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Barry Ninham Barry William Ninham AO DSc FAA (born 9 April 1936, Croydon, South Australia – ) is an Australian physicist who has received many awards for his research. He studied at University of Western Australia where he received an M.Sc. in theoretical physics in 1957. In 1962, he received a Ph.D. in mathematical physics from University of Maryland, doing research in statistical mechanics with Elliott W. Montroll as thesis advisor. From 1962 to 1970 he was lecturer, senior lecturer and finally associate professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics of the University of New South Wales. In 1970 he became professor of the newly formed Department of Applied Mathematics at the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Australian National University. Ninham was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1978, appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2014, and awarded the Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture in 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52719983 |
Bill Blevin William Roderick "Bill" Blevin AM DSc FAA FTSE FAIP FIP (born 31 October 1929, Inverell, New South Wales) is an Australian physicist. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1985 and appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 1989. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52720191 |
Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem The Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, or the BGV theorem, is a theorem in physical cosmology which deduces that any universe that has, on average, been expanding throughout its history cannot be infinite in the past but must have a past spacetime boundary. It is named after the authors Arvind Borde, Alan Guth and Alexander Vilenkin, who developed its mathematical formulation in 2003. The BGV theorem is popular outside physics, especially in religious and philosophical debates. The theorem does not assume any specific mass content of the universe and it does not require gravity to be described by Einstein field equations. Theoretical cosmologist Sean M. Carroll argues that the theorem only applies to classical spacetime, and may not hold under consideration of quantum theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52722234 |
NGC 379 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on September 12, 1784 by William Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "pretty faint, small, round, brighter middle". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52730265 |
Bacterial colony optimization The bacterial colony optimization algorithm is an optimization algorithm which is based on a lifecycle model that simulates some typical behaviors of E. coli bacteria during their whole lifecycle, including chemotaxis, communication, elimination, reproduction, and migration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52731888 |
Phosphorus trifluorodichloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula PFCl.The molecular geometry of PFCl is trigonal bipyramidal with asymmetric charge distribution on the central atom with hybridization: spd. It appears as a colorless gas with a bad-smelling odor which turns to a liquid at -8 °C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52740225 |
Robert Appleby (palaeontologist) Robert Milson Appleby (28 April 1922 in Denton - 8 February 2004 in Grimsby) was a British palaeontologist. Appleby developed the "Analogue Video Reshaper" which was used to compare the anatomical structure of fossilised Ichthyosaurs as well as match fingerprints in criminal investigations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52749291 |
Liquid nitrogen wash The Liquid Nitrogen Wash is mainly used for the production of ammonia synthesis gas within fertilizer production plants. It is usually the last purification step in the ammonia production process sequence upstream of the actual ammonia production. The purpose of the final purification step upstream of the actual ammonia production is to remove all components that are poisonous for the sensitive ammonia synthesis catalyst. This can be done with the following concepts: The Liquid Nitrogen Wash has two principle functions: The carbon monoxide must be removed completely from the synthesis gas (i.e. syngas) since it is poisonous for the sensitive ammonia synthesis catalyst. The components argon and methane are inert gases within the ammonia synthesis loop, but would enrich there and call for a purge gas system with synthesis gas losses or additional expenditures for a purge gas separation unit. The main sources for the supply of feed gases are partial oxidation processes. Since the synthesis gas exiting the partial oxidation process consists mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, usually a sulfur tolerant CO shift (i.e. water-gas shift reaction) is installed in order to convert as much carbon monoxide into hydrogen as possible. Shifting carbon monoxide and water into hydrogen also produces carbon dioxide, usually this is removed in an acid gas scrubbing process together with other sour gases as e.g. hydrogen sulfide (e.g. in a Rectisol Wash Unit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52754183 |
Liquid nitrogen wash The Liquid Nitrogen Wash consists of The name Liquid Nitrogen Wash is a little misleading, since no liquid nitrogen is supplied from outside to be used for scrubbing, but gaseous high pressure nitrogen, supplied by the Air separation Unit that usually also provides the oxygen for the upstream Partial Oxidation. This gaseous high pressure nitrogen is partially liquefied in the process and is used as washing agent. In a so-called nitrogen wash column, the impurities carbon monoxide, argon and methane are washed out of the synthesis gas by means of this liquid nitrogen. These impurities are dissolved together with a small part of hydrogen and leave the column as the bottom stream. The purified gas leaves the column at the top. The now purified synthesis gas is warmed up and is mixed with the required amount of gaseous high pressure nitrogen in order to achieve the hydrogen to nitrogen ratio of 3 to 1, and can then be routed to the ammonia synthesis. At operating pressures higher than about 50 bar(a), the refrigeration demand of the Liquid Nitrogen Wash is covered by the Joule–Thomson effect, and no additional external refrigeration, e.g. by vaporization of liquid nitrogen is required. The Liquid Nitrogen Wash is especially favorable when combined with the Rectisol Wash Unit. The combination and advantageous interconnections between a Rectisol Wash Unit and a Liquid Nitrogen Wash lead to smaller equipment and better operability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52754183 |
Liquid nitrogen wash The gas coming from the Rectisol Wash Unit can be sent to the Liquid Nitrogen Wash at low temperature (directly from the methanol absorber without being warmed up). Since part of the purified gas is reheated in the Rectisol Wash Unit, small fluctuations in flow and temperatures can easily be compensated leading to best operability. To improve the hydrogen recovery, an integrated hydrogen recycle from the Liquid Nitrogen Wash to the Rectisol Wash Unit can be installed, which uses the already existing recycle compressor of the Rectisol Wash Unit to recycle the hydrogen-rich flash gas from the Liquid Nitrogen Wash back into the feed gas of the Rectisol Wash Unit. This leads to extremely high hydrogen recovery rates without any further equipment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52754183 |
