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Paleogeoscience It encompasses subjects such as "Paleobiology", "Paleoclimatology", "Geochemistry", "Geochronology", "Stratigraphy", "Paleobotany", "Paleogeography", and more. Goals of paleogeosciences include understanding and recreating the Earth System over time for use in understanding the future of our Earth. It uses tangible data and proxy data. See "Resources" section for links to catalogs of hundreds of resources for data, software, and sample collections pertaining to many realms of paleogeoscience. NSF EarthCube RCN Catalog of Software Resources NSF EarthCube RCN Catalog of Physical Sample Repository Resources NSF EarthCube RCN Catalog of Database Resources OGC Catalog Service web service primer and instructions for accessing NSF EarthCube RCN Catalogs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43613282 |
Grahamite Grahamite, also known as Pyrobitumen or Anthraxolite, is a bitumen-impregnated rock (asphaltite). It is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen with relatively high fixed carbon rate of 35–55% and high temperature of fusion. It occurs in Cuba, Mexico, and in West Virginia and Oklahoma, United States. found in the Impson Valley of southeastern Oklahoma is known as impsonite. was named by Henry Wurtz after James Lorimer Graham, who was interested of commercial development of this mineral resource in West Virginia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43644382 |
Anja Strømme is an ionospheric physicist at SRI International and the principal scientist at the Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility. She has also worked with the National Science Foundation. Strømme has been a member of the American Geophysical Union since 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43650637 |
Mount Simon Sandstone The is the basal sandstone of the Potsdam Sandstone. It was deposited in a nearshore environment, unconformably overlying Precambrian basement. It is overlain by the Eau Claire Formation or Ordovician strata. It is presumed to be Upper Cambrian in age, though not verified. See infobox for more details. The Mount Simon formation is the equivalent of the La Motte Sandstone formation in the St. Francois Mountains of Missouri. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43663325 |
Stanisław Błeszyński Stanisław Błeszyński, (August 13, 1927 – December 24, 1969) was a Polish entomologist and lepidopterist specializing in Crambidae, the grass moths. Błeszyński worked at the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals of the Polish Academy of Sciences beginning in 1945. He headed the Laboratory of Insects (later Laboratory of Invertebrates) there from 1958 until 1967. He then moved to Germany, where he worked at the Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43663967 |
Ingta Formation The is a geological unit containing green sandstones and shales; it crops out in the Canadian Mackenzie Mountains. Its age is poorly constrained, though it straddles the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary. Below the boundary its ichnofauna comprises subhorizontal "Planolites" burrows; above it, "Phycodes" burrows immediately appear, with Nemakit-Daldyn SSFs appearing soon after. The formation is overlain by either the Backbone Ranges Formation and the Vampire Formation, depending on the locality. These two formations have a common base with the Ingta formation, and both continue onwards until the base of the Sekwi Formation. The rocks are submarine, and were deposited in a nearshore to offshore location on the continental shelf, with no freshwater influence evident—although overlying units bear evidence of deltaic and braided river deposits. The formation has yielded a range of SSFs including eggs and embryos, anabaritids, "Protohertzina", "Zhejiangorhabdion", and phosphatized tubes, spines and plates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43664862 |
Johannes Böhm (1857–1938) was a German geologist and palaeontologist. He was a researcher in the Prussian Geological Institute in Berlin () partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43716157 |
Lester Charles King (1907–1989) was an English geologist and geomorphologist known for his theories on scarp retreat. He offered a very different view of the origin of continental landscaping than that of William Morris Davis. Studying at university in New Zealand King was a disciple of Charles Cotton who was heavily influenced by Davis. While King's ideas were an attempt at refuting Davis' cycle of erosion they were themselves of cyclical nature and contributed to what Cliff Ollier has called "Davis bashing" — the ridicule of cyclical theories in geomorphology, in particular Davis' ones. Critics did however not propose alternative models. For him, the weathering of physical factors in arid areas causes the erosion of the hills, the deposition of the weathered material (pediments) and the deposition of these material in lower altitudes, contributing to the formation of the pediplain. He was also an early proponent of continental drift, having lectured on this matter at a number of U.S. universities during a tour in 1958. King was a supporter of the Expanding Earth hypothesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43719119 |
Giuseppe Novelli (born February 27, 1959) is an Italian geneticist and the president of the University of Rome Tor Vergata. Born in Rossano in the south of Italy, he graduated magna cum laude in genetics in 1981. In 1985 earned a Ph.D at Sapienza University of Rome. In 1995 he was appointed professor of genetics at the University of Rome Tor Vergata. From 2003 he is also adjunct professor at Arkansas University. From 2008 to 2011 he was president of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at Tor Vergata. In 2013 he was elected rector of his university. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43724549 |
Brian Roy Stuckenberg (1930–2009) was a South African entomologist who specialised in Diptera. Stuckenberg was of Danish descent, his great uncle was the poet Viggo Stuckenberg. Stuckenberg was head of Entomology at the Natal Museum (now KwaZulu-Natal museum) in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. He became Africa’s leading dipterist, building one of the largest collections of Afrotropical flies in the world. He wrote over 100 publications., including the sections on the families Blephariceridae, Thaumaleidae, Xylomyidae, Rhagionidae, Athericidae , Apioceridae and Opomyzidae in Crosskey, R.W., ed., "Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region". London: British Museum (Natural History), p. 635 and worked on Vermileonidae. He collected Diptera in South Africa, Angola, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Chile and Argentina. Stuckenberg was a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43741960 |
Mary Healy (zoologist) Mary Healy (May 14, 1953 – August 7, 2014) was the CEO and director of the Sacramento Zoo. Healy was director of the zoo since December 1999. Her career began as a bird keeper for the Riverbanks Zoo in South Carolina. The "Sacramento Business Journal" awarded Healy the Women Who Mean Business award in 2013. She died of a cerebral aneurysm and heart attack at the age of 61 on a trip to the Galápagos Islands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43760369 |
Vladislav E. Niedzwiecki (also spelled Niedzwetsky and Niedzwetzky) (1855 – 1918) was a Russian lawyer and amateur naturalist. Born in Mogilev Province, Niedzwiecki graduated from the University of Kazan and settled in (one source states 'exiled to' ) Vernoe (now Almaty, Kazakhstan), in 1884, initially working as a lawyer before becoming the Acting Secretary of the Statistics Committee, Semirechensk. A keen amateur naturalist, he sent many specimens of flora and fauna to research bodies in Moscow and St Petersburg, and in 1901 became Custodian and Trustee of the Semerichye Vernoe Museum. He also sent seeds to Georg Dieck at the Zöschen Arboretum, Germany, notably of the red-fleshed apple, "Malus niedzwetzkyana" and the Siberian Elm "Ulmus pumila" Niedzwiecki died in 1918, rumoured to have been shot in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution. Niedzwiecki is commemorated by the apple "Malus niedzwetzkyana" , and also by the perennial flower "Niedzwedzkia semiretschenskia". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43771598 |
Onur Güntürkün (born 18 July 1958, in İzmir) is a Turkish-German neuroscientist. He is professor of behavioral neuroscience at Ruhr University Bochum. Güntürkün studied psychology at the Ruhr University Bochum from 1975 to 1980 and received his PhD in 1984. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43779734 |
John Beard (embryologist) John Beard (11 November 1858 – 1924) was a Scottish embryologist, known for his controversial theory of the trophoblastic origin of cancer and his experimental treatments of cancer by means of pancreatic enzymes. John Beard was born on November 11th, 1858 in Heaton Norris, a "southern suburb of industrial Manchester, UK." Beard hailed from a family of mill workers; his grandfather was an unskilled laborer while his father rose to the position of mill clerk. Although uneducated, his father did well enough to rent a home in Reddish Lane, a home in a white collar neighborhood with a live-in servant. The family's fortunes took a turn for the worse in 1866 when his father died at 31 years old. Although his mother (Eliza) still had some means, the family moved to a blue-collar neighborhood to adjust to the increase financial hardship. These issues proved temporary, however, when Eliza married a cotton manufacturer which moved the family to Littleborough, Rochdale. This family move was the first that directly influenced Beard's educational background. John and his younger brother, Samuel, were enrolled in the prestigious King's School. John left the King's School after two years, ultimately leaving to finish his secondary education near home. This departure was likely not due to financial reasons but rather due to Beard's burgeoning interest in biology (A newer field less popular at King's School). In 1877 Beard registered at Owens College in Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43789744 |
John Beard (embryologist) Owens, at the time a newer institution, was known for an emphasis on subjects such as evolutionary biology. Beard pursued and excelled in this field, studying under the tutelage of Arthur Milnes Marshall. Although he eventually received both a (BSc) and an honorary doctorate from Owens, Beard first obtained his (BSc) from Royal College of Science, London in 1878. The next few years would be tumultuous for Beard. His mother passed away, he enrolled and later dropped out of medical school in 1880, and ultimately was mentored by famed professor Thomas Henry Huxley (Charles Darwin's student) from 1880-1881 at the Royal School of Mines (RSM), South Kensington, London. After a year studying chemistry back at Owen's College, Beard went to Germany and received his doctorate from the Ludwigs University of Freiberg in 1884, specializing in zoology. His thesis was titled "On the Life-History and Development of the Genus Myzostoma". This stop involved visiting study at institutions in Germany and Italy; Beard also married Henriette Marie Sester during his time in Germany. Beard and his family moved back to England in 1884 and took a postdoctoral opportunity at Owens College. Due to his previous history at the school, he ultimately earned a (BSc) from the institution. Beard's initial research interests involved the "evolutionary development of sensory organs in fish" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43789744 |
