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A2744 YD4 A2744_YD4 is a very distant young galaxy. This galaxy has first been identified as a possible distant galaxy in 2015 using Hubble. This detection was made possible because this galaxy lies behind the massive galaxy cluster Abell 2744. In 2017, ALMA observed it and detected a small quantity of dust (the most distant stardust to date) and the first signature of Oxygen emitting light only 600 million years after the Big Bang . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53431143 |
Primocryst A primocryst is a reference to the earliest-formed crystals, in contact with each other in a magma. These may also be referred to as "cumulus crystals". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53443624 |
Mary Beal (1878–1964) was a pioneering botanist who spent most of her life in Daggett, California, living at the ranch of local judge Dix Van Dyke. Though an amateur botanist, she was praised by Willis Linn Jepson for her excellent botanical specimens, and many of these were kept by the University and Jepson Herbaria to this day. She wrote a regular botany column for the "Desert Magazine" from 1939–1953. Back-issues of this publication are available online today through "Desert Magazine". A trail at the Mojave National Preserve commemorates her life and contribution to Mojave Desert botany. Some of her papers are held at the Mojave Desert Heritage and Cultural Association and some of her paintings of Mojave Desert flowers are held at the Mojave River Valley Museum in Barstow, California. Other papers and plant specimens are held at the archives of the University and Jepson Herbaria at the University of California, Berkeley. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53448775 |
Compartmentalized ciliogenesis is the most common type of ciliogenesis where the cilium axoneme is formed separated from the cytoplasm by the ciliary membrane and a ciliary gate known as the transition zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53452258 |
Melanocratic mineral A melanocratic mineral contains at least 60% dark and heavy ferro-magnesium minerals.<ref name="http://thesciencedictionary.org/melanocratic/">What is Melanocratic? definition of Melanocratic (Science Dictionary): dark and heavy ferro-magnesian mineral, accessdate: March 10, 2017</ref> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53452581 |
Georg Zoidl is an Austrian-Canadian Canada Research Chair for Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience at York University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53467573 |
Ian Macara Ian G. Macara is a British-American biologist, currently the Louise B. McGavock Chair at Vanderbilt University. He received his PhD from the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom and completed postdoctoral training at Harvard University before moving to the University of Virginia, where he was the Harrison Distinguished Professor of Microbiology and Director of the Advanced Microscopy Facility. He was named the chair of the Vanderbilt Department of Cell and Developmental Biology in 2012. His research focuses on the molecules that establish Cell polarity in Epithelium, both in normal cells and in cancer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53467752 |
Aycan Yurtsever is a Turkish-Canadian physicist, currently a Canada Research Chair at Université du Québec's Institut national de recherche scientifique. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53468523 |
Laurie Winkless is a physicist and science writer. A contributor to Forbes Magazine, she has worked with schools and universities, the Royal Society, and The Naked Scientists. Winkless was born in Dundalk, Ireland, to engineer father Jackie and theatre director mother Rosemary. She received her BSc in Physics with Astrophysics from Trinity College Dublin, worked at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, then returned to school for her MSc in Space Science from University College London. After completing her studies she worked in the Materials Team at the National Physical Laboratory for seven years, with a focus on thermoelectric energy harvesting. She researched the use of nanomaterials in the space industry for the European Space Agency. Winkless' first book, "Science and the City: The Mechanics Behind the Metropolis", explains the science behind aspects of urban living, including skyscrapers and subways. The book came about after a publisher saw her Twitter account and approached Winkless for book ideas. Winkless refers to "Science and the City" as her “scientific love-letter to the great cities of the world.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53472870 |
East Greenland Ice-Core Project The East Greenland Ice-Core Project, known as EGRIP, is a scientific project that plans to retrieve an ice core from the Northeast Greenland ice stream. The first season in the field was 2015; the project was expected to be drilling through to the base of the ice sheet by 2020. Much of the camp set up for the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling Project (NEEM) was moved to the EGRIP location in 2015. The equipment was towed by several tractors. The team ran low on fuel and had to abandon some equipment, arriving at the EGRIP location on 26 May, after nine days of towing. In March 2020, the 2020 EGRIP field campaign was cancelled due to the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. The future of the project remains uncertain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53487083 |
Henryk Dziedzicki Henryk Daniel Robert Dołęga Dziedzicki (1847, Warsaw - 1921, Warsaw) was a Polish physician and entomologist. He studied medicine at the University of Warsaw. In the years 1872-1873, he took part in an expedition to Egypt, financed and organized by Aleksander Branicki. On 28 September 1874 he received the title of doctor of Medicine of the University of Warsaw. Dziedzicki was an active member of the scientific society of Warsaw and a Member of Entomological Associations in Saint Petersburg, Berlin and Vienna. His sister married the entomologist Johann Andreas Schnabl. He especially revised the family Mycetophilidae , where detailed differences in the construction of the genitalia were used for identification. He described about 120 new species from the family Mycetophilidae and two new genera "Heteropygium" and "Allophallus". Taxa named to honour him are | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53495652 |
Weed science is the discipline concerned with plants that may be considered weeds, their effects on human activities, and their management "a branch of applied ecology that attempts to modify the environment against natural evolutionary trends." Weeds have existed since the advent of settled agriculture around 10,000 years ago it is been suggested that the most common characteristic of the ancestors of our presently dominant crop plants is their willingness—their tendency to be successful, to thrive, in disturbed habitats, mostly those around human dwellings. Farmers have likely always been aware of weeds in their crops, although the evidence for their awareness and concern is nearly all anecdotal. Unlike other agricultural sciences like entomology or plant pathology, the emergence of weed science is comparatively recent largely within the 20th century. Weeds are controlled in much of the world by hand or with crude hoes. The size of a farmer's holding and yield per unit area are limited by several things and paramount among them is the rapidity with which a family can weed its crops. More human labor may be expended to weed crops than on any other single human enterprise, and most of that labor is expended by women. Weed control in the Western world and other developed areas of the world is done by sophisticated machines and by substituting chemical energy (herbicides) for mechanical and human energy. There is a relationship between the way farmers control weeds and the ability of a nation to feed its people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53497560 |
Weed science Successful weed management is one of the essential ingredients to maintain and increase food production. In 1923, Clark and Fletcher suggested that the "annual losses due to the occurrence of pernicious weeds on farm land in Canada, although acknowledged in a general way, are far greater than is realized." They thought this was because "farmers gave little critical attention to the weeds growing among their crops." They did not deny that farmers were aware of the weeds only that they could do little about them. Many of the same weeds described by Clark and Fletcher are shown in most current weed identification books. In spite of continued research to mitigate weeds annually many of the same species continue to be problematic. The first U.S. Congressional appropriation for weed control was made in 1901 for work on control of johnsongrass, 23 years after Congress had appropriated funds for work on cotton insect pests. Petroleum-based herbicides were first used on California crop land in 1924 and soon became widely accepted in Southwestern states. In 1942, oils were used extensively for weed control in carrots and subsequently were used in forest nurseries. French scientists sprayed apple trees with dinitro dyes to control mosses, algae, and lichens. Some noticed that grasses that were wet from the spray did not die and that observation, or, more likely, a series of observations, led to the use of dinitros as herbicides for selective control of broadleaved weeds in cereals and flax | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53497560 |