NGC 380 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on September 12, 1784 by William Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "pretty faint, small, round, suddenly brighter middle." Along with galaxies NGC 375, NGC 379, NGC 382, NGC 383, NGC 384, NGC 385, NGC 386, NGC 387 and NGC 388, forms a galaxy cluster called Arp 331. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52759876 |
Marius Descamps (16 June 1924 – 20 February 1996) was a French entomologist, specialist of orthoptera at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Published "Recherches morphologiques et biologiques sur les Diopsidae du Nord Cameroun". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52762784 |
IC 3 is a compact elliptical galaxy located approximately 228 million light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Stéphane Javelle on August 27, 1892. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52771514 |
Alder Biopharmaceuticals is a pharmaceutical development company based in Bothell, Washington. Alder specializes in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Alder went public in May 2014. In early 2018, the company made a public stock offering, aiming to raise . The Company identifies, develops, and manufactures antibody therapeutics to alleviate human suffering in cancer, pain, cardiovascular, and autoimmune and inflammatory disease areas. As of September 2019, the shares have increased with 83% in price, following the company's acquisition by the Denmark-based H. Lundbeck, in a deal valued at $1.95 billion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52777355 |
NGC 384 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on November 4, 1850 by Bindon Stoney. It was described by Dreyer as "pretty faint, pretty small, southwestern of 2.", the other being NGC 385. Along with galaxies NGC 375, NGC 379, NGC 382, NGC 383, NGC 385, NGC 386, NGC 387 and NGC 388, forms a galaxy cluster called Arp 331. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52779151 |
NGC 385 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on November 4, 1850 by Bindon Stoney. It was described by Dreyer as "pretty faint, pretty small, round, northeastern of 2.", the other being NGC 384. Along with galaxies NGC 375, NGC 379, NGC 382, NGC 383, NGC 384, NGC 386, NGC 387 and NGC 388, forms a galaxy cluster called Arp 331. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52779170 |
NGC 386 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on November 4, 1850 by Bindon Stoney. It was described by Dreyer as "considerably faint, small, round." Along with galaxies NGC 375, NGC 379, NGC 382, NGC 383, NGC 384, NGC 385, NGC 387 and NGC 388, forms a galaxy cluster called Arp 331. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52779185 |
NGC 387 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on December 10, 1873 by Lawrence Parsons. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, small, round." Along with galaxies NGC 375, NGC 379, NGC 382, NGC 383, NGC 384, NGC 385, NGC 386 and NGC 388, forms a galaxy cluster called Arp 331. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52779219 |
NGC 388 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on November 4, 1850 by Bindon Stoney. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, small, round." Along with galaxies NGC 375, NGC 379, NGC 382, NGC 383, NGC 384, NGC 385, NGC 386 and NGC 387, forms a galaxy cluster called Arp 331. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52779234 |
NGC 389 is a lenticular galaxy located approximately 239 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered on September 6, 1885 by Lewis Swift. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, extremely small, round, star near." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52779250 |
NGC 5000 is a barred spiral galaxy in the Coma Berenices. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1785. It is also known as LEDA 45658, MCG+05-31-144, UGC 8241, VV 460, III 366, h 1544, and GC 3433. Herschel discovered it with the help of 18.7-inch f/13 speculum telescope. It is very faint, very small and irregularly round with weak concentration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52780506 |
Reverse weathering generally refers to the formation of a clay neoformation that utilizes cations and alkalinity in a process unrelated to the weathering of silicates. More specifically reverse weathering refers to the formation of authigenic clay minerals from the reaction of 1) biogenic silica with aqueous cations or cation bearing oxides or 2) cation poor precursor clays with dissolved cations or cation bearing oxides. Formation of cation abundant authigenic silicate clays is thought to occur through the following simplified reaction:Biogenic opal (SiO) + metal hydroxides (Al(OH)) + dissolved cations (K, Mg, Li, etc.) + bicarbonate (HCO) → clay minerals + HO + COThe formation of authigenic clay minerals by reverse weathering is not fully understood. Much of the research done has been conducted in localized areas, such as the Amazon delta, Mississippi delta, and in the Ethiopian Rift lakes, making a global understanding of the process difficult. Much of the driving force behind research into reverse weathering stems from constraining the chemical mass balance between rivers and oceans. Prior to the discovery of reverse weathering, the model of the chemical mass balance of the ocean predicted higher alkali metal and bicarbonate (HCO) concentrations than was observed. The formation of authigenic clay minerals was initially thought to account for the entirety of this excess, but the discovery of hydrothermal vents challenged this, as removal of alkali-alkaline earth metals and HCO from the ocean occurs in these locations as well | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52794196 |
Reverse weathering The process and extent of reverse weathering has been inferred by several methods and proxies. In-situ measurements of biogenic silica and silicic acid (a product of weathering) have been used to analyze the rate and extent reverse weathering occurs within in an aquatic system. Uptake of biogenic silica as a result of reverse weathering would be observed as a relative low concentration of dissolved SiO compared to the overlying water. Laboratory observations of reverse weathering have been conducted using incubations and flow through reactors to measure opal dissolution rates The clay was studied using scanning electron microscopes, x-ray, and transmission electron microscopes. It was observed that the clay formed quickly, and using this amount of time and the known content of the sediment, concentration of potassium ions consumed by this process in rivers around the globe was estimated. Laboratory experiments can also include incubation experiments, in which sediment samples obtained from natural environments are enclosed in sealable containers with varied concentrations reverse weathering reactants (biogenic silica in the form of diatoms, cations, metals, etc.). Using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) also provides concentration and isotopic information for cation and silica concentrations in pore water and digested sediment samples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52794196 |