John Beard (embryologist) Finishing his postdoctoral opportunity in 1889, Beard went back to Germany and became the personal assistant of Friedrich Leopold August Weismann, a professor of enormous stature. Between April and June 1889, Beard visited Black Lake in upper New York State. Black Lake, described as "nature's fish hatchery", was a perfect place for Beard to study Lepidosteus osseus (American bill fish). By his departure from the lake, Beard had collected an extensive amount of material that would help develop his notable trophoblastic theory. Upon studying microscope slides of early stage Lepidosteus, Beard discovered "sensory neurons located within the dorsal zone of the spinal cord, which were assembled and subsequently disassembled in the course of the fish's early development. This transient nervous system persisted until it was replaced by the development of the dorsal root ganglia". In other words, Lepidosteus "produced two nervous systems in consecutive order, the first of which group outside the normal embryonic development of the latter". This was Beard's first exposure to breaks from traditional evolutionary theory, which thought progression occurred gradually only in a linear fashion. Likewise, the counterintuitive finding regarding Lepidosteus embryology helped Beard think against the grain of the dogma of the day. These cells, later named Rohan-Beard cells, and their curious patterns (development and disappearance) became one of the first known descriptions of apoptosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43789744 |
John Beard (embryologist) Beard published his findings in "Lepidosteus", and even mused about alternating generations in animals in a manner similar to those found in plants. Beard's career took a turn in the following years. In 1889, he was appointed naturalist in charge of the Marine Laboratory at Dunbar, working for the Scottish Fishery Board. This ultimately led to an 1890 appointment as a faculty member of the University of Edinburgh, the senior assistant to James Cossar Ewart, MD (Regius professor of natural history). Beard served as a lecturer in comparative embryology, anatomy of vertebrates, and cytology. Despite a relative lack of compensation and status due to England's comparative lack of enthusiasm in embryology to Germany, Beard had a prolific stretch from 1885 to 1905. During this time, he published about 100 scientific articles along with 5 monographs. Regarding a wide variety of topics, journals Beard published in include (but are not limited to) the following: "Nature, Science, British Medical Journal, Lancet, and Anatomischer Anzeiger". Towards the end of this period, Beard's interests began to veer towards Human Biology; Specifically, he sought to apply the unusual findings he observed in fish embryology to human development. Beard's first venture in human development was an insightful publication on role of the corpus luteum. Drawing from his previous experiences with Lepidosteus, Beard suggested that the corpus luteum likely formed to aid pregnancy and the environment needed for a growing fetus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43789744 |
John Beard (embryologist) His speculation was further confirmed shortly thereafter and showed the parallels between the temporary developments in fish and mammals. Beard spent the next few years focusing on the "rhythm of reproduction in mammals"; Specifically, Beard pushed his focus onto germ cells. Drawing from his experience in Black Lake, Beard sought to closely explore the role of germ cells during the various stages of embryonic development. This study would ultimately lead to the development of the trophoblastic theory Beard is best known for. Before the work of Beard, the use of enzymes to treat cancer had almost never been proposed; an exception is the advocation for using papaya enzymes by indigenous populations, an argument not scientifically developed. Beard, on the other hand, ultimately recommended the use of pancreatic enzymes to treat cancer from his extensive knowledge base of embryology. In 1902, Beard determined that cancer developed because of germ cells that lost direction to the gonads during the process of embryogenesis. These problematic germ cells ultimately developed into an "irresponsible trophoblast", as coined by Beard. This term implied that cancer was a normally functioning cell which simply functioned at the wrong place and time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43789744 |
John Beard (embryologist) Beard believed that the following about the trophoblast: 1) The trophoblast represented larval phase of human development 2) the embryo and trophoblast competed and were at odds of each other 3) at birth placenta dies and was ejected 4) Proteins in trophoblast are "stereotactically different" from those in embryo. In response to the irresponsible trophoblast's properties, Beard advocated the use of pancreatic enzymes to treat the cancer. In its normal function, the trophoblast supplies nourishment to the embryo. In Beard's mind, the "initiation of pancreatic enzyme production by the fetus might be responsible for the regression of trophoblastic tissue in the natural course of pregnancy." In other words, Beard felt pancreatic enzyme activity was deficient in cancer patients, leading to the existence of the "irresponsible trophoblast" that would have been degraded during a healthy pregnancy. This theory was widely controversial and went completely against what was widely accepted about cancer. Cancer was thought of as a disease defined by abnormal cell growth; Beard ultimately saw the disease as a function of normal cell activity, albeit in the wrong place (due to faulty enzyme activity). Given his long respected career as an embryologist, Beard managed to attract a sizable following to his theory; he was also met with, however, a sizable number of detractors. Cancer was seen as a topic best left to the medical community; Beard's status as an embryologist made him an outsider in the field | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43789744 |
John Beard (embryologist) On November 24th, 1924 John Beard died from a stroke. His legacy, while filled with many accomplishments, remains conflicted. While making strides in embryology and advancing knowledge surrounding cell behavior, Beard's hypothesis regarding the origin of cancer have largely proven to be false. They do, however, point to the many different origins of cancer hypothesized by academics as study of the disease became of increased interest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43789744 |
Aqueous geochemistry studies the role of various elements in watersheds, including copper, sulfur, and mercury. Researchers in this field also study how elemental fluxes are exchanged through interactions between the atmosphere, the earth or soil (terrestrial interactions) and bodies of water (aquatic interactions). Work in the field of aqueous geochemistry has also studied the prevalence of rare earth elements, nuclear waste products, and hydrocarbons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43790336 |
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are bio-based ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents which are composed of two or more compounds that are generally plant based primary metabolites, i.e. organic acids, sugars, alcohols, amines and amino acids. Ionic liquids are salts, liquid at room temperature, characterized by ionic bonds which have at least one large organic ion and a cation with a low degree of symmetry. The positive and negatively charged ions in the liquid are thus kept far apart so that they reduce the attractive forces between them and hinder crystallization, lowering the melting point and resulting in a completely ionic liquid at room temperature. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures of solid compounds that form liquids due to a large depression of the melting point; the charge delocalization in the case of DES is caused by hydrogen bonding forming a non-aqueous liquid at room temperature. Work done by Choi, Spronsen "et al". showed that water can be present as part of the solvent, being strongly retained in the liquid and which cannot be evaporated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43796674 |
Differential refractometer A differential refractometer (DRI), or refractive index detector (RI or RID) is a detector that measures the refractive index of an analyte relative to the solvent. They are often used as detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. They are considered to be universal detectors because they can detect anything with a refractive index different from the solvent, but they have low sensitivity. When light leaves one material and enters another it bends, or refracts. The refractive index of a material is a measure of how much light bends when it enters. Differential refractometers contain a flow cell with two parts: one for the sample and one for the reference solvent. The detector measures the refractive index of both components. When only solvent is passing through the sample component the measured refractive index of both components is the same, but when an analyte passes through the flow cell the two measured refractive index are different. The difference appears as a peak in the chromatogram. Differential refractometers are often used for the analysis of polymer samples in size exclusion chromatography. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43800109 |
Zonal plant A zonal plant is a “species or variety which is of value in determining floral zones.” Botanist Frederick Vernon Coville defined the expression. He described ""the best method of procedure in a new area to establish the (floral) zones by means of a comparatively small number of the best zonal plants, and afterwards to arrange the other less important [plants] in their proper places."" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43810774 |
Floral zone A floral zone is an area with similar distributions of plant species, usually a horizontal belt determined by elevation. In a historic report on plant distribution in the United States, "", naturalist Clinton Hart Merriam describes "“Most of the desert shrubs are social plants and are distributed in well-marked belts or zones, the vertical limits of which are fixed by the temperature during the period of growth and reproduction.”" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43810810 |