Weed science Sinox (sodium dinitro cresylate) was developed by Pastac in 1933. It was the first selective organic herbicide introduced in the US. From the early 1930s until about 1945, it was used extensively in grains, clover hay, grass seed crops, peas, cane berries, onions, and lawns. Timmons, writing in 1970 reported that "available literature indicates that relatively few agricultural leaders and farmers became interested in weeds as a problem before 1200 A.D. or even before 1500 A.D." The “critical attention” Clark and Fletcher thought was absent increased slowly, primarily because the general attitude seemed to be that “weeds were a curse which must be endured, and about which little could be done except by methods which were incidental to crop production, and by laborious supplemental hand methods." Jethro Tull, in 1731, appealed for greater attention to weeds: It is needless to go about to compute the value of the damage weeds do, since all experienced husbandmen know it to be very great, and would unanimously agree to extirpate their whole race as entirely as in England they have done the wolves, though much more innocent and less rapacious than weeds. Farmers however were bound by their inability to do much about weeds except by laborious hand methods. Insects cause both human health and crop problems. Weeds, with a few exceptions, do not cause direct harm to humans. Those that do such as poison ivy and poison oak can be avoided | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53497560 |
Weed science Poisonous weeds have never been widespread as a weed of crops nor of great concern to the majority of people. Many weeds aggravated human allergies but many did not and other common plants are also allergenic. Insects and insecticides were respectively causes of and solutions to human disease problems. Weeds and herbicides were not and less attention was paid to them. Weeds and herbicides were agricultural problems. They were not of general societal concern. There were a few scientists interested in the study of weeds and in developing techniques to reduce the crop losses caused by weeds. There were only three full-time weed experts in 1934 and only a few part-time ones. By late 1951, 46 state agricultural experiment stations had active weed research programs and most of them were working on weed control with herbicides. Now all colleges of agriculture in land-grant universities have weed scientists and a well-developed weed management program. has been strongly influenced by herbicides and mechanical technology developed by supporting industries, by research by weed scientists, and, ultimately, used by farmers. Herbicides greatly expanded the opportunities and range of methods for vegetation management and weed control. The definition accepted by the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) is “A chemical substance or cultured biological organism used to kill or suppress the growth of plants.” Weed scientists have tended to focus on results and progress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53497560 |
Weed science Modern agriculture in the world's developed nations has addressed but not eliminated most weed problems through extensive use of herbicides and the more recent development of herbicide resistant crops through genetic modification. These methods while undeniably successful for their intended purpose also have created environmental, non-target species, and human health problems. Farmers in the world's developing nations use some herbicides but newer herbicides and the necessary application technology are often unavailable or too expensive. Weeds are always present in these farmer's fields but often the most available, affordable control methods are mechanical weeding, usually with animal power, or by hand, and most of the labor is provided by women. Neither the hypothesis that more energy is expended for the weeding man's crops than for any other single human task nor the corollary hypothesis that women do most of the world's weeding has been verified, but they are widely accepted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53497560 |
Floristic diversity is variety in the genome of flowering plants, as well as variety at the species and ecosystem level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53500559 |
NGC 2681 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. The galaxy lies 50 million light years away from Earth, which means, given its apparent dimensions, that is approximately 55,000 light years across. has an active galactic nucleus and it is a type 3 Seyfert galaxy. Its nucleus is also a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region. has possibly three bars, with a relatively large bar at the outer side. Because the galaxy is seen nearly face-on, the bar like structures cannot be projection effects. From earth based observations, in B-I images the galaxy showed neither grand design spirals nor a ring, but only two symmetrical spiral arms starting from the end of the primary bar. Ia Hα images some HII regions were observed in the spiral arms. A dust spiral is seen in Hubble space telescope images extending to the centre. The lack of stellar gradient in the central regions and the data from Faint Object Camera, Faint Object Spectrograph and International Ultraviolet Explorer indicate that the galaxy had a starburst event approximately one billion years ago, possibly after the tidal interaction with another galaxy, which involved all the galaxy. Dynamical modeling of the velocity dispersions suggests that hosts a supermassive black hole whose upper mass limit was set at 6×10 M⊙. As observed from Chandra X-ray Observatory, displayed three stellar sources within the central kiloparsec of the galaxy. The active galactic nucleus had luminosity 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53513683 |
NGC 2681 8 × 10 erg/s, which accounts for approximately the 20% of the total luminosity of the central kiloparsec. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53513683 |
NGC 424 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Sculptor. It was discovered on November 30, 1837 by John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53523022 |
NGC 425 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Andromeda. It was discovered on 29 October 1866 by Truman Safford. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53536822 |
NGC 426 is an elliptical galaxy that is also classified as a Seyfert galaxy. It is located in the constellation of Cetus, and it was discovered on December 20, 1786 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53537338 |
UGC 12591 is the second most massive known spiral galaxy, after ISOHDFS 27. It is located about 400 million light years away from the Earth in the constellation Pegasus. In addition, it is the spiral galaxy with the highest known rotational speed of about 500 km/s, almost twice that of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The galaxy has a mass estimated at 4 times that of the Milky Way, making it the second of the most massive spiral galaxies known to date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53542418 |
Carnation Italian ringspot virus (also abbreviated to CIRV) is a virus that is a member of the "Tombusviridae" family. It can create C-shaped or doughnut-shaped structures that often join with other MVBs in the infected cell. It is found wherever carnations are grown by vegetative multiplication in temperate regions. It is isolated from apple, pear and sour cherry trees in the German Democratic Republic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53551195 |
Color index (geology) Color index is a geological term, an indicator of the types of minerals present, and the specific type of rock. The color index of an igneous rock is a measure of the ratio of dark colored, or mafic, minerals to light colored, or felsic, minerals. Speaking broadly, mineral colour points out the specific gravity of the mineral, as minerals that are lighter in color tend to weigh less. Darker minerals typically tend to contain more of relatively heavy elements, notably iron, magnesium, and calcium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53561288 |
Aggregate (geology) In the Earth sciences, aggregate has three possible meanings. In mineralogy and petrology, an aggregate is a mass of mineral crystals, mineraloid particles or rock particles. Examples are dolomite, which is an aggregate of crystals of the mineral dolomite, and "rock gypsum", an aggregate of crystals of the mineral gypsum. Lapis lazuli is a type of rock composed of an aggregate of crystals of many minerals including lazurite, pyrite, phlogopite, calcite, potassium feldspar, wollastonite and some sodalite group minerals. In the construction industry, an aggregate (often referred to as a construction aggregate) is sand, gravel or crushed rock that has been mined or quarried for use as a building material. In pedology, an aggregate is a mass of soil particles. If the aggregate has formed naturally, it can be called a ped; if formed artificially, it can be called a clod. Aggregates are used extensively in the construction industry Often in making concrete, a construction aggregate is used, with about 6 billion tons of concrete produced per year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53575775 |