Reverse weathering Utilization of a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) is also used as a means of obtaining isotopic data of metals and silica in solution. Lithium isotope concentration within planktonic foraminifera has been used to infer past changes in silicate and reverse weathering rates over the last 68 million years. Removal of lithium from seawater is mainly dependent on its assimilation within marine sediments and variations are believed to be indicative of the relative rates of silicate weathering and reverse weathering, in addition to other factors. Foraminifera with low lithium content suggest that reverse weathering may have been more prominent during that time period. Formation of authigenic silicate clays through reverse weathering was shown to be thermodynamically favorable during studies of Amazon delta sediments. Primary controls on the formation of authigenic silicate clays are on the supply of reactants in solution. Areas of limited biogenic opal, metal hydroxides (e.g. aluminate (Al(OH))), or dissolved cations limit production of authigenic silicate clays. Metals, cations, and silica are largely supplied by the weathering of terrigenous materials, which influences the thermodynamic favorability of reverse weathering. Kinetically, formation of clay minerals by reverse weathering can be relatively rapid (<1 year). Due to the short formation timescale, reverse weathering is seen as a reasonable contributor to various ocean biogeochemical cycles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52794196 |
Reverse weathering The process of creating authigenic clay minerals through reverse weathering releases carbon dioxide (CO). However, release of bicarbonate by silicate weathering exceeds the quantities of CO produced by reverse weathering. Therefore, while reverse weathering does increase CO during production of authigenic clay minerals, it is overwhelmed by the concentration of HCO in the system, and will not have a significant effect on local pH. In recent years, the effect of reverse weathering on biogenic silica has been of great interest in quantifying the silica cycle. During weathering, dissolved silica is delivered to oceans through glacial runoff and riverine inputs. This dissolved silica is taken up by a multitude of marine organisms, such as diatoms, and is used to create protective shells. When these organisms die, they sink through the water column. Without active production of biogenic SiO, the mineral begins diagenesis. Conversion of this dissolved silica into authigenic silicate clays through the process of reverse weathering constitutes a removal of 20-25% of silicon input. is often found to occur in river deltas as these systems have high sediment accumulation rates and are observed to undergo rapid diagenesis. The formation of silicate clays removes reactive silica from the pore waters of sediment, increasing the concentration of silica found in the rocks that form in these locations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52794196 |
Reverse weathering Silicate weathering also appears to be a dominant process in deeper methanogenic sediments, whereas reverse weathering is more common in surface sediments, but still occurs at a lower rate. In the Amazon river delta, about 90% of buried SiO is used up during reverse weathering, while the creation of potassium ions in this location is about 2.8 μmol g year. Nearly 7-10% of the potassium input from the Amazon River is removed from the ocean by the formation of potassium-iron rich aluminosilicates. In the Mississippi river delta about 40% of SiO that is buried in the sediment is converted to authigenic aluminosilicates. The major difference in the two deltas is due to the sediments in the amazon delta being subject to a number of erosional and depositional processes, which creates an abundant amount of Fe oxides. Sediment typically resides in the region for 30 years on average, but the upper layer undergoes major physical reworking 1-2 times per year. Pore water data suggests that the formation of authigenic clays in the Amazon delta occur on the order of a few months to a few years. The limiting reactant of clay formation in this region is the quantity of available SiO since the river water generally has a high concentration of other reactants, such as iron, potassium, magnesium, and aluminum. Whereas in the Mississippi delta, the limiting nutrient for these reactions is Fe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52794196 |
Reverse weathering in the Ethiopian Rift lakes is easily observable, and recent studies at this location have been used to make inference on the extent of the process in the ocean. One study suggests that there is a general alkalinity deficit in the lakes, and that a little over half of this deficit can be attributed to the formation of aluminosilicate minerals. The precipitation of salts is not profound, making the development of these clay minerals by reverse weathering more readily observable in comparison to the ocean. Using clay formation rates in the Ethiopian Rift lakes as a basis, the study suggests that clay formation in the ocean is too high to entirely attribute to the process of reverse weathering. It is believed that the deep-sea reverse weathering process never reaches completion, as pH is generally low. Hydrothermal activity is suggested to be a major contributor to clay formation in the deep ocean. Some hypothesize that hydrothermal vents may be a prominent source of reverse weathering. For some time, it was posited that terrestrial fluvial input was the only source of dissolved salts for the ocean. Later it was found that hydrothermal vents play a key role in the salinity of the oceans by releasing torrents of dissolved minerals that come from water/rock interactions. At these locations, some dissolved salts react with rock and are removed, thus changing the ion composition of the seawater in comparison to the hydrothermal fluid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52794196 |
Reverse weathering In 1933, Victor Moritz Goldschmidt first proposed a reaction where igneous rock and volatiles would interact to generate sediments and seawater. Lars Gunnar Sillén would later propose that reactions involving the generation of silicates potentially played a role in controlling the composition and pH of seawater in 1959. At the time of Sillén's proposal, the thermodynamic constants of clay mineral reactions were not known and there were very few thermodynamic indicators that such a reaction existed. Frederick Mackenzie and Robert Garrels would then combine Goldschmidt's and Sillén's work with the concept of reconstitution reactions to derive the reverse weathering hypothesis in 1966. Since then, reverse weathering has been used as a possible explanation for various marine environment reactions and observations. Today, there is much debate over the significance of reverse weathering. The global extent of the process has not yet been measured, but inferences can be made by using specific local examples. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52794196 |
John Goodby John William Goodby is a British materials chemist. He is the chairman of materials chemistry at the University of York. He studies liquid crystals, complex fluids and self-organising systems. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2011 and received their Royal Medal in 2016 "for his major advances and discoveries of new forms of matter and materials, in particular the development of chiral liquid crystals." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52796163 |
