buffon at length, starting with "Not only the ass and the horse, but also man, the apes, the quadrupeds, and all the animals might be regarded as constituting but a single family", and later "that man and ape have a common origin", and that "the power of nature...with sufficient time, she has been able from a single being to derive all the other organized beings". Mayr notes, however, that Buffon immediately rejects the suggestion and offers three arguments against it, namely that no new species have arisen in historical times; that hybrid infertility firmly separates species; and that animals intermediate between, say, the horse and the donkey are not seen (in the fossil record). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44817531 |
Astro-Physics Astro-Physics, Inc. is a manufacturer of amateur telescopes, mounts, and accessories. Founded in 1975 by former Sundstrand Corporation engineer Roland Christen, the company is noted for its line of apochromatic refractors. The company is located in Machesney Park, Illinois. The company is owned by Roland and Marjorie Christen. Author and ""Astronomy" magazine" contributing editor Philip S. Harrington wrote in his 2011 book "Star Ware: The Amateur Astronomer's Guide to Choosing, Buying, and Using Telescopes and Accessories" that is "a name immediately recognizable to the connoisseur of fine refractors on rock-steady mounts". was profiled by "Travel Channel"s Made in America, a TV program hosted by John Ratzenberger, on October 25, 2006. In 2006, the company employed 18 people. The company's finished telescopes, which include mounting and lens, cost between $10,000 and $25,000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44823200 |
Elizabeth Nicholls Elizabeth (Betsy) L. Nicholls (January 31, 1946 – October 18, 2004) was an American-Canadian paleontologist who specialized in Triassic marine reptiles. She was a paleontologist at the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Alberta, Canada. Nicholls was born in Oakland, California, and received her undergraduate degree in 1968 from the University of California, Berkeley and her graduate degrees, an M.Sc. in 1972 and a Ph.D. in 1989, from the University of Calgary, working under Samuel Paul Welles. She was the co-editor with American vertebrate paleontologist Jack M. Callaway of the book "Ancient Marine Reptiles". "Latoplatecarpus nichollsae" was named in her honor. Nicholls was a 2000 Rolex Awards for Enterprise laureate for exploration for her leadership in excavating the remains of a large ichthyosaur, "Shonisaurus sikanniensis" (Nicholls & Manabe, 2004), from the Upper Triassic Pardonet Formation in a remote area of the Sikanni Chief River in British Columbia. Nicholls died from cancer in 2004 at age 58. On May 6, 2017 the Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre established the Dr. Elizabeth 'Betsy' Nicholls Award for Excellence in Paleontology at its annual Dig Deep Gala. The announcement was made in the presence of Nicholls' husband and children to whom a plaque was given in honour of the occasion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44832665 |
Karen Chin is an American paleontologist and taphonomist who is considered one of the world's leading experts in coprolites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44836230 |
Susan Cachel is an American anthropologist, paleontologist and researcher who specializes in primate evolution, including humans. In 2009 she was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in honor of her work in primate evolution. She is the author of "Primate and Human Evolution", published in 2006 by the Cambridge University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44838163 |
Lindsay Zanno Lindsay E. Zanno is an American vertebrate paleontologist and who is an expert in the taxonomy of therizinosaurs and is known for her innovative use of X-ray computed tomography in reconstructing dinosaurs. She is the director of the Paleontology & Geology Research Laboratory at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Science. With Peter J. Makovicky of the Field Museum of Natural History, Zanno excavated a large carnivorous allosauroid dinosaur in Utah, "Siats meekerorum", that was unusual because the Neovenatoridae, carnivorous allosauroids, had been unknown in North America. She was also the lead author of the paper describing the small-bodied basal tyrannosauroid "Moros intrepidus". Zanno received her B.Sc. from the University of New Mexico in 1999, and her graduate degrees from the University of Utah (M.Sc. in 2004, Ph.D. in 2008). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44838274 |
Roger Naviaux (active from 1973) is a French entomologist known for his work on beetles. He has described numerous species of beetle. "Neocollyris naviauxi", and "Paraphysodeutera naviauxi", both in the family Carabidae, are named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44839093 |
IC 335 is a lenticular galaxy about 60 million light years (18 million parsecs) away, in the constellation Fornax. It is part of the Fornax Cluster. appears very similar to NGC 4452, a lenticular galaxy in Virgo. Both galaxies are edge-on, meaning that their characteristics, like spiral arms, are hidden. Lenticular galaxies like these are thought to be intermediate between spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies, and like elliptical galaxies, they have very little gas for star formation. may have once been a spiral galaxy that ran out of interstellar medium, or it may have collided with a galaxy in the past and thus used up all of its gas (See Interacting galaxy). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44839293 |
Catherine Forster Catherine Ann Forster is an American paleontologist, taxonomist and expert in ornithopod evolution and "Triceratops" taxonomy. She is a Professor in the Geological Sciences Program and the Department of Biological Sciences at George Washington University. She obtained a B.A. and B.S. from the University of Minnesota in 1982, followed by an M.Sc. in 1985 and a Ph.D. in 1990 from the University of Pennsylvania. She then completed post-doctoral work at the University of Chicago between 1990 and 1994 in their department of Organismal Biology. She is known in part for unique bird fossils she and her colleagues have found and described from Madagascar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44840342 |