Verily Life Sciences, also known as (formerly Google Life Sciences), is Alphabet Inc.'s research organization devoted to the study of life sciences. The organization was formerly a division of Google X, until August 10, 2015, when Sergey Brin announced that the organization would become an independent subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. This restructuring process was completed on October 2, 2015. On December 7, 2015, Google Life Sciences was renamed Verily. As of July 2014, members of the research team include Andrew Conrad, founder of LabCorp's National Genetics Institute; Vik Bajaj, an expert in nuclear magnetic resonance; Marija Pavlovic, who studies the effect of radiation on DNA; Alberto Vitari, a cancer biologist; Brian Otis, who worked on Google Venture's glucose-sensing contact lens; and Mark DePristo, who worked on the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) at the Broad Institute. Dr. Thomas R. Insel announced on September 15, 2015 that he was resigning as the director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to join this division. On 9 September 2014, the division acquired Lift Labs, the makers of Liftware. Life Sciences in January 2019 raised $1 billion in funding. Andy Conrad remained CEO. At the end of 2019, sold its stake in robot-assisted surgery joint venture Verb Surgical to development partner Johnson & Johnson for an undisclosed sum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43815417 |
GOODS-N-774 also called "Sparky", is a distant early galaxy which is in the process of core formation. The galaxy is massive and extremely compact, forming stars furiously. It is thought to be on its way to becoming a giant elliptical galaxy. This galaxy was discovered in 2014, and is some 11 billion light years distant. It is the first discovered galaxy in this stage of giant galaxy formation. Sparky is forming stars at a rate of 300 stars per year, compared to our Milky Way's rate of 10. It is only across, unlike our galaxy's width. And GOODS-N-774, at 1.0×10M, is around twice as massive as the Milky Way Galaxy. The amount of star formation and related high concentrations of gas and dust obscure the view of the galaxy, making it hard to detect. The ferocious rate of star formation is thought to be the result of the dark matter halo drawing great amounts of intergalactic gas into the core, fuelling the continuous starburst, of 1 billion years. The galaxy does not contain an active galactic nucleus, confounding some expectations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43819962 |
High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment The (HIVE) is a distributed computing environment used for healthcare-IT and biological research, including analysis of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data, preclinical, clinical and post market data, adverse events, metagenomic data, etc. Currently it is supported and continuously developed by US Food and Drug Administration (government domain), George Washington University (academic domain), and by DNA-HIVE, WHISE-Global and Embleema (commercial domain). HIVE currently operates fully functionally within the US FDA supporting wide variety (+60) of regulatory research and regulatory review projects as well as for supporting MDEpiNet medical device postmarket registries. Academic deployments of HIVE are used for research activities and publications in NGS analytics, cancer research, microbiome research and in educational programs for students at GWU. Commercial enterprises use HIVE for oncology, microbiology, vaccine manufacturing, gene editing, healthcare-IT, harmonization of real-world data, in preclinical research and clinical studies. HIVE is a massively parallel distributed computing environment where the distributed storage library and the distributed computational powerhouse are linked seamlessly. The system is both robust and flexible due to maintaining both storage and the metadata database on the same network. The distributed storage layer of software is the key component for file and archive management and is the backbone for the deposition pipeline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43858552 |
High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment The data deposition back-end allows automatic uploads and downloads of external datasets into HIVE data repositories. The metadata database can be used to maintain specific information about extremely large files ingested into the system (big data) as well as metadata related to computations run on the system. This metadata then allows details of a computational pipeline to be brought up easily in the future in order to validate or replicate experiments. Since the metadata is associated with the computation, it stores the parameters of any computation in the system eliminating manual record keeping. Differentiating HIVE from other object oriented databases is that HIVE implements a set of unified APIs to search, view, and manipulate data of all types. The system also facilitates a highly secure hierarchical access control and permission system, allowing determination of data access privileges in a finely granular manner without creating a multiplicity of rules in the security subsystem. The security model, designed for sensitive data, provides comprehensive control and auditing functionality in compliance with HIVE's designation as a FISMA Moderate system. FDA launched HIVE Open Source as a platform to support end to end needs for NGS analytics. https://github.com/FDA/fda-hive HIVE biocompute harmonization platform is at the core of High-throughput Sequencing Computational Standards for Regulatory Sciences (HTS-CSRS) project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43858552 |
High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment Its mission is to provide the scientific community with a framework to harmonize biocomputing, promote interoperability, and verify bioinformatics protocols (https://hive.biochemistry.gwu.edu/htscsrs). For more information, see the project description on the FDA Extramural Research page (https://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/SpecialTopics/RegulatoryScience/ucm491893.htm Sub-clusters of scalable high performance high density compute cores are there to serve as a powerhouse for extra-large distributed parallelized computations of NGS algorithmics. System is extremely scalable and has deployment instances ranging from a single HIVE in a box appliance to massive enterprise level systems of thousands of compute units. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43858552 |
George Washington Bacon (1830–1922) was an American mapmaker and publisher who developed a successful business producing maps of London. In 1861, Bacon founded a series of businesses. He became bankrupt in 1867, after failing to keep on top of managing these businesses. In 1870, Bacon started his business, G.W. Bacon & Co., on 127 Strand, London. He based his atlases on the plates used by Edward Weller for his "Weekly Dispatch Atlas". In 1893, he bought the map business of James Wyld. Around 1900, G.W. Bacon was purchased by the Scottish publishing house of W.& A.K. Johnston and incorporated into their own. Maps using the Bacon brand were being produced as late as 1956. About 1967 their name was changed to Johnston & Bacon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43933143 |
Terete is a term used in botany to describe a cross section that is circular, or like a distorted circle, with a single surface wrapping around it. This is usually contrasted with cross-sections that are flattened, with a distinct upper surface that is different from the lower surface. The cross-section of a branch in a tree is somewhat round, so the branch is terete. The cross section of a normal leaf has an upper surface, and a lower surface, so the leaf is not terete. However, the fleshy leaves of succulents are sometimes terete. Fruticose lichens are terete, with a roughly circular cross section and a single wrap-around skin-like surface called the cortex, compared to foliose lichens and crustose lichens, which have a flattened cross section with an upper surface that is distinct from the lower surface. Plants and lichens may also be described as subterete, meaning that they are not completely terete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43933350 |
Solid earth refers to "the earth beneath our feet" or "terra firma", the planet's solid surface and its interior. It contrasts with the Earth's fluid envelopes, the atmosphere and hydrosphere (but includes the ocean basin), as well as the biosphere and interactions with the Sun. It includes the liquid core. Solid-earth science refers to the corresponding methods of study, a subset of Earth sciences, predominantly geophysics and geology, excluding aeronomy, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, hydrology, and ecology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43936526 |
Pressure-induced hydration (PIH), also known as “super-hydration”, is a special case of pressure-induced insertion whereby water molecules are injected into the pores of microporous materials. In PIH, a microporous material is placed under pressure in the presence of water in the pressure-transmitting fluid of a diamond anvil cell. Early physical characterization and initial diffraction experiments in zeolites were followed by the first unequivocal structural characterization of PIH in the small-pore zeolite natrolite (NaAlSiO x 16HO), which in its fully super-hydrated form, NaAlSiO x 32HO, doubles the amount of water it contains in its pores. PIH has now been demonstrated in natrolites containing Li, K, Rb and Ag as monovalent cations as well as in large-pore zeolites, pyrochlores, clays and graphite oxide. Using the noble gases Ar, Kr, and Xe as well as CO as pressure-transmitting fluids, researchers have prepared and structurally characterized the products of reversible, pressure-induced insertion of Ar Kr, and CO as well as the irreversible insertion of Xe and water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43939378 |
Malignant: How Cancer Becomes Us is a 2013 book by S. Lochlann Jain, published by University of California Press. S. Lochlann Jain writes about her experience with an advanced form of breast cancer at the age of 36. The book is 300 pages consisting of nine chapters, in which each chapter talks about an important part of her life with cancer. It won many prizes including the American Society of Journalists and Authors’ 2016 June Roth Book Award, the Society for Social Studies of Science's 2015 Ludwik Fleck Prize, the Society for the History of Technology's 2014 Edelstein Prize, the Society of Humanistic Anthropology's 2014 Victor Turner Prize and the American Anthropological Association's 2014 Diana Forsythe Prize. After being previously misdiagnosed 3 times, S. Lochlann Jain has discovered that she has an advanced form of breast cancer. Her prolonging diagnosis can be attributed to her interaction with physicians and their disregards for her concern as many stated that she has nothing to worry about due to her old age. She decided to treat her breast cancer by undergoing a double mastectomy, radiation, and chemotherapy. Throughout the recovery process of each course of treatment, she emotionally heals by joining recovery groups and researching on the statistics and background of cancer. This leads her to question the medicine and culture behind cancer. Due to her experience and by voicing out her concern, research into the history of cancer was reignited, she attended oncology conferences, and participated in survivor groups and retreats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43943566 |