Normalized Difference Red Edge Index The normalized difference red edge index (NDRE) is a metric that can be used to analyse whether images obtained from multi-spectral image sensors contain healthy vegetation or not. It is similar to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) but uses the ratio of Near-Infrared and the edge of Red as follows: The red edge is the part of the spectrum centred around 715 nm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52801011 |
Abell 3411 is a galaxy cluster in the constellation Hydra. It is located about two billion light-years from Earth and weighs about a million billion times the mass of the Sun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52803166 |
Abell 3412 is a galaxy cluster in the constellation Hydra. It is located about two billion light-years from Earth and weighs about a million billion times the mass of the Sun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52803203 |
North Gaulton Castle is a sea stack off the western coast off the Orkney main island. It is formed from the red sandstone of the area and is about 165 feet high. It was climbed in 2017 by four climbers using a Tyrolean traverse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52803822 |
K. S. Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S. Rangappa is a Distinguished Professor at the University of Mysore. Presently he is serving as General President, Indian Science Congress Association. Prof. served as Vice Chancellor of Karnataka State Open University from December 2009 to January 2013. He has also served as Vice Chancellor of University of Mysore from January 2013. Professor Rangappa is the Fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry (London), Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences (India) and recipient of the Dr. Raja Ramanna Award for Scientists, and Chemical Research Society of India Bronze Medal. And he is also the recipient of Life time achievement award during 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52808291 |
Leonard Radinsky Leonard Burton Radinsky (1937–1985) was an American paleontologist and expert in fossil odd-toed ungulates and their relatives. He was professor at the University of Chicago from 1967 until his death, serving as chairman of the Department of Anatomy from 1978 to 1983. Born in Staten Island, New York, he earned a bachelor's degree from Cornell University (1958) and his master's and doctorate degrees from Yale University. His works include "Origin and early evolution of North American Tapiroidea", "The fossil record of primate brain evolution", and the textbook "The Evolution of Vertebrate Design". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52812270 |
Karl Ludwig Friedrich von Roser (1787, Vaihingen an der Enz -1861, Stuttgart ) was a German entomologist who specialised in Diptera. He was a high ranking government official and administrator in the Kingdom of Württemberg. von Roser described many new Diptera species in Roser, C.L.F. von, 1840 Erster Nachtrag zu dem im Jahre 1834 bekannt gemachten Verzeichnisse inWürtttemberg vorkommender zweiflügliger Insekten. "Correspondenzblatt des königlich württembergischen landwirtschaftlichen Vereins", N.F. 1 (I), 49-64. Stuttgart. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52820949 |
Structural chemistry is a part of chemistry and deals with spatial structures of molecules (in the gaseous, liquid or solid state) and solids (with extended structures that cannot be subdivided into molecules). The main tasks are (a) the formulation of general laws for structure-property relationships and (b) the derivation of general rules how the chemical and physical properties of the constituents of matter determine the resulting structures (e.g. the relationship between the electron configuration of the crystal building blocks and the symmetry of the resulting crystal lattice). For structure elucidation are range of different methods are used. One has to distinguish between methods that elucidate solely the connectivity between atoms (constitution) and such that provide precise three dimensional information such as atom coordinates, bond lengths and angles and torsional angles. The latter methods include (mainly): To identify connectivity and the presence of functional groups a variety of methods of molecular spectroscopy and solid state spectroscopy can be used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52821408 |
Lovelock's theorem of general relativity says that from a local gravitational action which contains only second derivatives of the four-dimensional spacetime metric, then the only possible equations of motion are the Einstein field equations. The theorem was described by British physicist David Lovelock in 1971. In four dimensional space, any tensor formula_1 whose components are function of metric tensor formula_2 and its first and second derivatives (but linear in the second derivatives of formula_2), and also symmetric and divergenceless, then field equation in vacuum formula_4, then only possible form of formula_1 is where formula_7 and formula_8 are just simple constant numbers and formula_9 is the Einstein tensor. The only possible second-order Euler–Lagrange expression obtainable in a four-dimensional space from a scalar density of the form formula_10 is formula_11 means that if we want to modify the Einstein field equations, then we have five options. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52823070 |
Neil Gordon Neil Elbridge Gordon (October 7, 1886 – May 30, 1949) was an American chemist and educator. He is known for founding the Journal of Chemical Education (c. 1924) and establishing the Gordon Research Conferences (c. 1931). He held several Chair positions spanning his time at the University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, Central College in Missouri, and Wayne State University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52832391 |
Helium-3 nuclear magnetic resonance (He-NMR) is an analytical technique used to identify helium-containing compounds. Because a helium atom, or even two helium atoms, can be encased in fullerene-like cages, the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of this element can be a sensitive probe for changes of the carbon framework around it. Using carbon-13 NMR to analyze fullerenes themselves is complicated by so many subtle differences among the carbons in anything but the simplest, highly-symmetric structures. The technique is limited by the need to use the rare helium-3 isotope: the vast majority of naturally occurring helium is helium-4, which does not have suitable magnetic properties for NMR detection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52832448 |
Thermophyte (Greek "thérmos" = warmth, heat + "phyton" = plant) is a plant which is tolerant or thriving at high temperatures. These plants are categorized according to ecological valences at high temperatures, including biological extremely. Such plants included the hot-spring taxa also. The most famous presdstavnici these ecological groups of plants are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52841665 |
Double copy theory is a theory in theoretical physics which suggests that there is a perturbative duality between gauge theory and gravity. The theory says that scattering amplitudes in non-Abelian gauge theories can be expressed so that replacement of color information by additional kinematic dependence, in a well-defined way, automatically leads to gravity amplitudes. The theory (also known as the BCJ duality after its creators) was first written down by Zvi Bern, John Joseph Carrasco and Henrik Johansson in 2010. It can be used to make calculations of gravity amplitudes simpler by instead calculating the Yang–Mills amplitude and squaring it. This was proven to work at tree level but has also been shown to work at higher orders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52850872 |