Constantin Arnoldi was a Russian entomologist. Constantin was the son of Vladimir Arnoldi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44840838 |
Eduardo de Robertis Eduardo D. P. De Robertis (11 December 1913 – 31 May 1988) was a noted Argentine physician and biologist. He had a long and prolific scientific career, and was a co-discoverer of cell microtubules in 1953. De Robertis was the son of an Italian immigrant and his son Edward M. De Robertis is also a noted biologist. In 1981, De Robertis became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44843579 |
International Indian Ocean Expedition The (IIOE) was a large-scale multinational hydrographic survey of the Indian Ocean which took place from 1959 to 1965. It involved over 45 research vessels from 14 countries. It was sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research, and later by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Vast amounts of data on oceanic organisms were collected. For example, specimens of Polychaetes (marine worms) were collected from the coasts of the Indian Ocean. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44852444 |
Le Règne Animal (The Animal Kingdom) is the most famous work of the French naturalist Georges Cuvier. It sets out to describe the natural structure of the whole of the animal kingdom based on comparative anatomy, and its natural history. Cuvier divided the animals into four "embranchements" ("Branches", roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (cnidaria and other phyla). The work appeared in four octavo volumes in December 1816 (although it has "1817" on the title pages); a second edition in five volumes was brought out in 1829–1830 and a third, written by twelve "disciples" of Cuvier, in 1836–1849. In this classic work, Cuvier presented the results of his life's research into the structure of living and fossil animals. With the exception of the section on insects, in which he was assisted by his friend Pierre André Latreille, the whole of the work was his own. It was translated into English many times, often with substantial notes and supplementary material updating the book in accordance with the expansion of knowledge. It was also translated into German, Italian and other languages, and abridged in versions for children | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal "Le Règne Animal" was influential in being widely read, and in presenting accurate descriptions of groups of related animals, such as the living elephants and the extinct mammoths, providing convincing evidence for evolutionary change to readers including Charles Darwin, although Cuvier himself rejected the possibility of evolution. As a boy, Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) read the Comte de Buffon's "Histoire Naturelle" from the previous century, as well as Linnaeus and Fabricius. He was brought to Paris by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1795, not long after the French Revolution. He soon became a professor of animal anatomy at the Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, surviving changes of government from revolutionary to Napoleonic to monarchy. Essentially on his own he created the discipline of vertebrate palaeontology and the accompanying comparative method. He demonstrated that animals had become extinct. In an earlier attempt to improve the classification of animals, Cuvier transferred the concepts of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's (1748-1836) method of natural classification, which had been presented in 1789 in "Genera plantarum", from botany to zoology. In 1795, from a "fixist" perspective (denying the possibility of evolution), Cuvier divided Linnaeus's two unsatisfactory classes ("insects" and "worms") into six classes of "white-blooded animals" or invertebrates: molluscs, crustaceans, insects and worms (differently understood), echinoderms and zoophytes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal Cuvier divided the molluscs into three orders: cephalopods, gastropods and acephala. Still not satisfied, he continued to work on animal classification, culminating over twenty years later in the "Règne Animal". For the "Règne Animal", using evidence from comparative anatomy and palaeontology—including his own observations—Cuvier divided the animal kingdom into four principal body plans. Taking the central nervous system as an animal's principal organ system which controlled all the other organ systems such as the circulatory and digestive systems, Cuvier distinguished four types of organisation of an animal's body: Grouping animals with these body plans resulted in four "embranchements" or branches (vertebrates, molluscs, the articulata that he claimed were natural (arguing that insects and annelid worms were related) and zoophytes (radiata)). This effectively broke with the mediaeval notion of the continuity of the living world in the form of the great chain of being. It also set him in opposition to both Saint-Hilaire and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Lamarck claimed that species could transform through the influence of the environment, while Saint-Hilaire argued in 1820 that two of Cuvier's branches, the molluscs and radiata, could be united via various features, while the other two, articulata and vertebrates, similarly had parallels with each other | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal Then in 1830, Saint-Hilaire argued that these two groups could themselves be related, implying a single form of life from which all others could have evolved, and that Cuvier's four body plans were not fundamental. The twelve "disciples" who contributed to the 3rd edition were Jean Victor Audouin (insects), Gerard Paul Deshayes (molluscs), Alcide d'Orbigny (birds), Antoine Louis Dugès (arachnids), Georges Louis Duvernoy (reptiles), Charles Léopold Laurillard (mammals in part), Henri Milne Edwards (crustaceans, annelids, zoophytes, and mammals in part), Francois Desire Roulin (mammals in part), Achille Valenciennes (fishes), Louis Michel François Doyère (insects), Charles Émile Blanchard (insects, zoophytes) and Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau (annelids, arachnids etc.). The work was illustrated with tables and plates (at the end of Volume IV) covering only some of the species mentioned. A much larger set of illustrations, said by Cuvier to be "as accurate as they were elegant" was published by the entomologist Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in his "Iconographie du Règne Animal de G. Cuvier", the nine volumes appearing between 1829 and 1844. The 448 quarto plates by Christophe Annedouche, Canu, Eugène Giraud, Lagesse, Lebrun, Vittore Pedretti, Plée and Smith illustrated some 6200 animals. "Le Règne Animal" was translated into languages including English, German and Italian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal Many English translations and abridged versions were published and reprinted in the nineteenth century; records may be for the entire work or individual volumes, which were not necessarily dated, while old translations were often brought out in "new" editions by other publishers, making for a complex publication history. A translation was made Edward Griffith (with assistance by Edward Pidgeon for some volumes and other specialists for other volumes) was published in 44 parts by G.B. Whittaker and partners from 1824–1835 and many times reprinted (up to 2012 and eBook format); another by G. Henderson in 1834–1837. A translation was made and published by the ornithologist William MacGillivray in Edinburgh in 1839–1840. Another version by Edward Blyth and others was published by William S. Orr and Co. in 1840. An abridged version by an "experienced teacher" was published by Longman, Brown, Green and Longman in London, and by Stephen Knapp in Coventry, in 1844. Kraus published an edition in New York in 1969. Other editions were brought out by H.G. Bohn in 1851 and W. Orr in 1854. An "easy introduction to the study of the animal kingdom: according to the natural method of Cuvier", together with examination questions on each chapter, was made by Annie Roberts and published in the 1850s by Thomas Varty. A German translation by H.R. Schinz was published by J.S. Cotta in 1821–1825; another was made by Friedrich Siegmund Voigt and published by Brockhaus. An Italian translation by G | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal de Cristofori was published by Stamperia Carmignani in 1832. A Hungarian translation by Peter Vajda was brought out in 1841. Each section, such as on reptiles at the start of Volume II (and the entire work) is introduced with an essay on distinguishing aspects of their zoology. In the case of the reptiles, the essay begins with the observation that their circulation is so arranged that only part of the blood pumped by the heart goes through the lungs; Cuvier discusses the implications of this arrangement, next observing that they have a relatively small brain compared to the mammals and birds, and that none of them incubate their eggs. Next, Cuvier identifies the taxonomic divisions of the group, in this case four orders of reptiles, the chelonians (tortoises and turtles), saurians (lizards), ophidians (snakes) and batracians (amphibians, now considered a separate class of vertebrates), describing each group in a single sentence. Thus the batracians are said to have a heart with a single atrium, a naked body (with no scales), and to pass with age from being fish-like to being like a quadruped or biped. There is then a section heading, in this case "The first order of Reptiles, or The Chelonians", followed by a three-page essay on their zoology, starting with the fact that their hearts have two atria. The structure then repeats at a lower taxonomic level, with what Cuvier notes is one of Linnaeus's genera, "Testudo", the tortoises, with five sub-genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal The first sub-genus comprises the land tortoises; their zoology is summed up in a paragraph, which observes that they have a domed carapace, with a solid bony support (the term being "charpente", commonly used of the structure of wooden beams that support a roof). He records that the legs are thick, with short digits joined for most of their length, five toenails on the forelegs, four on the hind legs. Then (on the ninth page) he arrives at the first species in the volume, the Greek tortoise, "Testudo graeca". It is summed up in a paragraph, Cuvier noting that it is the commonest tortoise in Europe, living in Greece, Italy, Sardinia and (he writes) apparently all round the Mediterranean. He then gives its distinguishing marks, with a highly domed carapace, raised scales boldly marked with black and yellow marbling, and at the posterior edge a bulge over the tail. He gives its size—rarely reaching a foot in length; notes that it lives on leaves, fruit, insects and worms; digs a hole in which to pass the winter; mates in spring, and lays 4 or 5 eggs like those of a pigeon. The species is illustrated with two plates. The classification adopted by Cuvier to define the natural structure of the animal kingdom, including both living and fossil forms, was as follows, the list forming the structure of the "Règne Animal". Where Cuvier's group names correspond (more or less) to modern taxa, these are named, in English if possible, in parentheses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal The table from the 1828 "Penny Cyclopaedia" indicates species that were thought to belong to each group in Cuvier's taxonomy. The four major divisions were known as "embranchements" ("branches"). The entomologist William Sharp Macleay, in his 1821 book "Horae Entomologicae" which put forward the short-lived "Quinarian" system of classification into 5 groups, each of 5 subgroups, etc., asserted that in the "Règne Animal" "Cuvier was notoriously deficient in the power of legitimate and intuitive generalization in arranging the animal series". The zoologist William John Swainson, also a Quinarian, added that "no person of such transcendent talents and ingenuity, ever made so little use of his observations towards a natural arrangement as M. Cuvier." The "Magazine of Natural History" of 1829 expressed surprise at the long interval between the first