Mu Guoguang (1931–2012) was a Chinese opticist and former president of Nankai University. He graduated from Department of Physics of Nankai University in 1952, and from then became a faculty member of the same university. From 1985 to 1995 he served as the president of Nankai University. In 1991 he was elected as a member of Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research focused on white-light optical processing, optical pattern recognition, color film archive storage, false color coding and optical neural networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43944380 |
Huihui Lifa The (Traditional Chinese: 回回歷法; Simplified Chinese: 回回历法; pinyin: Huíhuí Lìfǎ) was a set of astronomical tables published throughout China from the time of the Ming Dynasty in the late 14th century through the early 18th century. The tables were based on a translation into Chinese of the "Zij" (Islamic astronomical tables), the title "Huihui Lifa" literally meaning "Muslim System of Calendar Astronomy". Around 1384, during the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu Emperor ordered the Chinese translation and compilation of Islamic astronomical tables, a task that was carried out by the scholars Mashayihei, a Muslim astronomer, and Wu Bozong, a Chinese scholar-official. These tables came to be known as the "Huihui Lifa" ("Muslim System of Calendrical Astronomy"), and were published in China a number of times until the early 18th century, despite the fact the Qing Dynasty had officially abandoned the tradition of Chinese-Islamic astronomy in 1659. In the early Joseon period, the Islamic calendar served as a basis for calendar reform owing to its superior accuracy over the existing Chinese-based calendars. A Korean translation of the "Huihui Lifa" was studied in Korea under the Joseon Dynasty during the time of Sejong in the 15th century. The tradition of Chinese-Islamic astronomy survived in Korea until the early 19th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43947436 |
NGC 70 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered on October 7, 1855 by R. J. Mitchell and was also observed on December 19, 1897 by Guillaume Bigourdan from France who described it as "extremely faint, very small, round, between 2 faint stars" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43950969 |
RV Sally Ride (AGOR-28) RV "Sally Ride" (AGOR-28) is a owned by the United States Navy and operated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. "Sally Ride" is a commercially designed, monohull research vessel, capable of both coastal and deep ocean operations. The ship is equipped with cranes and winches for over-the-side loading of research equipment and supplies, as well as accommodations for twenty-four scientists. It is powered by a multi-drive, low-voltage, diesel electric propulsion system for efficiency and lower maintenance, with fuel costs. Both "Neil Armstrong"-Class ships have state of the art oceanographic equipment allowing deep ocean mapping and information technology for ship monitoring and worldwide land-based communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43955785 |
Roop Mallik is an Indian biophysicist who works on nanoscale molecular motor proteins that transport material such as viruses, mitochondria, endosomes etc. inside living cells. The motors, such as kinesin and dynein generate forces of pico-newton order to carry our various cellular processes namely cell division, vesicular transport, endocytosis, molecular tethering etc. He lab focuses to understand the function of molecular motor proteins and its role in pathogen degradation and lipid homeostasis in liver. Prof. Mallik was born in 1970 in Allahabad, a small-town popularly known as sangam-city situated in the Northern India state of Uttar Pradesh. He was born to a mechanical engineer father and housewife mother of very humble background. He completed his post graduation in Physics in 1993 from Allahabad University. On the advice of his uncle, in 1994, he joined E. V. Sampathkumaran’s lab in Department of Condensed Matter Physics at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai for doctoral research . After the completion of his Ph.D. with over 20 international articles, he joined G. Krishnamoorthy (TIFR) and Jayant Udgaonkar's labs (NCBS) for short stint as post doctoral fellow. This small tenure introduced him to the world of biology. In 2002, he joined the lab of Steven Gross at Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine. In 2006, he again joined TIFR, as assistant professor in Department of Biological Sciences (DBS). Mallik is married to Dr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43970208 |
Roop Mallik Sreelaja Nair, also a colleague at DBS, TIFR, Mumbai. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43970208 |
Souvik Maiti (born 30 September 1971) is an Indian chemist known for his studies in the fields of Biophysical Chemistry and Chemical Biology. He works at the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. He graduated with a Bachelor of degree in Chemistry from Jadavpur University, Kolkata in 1993 and Masters in 1995. He completed his doctoral research in 1999 in the field of Polymer Chemistry from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad. He received Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar awards in 2014. He received the National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology in 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972681 |
Dudley Herbarium The was the herbarium or plant specimen collection of the Stanford University Natural History Museum and the former Division of Systematic Biology of the Department of Biology, at Stanford University in California. The collection was started by botanist William Russell Dudley (1849−1911), the head of the Stanford Botany Department from 1892 to 1911. In the early 1960s, Stanford Provost Frederick E. Terman made a decision to terminate support for the Division of Systematic Biology. Subsequently various subcollections were transferred to other institutions in 1968 (algae to the University of California, fungi to the U.S. National Fungus Collections and arctic bryophytes to the New York Botanical Garden) The main vascular plant collection was eventually transferred (by long-term loan), along with Stanford's Natural History Museum fish collections, to the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. In 1976, the had 850,000-specimens, which were merged with the 600,000 specimens of the California Academy Herbarium, on completion of what was at the time a state-of-the-art facility to house the collections and staff, funded mostly by a grant from the National Science Foundation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972854 |
Pratap Raychaudhuri (born 13 December 1971) is an Indian physicist who works at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay. His specialization is in the fields of superconductivity and magnetism, transport based spectroscopy, and thin films. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972869 |
Sadiqali Abbas Rangwala (born 10 July 1971) is an Indian physicist. He is working in the field of Experimental atomic, molecular and optical physics. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972870 |
Lithium atom A lithium atom is an atom of the chemical element lithium. Lithium is composed of three electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing three protons along with either three or four neutrons, depending on the isotope, held together by the strong force. Similarly to the case of the helium atom, a closed-form solution to the Schrödinger equation for the lithium atom has not been found. However, various approximations, such as the Hartree–Fock method, can be used to estimate the ground state energy and wavefunction of the atom. The quantum defect is a value that describes the deviation from hydrogenic energy levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43979118 |
Christopher Wood (biologist) Christopher M. Wood FRSC is currently an Adjunct Professor of Zoology at the University of British Columbia and a Lifetime Distinguished University Professor, and Emeritus Professor of Biology at McMaster University. He is also a Research Professor at the University of Miami. His research is primarily concerned with Fish physiology and aquatic toxicology. He was educated at the University of British Columbia (BSc, 1968; MSc, 1971) and the University of East Anglia (PhD, 1974). He joined the faculty of McMaster University in 1976 where he was a Canada Research Chair in Environment and Health from 2001-2014. In 2014 he retired from McMaster University and moved to the University of British Columbia, where his research program is now based. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2003, and was awarded the 2007 Miroslaw Romanowski Medal. He was also awarded the Fry Medal of the Canadian Society of Zoologists in 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44003325 |
Ossian Aschan Adolf (16 May 1860, Helsinki – 25 February 1939) was a Finnish chemist and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1910 to 1911, representing the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP). He served as the professor of chemistry at the University of Helsinki from 1908 to 1927. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44004831 |
Ludwig Kort was a German fluid dynamicist known for developing the ducted propeller, or Kort nozzle. In an attempt to reduce canal erosion, Kort discovered that directing the wake of a propeller through a short, stationary nozzle also increased thrust. He submitted a U.S. patent for this technique, which was awarded in 1936. His research showed that the performance of ducted propellers heavily depended on the cross-section and thickness of the duct. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44014558 |