NGC 391 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on January 8, 1853 by George Bond. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, small, mottled but not resolved (Auwers 9)." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52853277 |
NGC 392 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on September 12, 1784 by William Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, very small, round, much brighter middle, between 2 stars." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52853371 |
NGC 393 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered on October 5, 1784 by William Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, very small, very little extended, gradually brighter middle, four small (faint) stars near." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52853417 |
Protalus rampart A protalus rampart (or pronival rampart) is a depositional landform of periglacial origin. It forms as rock debris falls onto a steep snow slope from a cliff above and slides down the snow surface to come to a rest at the foot of the slope. Over a long period of time, sufficient material can accumulate in this way to produce a distinct bank of stony material which, long after the snowbed has melted away, remains as a rampart (a bank or mound similar to a manmade rampart). The debris may also accumulate through avalanching or landslide. Protalus ramparts may be distinguished from glacial moraines by their lack of rock fragments with glacial abrasion or striations. The morphology of the site may also suggest it being unfavourable for the development of a glacier, but suitable for this mechanism. Protalus ramparts are recorded in the Cairngorms and northwest Highlands of Scotland. An especially large example on the north side of Baosbheinn measures 1 km in length and reaches a height of 55 m. It is thought to result from a major rock slope failure, however evidence leads some to class it as a protalus rock glacier. Several features amongst the mountains of the Brecon Beacons National Park have been interpreted by some authors as protalus ramparts but as moraines by others. The depositional ridge of Fan Fechan beneath Fan Hir, formerly thought to be a rampart due to its linear nature paralleling the line of the cliff above is now considered to be a moraine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52871169 |
Diffuse supernova neutrino background The Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background (DSNB) is a theoretical population of neutrinos (and anti-neutrinos) originating from all of the supernovae events which have occurred throughout the Universe. An individual supernova will release as many as formula_1 neutrinos, which is detectable as a short burst of events on Earth provided that the supernova occurred within our own galaxy or its satellite galaxy, the only current example of which is SN1987A. In contrast the DSNB is a continuous source of neutrino events for which currently only experimental upper limits exist e.g. from the Super Kamiokande experiment at a level of formula_2 for neutrino energies above 17.3 MeV. Theoretical predictions for the flux of the DSNB on Earth are difficult as they depend on many different parameters and assumptions e.g. the rate of supernovae events in the Universe as a function of time, the star formation rate and the neutrino spectrum from each supernova. However even given these uncertainties the DSNB flux should not be more than an order of magnitude below the current experimental bound, and so will be detectable in the near future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52879379 |
Fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) is a technique in electron microscopy that probes nanometer-scale or “medium-range” order in disordered materials. The first studies were performed on amorphous Ge (Treacy and Gibson 1997) and later on amorphous silicon and hydrogenated amorphous silicon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52885568 |
Læså Formation The is a lower Cambrian unit exposed on the Baltic island Bornholm, comprising two members: the lower, the Broens Odde Member, colloquially and previously informally termed "green shales" (Grønne Skifre), a 100 m thick glauconitic silt-sandstone occasionally bearing extremely acritarch-rich phosphatic pebbles; gradually transitioning upwards into the upper, the 3 m thick Rispebjerg Member, a sandstone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52899662 |
David L. Jones (botanist) David Lloyd Jones (born 1944) is an Australian horticultural botanist and the author of many books and papers, especially on Australian orchids. Jones was born in Victoria and in his youth, was a student at Burnley Horticultural College, then the University of Melbourne, graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. He was employed for 14 years by the Victorian Department of Agriculture where he helped develop programs involving the nutrient requirements of Australian native plants. He later owned several commercial nurseries and in 1972 his first description of an orchid, "Pterostylis aestiva" was published, then in 1978, his first book, "Australian Ferns and Fern Allies", written with Stephen Clemesha was published. In 1987 Jones worked first as a horticultural research officer at the Australian National Botanic Gardens in Canberra and a year later began an intensive study of the taxonomy of Australian plant groups, especially orchids. From 1994 he worked as a research scientist in the Orchid Research Group at the Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research until his retirement in 2007. Jones facilitated a cooperation with groups of both professional and amateur botanists which has led to the description of many new species. Jones has travelled extensively and visited many remote areas of Australia in the search for new orchid species | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52906381 |
David L. Jones (botanist) He is the author of more than 350 papers describing new species of orchids, 18 of cycads as well as of other groups, including the fern genus "Revwattsia" and has published many books on Australian plants. He is described by fellow botanist, Mark Alwin Clements as "without doubt one of the outstanding botanists of our time" and by Rob Cross and Roger Spencer, horticultural botanists at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, as "probably the most prolific horticultural botanist that Australia has produced." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52906381 |