Single-cell transcriptomics examines the gene expression level of individual cells in a given population by simultaneously measuring the messenger RNA (mRNA) concentration of hundreds to thousands of genes. The unraveling of heterogenous cell populations, reconstruction of cellular developmental trajectories, and modeling of transcriptional dynamics — all previously masked in bulk transcriptome measurements — are made possible through analysis of this transcriptomic data. Gene expression analysis has become routine through the development of high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and microarrays. RNA analysis that was previously limited to tracing individual transcripts by Northern blots or quantitative PCR is now used frequently to characterize the expression profiles of populations of thousands of cells. The data produced from the bulk based assays has led to the identification of genes that are differentially expressed in distinct cell populations and biomarker discovery. These genomic studies are limited as they provide measurements for whole tissues and as a result show an average expression profile for all the constituent cells. In multicellular organisms different cell types within the same population can have distinct roles and form subpopulations with different transcriptional profiles. Correlations in the gene expression of the subpopulations can often be missed due to the lack of subpopulation identification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53576321 |
Single-cell transcriptomics Moreover, bulk assays fail to identify if a change in the expression profile is due to a change in regulation or composition, in which one cell type arises to dominate the population. Lastly, when examining cellular progression through differentiation, average expression profiles are only able to order cells by time rather than their stage of development and are consequently unable to show trends in gene expression levels specific to certain stages. Recent advances in biotechnology allow the measurement of gene expression in hundreds to thousands of individual cells simultaneously. Whilst these breakthroughs in transcriptomics technologies have enabled the generation of single-cell transcriptomic data there are new computational and analytical challenges presented by the data produced. Techniques used for analysing RNA-seq data from bulk cell populations can be used for single-cell data but many new computational approaches have been designed for this data type to facilitate a complete and detailed study of single-cell expression profiles. There is currently no standardized technique to generate single-cell data, all methods must include cell isolation from the population, lysate formation, amplification through reverse transcription and quantification of expression levels. Common techniques for measuring expression are quantitative PCR or RNA-seq. There are several methods available to isolate and amplify cells for single-cell analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53576321 |
Single-cell transcriptomics Low throughput techniques are able to isolate hundreds of cells, are slow and enable selection. These methods include: High throughput methods are able to quickly isolate hundreds to tens of thousands of cells. Common techniques include: To measure the level of expression of each transcript qPCR can be applied. Gene specific primers are used to amplify the corresponding gene as with regular PCR and as a result data is usually only obtained for sample sizes of less than 100 genes. The inclusion of housekeeping genes, whose expression should be constant under the conditions, is used for normalisation. The most commonly used house keeping genes include GAPDH and α-actin, although the reliability of normalisation through this process is questionable as there is evidence that the level of expression can vary significantly. Fluorescent dyes are used as reporter molecules to detect the PCR product and monitor the progress of the amplification - the increase in fluorescence intensity is proportional to the amplicon concentration. A plot of fluorescence vs. cycle number is made and a threshold fluorescence level is used to find cycle number at which the plot reaches this value. The cycle number at this point is known as the threshold cycle (C) and is measured for each gene. The Single-cell RNA-seq technique converts a population of RNAs to a library of cDNA fragments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53576321 |
Single-cell transcriptomics These fragments are sequenced by high-throughput next generation sequencing techniques and the reads are mapped back to the reference genome, providing a count of the number of reads associated with each gene. Normalisation of RNA-seq data accounts for cell to cell variation in the efficiencies of the cDNA library formation and sequencing. One method relies on the use of extrinsic RNA spike-ins (RNA sequences of known sequence and quantity) that are added in equal quantities to each cell lysate and used to normalise read count by the number of reads mapped to spike-in mRNA. Another control uses unique molecular identifiers (UMIs)-short DNA sequences (6–10nt) that are added to each cDNA before amplification and act as a bar code for each cDNA molecule. Normalisation is achieved by using the count number of unique UMIs associated with each gene to account for differences in amplification efficiency. A combination of both spike-ins, UMIs and other approaches have been combined for more accurate normalisation. A problem associated with single-cell data occurs in the form of zero inflated gene expression distributions, known as technical dropouts, that are common due to low mRNA concentrations of less-expressed genes that are not captured in the reverse transcription process. The percentage of mRNA molecules in the cell lysate that are detected is often only 10-20% | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53576321 |
Single-cell transcriptomics When using RNA spike-ins for normalisation the assumption is made that the amplification and sequencing efficiencies for the endogenous and spike-in RNA are the same. Evidence suggests that this is not the case given fundamental differences in size and features, such as the lack of a polyadenylated tail in spike-ins and therefore shorter length. Additionally, normalisation using UMIs assumes the cDNA library is sequenced to saturation, which is not always the case. Insights based on single-cell data analysis assumes that the input is a matrix of normalised gene expression counts, generated by the approaches outline above, and can provide opportunities that are not obtainable by bulk. Three main insights provided: The techniques outlined have been designed to help visualise and explore patterns in the data in order to facilitate the revelation of these three features. Clustering allows for the formation of subgroups in the cell population. Cells can be clustered by their transcriptomic profile in order to analyse the sub-population structure and identify rare cell types or cell subtypes. Alternatively, genes can be clustered by their expression states in order to identify covarying genes. A combination of both clustering approaches, known as biclustering, has been used to simultaneously cluster by genes and cells to find genes that behave similarly within cell clusters. Clustering methods applied can be K-means clustering, forming disjoint groups or Hierarchical clustering, forming nested partitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53576321 |
Single-cell transcriptomics Biclustering provides several advantages by improving the resolution of clustering. Genes that are only informative to a subset of cells and are hence only expressed there can be identified through biclustering. Moreover, similarly behaving genes that differentiate one cell cluster from another can be identified using this method. Dimensionality reduction algorithms such as Principal component analysis (PCA) and t-SNE can be used to simplify data for visualisation and pattern detection by transforming cells from a high to a lower dimensional space. The result of this method produces graphs with each cell as a point in a 2-D or 3-D space. Dimensionality reduction is frequently used before clustering as cells in high dimensions can wrongly appear to be close due to distance metrics behaving non-intuitively. The most frequently used technique is PCA, which identifies the directions of largest variance principal components and transforms the data so that the first principal component has the largest possible variance, and successive principle components in turn each have the highest variance possible while remaining orthogonal to the preceding components. The contribution each gene makes to each component is used to infer which genes are contributing the most to variance in the population and are involved in differentiating different subpopulations. Detecting differences in gene expression level between two populations is used both single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53576321 |