H. R. Krishnamurthy Hulikal Ramaiengar Krishnamurthy (born 1951) is an Indian theoretical physicist. He specializes in theoretical condensed matter physics, especially quantum many-body theory and statistical physics. He was the chairman of the Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science. He is one of the research scholars who worked under Prof. Kenneth G. Wilson. His main work was titled "Renormalization Group Approach to the Anderson Model of Dilute Magnetic Alloys". Krishnamurthy obtained his BSc (Hons) in Physics (1970) from Bangalore University and MSc (Physics) (1972) from IIT, Kanpur. He studied in Cornell University (1972–76) as IBM fellow, working with Kenneth G. Wilson and John W. Wilkins. In his PhD thesis, he extended Wilson's numerical renormalization group solution for the Kondo problem to the symmetric Anderson impurity model. The extension to the asymmetric case was completed during his post-doctoral tenure (1976–78) at the University of Illinois. Krishnamurthy returned to India and joined the Department of Physics, IISc, Bangalore (1978) and became a Professor (1996). He has held sabbatical positions at Princeton University, Harvard University, Ohio State University, University of Cincinnati, UC Davis and Georgetown University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44026313 |
Triploid block is a phenomenon describing the formation of nonviable progeny after hybridization of flowering plants that differ in ploidy. The barrier is established in the endosperm, a nutritive tissue supporting embryo growth. This phenomenon usually happens when autopolyploidy occurs in diploid plants. Triploid blocks lead to reproductive isolation. The triploid block effects have been explained as possibly due to genomic imprinting in the endosperm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44055899 |
Tokogeny or tocogeny is the biological relationship between parent and offspring, or more generally between ancestors and descendants. In contradistinction to phylogeny it applies to individual organisms as opposed to species. In the tokogentic system shared characteristics are called "traits". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44057611 |
André Peyriéras Dr (born December 11, 1927 in Saint Moreil (Le Monthioux), France - deceased December 24, 2018 in Limoges, France) received his doctorate from the University of Montpellier in France. He settled in Madagascar in 1954 and lived there until 2005. He became one of Madagascar's most eminent entomologists, herpetologists and plant collectors. He discovered over 3,000 new insects. Peyriéras's dwarf chameleon ("Brookesia peyrierasi" ), Peyriéras's chameleon ("Calumma peyrierasi" ), and Peyriéras's woolly lemur ("Avahi peyrierasi" ) are all named after him. He discovered a new "Brookesia" species, "Brookesia vadoni", in 1968, prospecting for insects in Iaraka, in the Masoala massif, that was described by and C.A. Domergue from the "Institut Pasteur de Tananarive". Peyriéras founded and ran the Mandraka Nature Farm, now known as Peyriéras Reserve Madagascar Exotic, about east of Antananarivo in Madagascar. Here they breed many of Madagascar's' rare and endangered reptiles, frogs and insects. The farm is now run by his daughter, Sylviane Peyriéras. In French: In English: This list is incomplete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44073418 |
Interploidy hybridization is a term to describe a hybridization (or manual cross) between two different individuals of different ploidy levels. Individuals resulting from this type of hybridization are called interploidy hybrids. This phenomenon is often observed in plants. Interploidy hybridizations in angiosperms often cause abnormal seed development, leading to reduced seed size or seed abortion. This reproductive bottle neck leads to a phenomenon called triploid block. In agriculture, development of new plant cultivars, utilizing interploidy hybrids, is usually preceded by interspecific cross between two closely related species with different ploidy levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44075293 |
Indrani Bose (born 15 August 1951) is an Indian physicist, senior Professor at Department of Physics, Bose Institute, Kolkata. Her fields of specialization are in theoretical condensed matter, quantum information theory, statistical physics, biological physics and systems. Bose obtained her Ph.D. (Physics) in 1981 from Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta. Bose's research interests include the problem of quantum many body systems, quantum information theory, statistical mechanics and systems biology. She is a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore and of the National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad. She also developed a strong solid-state theory group in the Bose Institute. Bose was the first recipient of the Stree Shakthi Science Samman award (2000) for her work on exact solutions of model Hamiltonian (low dimensions) in the context of magnetic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44080879 |
Tilting pan filter A tilting pan filter is a chemical equipment used in continuous solid-liquid filtration. It is formed by a number of trapezoidal pans arranged in circle. At the center of the equipment there is the main valve which is connected to every pan through pipes. The pans are rotating continuously around the main valve, which provides the air or the vacuum necessary for the operation. In each pan it is carried out the filtration in a cyclic process that involves these stages: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44084967 |
Olaf Rogstad (4 April 1877 – 7 July 1969) was a Norwegian engineer and civil servant. Rogstad was born in Elverum, a son of farmer Ole Rogstad and Petronelle Marthea Grøtting. He was married to Hildur Louise Møystad from 1903. Rogstad finished his secondary education in 1895 and graduated from the Trondhjems Tekniske Læreanstalt in 1898. He was hired in the Canal Agency in 1898, and the Water Agency in 1907 as head of the hydrographic department. He was promoted to chief engineer in 1920 and director in 1920. From 1925 to 1947 he was the director-general of the Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Agency, except for the period 1942 to 1945 when he was removed by the German occupiers. Hans Skarphagen was the one who took over in 1942. Rogstad was also a glaciologist. He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of Order of St. Olav. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44100892 |
NGC 4206 is a spiral galaxy located about 70 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Virgo. The galaxy is visible with most moderate amateur telescopes at 13th magnitude. It was discovered by British astronomer William Herschel on 17 April 1784 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44122992 |
Johannes de Cuba Johann von Wonnecke Caub or (1430–1503), is the attributed author of an early printed book on natural history, which was published in Mainz by Peter Schöffer in 1485 under the name of "Gart der Gesundheit". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44130688 |
Pozzo del Merro is a flooded sinkhole in the countryside northeast of Rome, Italy. Situated at the bottom of an 80 m conical pit, at it is the second deepest underwater vertical cave in the world. In 2000 two ROVs were sent to explore its depths; the first, the "Mercurio (Mercury)" reached its maximum operative depth of without reaching the bottom. The second ROV, "Hyball 300", reached without touching down either. A third dive in 2002 with the more advanced "Prometeo" robot reached the bottom at , but discovered a narrow passage continuing horizontally. The sinkhole, similar to the Zacatón cenote, was formed by volcanic activity eroding the carbonate rock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44132469 |
Arnold Lucien Montandon (1852–1922) was a French entomologist who worked in the Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History in Bucharest, Romania. He described over 500 new species or subspecies in more than 100 scientific publications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44146805 |
Patricia J. Kailola is a noted ichthyologist. Her primary focus is in tropical Indo-Pacific fishes. She is an Australian Museum Research Associate. Among her numerous publications are listed several books covering tropical fish. She also has written texts on catfish. As of April 2006, she was working on a textbook on Western Indian Ocean fishes. She has assisted the Australian Museum in confirmation of species identification among their collection. Worldcat.org lists 27 works in 57 publications in 1 language and 603 library holdings. She has been involved in studies of the following fish: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44148201 |
Thomas H. Fraser Thomas Henry Fraser is a ichthyologist and expert in cardinalfishes. According to the Australian Museum website, "He is a world expert on the taxonomy of Cardinalfishes." The combtooth blennies "Dodekablennos fraseri" and "Meiacanthus fraseri" were named in honour of Fraser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44148255 |
Central meridian (planets) The central meridian of a celestial body that presents a disc to an observer (such as planet, moon, or star) is the meridian on the body's surface that goes through the centre of the body's disc as seen from the point of view of the observer. The term as generally used in observational astronomy refers to the central meridian of the celestial body as seen by a theoretical observer on Earth for whom the celestial body is at the zenith. An imaginary line is drawn from the centre of the Earth to the center of the other celestial body. The intersection between this line and the celestial body's surface is the sub-Earth point. The central meridian is the meridian going through the sub-Earth point. Because of the body's rotation and orbital alignment with the observer the central meridian changes with time, as it is based on the observer's point of view. For example, consider the Earth as seen from the Moon. There will be a meridian going through the centre of the Earth's visible disc (for example 75° West). This is not always the Earth's prime meridian (0° W / 0° E), as the central meridian of the Earth as seen from the Moon changes as the Earth rotates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44152035 |
Gun tunnel A gun tunnel is an intermediate altitude hypersonic wind tunnel that can be configured to produce hypersonic flows at roughly 30 to 40 km altitude. This uses a piston for isentropic compression. The hypersonic facility at IISC Bangalore, India has a high enthalpy gun tunnel, which can produce Schlieren imaging and produce up to 8 megajoules of energy. Using a piston can be very tricky due to reflecting of shocks. At the facility, they use aluminium diaphragm to produce shocks and paper diaphragm to avoid shocks and pass through the hypersonic chamber. The pressure used is significantly higher like 30 times the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44153629 |