and second editions, surmising that there were too few scientific readers in France, apart from those in Paris itself; it notes that while the first volume was little changed, the treatment of fish was considerably altered in volume II, while the section on the Articulata was greatly enlarged (to two volumes, IV and V) and written by M. Latreille. It also expressed the hope that there would be an English equivalent of Cuvier's work, given the popularity of natural history resulting from the works of Thomas Bewick ("A History of British Birds" 1797–1804) and George Montagu ("Ornithological Dictionary", 1802) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal The same review covers Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville's "Iconographie du Règne Animal de M. le Baron Cuvier", which offered illustrations of all Cuvier's genera (except for the birds). The "Foreign Review" of 1830 broadly admired Cuvier's work, but disagreed with his classification. It commented that "From the comprehensive nature of the "Règne Animal", embracing equally the structure and history of all the existing and extinct races of animals, this work may be viewed as an epitome of M. Cuvier's zoological labours; and it presents the best outline, which exists in any language, of the present state of zoology and comparative anatomy." The review continued less favourably, however, that "We cannot help thinking that the science of comparative anatomy is now so far advanced, as to afford the means of distributing the animal kingdom on some more uniform and philosophical principles,—as on the modifications of those systems or functions which are most general in the animal economy" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal The review argued that the vertebrate division relied on the presence of a vertebral column, "a part of the organization of comparatively little importance in the economy"; it found the basis of the mollusca on "the general softness of the body" no better; the choice of the presence of articulations no better either, in the third division; while in the fourth it points out that while the echinoderms may fit well into the chosen scheme, it did not apply "to the entozoa, zoophyta, and infusoria, which constitute by much the greatest portion of this division." But the review notes that "the general distribution of the animal kingdom established by M. Cuvier in this work, are founded on a more extensive and minute survey of the organization than had ever before been taken, and many of the most important distinctions among the orders and families are the result of his own researches." Writing in the "Monthly Review" of 1834, the pre-Darwinian evolutionist surgeon Sir William Lawrence commented that "the "Regne Animal" of Cuvier is, in short, an abridged expression of the entire science. He carried the lights derived from his zoological researches into kindred but obscure parts of nature." Lawrence calls the work "an arrangement of the animal kingdom nearly approaching to perfection; grounded on principles so accurate, that the place which any animal occupies in this scheme, already indicates the leading circumstances in its structure, economy, and habits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal " The book was in the library of "HMS Beagle" for Charles Darwin's voyage. In "The Origin of Species" (1859), in a chapter on the difficulties facing the theory, Darwin comments that "The expression of conditions of existence, so often insisted on by the illustrious Cuvier, is fully embraced by the principle of natural selection." Darwin continues, reflecting both on Cuvier's emphasis on the conditions of existence, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of acquiring heritable characteristics from those Cuvieran conditions: "For natural selection acts by either now adapting the varying parts of each being to its organic and inorganic conditions of life; or by having adapted them during long-past periods of time: the adaptations being aided in some cases by use and disuse, being slightly affected by the direct action of the external conditions of life, and being in all cases subjected to the several laws of growth. Hence, in fact, the law of the Conditions of Existence is the higher law; as it includes, through the inheritance of former adaptations, that of Unity of Type." The palaeontologist Philippe Taquet wrote that "the "Règne Animal" was an attempt to create a complete inventory of the animal kingdom and to formulate a natural classification underpinned by the principles of the 'correlation of parts'.." He adds that with the book "Cuvier introduced clarity into natural history, accurately reproducing the actual ordering of animals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Le Règne Animal " Taquet further notes that while Cuvier rejected evolution, it was paradoxically "the precision of his anatomical descriptions and the importance of his research on fossil bones", showing for instance that mammoths were extinct elephants, that enabled later naturalists including Darwin to argue convincingly that animals had evolved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44855053 |
Der Alte Schwede or Alter Schwede (meaning (The) Old Swede in German) is a glacial erratic, found during dredging of the river Elbe near Hamburg in 1999, at a depth of 15 m. The rock has a circumference of 19.7 m, a height of 4.5 m and weighs 217 tons. During the Elster maximum glaciation of the ice age 400 000 years ago, it was carried from Småland to the site where it was found. In June 2000, it was given its current name. It is Germany's oldest glacial erratic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44879146 |
Horro (cattle) Horro, Wallega or "Wollega" cattle are a breed of cattle native to Ethiopia. Horro are usually brown in colour and have a hump at the rear. They can be used for milk, meat and draft. In Ethiopia, they are seen as a sign of wealth and prestige. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44889546 |
P. M. de Respour P. M. de Respour, a Flemish metallurgist and alchemist, was the first person to extract metallic zinc from zinc oxide in 1668. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44891133 |