Single-cell transcriptomics Specialised methods have been designed for single-cell data that considers single cell features such as technical dropouts and shape of the distribution e.g. Bimodal vs. unimodal. Gene ontology terms describe gene functions and the relationships between those functions into three classes: Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment is a technique used to identify which GO terms are over-represented or under-represented in a given set of genes. In single-cell analysis input list of genes of interest can be selected based on differentially expressed genes or groups of genes generated from biclustering. The number of genes annotated to a GO term in the input list is normalised against the number of genes annotated to a GO term in the background set of all genes in genome to determine statistical significance. Pseudo-temporal ordering (or trajectory inference) is a technique that aims to infer gene expression dynamics from snapshot single-cell data. The method tries to order the cells in such a way that similar cells are closely positioned to each other. This trajectory of cells can be linear, but can also bifurcate or follow more complex graph structures. The trajectory therefore enables the inference of gene expression dynamics and the ordering of cells by their progression through differentiation or response to external stimuli. The method relies on the assumptions that the cells follow the same path through the process of interest and that their transcriptional state correlates to their progression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53576321 |
Single-cell transcriptomics The algorithm can be applied to both mixed populations and temporal samples. More than 50 methods for pseudo-temporal ordering have been developed, and each has its own requirements for prior information (such as starting cells or time course data), detectable topologies, and methodology . An example algorithm is the Monocle algorithm that carries out dimensionality reduction of the data, builds a minimal spanning tree using the transformed data, orders cells in pseudo-time by following the longest connected path of the tree and consequently labels cells by type. Another example is DPT, which uses a diffusion map and diffusion process. Gene regulatory network inference is a technique that aims to construct a network, shown as a graph, in which the nodes represent the genes and edges indicate co-regulatory interactions. The method relies on the assumption that a strong statistical relationship between the expression of genes is an indication of a potential functional relationship. The most commonly used method to measure the strength of a statistical relationship is correlation. However, correlation fails to identify non-linear relationships and mutual information is used as an alternative. Gene clusters linked in a network signify genes that undergo coordinated changes in expression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53576321 |
Eyach virus (EYAV) is a viral infection (genus Coltivirus) in the Reoviridae family transmitted by a tick vector. It has been isolated from "Ixodes ricinus" and "I. ventalloi" ticks in Europe. It is closely related to Colorado tick fever virus, the type virus of Coltivirus. is acquired by tick bite. The tick gets infected after a blood meal from a vertebrate host, which is suspected to be the European rabbit "O. cunniculus." has been linked to tick-borne encephalitis, as well as polyradiculoneuritis and meningopolyneuritis, based on serological samples of patients with these neurological disorders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53577368 |
David Schiel is a marine ecologist and biologist from New Zealand. He is currently a Distinguished Professor of University of Canterbury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53578123 |
Widom–Larsen theory The is a proposed explanation for supposed Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) developed in 2005 by Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen. In the paper describing the idea, they claim that ultra low momentum neutrons are produced in the cold fusion apparatuses during weak interactions when protons capture "heavy" electrons from metallic hydride surfaces. The theory has been criticized as being "based on a number of fallacies and an obscuring way of handling the equations." The idea was expanded by Yogendra Srivastava together with Widom and Larsen in 2014, who went on to propose that it could be an explanation for neutrons observed in exploding wire experiments, solar corona and flares, and neutron production in thunderstorms. However, unrealistic concentrations of free electrons are needed for the neutron yield to be a significant component of thunderstorm neutrons, discounting the explanation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53578608 |
Magmatic foliation is a term in geology, for foliation in granitoids that form by magmatic flow, "submagmatic flow," by high-temperature solid-state deformation and moderate- to low-temperature solid-state deformation. Remember, granitoids are igneous rocks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53580439 |
Aliidiomarina is a genus of halophilic bacteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53593604 |
Abernathy Pearl The Abernathy Pearl, also nicknamed the Little Willie Pearl, is a 44-grain (2.85-gram) pearl discovered in 1967 in the River Tay, Scotland. It was produced by a mussel belonging to the species "Margaritifera margaritifera". The pearl is named after its discoverer, William Abernathy. It has a spherical shape. The pearl is pinkish-white, with a white hue and a slightly pink overtone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53593873 |
Intrusive suite The term intrusive suite seems near synonymous with intrusive rock. There is, however, a modest difference: An "intrusive suite" is a group of plutons related in time and space. Plus, all rocks in an intrusive suite result from the same magma-producing event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53606930 |
NGC 4424 is an unbarred spiral galaxy located 30 million light years is the constellation of Virgo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53611457 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens The conservation and restoration of insect specimens is the process of caring for and preserving insects as a part of a collection. Conservation concerns begin at collection and continue through preparation, storage, examination, documentation, research and treatment when restoration is needed. Insect collecting can be done in many different ways depending on the kind of insects being collected and from which habitats. Both hobbyists and professional entomologist have found particular ways to collect with minimal damage to their specimens. Following established techniques helps begin the conservation of insect specimens from the beginning by eliminating as much potential damage as possible. It must be done delicately to ensure that neither the collector nor the live insect itself will cause harm to the distinctive features such as wings, legs and antennae that give purpose to the collection. Special collection nets, traps and techniques must be utilized in consideration of how easily breakage can happen. A kill jar is often used to immediately immobilize the insect before it can damage itself. The way an insect specimen is prepared is often the first step in their conservation. They have to be carefully prepared with the appropriate methods depending on their size, anatomy, and potentially delicate features to ensure they will not break before they begin their role as a specimen available for study, research and display. Some specimens must be prepared using a dry method and others with liquid to preserve | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens The choice made will preserve key features necessary for identification and represent the insect's living form as closely as possible. The process of pinning insect specimens is a dry method to preserve and display collections and requires special entomological equipment to accomplish effectively. It is used primarily for hard-bodied, medium to large specimens and is beneficial for easier study and color preservation. Flies and butterflies, though they are partially soft-bodied, are also best preserved through pinning because when preserved in fluid their hairs and/or scales will either clot or fall off. Some smaller specimens may still be pinned use minuten pins, which are much thinner, to avoid breakage. Insects are pinned on foam block or specialized pinning blocks that provide support for the limbs while drying and may be moved to another specialized, protected display case after they have dried completely, at which point they will be more brittle. The pin is most often driven through the thorax of the insect just to the right of the mid-line to preserve the appearance of at least one side should any damage occur from pinning. The exception is butterflies, dragonflies and damselflies, which are pinned through the middle of the thorax. Enough of the pin must be left both above and below the specimen to allow for labeling below and handling. Carding is used when pinning would destroy too much of the specimen because its size is quite small | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens A triangular point is cut from acid free card to ensure best conservation practice because it comes in direct contact with the specimen. A pin is then driven through the broad side of the point for mounting. A soluble glue that can be removed with solvents when necessary is used to adhere the right side of the thorax of the specimen to the point opposite the pinned side. The point is sometimes bent to allow the specimen to present in the same position as normally pinned specimens. A wet specimen is a specimen preserved in fluid, often 70% alcohol. Specimens that would receive this preservation technique are usually soft-bodied, such as caterpillars, larva, and spiders because of their soft abdomens. This is done