Front (physics) In physics, a front can be understood as an interface between two different possible states (either stable or unstable) in a physical system. For example, a Weather front is the interface between two different density masses of air, in combustion where the flame is the interface between burned and unburned material or in population dynamics where the front is the interface between populated and unpopulated places. Fronts can be static or mobile depending on the conditions of the system, and the causes of the motion can be the variation of a free energy, where the most energetically favorable state invades the less favorable one, according to Pomeau or shape induced motion due to non-variation dynamics in the system, according to Alvarez-Socorro, Clerc, González-Cortés and Wilson. From a mathematical point of view, fronts are solutions of spatially extended systems connecting two steady states, and from dynamical systems point of view, a front corresponds to a heteroclinic orbit of the system in the co-mobile frame (or proper frame). The most simple example of front solution connecting a homogeneous stable state with a homogeneous unstable state can be shown in the one-dimensional Fisher-Kolmogorov equation: that describes a simple model for the density formula_2 of population. This equation has two steady states, formula_3, and formula_4. This solution corresponds to extinction and saturation of population | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52907991 |
Front (physics) Observe that this model is spatially-extended, because it includes a diffusion term given by the second derivative. The state formula_5 is stable as a simple linear analysis can show and the state formula_6 is unstable. There exist a family of front solutions connecting formula_7 with formula_8, and such solution are propagative. Particularly, there exist one solution of the form formula_9, with formula_10 is a velocity that only depends on formula_11 and formula_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52907991 |
Goldreich-Kylafis effect In astronomy, the Goldreich-Kylafis (GK) effect causes certain molecular line emission to be weakly linearly polarized, e.g., in the presence of a magnetic field. More specifically it is predicted that interstellar spectral lines possess a few percent linear polarization provided that the optical depth in the source region is both anisotropic and of order unity and the radiative rates are at least comparable to the collision rates. Compared to polarized dust emission, the GK effect has the potential to yield additional information along the line of sight through its dependence on velocity in the line profile. The theoretical background of the work was published by Peter Goldreich and - his postdoc at the time - Nick Kylafis in a series of two papers in The Astrophysical Journal in 1981 and 1982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52913121 |
John Akeroyd John Robert Akeroyd (1952–) is a British botanist. Educated at St. Andrew's University, he proceeded to Cambridge University for his doctorate on the ecological genetics of weeds. His post-doctoral work was at Trinity College, Dublin (1979–1981), and then at the University of Reading, Plant Sciences Department as a post-doctoral fellow (1981–1999). At Reading he worked on the "Flora Europaea". He succeeded William Stearn as editor of the "Annales Musei Goulandris" in 1999, and also editor of "Watsonia". He has served as a vice-president of the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. there he was referee for Polygonaceae, and also served on the Meetings and Publications Committee. He frequently contributes to popular articles on conservation and botany and co-founded "Plant Talk" conservation magazine associated with the Eden Project. He is also known for his culinary skills. He collected plants from the Mediterranean and Ireland, an contributed to the herbarium at Reading. is the botanical authority, for a nearly twenty taxa, such as "Arenaria serpyllifolia" L. subsp. "aegaea" (Rech.f.) Akeroyd. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society (FLS) in 1982. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52922331 |
The Etches Collection (formerly known as the Museum of Jurassic Marine Life) is a fossil museum in the village of Kimmeridge, Purbeck, Dorset, England. It is based on the lifetime collection of Steve Etches from the local area on the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site, especially around Kimmeridge Bay and the Kimmeridge Ledges. The museum building was opened in 2016 at a cost of £5 million to house a collection of over 2,000 fossil specimens. Steve Etches had been collecting for over 30 years prior to the museum opening, and in this time he has amassed an important collection of fossils that form the basis of the collection. The collection includes examples of ammonite eggs. The museum is considered world-class. The museum uses social media such as Facebook and Twitter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52952271 |
Sergey Gavrilets is a Russian-born physicist turned American theoretical biologist, currently a Distinguished Professor at the University of Tennessee. He is a theoretical evolutionary biologist who has made contributions to the study of speciation, social complexity, and human evolutionary transitions. He is currently Associate Director for Scientific Activities at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis. In 2017, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Gavrilets has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010). Books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52955595 |
NGC 4861 NGC 4861, also known as Arp 266, is a galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. It was discovered by William Herschel on May 1, 1785. Morphological classification of has proved relatively difficult. Its mass, size, and rotational velocity are consistent with it being a spiral galaxy. However, due to its highly irregular shape, it may also be classified as a dwarf irregular galaxy. In fact, since dwarf galaxies are less massive and have lower gravitational potentials, gases and other material for star formation can move within them much faster, causing the galaxy to become a specific type of starburst galaxy, called a blue compact dwarf galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52957819 |
Intrinsic flame instabilities A flame may exhibit intrinsic instabilities of several kinds when one or more of the physico-chemical balances associated with its propagation is offset. In premixed flames, the primary instability is a hydrodynamic instability — known as the Darrieus-Landau instability — which results from thermal expansion across the flame interface. In non-premixed (diffusion) flames, thermo-diffusive instabilities are predominant while the hydrodynamic instability plays a secondary role. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52959044 |
In situ bioremediation Bioremediation is the process of decontaminating polluted sites through the usage of either endogenous or external microorganism. In situ is a term utilized within a variety of fields meaning "on site" and refers to the location of an event. Within the context of bioremediation, in situ indicates that the location of the bioremediation has occurred at the site of contamination without the translocation of the polluted materials. Bioremediation is used to neutralize pollutants including Hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, nitrates, toxic metals and other pollutants through a variety of chemical mechanisms. Microorganism used in the process of bioremediation can either be implanted or cultivated within the site through the application of fertilizers and other nutrients. Common polluted sites targeted by bioremediation are groundwater/aquifers and polluted soils. Aquatic ecosystems affected by oil spills have also shown improvement through the application of bioremediation. The most notable cases being the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill in 2010 and the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. Two variations of bioremediation exist defined by the location where the process occurs. Ex situ bioremediation occurs at a location separate from the contaminated site and involves the translocation of the contaminated material. In situ occurs within the site of contamination can further be categorized by the metabolism occurring, aerobic and anaerobic, and by the level of human involvement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52966974 |