Georgy Katys Georgi Petrovich Katys (; 31 August 1926 7 August 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut. Georgi Katys was born on 31 August 1926. Candidate of technical sciences degree from Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School, Moscow 1953. He was selected as a cosmonaut on 28 May 1964. Later he became the chief of AN cosmonaut group. He was assigned as for Voskhod 1. He was involved in the development of Lunokhod, the Soviet Moon Rover. Since 1984, a Professor at Moscow State Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation. He was also a member of Russian Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Cosmonautics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44911864 |
Gondwana Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal with an "all earth science" scope and an emphasis on the origin and evolution of continents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44935768 |
Mezzoramia (Titan) Mezzoramia is a dark albedo feature (region) located at on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. It is named after Mezzoramia, a mythical African oasis of happiness from Italian legend. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44936063 |
Pinch-induced behavioral inhibition Pinch-induced behavioural inhibition (PIBI), also called dorsal immobility, transport immobility or clipnosis, is a partially inert state which results from a gentle squeeze of the skin behind the neck. It is mostly observed among cats and allows a female cat to carry her kitten easily with her jaws. It can be used to restrain most cats effectively in a domestic or veterinary context. The phenomenon also occurs in other animals, such as squirrels and mice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44961465 |
Registered Scientist (RSci) is an extension to the Science Council's existing professional registers, that was introduced in 2012. This register extends the framework to allow professional recognition for higher technical roles. Holders of this qualification can use the post-nominal letters RSci. The and Registered Science Technician (RSciTech), which was introduced at the same time, were developed with the support of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. The UK Government stated in their Plan for Growth that this type of accreditation allows employers to trust the abilities of graduates. This is due to the requirement of applicants to provide evidence that they meet specific competencies in their day to day role. The professional bodies highlighted below are all licensed to award Registered Scientist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44969338 |
Alfred Nicholson Leeds (9 March 184725 August 1917) was an English amateur palaeontologist. He was born at Eyebury, Peterborough, the youngest of the eight children of Edward Thurlow Leeds (180251) and Eliza Mary Leeds (née Nicholson). He was educated at Warwick School. He had wanted to become a doctor, but circumstances meant that from 1868 he had to take on the management of Eyebury Farm (in The Fens, and historically attached to Peterborough Abbey) as a gentleman farmer. His elder brother Charles, a student at Oxford University, had been encouraged by Professor John Phillips to persevere in collecting fossils from near his home. Alfred joined him in these searches, and between them they developed better methods of disinterring, and of scientifically recording, fossils in soft clay than had been used before. (They rewarded the workmen at the clay pits (which served a brickworks in Fletton, Peterborough) for not doing so themselves, but instead sending notice to Eyebury.) In 1887, Charles emigrated to New Zealand; but Alfred continued to search for fossils, assisted by his wife and by their second son, Edward Thurlow Leeds (18771955, Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum 192845). He amassed one of the largest collections of fossil vertebrates in the world. In 1889, his portrait was painted by the 17-year-old William Nicholson. From 1890 onwards, he began to present his most important specimens of Jurassic fossils from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough to the British Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44973208 |
Alfred Nicholson Leeds He was a Fellow of the Geological Society; in 1893, he was awarded part of its Lyell Fund. Other museums in the UK and elsewhere hold items from his collection; including the National Museum of Ireland. An extinct genus of fish, "Leedsichthys", and several extinct species have been named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44973208 |
Arrhenius (Martian crater) Arrhenius is an impact crater in the Eridania quadrangle on Mars at 40.3° S and 237.4° W. and is 129.0 km in diameter. Its name, for Svante Arrhenius, was approved in 1973 by the IAU. Evidence of previous glacial activity is evident in images. There also appear to be branched channels just outside the crater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44973248 |
Cruls (crater) Cruls is an impact crater in the Eridania quadrangle on Mars at 42.91° S and 163.03° E. and is 87.89 km in diameter. Its name was assigned in 1973 by the International Astronomical Union, in honor of Brazilian astronomer Luís Cruls. Evidence of previous glacial activity is evident in images. Glaciers, loosely defined as patches of currently or recently flowing ice, are thought to be present across large but restricted areas of the modern Martian surface, and are inferred to have been more widely distributed at times in the past. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44992512 |
Suzhi (crater) Suzhi is an impact crater on Mars, located in the Iapygia quadrangle at 27.7 ° S and 274.0 ° W. It measures 24.63 kilometers in diameter and was named by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature after a place in China in 1991. There may have been a lake in the crater in the past because layers are visible in a depression on the floor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44996292 |