to minimize shriveling allowing the identifying characteristics to be preserved as true to life as possible. Hard-bodied insects may also be preserved temporarily in alcohol before pinning. Slides of very small insects are also kept as part of insect collections. The American Institute for Conservation (AIC) describes in their Code of Ethics the aspects of conservation to include: preventive conservation, examination, documentation, treatment, research and education. Each of these areas also apply to the conservation and restoration of insect specimens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens Insect collections may suffer multiple types of degradation including fading colors from light exposure, mold growth from improper humidity and temperature levels, and infestations from pests that feed on dried insect, but much of this is avoidable when proper preventive conservation practices are followed. In addition to maintaining a clean storage environment for specimens, it is sometimes necessary to clean the specimens themselves. Cleaning incredibly delicate and brittle dry insect specimens is done carefully and methodically. The conservator chooses the appropriate method based on the kind of insect that needs cleaning and how robust it is. Cleaning tools vary widely, but generally clean watercolor brushes are used to gently dust the specimens, sometimes with a stereo microscope for very small specimens, warm water and/or alcohol baths used with or without an ultrasonic cleaner, and lens blowers to gently blow away dust, or dry the specimen after a cleansing bath. A common way to prevent damage from pests intent to feed on insect specimens and dust accumulation in a collection is to keep them in sealed boxes or cabinets. When properly sealed, they can also aid in preventing damages cause by relative humidity (RH) and temperature fluctuations. Wet specimens are kept in separate vials or jars and in a secure cabinet, tray or shelf. Fluid levels are regularly monitored to ensure specimens are completely immersed in fluid, though a well-sealed jar or vial will prevent excessive evaporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens Proper handling for insect specimens prevents the excessive breaking of legs, antennae and other body parts that could then easily be lost. Curved forceps may be used to allow more precision and less chance of the brittle specimen coming in contact with the handler. The handler picks up the specimen by the pin, which is placed with enough space below the specimen for the handler to put in the pinning block and enough space above to grip without touching the specimen. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a specialized modern pest control used in museums. All IPM systems begin with regular sanitation and monitoring of collections to detect castings from various pests, and checking insect traps laid out to capture and identify which pests are present. Some pests, such as carpet beetles and flour beetles, feed on dried insects. When an infestation is present, treatment may be necessary. Freezing is commonly used to rid insect collections of pests. Alternatively, inert gases may be used for an anoxic fumigation - depriving the pests of oxygen to exterminate, and in extreme cases chemical fumigation proven to be safe for collections and people may be used. Assessing the condition of an insect collection is done regularly and the results are recorded accordingly. The conservator observes the specimens in high detail remarking all areas of damage, or altered states of the specimen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens Tools used during this process may include a strong light source, magnifying glass and handling tools that allow the conservator to pick up the specimen from the pin without touching it. The observations made during the examination process result in the conclusions drawn for a treatment plan if necessary. The conservator is knowledgeable of the kinds of deterioration to look for specific to insect specimens. The documentation of insect specimens is carried out in many different aspects of a specimen's existence. Documented information begins with the capture of an insect. The collector records information about capture method, place and date of capture and any relevant habitat information in field notes. This information is then transferred to labels and collection records. The documentation path then continues with every recorded observation or treatment the specimen receives. Killing agents, preservation agents, rehydrating agents, and fumigants are all important to record. This then informs any future decisions for conservation actions. As a minimum, labels contain the place and date of collection, and the identification of genus and species. On pinned insects, the labels are likewise pinned with the space left under the specimen on the same pin. There are various ways to write the information on labels, but an ink that will not fade or come off in liquid is generally used. The paper is ideally 100% cotton or linen rag to avoid yellowing or embrittlement of the paper as it ages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens With improvements in digital photography and web resources, many natural history museums have begun a new kind of documentation through digitization, bringing high quality images and associated information to anyone with access to the Internet. Large databases can hold vast amounts of information improving research efforts. Scientific illustration of insects is an older technique used to preserve information about collected insects. It visually documents insects, and unlike photography, can add intellectual ideas about anatomy and behavior of the insect through artists' renditions. Scientifically informed observation of specimens combined with technical and aesthetic skill yields the highly detailed illustrations necessary for the documentation of each species that is illustrated. This area of insect specimen documentation comes after the close examination of specimens by conservators. The conservator records all of the visual information about the specimen that can be gleaned from detailed inspection. Conclusions are drawn from inspection and potential treatments are also documented to inform researchers and future conservators. Researching the collections of insects provides important information that develops knowledge about ecology, human health and crops. Well-kept records aid the researcher in identifying whether there are differences in an observed specimen because of damages, treatments or deterioration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens Research of the insect collections in museums can lead to new discoveries of species, and provide an important historical resource. Once a close observation reveals what issues are present in insect collections, the conservator makes a decision on actions to be taken. It is highly preferable that any treatment applied be reversible or done with little risk to the specimen. For example, broken limbs may be glued back on, which has traditionally been done with white glue. The advantage to white glue being that it is removable in warm water. Another common problem is pest infestation. When dried insect collections have suffered an infestation, the affected specimens can be frozen or sealed with inert gases to kill the pests without harming the specimens. Other treatments might include simply refilling wet specimens' jars with alcohol to ensure the specimens are completely submerged, cleaning specimens of dust and debris, or repositioning specimens for display or research. In the case that a specimen needs to be repositioned, the conservator will "relax" the specimen in a jar with a rehydrating substrate to move the limbs without breaking them. The technique used will vary among conservators. Some use a relaxing jar that the specimen is left in for days with the substrate of choice, others may choose to use a warm water bath with a drop of detergent. Whatever treatments are used are diligently documented. Conservation of insect specimens is done in large part to preserve the information for the public | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Conservation and restoration of insect specimens The display of collections in museums and their interpretation offer one avenue that accomplishes this effort. However, websites offer a unique opportunity to disseminate information to a broad audience with layers of information to give general information or to provide depth where desired. These websites are often also provided by museums and their collections. Below is a list of some major educational endeavors with interests in insect specimens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53643626 |
Liquid slugging is the phenomenon of liquid entering the cylinder of a reciprocating compressor, a common cause of failure. Under normal conditions, the intake and output of a compressor cylinder is entirely vapor or gas, when a liquid accumulates at the suction port liquid slugging can occur. As more of the practically incompressible liquid enters, strain is placed upon the system leading to a variety of failures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53646845 |