Austin L. Wahrhaftig Austin Levy Wahrhaftig (May 5, 1917 – November 11, 1997) was an American chemist and mass spectrometrist known for his development of the quasi-equilibrium theory of fragmentation of molecular ions. The Wahrhaftig diagram that illustrates the relationship between internal energy and unimolecular ion decomposition is named after him. Wahrhaftig was born in Sacramento, California where he attended grade school, high school, and two years at Sacramento Junior College. He attended the University of California, Berkeley where he did undergraduate research with Joel Hildebrand and received an A.B. in chemistry in 1938. He went to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology where he worked under Richard M. Badger and Verner Schomaker . He received his Ph.D. in 1941. He was a research fellow at Caltech from 1941 to 1945. He then worked at the Wright Air Development Center in Pasadena, California, and as a University Fellow at the Ohio State University with Herrick L. Johnston. Wahrhaftig joined the faculty at the Chemistry Department at the University of Utah in 1947 where he rose through the ranks and spent the rest of his career. He retired to become an emeritus professor in 1987. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44184942 |
Trezona Formation The is a Neoproterozoic epoch fossiliferous geological formation in South Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44203538 |
Biomuseo is a museum focused on the natural history of Panama, whose isthmus was formed very recently in geologic time, with major impact on the ecology of the Western Hemisphere. Located on the Amador Causeway in Panama City, Panama, it was designed by renowned architect Frank Gehry. This is Gehry's first design for Latin America. The design was conceived in 1999 and the museum opened in October 2014. The highlights Panama's natural and cultural history, emphasizing the role of humans in the XXI century. Its galleries tell the story of how the rise of the isthmus of Panama changed the world. is located in Amador, also known as Causeway, at the south entrance of the Panama Canal. You can get there taking a taxi or using the bus. With 4,000 square meters, the has 8 galleries for its permanent exhibits, designed in sequence by Bruce Mau Design. Besides the main spaces the museum also has a public atrium, a space for temporary exhibits, a gift store, a coffee shop and exterior exhibits in a botanical garden designed by Edwina von Gal. On October 2, 2014 the opened its doors to the public with 5 of its 8 galleries. This first part of the story tells the importance of Panama and its natural and cultural evolution. Gallery of Biodiversity: What is biodiversity? Why should we care? What is happening to it today? The first gallery is an introduction to Panama's amazing natural heritage. Panamarama: We are surrounded by an endless number of living beings and communities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44204122 |
Biomuseo A three-level projection space with 10 screens envelops the visitor in a display of sight and sound featuring Panama's natural wonders. Building the Bridge: Panama emerged from the sea 3 million years ago. Earth's inner forces that formed the Isthmus of Panama take the form of three 14 meter high rock formations, allowing for a tangible encounter with the geological world. Worlds Collide: When the Isthmus closed an extraordinary exchange of species occurred between North and South America. A stampede of animal sculptures of all eras, shapes and sizes tell the story of this unique and ongoing natural event. The Human Path: In a space partially open to the outdoors 16 columns provide information about the relations between human activity and the natural scenarios of Panama throughout time. The is expected to open its last 3 galleries by 2018. Oceans Divided: When Panama emerged, two very different oceans formed, changing life in the planet. Two large semi-circular aquariums will show how the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea evolved once they were separated by the isthmus. The Living Web: Living beings need each other and interact in complex and invisible ways. A large sculpture, part plant, animal, insect and microorganism will give the visitor the experience in a dimension where all creatures have the same importance. Panama is the Museum: The most amazing experience awaits the visitor outside of the museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44204122 |
Biomuseo Screens will offer information about the relationship between the biodiversity in Panama and the world. The Gehry design is expected to attract tourists and help grow Panama's cultural attractions. The museum may have a similar effect as Gehry's Guggenheim design had for Bilbao, which rejuvenated and placed the city on the map as an important architectural destination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44204122 |
Anna Kikina Anna Yuryevna Kikina (, born 27 August 1984 in Novosibirsk) is a Russian engineer and test cosmonaut, selected in 2012. Kikina graduated with honors from the Novosibirsk State Academy of Water Transportation Engineering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44210836 |
Lichen stromatolite Lichen stromatolites are laminar calcretes that are proposed as being formed by a sequence of repetitions of induration followed by lichen colonization. Endolithic lichens inhabit areas between grains of rock, chemically and physically weathering that rock, leaving a rind, which is then indurated (hardened), then recolonized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44234093 |
Amos Henry Worthen (1813–1888) was an American geologist and paleontologist from Illinois. He was the second state geologist of Illinois and the first curator of the Illinois State Museum. He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44275062 |
High energy density physics High-energy-density physics (HEDP) is a new subfield of physics intersecting condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics and plasma physics. It has been defined as the physics of matter and radiation at energy densities in excess of about 100 GJ/m^3. High energy density (HED) science includes the study of condensed matter at densities common to the deep interiors of giant planets, and hot plasmas typical of stellar interiors. This multidisciplinary field provides a foundation for understanding a wide variety of astrophysical observations and understanding and ultimately controlling the fusion regime. Specifically, thermonuclear ignition by inertial confinement in the laboratory – as well as the transition from planets to brown dwarfs and stars in nature – takes place via the HED regime. A wide variety of new and emerging experimental capabilities (National Ignition Facility (NIF) , Jupiter Laser Facility (JLF) , etc.) together with the push towards Exascale Computing help make this new scientific frontier rich with discovery. The HED domain is often defined by an energy density (units of pressure) above 1 Mbar = 100 GPa ~ 1 Million of Atmosphere. This is comparable to the energy density of a chemical bond such as in a water molecule. Thus at 1 Mbar, chemistry as we know it changes. Experiments at NIF now routinely probe matter at 100 Mbar. At these "atomic pressure" conditions the energy density is comparable to that of the inner core electrons, so the atoms themselves change | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44277627 |
High energy density physics The dense HED regime includes highly degenerate matter, with interatomic spacing less than the de Broglie wavelength. This is similar to quantum regime achieved at low temperatures (e.g. Bose-Einstein condensation), however, unlike the low temperature analog, this HED regime simultaneously probes interatomic separations less than the Bohr radius. This opens an entirely new quantum mechanical domain, where core electrons - not just valence electrons - determine material properties and gives rise to core-electron-chemistry and a new structural complexity in solids. Potential exotic electronic, mechanical, and structural behavior of such matter include room temperature superconductivity, high-density electrides, first order fluid-fluid transitions, and new insulator-metal transitions. Such matter is likely quite common throughout the universe, existing in the more than 1000 recently discovered exoplanets. HED conditions at higher temperatures are important to the birth and death of stars and controlling thermonuclear fusion in the laboratory. Take as an example the birth and cooling of a neutron star. The central part of a star, ~8-20 times the mass of our sun, fuses its way to iron and cannot go further since iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any element. As the iron core accumulates to ~1.4 solar masses, electron degeneracy pressure gives up against gravity and collapses. Initially the star cools by the rapid emission of neutrinos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44277627 |
High energy density physics The outer Fe surface layer (~10 K) gives rise to spontaneous pair production then reaches a temperature where the radiation pressure is comparable to the thermal pressure and where thermal pressure is comparable to coulomb interactions. Recent discoveries include metallic fluid hydrogen and superionic water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44277627 |
Directed differentiation is a bioengineering methodology at the interface of stem cell biology, developmental biology and tissue engineering. It is essentially harnessing the potential of stem cells by constraining their differentiation in vitro toward a specific cell type or tissue of interest. Stem cells are by definition pluripotent, able to differentiate into several cell types such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, etc. Efficient "directed differentiation" requires a detailed understanding of the lineage and cell fate decision, often provided by developmental biology. During differentiation, pluripotent cells make a number of developmental decisions to generate first the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) of the embryo and intermediate progenitors, followed by subsequent decisions or check points, giving rise to all the body's mature tissues. The differentiation process can be modeled as sequence of binary decisions based on probabilistic or stochastic models. Developmental biology and embryology provides the basic knowledge of the cell types' differentiation through mutation analysis, lineage tracing, embryo micro-manipulation and gene expression studies. Cell differentiation and tissue organogenesis involve a limited set of developmental signaling pathways. It is thus possible to direct cell fate by controlling cell decisions through extracellular signaling, mimicking developmental signals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44305878 |