Empirical valence bond The Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) approach is an approximation that allows you to calculate reaction free-energies in condensed-phase. It was first developed by Arieh Warshel. And was inspired by the way Marcus theory uses potential surfaces to calculate the probability of electron transfer.Where most methods for reaction free-energy calculations require at least some part of the modeled system to be treated using quantum mechanics, EVB uses a calibrated Hamiltonian to approximate the potential energy surface of a reaction. For a simple 1 step reaction that typically means that a reaction is modeled using 2 states. These states are valence bond descriptions of the reactants and products of the reaction. The function that gives the ground energy then becomes: formula_1 Where H and H are the valence bond descriptions of the reactant and product state respectively. And H is the coupling parameter. The H and H potentials are usually modeled using force field descriptions U and U . H is a bit trickier as it needs to be parameterized using a reference reaction. This reference reaction can be experimental, typically from a reaction in water or other solvents. Alternatively quantum chemical calculations can be used for calibration. To obtain free-energies from the created ground state energy potential one needs to perform sampling. These can be obtained by applying a sampling method like molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations at different states along the reaction coordinates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45004055 |
Empirical valence bond Typically this is done using a free energy perturbation / umbrella sampling approach. EVB has been successfully applied to calculating reaction free energies of enzymes. More recently it has been looked at as a tool to study enzyme evolution and to assist in enzyme design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45004055 |
Focas (Martian crater) Focas Crater is an impact crater in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle of Mars. It is located at 33.9° N and 347.3° W and its name was approved in 1973. Focas Crater is 76.5 km in diameter. It was named after Jean Focas. Pictures reveal many small channels along its rim; some are visible in pictures below from CTX. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45005259 |
Janssen (Martian crater) Janssen Crater is an impact crater in the Arabia quadrangle on Mars at 2.7° N and 322.4° W. and is 154 km in diameter. Its name was approved in 1973, and refers to French astronomer Pierre Janssen. Some close up images of the crater reveal layers in a floor deposit. A picture below show these layers, as well as dark slope streaks. The darker the streak, the younger it is. The layers on the floor of Janssen may have been formed on the bottom of lakes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45006576 |
Rutherford (Martian crater) Rutherford is an impact crater on Mars. It is located the Oxia Palus quadrangle inside Arabia Terra at 19.2° N and 10.7° W. and measures approximately 107 kilometers in diameter. The crater was named after British physicist Ernest Rutherford in 1973. Some close up images of the crater show dunes and light-toned material. Light-toned rocks on Mars have been associated with hydrated minerals like sulfates. The Mars Rover Opportunity examined such layers close-up with several instruments. Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as sulfates and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water. Places that contain clays and/or other hydrated minerals would be good places to look for evidence of life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45007503 |
Quenisset (crater) Quenisset is an impact crater on Mars, located in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle at 34.6° N and 319.4° W. It measures 138 kilometer in diameter. Adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973, the crater was named after French astronomer Ferdinand Quénisset. Some close up images of the rim show old glaciers along the walls of smaller craters. Some glaciers are called lobate debris aprons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45008466 |
Acousto-electronics (also spelled 'Acoustoelectronics') is a branch of physics, acoustics and electronics that studies interactions of ultrasonic and hypersonic waves in solids with electrons and with electro-magnetic fields. Typical phenomena studied in acousto-electronics are acousto-electric effect and also amplification of acoustic waves by flows of electrons in piezoelectric semiconductors, when the drift velocity of the electrons exceeds the velocity of sound. The term 'acousto-electronics' is often understood in a wider sense to include numerous practical applications of the interactions of electro-magnetic fields with acoustic waves in solids. In particular, these are signal processing devices using surface acoustic waves (SAW), different sensors of temperature, pressure, humidity, acceleration, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45021102 |
Maggini (crater) Maggini is a large Martian impact crater in northwestern Arabia Terra, located in the Arabia quadrangle at 28.0° N and 350.6° W. It measures 143.0 kilometers in diameter and was named after Mentore Maggini. The name was approved by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973. The Maggini crater region was observed to have three distinctive sets of wrinkle ridges by Finnish researchers in 1992 - with each set striking to the northwest, the northeast, and the north, respectively. The northwest-striking wrinkle ridge set is thought to have originated from a global compressive event, as similar ridges are observed in Antoniadi crater (in Syrtis Major Planum to the east) and in Schiaparelli crater (in Terra Sabaea to the south). None of the three wrinkle ridge sets dominate any of the other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45029914 |
Marth (Martian crater) Marth Crater is an impact crater on Mars, located in the Oxia Palus quadrangle at 13.0° N and 3.5° W. The crater measures approximately is 98 kilometers in diameter. Its name was approved in 1973, and refers to German astronomer Albert Marth. Light and dark markings on the surface are due to dust and sand blown around. Some of the dark sand has formed into dunes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45029992 |