WISEA 1101+5400 (full name WISEA J110125.95+540052.8) is a T-type brown dwarf (specifically T5.5) approximately 100 light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered in March 2017 by members of the citizen science project Backyard Worlds. Initial photometric analysis suggested it was a T5.5 dwarf, which was later confirmed by a spectrum of the star, obtained with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. It is the first confirmed brown dwarf found by the project. The brown dwarf was identified by several volunteers, including the therapist Rosa Castro, Bob Fletcher, Khasan Mokaev and Tamara Stajic. WISEA 1101+5400 was discovered six days after the launch of the project and the discovery was the fastest publication for any Zooniverse project at the time of the publication. The discovery of this brown dwarf allowed the backyard worlds collaboration to estimate the amount of new brown dwarfs the project could discover. This was allowed due to the fact that the brown dwarf is one magnitude fainter than any brown dwarf previously discovered with proper motion surveys. The team estimated that the project would discover new L-dwarfs, T-dwarfs and Y-dwarfs. As of July 2019 the project did meet this estimate with spectroscopically confirmed T- and L-dwarfs (70 T-dwarfs and 61 L-dwarfs), but exceeded this estimate by brown dwarf candidates (1305). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53653732 |
Michael Saaristo Michael I. Saaristo (1938 – 27 April 2008) was a Finnish arachnologist, with a particular interest in the spiders of the Seychelles. The World Spider Catalog lists 61 genus names or synonyms and 109 species names or synonyms of which he is the sole or co-author. His account of the spiders of the Seychelles was published in 2010, after his death, with the assistance of Yuri M. Marusik. The spider genera "Saaristoa" and "Saaristattus" were named after him. The World Spider Catalog lists 15 species with the specific name "saaristoi", honouring him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53664482 |
Toma Pishtachev (1876–1955) was a Bulgarian cartographer. Pishtachev Peak in Antarctica is named in his honor. The National Polytechnical Museum in Sofia preserves a number of his original cartographic productions, including a plan of Sofia in 1887, produced in 1907 in honor of twenty years since Prince Ferdinand I’s accession to the Bulgarian throne; and a plan of old Sofia in 1879 and its regulation project in 1881. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53671981 |
Jeremy Hutson Professor Jeremy Mark Hutson is noted for his research into ultra cold physics and he heads up the Cold Molecules Theory research group. His research led to his appointment as a Fellow of the Royal Society He is a fellow of the Institute of Physics and is currently Professor of Chemistry and Physics at Durham University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53707680 |
Joanna Gardzińska is a Polish arachnologist. She graduated in 1994 from the Jagiellonian University, Krakow. From 1995, she has been employed in the Department of Zoology at what is now the Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland. She gained her PhD from there in 2004 when the institution had a different title ("Akademia Podlaska"). Her research interests are in the taxonomy and biogeography of Salticidae (jumping spiders), particularly of the Australian and Oriental Regions. , the World Spider Catalog listed one genus name and 26 species names or synonyms of which she is either a co-author or the sole author. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53707748 |
Gemma Godfrey is a wealth manager and entrepreneur. She founded Moola, an online investment service in the UK, and was hired as Arnold Schwarzenegger's adviser on the US edition of "The Apprentice" in 2016. She was selected as one of BBC'S 100 Women in 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53713645 |
Ian Bartholomew (cricketer) Ian David Bartholomew (born 8 February 1983) is an English cricketer, glaciologist and insurer. He was educated at Berkhamsted School; Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A. Geography 2002–05, M.Phil Polar Studies 2005–06) and the University of Edinburgh (Ph.D. Glaciology 2007–11), his doctoral thesis "Hydrology and dynamics of a land-terminating Greenland outlet glacier" being published in 2012. Bartholomew played one first-class match for Cambridge University Cricket Club: in the University Match of 2006 he scored 18 and 42 opening the batting, being dismissed by Michael Munday in both innings. Bartholomew previously worked on catastrophe modelling at Risk Management Solutions (RMS), which developed a parametric insurance model for New York City after Hurricane Sandy. In 2017, Bartholomew co-founded FloodFlash, a London-based flood insurance provider which pays out on a parametric basis (if water levels exceed a pre-agreed threshold according to an installed sensor) rather than on an assessment of damages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53723558 |
Hapter Hapters are short, peg-like attachments of the lower surface of lichen to the substrate on which they grow. They are distinct from rhizines, which are more hair-like. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53743634 |
Thidiazuron (IUPAC name: 1-phenyl-3- (1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl) urea, other names: TDZ) is a herbicide. The synthesis routes and their use as plant growth regulating agent were patented in the early 1980s by the German company Schering AG. The substance is taken up by the leaves and has a cytokinin-like behavior. It causes leaves to lose weight in a controlled manner prior to harvesting, without affecting the growth and maturation of the plant. This facilitates mechanical harvesting. It also accelerates the maturation process, because leaves do not block the sunlight. The plants later develop normal foliage. can also be used as a herbicide, because an appropriate dose and timing of administration completely stops growth. The product was marketed by Aventis CropScience; later merged into Bayer CropScience. Brand names are Dropp (for use in the cultivation of cotton ) or Revent (for use in fruit production). Dropp Ultra, Dropp UltraMax and Ginstar are products with a mixture of thidiazuron and diuron . Researchers found that thidiazuron is suitable for extending the life of cut flowers. The substance slows down or prevents the wilting of the leaves. In 2008 the European Union banned the use of thiadiazuron in agriculture. It was one of the agricultural chemicals in the framework of the European Pesticides Directive 91/414 / EEC that must have an environmental and health assessment to obtain a new authorization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53745216 |
Thidiazuron An outdated substance is an active substance which was already on the market in the European Union on July 25, 1993, before the action step of the directive. was used in the European Union only in Spain, Greece and Italy . Existing stocks could still be used afterwards for one year. is still used in other parts of the world, including in the United States, Australia and Mexico . is moderately toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. It is not very toxic to birds or bees . It is not readily biodegradable. The World Health Organization has substance classification: It was rated unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53745216 |
John Tilton Hack (1913–1991) was an American geologist and geomorphologist known for his contributions to establish the dynamic equilibrium concept in landscapes. Hack's law, concerning the empirical relationship between the length of streams and the area of their basins, is named after him. Hack was a student of Kirk Bryan. Hack graduated from Harvard University, where he received his bachelor's and master's degrees and doctorate in geomorphology. He retired from the United States Geological Survey in 1981. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53753101 |
Reynolds Layer The is a layer of ionised hydrogen gas in the plane of the Milky Way. It was named after Ron Reynolds who discovered that there is such gas. The layer is a disk 750,000 light years in diameter, and 6000 light years thick. The whole disk rotates in the same direction as the Milky Way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53758289 |
Tulin (geology) Tulin () meaning "Earth Forest" is a form of geological clay formation. It takes the form of pillars which from a distance give the impression of a forest. There are multiple examples of tulins in Yuanmou County in the Yunnan Province of China, in an area of about 50 square kilometers. The tallest formation has a height of . The features are one to two million years old. The area was opened for tourism as the Yuanmou Earth Forest ("Tulin" in Chinese) in 1985. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53771690 |
Michael G. Burton is an astronomer who is director of the Armagh Observatory and Planetarium. He was previously director of teaching at the School of Physics, University of New South Wales. He is a member of the International Astronomical Union. Burton is a fellow of Astronomical Society of Australia (FASA), Australian Institute of Physics (FAIP), and the Royal Society of New South Wales (FRSN). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53773838 |
NGC 7001 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located about 300 million light-years away in the constellation Aquarius. has an estimated diameter of 106,000 light-years. It was discovered by English astronomer John Herschel on July 21, 1827 and was also observed by Austrian astronomer Rudolf Spitaler on September 26, 1891. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53779272 |