In situ bioremediation The Sun Oil pipeline spill in Ambler, Pennsylvania spurred the first commercial usage of in situ bioremediation in 1972 to remove hydrocarbons from contaminated sites. A patent was filed in 1974 by Richard Raymond, Reclamation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Ground Waters, which provided the basis for the commercialization of in situ bioremediation. Accelerated in situ bioremediation is defined when a specified microorganism is targeted for growth through the application of either nutrients or an electron donor to the contaminated site. Within aerobic metabolism the nutrient added to the soil can be solely Oxygen. Anaerobic in situ bioremediation often requires a variety of electron donors or acceptors such as benzoate and lactate. Besides nutrients, microorganisms can also be introduced directly to the site within accelerated in situ bioremediation. The addition of extraneous microorganisms to a site is termed bioaugmentation and is used when a particular microorganism is effective at degrading the pollutant at the site and is not found either naturally or at a high enough population to be effective. Accelerated in situ bioremediation is utilized when the desired population of microorganisms within a site is not naturally present at a sufficient level to effectively degrade the pollutants. It also is used when the required nutrients within the site are either not at a concentration sufficient to support growth or are unavailable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52966974 |
In situ bioremediation The Raymond Process is a type of accelerated in situ bioremediation that was developed by Richard Raymond and involves the introduction of nutrients and electron acceptors to a contaminated site. This process is primarily used to treat polluted groundwater. In the Raymond process a loop system is created. Contaminated Groundwater from downstream of the groundwater flow is pumped to the surface and infused with nutrients and an electron donor, often oxygen. This treated water is then pumped back down below the water table upstream of where it was originally taken. This process introduces nutrients and electron donors into the site allowing for the growth of a determined microbial population. In contaminated sites where the desired microbial metabolism is aerobic the introduction of oxygen to the site can be used to increase the population of targeted microorganisms. The injection of Oxygen can occur through a variety of processes. Oxygen can be injected into the subsurface through injection wells. It can also be introduced through an injection gallery. The presence of oxygen within a site is often the limiting factor when determining the time frame and efficacy of a proposed in situ bioremediation process. Ozone injected into the subsurface can also be a means of introducing oxygen into a contaminated site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52966974 |
In situ bioremediation Despite being a strong oxidizing agent and potentially having a toxic effect on subsurface microbial populations, ozone can be an efficient means of spreading oxygen throughout a site due to its high solubility. Within twenty minutes after being injected into the subsurface, fifty percent of the ozone will have decomposed to Oxygen. Ozone is commonly introduced to the soil in either a dissolved or gaseous state. Within accelerated anaerobic in situ bioremediation electron donors and acceptors are introduced into a contaminated site in order to increase the population of anaerobic microorganisms. Monitored Natural Attenuation is in situ bioremediation that occurs with little to no human intervention. This process relies on the natural microbial populations sustained within the contaminated sites to over time reduce the contaminants to a desired level. During monitored natural attenuation the site is monitored in order to track the progress of the bioremediation. Monitored natural attenuation is used in sites where the source of contamination is no longer present, often after other more active types of in situ bioremediation have been conducted. Naturally occurring within the soil are microbial populations that utilize hydrocarbons as a source of energy and Carbon. Upwards to twenty percent of microbial soil populations have the ability to metabolize hydrocarbons. These populations can through either accelerated or natural monitored attenuation be utilized to neutralize within the soil hydrocarbon pollutants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52966974 |
In situ bioremediation The metabolic mode of hydrocarbon remediation is primarily aerobic. The end products of the remediation for hydrocarbons are Carbon Dioxide and water. Hydrocarbons vary in ease of degradation based on their structure. Long chain aliphatic carbons are the most effectively degraded. Short chained, branched, and quaternary aliphatic hydrocarbons are less effectively degraded. Alkene degradation is dependent on the saturation of the chain with saturated alkenes being more readily degraded. Large numbers of microbes with the ability to metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons are present within the soil. Aromatic hydrocarbons are also susceptible to being degraded through anaerobic metabolism. Hydrocarbon metabolism is an important facet of in situ bioremediation due to the severity of petroleum spills around the world. Polynuclear aromatic carbons susceptibility to degradation is related to the number of aromatic rings within the compound. Compounds with two or three rings are degraded at an effective rate, compounds possessing four or more rings can be more resilient to bioremediation efforts. Degradation of polynuclear aromatic carbons with less than four rings is accomplished by various aerobic microbes present in the soil. For larger compounds the only metabolic mode that has shown to be effective is cometabolism. The fungus genus Phanerochaete under anaerobic conditions has species with the ability to metabolize some polynuclear aromatic carbons utilizing a peroxidase enzyme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52966974 |
In situ bioremediation A variety of metabolic modes exist capable of degrading chlorinated aliphatic compounds. Anaerobic reduction, oxidation of the compound, and cometabolism under aerobic conditions are the three main metabolic modes utilized by microorganisms to degrade chlorinated aliphatic compounds. Organisms that can readily metabolize chlorinated aliphatic compounds are not common in the environment. One and two carbons that have little chlorination are the compounds most effectively metabolized by soil microbial populations. The degradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds is most often performed through cometabolism. Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are resistant to bioremediation and many microorganisms lack the ability to degrade the compounds. Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are most often degraded through a process of reductive dechlorination under anaerobic conditions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are primarily degraded through cometabolism. There are also some fungi that can degrade the compounds as well. Studies show an increase in PCB degradation when biphenyl is added to the site due to cometabolic affects the enzymes used to degrade biphenyl have on PCBs. Due to in situ bioremediation taking place at the site of contamination there is a lessened risk of cross contamination as opposed to ex situ bioremediation where the polluted material is transported to other sites. can also have lower costs and a higher rate of decontamination than ex situ bioremediation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52966974 |