Teisserenc de Bort (crater) Teisserenc de Bort is an impact crater on Mars, at 0.4° N and 45.1° E. Most of it is in the Syrtis Major quadrangle. in It measures 115 kilometers in diameter and was named after French meteorologist Léon Teisserenc de Bort (1855–1913). The name was adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973. A picture below shows dark slope streaks. The darker the streak, the younger it is. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45030080 |
NGC 1000 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation of Andromeda. It was discovered on December 9, 1871 by Édouard Jean-Marie Stephan. It is the 1,000th object classified by the New General Catalogue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45040502 |
Charles E. Resser Charles Elmer Resser (1889-1943), was an American paleontologist, born in East Berlin, Pennsylvania. He was educated at Pennsylvania State Teachers College (graduation in 1912), Franklin and Marshall College (B.A., 1913), Princeton University (M.A., 1915) and George Washington University (Ph.D., 1917). Resser developed an interest in Cambrian fossils when he was a student of H. Justin Roddy at Franklin and Marshall College. In 1914 Resser came to the United States National Museum as an assistant to Walcott. He was appointed Assistant Curator in the Division of Paleontology in 1915. Further positions were Assistant Curator, Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology (1923), Associate Curator, Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology (1924-1928), Curator, Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology (1929-1940); and Curator, Division of Invertebrate Paleontology and Paleobotany (1941-1943). Resser was a part-time faculty member at George Washington University from 1915 to 1932. At the University of Maryland Resser taught geology for a number of years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45041972 |
Renaudot (crater) Renaudot is an impact crater in the Casius quadrangle on Mars at 42.4° N and 297.4° W and measures 64 kilometers in diameter. Its name was approved in 1973, and it was named after Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion. Along its wall are evidence of old glaciers. The floor bears a field of dunes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45042663 |
Hussey (crater) Hussey Crater is an impact crater in the Phaethontis quadrangle on Mars at 53.8° S and 126.7° W. It is 99.0 km in diameter. Its name refers to American astronomer William Hussey. Dunes are visible in the northern part of the crater floor. Pictures below show the dunes from a wide view and then eventually show greatly enlarged view with HiRISE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45042712 |
Fooya (styled as fooya!) is a medical mobile app which uses gamification of learning and educational entertainment principles to induce children to improve their dietary choices. It was developed by the mHealth company FriendsLearn and was featured as a case study of cutting-edge research methods in areas of emerging technology, during the 2018 International Summit on Social and Behavior Change Communication by Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, UNICEF and BBC. uses artificial intelligence in the area of non-communicable disease prevention through technology, known as Digital Vaccines based on neuroscience and cognitive science. In January 2019, Carnegie Mellon University published about ongoing research and global clinical trials involving fooya, as the lead story along with their annual summary of scientific advances "2018 - Year in Review" with independent researchers describing the advances as "a powerful push forward in disease prevention technology". Studies have shown that is able to induce children and young adults to improve their dietary choices for overall positive effects on their health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45063760 |
Fooya Results of the underlying mechanisms in have been presented at the 2015 MedicineX Conference at the Stanford School of Medicine, 2015 Biennial Childhood Obesity Conference, 2015 Child Health Bay Area Conference at UCSF School of Medicine and the 2014 ObesityWeek Conference is the official title sponsor of "The Health Gaming Championship", an annual tournament open to professional and amateur health gamers. The inaugural 2015 edition was conducted at the College of Engineering, Guindy campus in partnership with Rotary International. Health outcomes of clinical trials conducted by researchers at the Baylor College of Medicine's Children's Nutrition Research Center were presented at The Obesity Society's 2014 ObesityWeek Conference in Boston. was first launched as a Facebook App in 2012 at the DEMO Conference in Silicon Valley, and successfully raised over $50,000 through a crowdfunding campaign via Kickstarter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45063760 |
Circe effect The is a phenomenon proposed by William Jencks seen in chemistry and biochemistry where in order to speed up a reaction, the ground state of the substrate is destabilized by an enzyme. Highly favourable binding of a substrate at a non-reactive site will force the reactive site of the substrate to be more reactive by putting it in a very unfavourable position. This effect was observed in orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase. This can occur by positioning a charged amino acid group next to the charged substrate thus destabilizing it, thus making the reaction occur faster. Furthermore, the substrate is put into an optimal position by the enzyme for the reaction to occur, thus decreasing the entropy greatly. This process was named after Circe in Homer's "Odyssey", who lured men and turned them into pigs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45067549 |
Robert J. Twiss is an American geologist emeritus of University of California, Davis. He made his Ph.D. 1971 at Princeton University. First in his career he researched viscosity of earth mantle.<ref name="DOI10.1016/0012-821x(76)90160-6"> </ref> Nowadays he interests for the mechanisms and mechanics of rock deformation and the interpretation of connected structures.<ref name="DOI10.1016/0191-8141(90)90035-w"> </ref> Together with geologist Eldridge M. Moores he has co-authored two famous textbooks: "Tectonics" and "Structural Geology". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45075498 |