NGC 7002 is a large elliptical galaxy around 320 million Light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Indus. The galaxy was discovered by English astronomer John Herschel on September 30, 1834. is also part of a group of galaxies that contains the nearby galaxy NGC 7004. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53788571 |
NGC 7003 is a spiral galaxy around 220 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Delphinus. has an estimated diameter of 80,800 light-years. The galaxy was discovered by German astronomer Heinrich Louis d'Arrest on August 26, 1864. There also has been at least one supernova observed in NGC 7003. On May 12, 2011 a Type II supernova designated as SN2011dk was discovered in NGC 7003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53789515 |
Conformon From a biological standpoint, the goal-directed molecular motions inside living cells are carried out by biopolymers acting like molecular machines (e.g. myosin, RNA/DNA polymerase, ion pumps, etc.). These molecular machines are driven by conformons, that is sequence-specific mechanical strains generated by free energy released in chemical reactions or stress induced destabilisations in supercoiled biopolymer chains. Therefore, conformons can be defined as packets of conformational energy generated from substrate binding or chemical reactions and confined within biopolymers. On the other hand, from a physics standpoint, the conformon is a localization of elastic and electronic energy which may propagate in space with or without dissipation. The mechanism which involves dissipationless propagation is a form of molecular superconductivity. On quantum mechanical level both elastic/vibrational and electronic energy can be quantised, therefore the conformon carries a fixed portion of energy. This has led to the definition of quantum of conformation (shape). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53790076 |
Cachet Fault is a dextral strike-slip fault in Aysén Region, Chile. The fault runs in north-south direction right to the east of the Northern Patagonian Ice Field. Various west-east glacial valleys have been displaced the movement of the fault. The existence of the fault and its movement has been linked to the Chile Triple Junction and the oblique subduction of Nazca Plate. The fault exhibits present-day seismicity. Together, Exploradores Fault Zone and Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone and makes up the boundaries of a crustal block that has been uplifted hosting at present the Northern Patagonian Ice Field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53800765 |
Mario Reis (physicist) Mario Reis is a physicist, researcher and lecturer at Fluminense Federal University. He is specialist on magnetism, more precisely on molecular magnetism, magnetocaloric effect, nanomagnetism and other related topics. On these themes, he published over a hundred of scientific papers. and supervised dozens of graduate students and post-docs; and, in addition, published two books: Since 2016 he is an Editor of "", an international journal published by Elsevier. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53802156 |
NGC 427 is a spiral galaxy of type (R)SB(r)a: located in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered on September 25, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "3 very small (faint) stars with nebulosity (?)." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53810176 |
NGC 429 is a lenticular galaxy of type S0^0: located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on December 20, 1786 by William Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53810252 |
NGC 430 is an elliptical galaxy of type E: located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 1, 1785 by William Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, very small, round, very suddenly brighter middle similar to star." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53810329 |
Elizabeth Warder Crozer Campbell Elizabeth Campbell (1893–1971) was an American archeologist, notable for proposing a much earlier date for the presence of man in the desert Southwest than was generally accepted. She worked with her husband William (Bill) Campbell and first proposed that artifacts found along the shores of Lake Mojave and other Pleistocene lakes and rivers of the desert West were contemporaneous with the presence of water. They showed that there were virtually no sites that were not associated with archaic water sources. They hypothesized that the geologic features associated with the artifacts could be used to date the period of human habitation. This is the first use of what has become known as environmental archaeology. Elizabeth Crozer was the youngest of four daughters born to upper class parents: John Price Crozer II and Elizabeth Steger Warder Crozer of Upland, Pennsylvania. She was born on August 11, 1893 at the Crozer summer cottage in Beach Haven, New Jersey. Her father was the grandson of John Price Crozer, founder of the Crozer textile mills and possessor of the Crozer fortune. When the elder John Crozer died the younger John Crozer inherited the mills and formed a partnership with his father under the name: S. A. Crozer and Son. When S. A Crozer died in 1910 John inherited coal companies, an iron and steel company, shared of a railroad and farms. The Crozer family founded the Crozer Theological Seminary, the Crozer Arboretum, and the Crozer Quarterly. They also built the George K | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53815472 |
Elizabeth Warder Crozer Campbell Crozer Mansion and are the namesake of the Crozer-Keystone Health System. Her uncle was Hermann Volrath Hilprecht, professor of Assyriology at the University of Pennsylvania and a scholar of Near Eastern archaeology. He was involved in the excavations at the Near Eastern site of Nippur. Campbell described in her diary how her Aunt Sallie would travel with Hilprecht to Europe and how "..[s]he never let her loveliness interfere with anything. She climbed the pyramids with three Arabs to push and pull." Campbell was schooled at home by a French tutor until age fourteen. In the fall of 1909 she began attending Miss Irwin's School (later the Agnes Irwin School) and graduated in 1911. Until World War II the education of most daughters of Philadelphia high society who attended Miss Irwin's ended at the secondary level. This was Campbell's last formal education. Campbell married William (Bill) Campbell in May 1920. Bill had served in World War I and had been gassed two days before the armistice of November 11, 1918. Bill's lung damage due to exposure to mustard gas caused them to move to Los Angeles, California and later to the drier climes of Twentynine Palms where they established a homestead. When Campbell's father died in 1926 she inherited a trust that enabled her and Bill to live comfortably for the rest of their lives. The Campbells were considered pillars of the Twentynine Palms community and developed a reputation as benefactors of both individual and community endeavours | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53815472 |
Elizabeth Warder Crozer Campbell The Campbells maintained their residence in Twentynine Palms, and lived in a summer home on the shores of Lake Tahoe, near Glenbrook, Nevada. It was here that Bill died in June 1944. After Bill's death Campbell sold the house in Twentynine Palms and moved to Carson City, Nevada where she met and married Joe Cecil Turman. The marriage lasted a short time before it was annulled. She moved to Tucson, Arizona around 1952 where she lived until 1961. While living in Tucson she became a research associate with the Arizona State Museum and continued to work on the collections she and Bill had assembled over the years. In 1957 she had Arizona State Museum exhibit designer Robert Baker design a laboratory on the second floor of her Tucson home. During this time she also wrote a memoir about homesteading in Twentynine Palms, "The Desert was Home." Campbell made a trip to Twentynine Palms for an event marking the publication of her book and made the decision to move back there. She remained in Twentynine Palms for the rest of her life. Elizabeth Campbell died on December 21, 1971. She was cremated and her cremains were interred alongside those of her husband Bill in a single plot in Twentynine Palms Cemetery. Her obituary was published in "The Masterkey." Campbell developed an interest in archaeology after she and Bill moved to Twentynine Palms. She began collecting arrowheads from nearby sand dunes while gathering firewood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53815472 |
Elizabeth Warder Crozer Campbell When Bill McHaney, an old prospector who often visited their camp, told stories about Indian culture and caches of pottery, she listened and took notes. They would drive their trusty automobile -- "The Ship of the Desert"—into the surrounding countryside looking for archaeological sites and visiting locations that McHaney told them about. It was said that archaeology met Campbell's need for "intellectual effort and accomplishment" and ameliorated the lonely desert life. The Campbells were among the earliest archaeologists in the California desert. At the time (1925) virtually nothing was known about how long humans had lived in the deserts and the use of stratigraphy as a means of chronological ordering of archaeological assemblages was just beginning. Campbell's first monograph was published by the Southwest Museum in 1931. In 1932 the Campbells were appointed fellows in archaeology of the Southwest Museum and hosted a conference in Twentynine Palms on April 22–23 of that year. In 1933 the Campbells began their investigation of Pinto Basin. The area is associated with an extinct river channel and a dry lake bed. Campbell began consulting with geologists and paleontologists at the California Institute of Technology. Geologist David Scharf authored the geological chapter of the Pinto Basin report in one of the first collaborations of geologists and archaeologists. The artifacts from Pinto Basin were associated with the dry stream channel known as Pinto Wash and the lake bed known as Palen Dry Lake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53815472 |