Directed differentiation "Directed differentiation" is primarily applied to pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) of mammalian origin, in particular mouse and human cells for biomedical research applications. Since the discovery of embryonic stem (ES) cells (1981) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (2006), source material is potentially unlimited. Historically, embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells have also been used. Fibroblasts or other differentiated cell types have been used for direct reprogramming strategies. Cell differentiation involves a transition from a proliferative mode toward differentiation mode. "Directed differentiation" consists in mimicking developmental (embryo's development) decisions in vitro using the stem cells as source material. For this purpose, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are cultured in controlled conditions involving specific substrate or extracellular matrices promoting cell adhesion and differentiation, and define culture media compositions. A limited number of signaling factors such as growth factors or small molecules, controlling cell differentiation, is applied sequentially or in a combinatorial manner, at varying dosage and exposure time. Proper differentiation of the cell type of interest is verified by analyzing cell type specific markers, gene expression profile, and functional assays. support cells and matrices provide developmental-like environmental signals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44305878 |
Directed differentiation This method consists in exposing the cells to specific signaling pathways modulators and manipulating cell culture conditions (environmental or exogenous) to mimick the natural sequence of developmental decisions to produce a given cell type/tissue. A drawback of this approach is the necessity to have a good understanding of how the cell type of interest is formed. This method, also known as transdifferentiation or direct conversion, consists in overexpressing one or several factors, usually transcription factors, introduced in the cells. The starting material can be either pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), or either differentiated cell type such as fibroblasts. The principle was first demonstrated in 1987 with the myogenic factors MyoD. A drawback of this approach is the introduction of foreign nucleic acid in the cells and the forced expression of transcription factors which effects are not fully understood. This methods consists in selecting the cell type of interest, usually with antibiotic resistance. For this purpose, the source material cells are modified to contain antibiotic resistance cassette under a target cell type specific promoter. Only cells committed to the lineage of interest is surviving the selection. "Directed differentiation" provides a potentially unlimited and manipulable source of cell and tissues. Some applications are impaired by the immature phenotype of the pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)-derived cell type, which limits the physiological and functional studies possible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44305878 |
Directed differentiation Several application domains emerged: For basic science, notably developmental biology and cell biology, PSC-derived cells allow to study at the molecular and cellular levels fundamental questions in vitro, that would have been otherwise extremely difficult or impossible to study for technical and ethical reasons in vivo such as embryonic development of human. In particular, differentiating cells are amenable for quantitative and qualitative studies. More complex processes can also be studied in vitro and formation of organoids, including cerebroids, optic cup and kidney have been described. Cell types differentiated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are being evaluated as preclinical in vitro models of Human diseases. Human cell types in a dish provide an alternative to traditional preclinical assays using animal, human immortalized cells or primary cultures from biopsies, which their limitations. Clinically-relevant cell types i.e. cell type affected in diseases are a major focus of research, this includes hepatocytes, Langerhans islet beta-cells, cardiomyocytes and neurons. Drug screen are performed on miniaturized cell culture in multiwell-plates or on a chip. PSCs-derived cells from patients are used in vitro to recreate specific pathologies. The specific cell type affected in the pathology is at the base of the model. For example, motoneurons are used to study spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and cardiomyocytes are used to study arrythmia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44305878 |
Directed differentiation This can allow for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and the development of new treatments through drug discovery. Immature PSC-derived cell types can be matured in vitro by various strategies, such as in vitro ageing, to modelize age-related disease in vitro. Major diseases being modelized with PSCs-derived cells are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), fragile X syndrome (FXS), Huntington disease (HD), Down syndrome, Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), muscular dystrophies, cystic fibrosis, Long QT syndrome, and Type I diabetes. The potentially unlimited source of cell and tissues may have direct application for tissue engineering, cell replacement and transplantation following acute injuries and reconstructive surgery. These applications are limited to the cell types that can be differentiated efficiently and safely from human PSCs with the proper organogenesis. Decellularized organs are also being used as tissue scaffold for organogenesis. Source material can be normal healthy cells from another donor (heterologous transplantation) or genetically corrected from the same patient (autologous). Concerns on patient safety have been raised due to the possibility of contaminating undifferentiated cells. The first clinical trial using hESC-derived cells was in 2011. The first clinical trial using hiPSC-derived cells started in 2014 in Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44305878 |
Air pollution episode An air pollution episode is an unusual combination of emissions and meteorology that gives rise to high levels of air pollution over a large area. Examples of air pollution episodes include: Smog, Haze, Ozone, PM, Air Pollution, Inversion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44311039 |
Atle Rotevatn (born 1976 in Norway) is a professor of geology at the University of Bergen in Norway. In 2011, he received the Reusch Medal from the Norwegian Geological Society. And in 2018, he received the Olav Thon national award for excellence in teaching. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44322772 |
Induced-charge electrokinetics in physics is the electrically driven fluid flow and particle motion in a liquid electrolyte. Consider a metal particle (which is neutrally charged but electrically conducting) in contact with an aqueous solution in a chamber/channel. If different voltages apply to the end of this chamber/channel, electric field will generate in this chamber/channel. This applied electric field passes through this metal particle and causes the free charges inside the particle migrate under the skin of particle. As a result of this migration, the negative charges moves to the side which is close to the positive (or higher) voltage while the positive charges moves to the opposite side of the particle. These charges under the skin of conducting particle attract the counter-ions of the aqueous solution; thus, the electric double layer (EDL) forms around the particle. The EDL sing on the surface of the conducting particle changes from positive to negative and the distribution of the charges varies along the particle geometry. Due to these variations, the EDL is non-uniform and has different sings. Thus, the induced zeta potential around the particle, and consequently slip velocity on the surface of the particle, vary as a function of local electric field. Differences in magnitude and direction of slip velocity on the surface of the conducting particle effects the flow pattern around this particle and causes micro vortices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44353369 |
Induced-charge electrokinetics Yasaman Daghighi and Dongqing Li, for the first time, experimentally illustrated these induced vortices around a 1.2mm diameter carbon-steel sphere under the 40V/cm direct current (DC) external electric filed. Chenhui Peng et al. also experimentally showed the patterns of electro-osmotic flow around an Au sphere when alternating current (AC) is involved (E=10mV/μm, f=1 kHz). Electrokinetics here refers to a branch of science related to the motion and reaction of charged particles to the applied electric filed and its effects on its environment. It is sometimes referred as non-linear electrokinetic phenomena as well. Levich is one of the pioneers in induced-charge electrokinetic field. He calculated the perturbed slip profile around a conducting particle in contact with electrolyte. He also theoretically predicted that vortices induced around this particle once the electric filed is applied. The size and strength of the induced vortices around a conducting particle have direct relationship with the applied electric filed and also the size of the conducted surface. This phenomenon is experimentally and numerically proven by several studies, The vortices grow as the external electric field increases and generate "sinkhole" at the center of the each vortex while circulates the fluid faster. It is demonstrated that increasing the size of the conducting surface forms bigger induced vortices to the point that geometry does not limits this grows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44353369 |
Induced-charge electrokinetics The induced vortices have many applications in various aspects of electrokinetic microfluidics. There are many micro-mixers that are designed and fabricated based on the existence of their induced vortices in the microfluidics devices. Such micro-mixers which are used for biochemical, medicine, biology applications has no mechanical parts and only use conducting surfaces to generate induced vortices to mix the different fluid streams, This phenomenon even is used to trap the micron and submicron particles floating in flow inside a microchannel. This method can be used to manipulate, detect, handle, and concentrate cells and virus in biomedical field; or, for colloidal particle assembly. In addition the induced vortices around the conducting surfaces in a microfluidic system can be used as a micro-valve, micro-actuator, micro-motor and micro-regulator to control the direction and manipulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44353369 |
Juan Tavera (1917–1991) was a Chilean geologist and paleontologist. His most important work was on the marine invertebrate fossils of the formations of Algarrobo, Arauco and Navidad. Tavera's work contributed to an increased understanding of the stratigraphy of Chile, for example by defining Ranquil Formation in 1942. Along with Charles Darwin, Juan Brüggen and Gustav Steinmann he is one of the prominent geologists to have studied Navidad Formation in Central Chile. The species "Paulckella taverai" is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44360481 |
Gregory Natural Bridge is a submerged natural arch that exists under Lake Powell in Utah. Before it was submerged in 1969, it had a span of 127 feet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44372448 |