Refraction (sound) Refraction, in acoustics, comparable to the refraction of electromagnetic radiation, is the bending of sound propagation trajectories (rays) in inhomogeneous elastic media (gases, liquids, and solids) in which the wave velocity is a function of spatial coordinates. Bending of acoustic rays in layered inhomogeneous media occurs towards a layer with a smaller sound velocity. This effect is responsible for guided propagation of sound waves over long distances in the ocean and in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, vertical gradients of wind speed and temperature lead to refraction. The wind speed is usually increasing with height, which leads to a downward bending of the sound rays towards the ground. The same holds if the temperature is increasing with height. If the temperature is decreasing with height (inversion) and the wind speed is low, sound rays are bend upwards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45093519 |
Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich (October 12, 1917 – August 18, 2004) was a leading micropaleontologist, a professor of geology at the University of California, Los Angeles, a United States Geological Survey (USGS) biostratigrapher, and a scientific illustrator whose micropaleontology specialty was research on Cretaceous foraminifera. Tappan Loeblich earned her BS in 1937 and her Master's in 1939, both in geology from the University of Oklahoma. Her master's thesis was on mid-Cretaceous foraminifera of Oklahoma and Texas. At the University of Oklahoma, she met her future husband and long time scientific collaborator, in chemistry class, where they fell in love in 1939. Shortly thereafter they married and spent their honeymoon doing field work with their graduate advisor, in south-central Oklahoma, Alfred R. Loeblich Jr., She received her Ph.D. in 1942 from the University of Chicago, and her dissertation continued her master's work. When her husband was drafted in 1942, Tappan Loeblich became the first female professor at Tulane University's College of Arts and Sciences. In 1953 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to allow her to take a sabbatical from her USGS appointment and travel to Europe to collect foraminifera with her husband. With her husband, Tappan Loeblich is the author of two major works on foraminiferal classification, two volumes in the "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology" Part C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45095893 |
Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich Protista 2 (Sarcodina, Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida), Volumes 1 and 2 (1964) by USGS and the University of Kansas and their two-volume work, "Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification", published in 1988 by Springer. The "Treatise" classified foraminifera genera by the morphology of their external tests or shells, and "Foraminferal Genera" revised and refined the classification of forams by adding test internal characteristics and reviewing type specimens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45095893 |
Sinton (crater) Sinton is a crater in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle on Mars, located at 40.72°N and 328.35°W. Sinton Crater lies in the northern hemisphere south of the very large crater Lyot (Martian crater). It is 65.25 km in diameter and was named after Harvard astronomer William M. Sinton. The name was approved in 2007. Sinton Crater is believed to have been caused by an impact into an icefield. This impact melted ice and produced many branched valleys. Some of these can be seen in one of the images below. Evidence of an icefield is lineated valley fill (LVF) and lobate debris aprons (LDA) in the region. Some of this evidence can be seen in one of the images below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45115359 |
Müller (Martian crater) Müller is a 120.5 kilometer crater in the Martian southern hemisphere, at 25.74°S, 127.89°E, located in the Terra Cimmeria region of the Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle of Mars. According to the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, Müller is jointly named for Hermann Joseph Muller, an American geneticist and anti-nuclear weapons activist, and Carl H. Müller, a German astronomer. Ejecta from the Müller crater divides two Noachian era drainage basins. Muller Crater has a central peak. Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. Its rim has probably been eroded away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45128006 |
John Holman (chemist) Sir John Stranger Holman (born 16 September 1946) is an English chemist and academic. He is emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of York, senior advisor in education at the Gatsby Foundation, founding director of the National STEM Learning Centre, Chair of the Bridge Group, past president of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), and President of The Association for Science Education (ASE). Holman was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours in 1967. Holman served as a Headteacher of Watford Grammar School for Boys between 1994 and 2000, and was the British government's National STEM Director from 2006 to 2010 (STEM referring to the academic disciplines of Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). He served as president of the Royal Society of Chemistry from 2016 to 2018, and was a trustee of the Natural History Museum (2011–2019). He is Chair of the Salters' Institute board, was the founding director of Salters' Advanced Chemistry programme, and is the author of numerous chemistry textbooks. Holman is author of the "Good Career Guidance" report for the Gatsby Foundation, which is the basis for the English government's national strategy for career guidance in schools: "Careers strategy: making the most of everyone's skills and talents" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45138583 |
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