Elizabeth Warder Crozer Campbell This suggested that these sites were occupied during the period of time when the desert was considerably wetter. The Campbells argued that this wet period was not recent and presented as evidence the ground-water level being 97 feet below the surface of the surrounding arid mountain ranges. Starting with the Pinto Basin report, and for all research after, Campbell collaborated and consulted with well-known professionals in the fields of geology, paleontology, and archaeology. This increased her professional status and standing with the archaeological community. In early 1934 the Campbells collected artifacts from the high shorelines of Silver Lake playa (the northern basin of Lake Mojave) and in 1935 they collected from the shorelines of Soda Lake playa (the southern basin of Lake Mojave). Campbell stated she and Bill wanted to become experts in playa culture. Campbell believed that most ancient sites would be located in the Great Basin. In 1936 Campbell published her seminal paper "Archaeological Problems in the Southern California Deserts" in which she outlined her hypothesis that associated prehistoric peoples with certain landforms. She believed a thorough study of the spatial relationships of artifact assemblages to the landscape would illuminate their chronology. This approach is clearly laid out in the Lake Mohave report where she wrote: Noted archaeologists of the day disagreed with Campbell's interpretation and this rejection of her hypothesis continued into the 1950s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53815472 |
Elizabeth Warder Crozer Campbell Malcolm Rogers' report contained a number of factual errors that were not recognized until the 1950s and 60s. Archaeologists continue to study the Campbell collections house at Joshua Tree National Park and the Autry Museum, and they continue to revisit the sites they visited, collected and studied. Elizabeth Warder Crozer Campbell's contributions include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53815472 |
NGC 431 is a lenticular galaxy of type SB0 located in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered on November 22, 1827 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, small, very suddenly brighter middle." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53818065 |
NGC 432 is a lenticular galaxy of type S0^- located in the constellation Tucana. It was discovered on October 6, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, small, round, gradually brighter middle, 12th magnitude star to east." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53818121 |
NGC 434 is a spiral galaxy of type SAB(s)ab located in the constellation Tucana. It was discovered on October 28, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "bright, small, round, pretty suddenly bright middle." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53818222 |
NGC 5470 is a spiral galaxy located between 43 and 68 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer John Herschel in 1830. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53822748 |
NGC 435 is a spiral galaxy of type SAB(s)d: located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 23, 1864 by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, small, extended." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53827764 |
NGC 437 is a lenticular galaxy of type S0/a located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on October 22, 1886 by Lewis Swift. It was described by Dreyer as "pretty faint, very small, round, faint star to northwest." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53827897 |
NGC 438 is a spiral galaxy of type (R')SAB(s)b: located in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered on September 1, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "pretty faint, small, round, gradually a little brighter middle." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53827955 |
Allan Rosencwaig from the Therma-Wave Inc, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after he was nominated by their Division of Condensed Matter Physics in 1983, for "pioneering work in the development of photoacoustics for solid-state spectroscopy and in the development of thermal-wave physics". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53833897 |
Faqir Chand Khanna from the University of Victoria, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after he was nominated by their Division of Nuclear Physics in 1983, for "his work on effective operators which had led to deeper understanding of physical phenomena in a broad range of many-body problems including quasiparticle aspects in nuclear structure, the interplay between nucleons and mesons, and excitation in normal liquid He.". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53834218 |
Mikkel Borlaug Johnson from the Los Alamos National Laboratory, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Nuclear Physics in 1983, for "his contribution to the understanding of the connections between nuclear forces and macroscopic observables in nuclear systems, and for his contributions to the understanding of the interplay between nuclear structure and reaction dynamics in pion scattering." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53834306 |
Bam (crater) Bam is an impact crater located on the lava plains of Hesperia Planum (Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle) on Mars at 25.79 ° S and 115.67° E, approximately 6.8 kilometers in diameter. It was named after a city in the Kerman province of Iran, having had its name approved in April 2017. Bam is considered to be one of the best well-preserved examples of impact craters on Mars, considering the overall crater morphology, thermophysical signatures, and the relatively young age of its target material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53835452 |
Jiří Bičák (born 1942) is a Czech physicist, currently at Charles University and formerly a President of the Learned Society of the Czech Republic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53836796 |
Robert Burrell Robert Burrell, , is a Canadian biomedical engineer, currently the Canada Research Chair at University of Alberta. Burrell was inducted into the Alberta Order of Excellence on October 17, 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53837246 |
Junhan Cho is a Korean physicist, currently at Dankook University and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53838091 |
Edwin Lorimer Thomas from Rice University, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Polymer Physics in 1985, for "being a leading authority on the application of electron microscopy and scattering techniques to problems in polymer structure-property relations and for contributions on mosaic block structure of semicrystalline polymers as well as on the structure of the noncrystalline solid state of glassy polymers." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53839661 |
David George Hitlin (born 15 April 1942) is a particle physicist at the California Institute of Technology. He was educated at Columbia University. In 2016 he was awarded the Panofsky Prize by the American Physical Society "for leadership in the BABAR and Belle experiments, which established the violation of CP symmetry in B meson decay, and furthered our understanding of quark mixing and quantum chromodynamics." His co-awardees were Drs. Jonathan Dorfan, Fumihiko Takasaki, and Stephen L. Olsen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53839709 |
Michael Dennis Feit from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Laser Science in 1988, for "the development and implementation of novel and powerful computational techniques with applications to optical propagation physics and the quantum theory of atoms and molecules and for contributing to the fundamental understanding of complex optical waveguiding devices." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53839712 |
Alan D. English from the DuPont Corporation, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Polymer Physics in 1989, for "contributions to the development of a description of polymer segmental dynamics from solid-state NMR data, which incorporates the variability of both spatial and temporal coordinates with temperature and is applicable to both semicrystalline and amorphous polymers." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53839732 |
David Kelly Campbell is an American theoretical physicist and academic leader. His research has spanned high energy physics, condensed matter physics and nonlinear dynamics. He also served as Physics Department Head at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Dean of the College Engineering at Boston University, and Boston University Provost. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53839736 |
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