Transition modeling is the use of a model to predict the change from laminar and turbulent flows in fluids and their respective effects on the overall solution. The complexity and lack of understanding of the underlining physics of the problems makes simulating the interaction between laminar and turbulent flow to be difficult and very case specific. Transition does have the wide range of turbulence options available for most computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications for the following reasons: Most CFD programs use Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, in which averaging eliminates linear disturbance. The following is a list of commonly employed transition models in modern engineering applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44381526 |
Robert Willard Hodgson (1893–1966), was an American botanist, taxonomist and agricultural researcher located in the California State, an exceptional citrus and avocado expert. He was a co-author of The Citrus Industry book, emeritus professor of University of California, and dean of the College of Agriculture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44381931 |
Beekite is a distinctive form of chalcedony usually associated with silica replacing carbonate minerals in fossils (e.g. the top part of the coral illustrated). Beekite, recognised as small, concentric rings (cylinders, ellipsoids, or spheres in 3D) of microcrystalline quartz is recorded as first brought to attention of geologists by Henry Beeke, probably from studies around Torbay. Early studies were reported by Thomas McKenny Hughes, in Devon, and R. Etheridge in Australia. A study of the taphonomy of silicified fossils (especially brachiopods) in Devon concluded beekite resulted from the aerobic decomposition of organic matter in an environment with a limited supply of silica during early diagenesis. Elsewhere, beekite has been compared to silcrete, indicating a break in sedimentation, where it occurs as encrustations on clasts of carbonate rock in the Palaeocene alluvial fan deposits of central Anatolia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44383739 |
Varley F. Sears Varley Fullerton Sears (born 1937, died at age 81 in Deep River, Ontario on June 9, 2019) was a Canadian physicist, notable for his contributions to the methodological foundations of neutron scattering. In 1960, Sears obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto with a thesis on "The rotational absorption spectrum of solid and liquid parahydrogen". From 1963 to 1965, the National Research Council of Canada sent him as an "Overseas Postdoctoral Fellow" to the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford where he was hosted by Roger James Elliott and worked on Raman scattering by semiconductors. Back in Canada, he became a staff scientist in the "Theoretical Physics Branch" of Chalk River Laboratories. In 1966/67, he published seminal papers on neutron spectra of molecular rotors. By the 1980s, he had become a leading expert in neutron optics, publishing a review and a textbook on the subject. Based on these foundations, he compiled authoritative tables of neutron scattering lengths. In 1997, he published a generic solution of the Darwin-Hamilton equations that provide an approximative description of multiple Bragg reflection by a mosaic crystal. Obituary: Neutron News 30 (4) 16 (2020). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44389424 |
LeRoy E. Doggett Prize The is Awarded biennially by the Historical Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society for individuals who have significantly influenced the field of the history of astronomy by a career-long effort. The prize is a memorial to LeRoy Doggett, who was an active and highly regarded member of the Division and was serving as Secretary-Treasurer at the time of his untimely death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44432406 |
Shoolery's rule Shoolery's rule, which is named after James Nelson Shoolery, is a good approximation about Chemical shift "δ" of Methylene group in Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We can calculate shift of A and B (A–CH–B) . The increments S is calculated by empirical ways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44442470 |
Wolfgang Kautek is an Austrian Physical chemist and the head of the Physical chemistry department at the University of Vienna. He is the President of the Erwin Schrödinger Society for Nanosciences (ESG) and the Chairman of the Research Group "Physical Chemistry" at the Austrian Chemical Society (GÖCh). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44457499 |
Index Herbariorum The provides a global directory of herbaria and their associated staff. This searchable online index allows scientists rapid access to data related to 3,400 locations where a total of 350 million botanical specimens are permanently housed (singular, herbarium; plural, herbaria). The has its own staff and website. Overtime, six editions of the Index were published from 1952 to 1974. The Index became available on-line in 1997. The index was originally published by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, which sponsored the first six editions (1952–1974); subsequently the New York Botanical Garden took over the responsibility for the index. The Index provides the supporting institution's name (often a university, botanical garden, or not-for-profit organization) its city and state, each herbarium's acronym, along with contact information for staff members along with their research specialties and the important holdings of each herbarium's collection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44490466 |
René Pomerleau (27 April 1904 in Saint-Ferdinand, Quebec – 11 October 1993 in Quebec City) was a mycologist and Plant pathologist whose specialty was fungi and lichens. He received a Bachelor of Agricultural Science from Laval University before an MS at the McGill University and later study at the Sorbonne. In 1972, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University. He has been called the "Father of mycology in Canada" and seen as a pioneering plant pathologist. The film "La mycolade" also had him as the main character. In 2016, following a major legacy gift, the Acfas created the René-Pomerleau Fund, dedicated to initiatives from the next generation of scientists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44514703 |
Optoelectrowetting (OEW) is a method of liquid droplet manipulation used in microfluidics applications. This technique builds on the principle of electrowetting, which has proven useful in liquid actuation due to fast switching response times and low power consumption. Where traditional electrowetting runs into challenges, however, such as in the simultaneous manipulation of multiple droplets, OEW presents a lucrative alternative that is both simpler and cheaper to produce. OEW surfaces are easy to fabricate, since they require no lithography, and have real-time, reconfigurable, large-scale manipulation control, due to its reaction to light intensity. The traditional electrowetting mechanism has been receiving increasing interest due to its ability to control tension forces on a liquid droplet. As surface tension acts as the dominant liquid actuation force in nano-scale applications, electrowetting has been used to modify this tension at the solid-liquid interface through the application of an external voltage. The applied electric field causes a change in the contact angle of the liquid droplet, and in turn changes the surface tensions across the droplet. Precise manipulation of the electric field allows control of the droplets. The droplet is placed on an insulating substrate located in between an electrode. The optoelectrowetting mechanism adds a photoconductor underneath the conventional electrowetting circuit, with an AC power source attached | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44524545 |
Optoelectrowetting Under normal (dark) conditions, the majority of the system's impedance lies in the photoconducting region, and therefore the majority of the voltage drop occurs here. However, when light is shined on the system, carrier generation and recombination causes the conductivity of the photoconductor spikes and results in a voltage drop across the insulating layer, changing the contact angle as a function of the voltage. The contact angle between a liquid and electrode can be described as: where V, "d", ε, and γ are applied voltage, thickness of the insulation layer, dielectric constant of the insulation layer, and the interfacial tension constant between liquid and gas. In AC situations, such as OEW, V is replaced with the "RMS" voltage. The frequency of the AC power source is adjusted so that the impedance of the photoconductor dominates in the dark state. The shift in the voltage drop across the insulating layer therefore reduces the contact angle of the droplet as a function of the light intensity. By shining an optical beam on one edge of a liquid droplet, the reduced contact angle creates a pressure difference throughout the droplet, and pushes the droplet's center of mass towards the illuminated side. Control of the optical beam results in control of the droplet's movement. Using 4 mW laser beams, OEW has proven to move droplets of deionized water at speeds of 7mm/s. Traditional electrowetting runs into problems because it requires a two-dimensional array of electrodes for droplet actuation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44524545 |
Optoelectrowetting The large number of electrodes leads to complexity for both control and packaging of these chips, especially for droplet sizes of smaller scales. While this problem can be solved through integration of electronic decoders, the cost of the chip would significantly increase. Droplet manipulation in electrowetting-based devices are usually accomplished using two parallel plates which sandwiches the droplet and is actuated by digital electrodes. The minimum droplet size that can be manipulated is determined by the size of pixilated electrodes. This mechanism provides a solution to the size limitation of physical pixilated electrodes by utilizing dynamic and reconfigurable optical patterns and enables operations such as continuous transport, splitting, merging, and mixing of droplets. SCOEW is conducted on open, featureless, and photoconductive surfaces. This configuration creates a flexible interface that allows simple integration with other microfluidic components, such as sample reservoirs through simple tubing. It is also known as open optoelectrowetting (O-OEW). can also be achieved using the photocapacitance in a liquid-insulator-semiconductor junction. The photo-sensitive electrowetting is achieved via optical modulation of carriers in the space charge region at the insulator-semiconductor junction which acts as a photodiode – similar to a charge-coupled device based on a metal-oxide-semiconductor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44524545 |
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