Oluf Winge Gustav Oluf Bang Winge (May 14, 1855 Copenhagen – February 16, 1889) was a Danish zoologist. The older brother of the zoologist Herluf Winge, Oluf also had since childhood a great interest in animals. He took in 1881 the title of "Magisterkonferens" in Natural History and in 1883 became assistant at the Zoologisk Museum. He worked mainly with ornithology, such as the birds recovered from the lighthouses in Denmark and his most important work, "Fugle fra Knoglehuler i Brasilien" (1888), on the fossil birds discovered in the caves in of the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil by his compatriot paleontologist Peter Wilhelm Lund. He died in 1889, 33 years old, from an "incurable breast suffering". The Pleistocene condor genus "Wingegyps" is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52969818 |
Trans-Golgi network vesicle protein 23 A (TVP23A) is a protein coded for the TVP23A gene, formally known as FAM18A. TVP23A is located on chromosome 16. It is known to have human paralogs, TVP23B and TVP23C, as well as orthologs in many different species, notably yeast, mice, and chickens. The general consensus on the TVP23A protein indicate that it has some function in the late Golgi apparatus and is involved in retrograde transport from endosomes back into the Golgi apparatus. The nature of this transport is still unknown. TVP23A is located at cytogenic band 16p13.13, on the negative strand of Chromosome 16. TVP23A stands for Trans-Golgi network Vesicle Protein 23A TVP23A, is the current name for the protein. Aliases of TVP23A include FAM18A, and rarely YDR084C. There are two known isoforms of TVP23A, variant one and variant two, with variant one being the more common variant in humans. TVP23A is a member of the pfam superfamily containing the domain of unknown function 846 (DUF846). TVP23A has a predicted molecular weight of 24.1 kilodaltons, an isoelectric point of 6.5, and relatively high amounts of tryptophan and phenylalanine. The secondary structure of TVP23A consists primarily of alpha helices composing 4 transmembrane domains. There is not much information on the tertiary structure of TVP23A or its homologs. iTASSER was used to generate a prediction for the folding pattern of TVP23A, which supports the presence of multiple helix structures. TVP23A is ubiquitously expressed in all human tissues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52974301 |
Trans-Golgi network vesicle protein 23 A There is evidence of higher expression in the brain tissue of mice. The promoter for TVP23A is GXP_91266, spanning 1403 base pairs located on the negative strand of chromosome 16. The hypothesized function of TVP23A is a transmembrane protein involved in retrograde transport of vesicles from early endosomes into the late Golgi apparatus. TVP23A interactions with SNARE TVI1 were found to be required for retrograde transport. TVP23A has been found to interact with four different proteins via Yeast two hybrid arrays. Two of these proteins, YIPF1 and YIPF2, are believed to be Golgi transport proteins. TVP23A is a DUF846 containing protein, which is homologous throughout TVP-type proteins. This domain contains the 4 transmembrane domains of TVP23A TVP23A has two paralogs, TVP23B and TVP23C. TVP23B and TVP23C are 96% similar to each other, and both are located on chromosome 17. Due to the locations of these three genes, and their identities to each other, it is probable that ancestral TVP23 underwent duplication and translocation, giving rise to TVP23A on chromosome 16 and TVP23B/C on chromosome 17, which then underwent a second duplication to form TVP23B and TVP23C. TVP23A has been found in all multicellular eukaryotes, including fungi. This gene has not been found in bacteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52974301 |
Slosh baffle A slosh baffle is a device used to dampen the adverse effects of liquid slosh in a tank. Slosh baffles have been implemented in a variety of applications including tanker trucks, and liquid rockets, although any moving tank containing liquid may employ them. Baffle rings are rigid rings placed within the inside of a tank to retard the flow of liquid between sections. The location and orifice size of the rings yield varying performance for a given application. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52975808 |
Peter Nienow FRSE is a Professor in glaciology at the University of Edinburgh. His research focuses on how glaciers and ice sheets respond to climate change. He was educated at Leighton Park School and Cambridge University. He is a winner of the Polar Medal, an award given to British citizens in recognition of acquisition of knowledge about polar regions, and who have undertaken polar expeditions in extreme hardship. In 2019 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52979696 |
Robert Bingham (glaciologist) Robert George Bingham is a reader in glaciology and geophysics at the University of Edinburgh. His research focuses on using geophysical, remote sensing, and modelling techniques to understand modern glacial change and processes, and on understanding the landforms left behind by retreating Northern Hemisphere glaciers at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. He is a winner of the Polar Medal, an award given to British citizens in recognition of acquisition of knowledge about polar regions, and who have undertaken polar expeditions in extreme hardship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52980059 |
David E. Sugden David Edward Sugden FRSE, FRSGS is an emeritus professor and senior research fellow at the University of Edinburgh. He is a glaciologist and glacial geomorphologist. His research focuses in particular on glacial and polar landforms, Antarctic ice sheet stability, and the dynamics of the Patagonian ice cap under a changing climate. He has served as President of the Geography Section of the British Association, Vice President of the Royal Geographical Society, President of the Institute of British Geographers, and Director of SAGES (Scottish Alliance for Geoscience, Environment, and Society). At the University of Edinburgh, Sugden has twice been Department Head of Geography and was also the inaugural Head of the School of Geosciences. He is a winner of the International Glaciological Society's Seligman Crystal. This award is given to a researcher who has "made an outstanding scientific contribution to glaciology that the subject is now enriched". He has also won the Vega Medal for physical geography from the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography; the Polar Medal for outstanding contribution to polar science and exploration by a British citizen; the David Linton Award from the British Society for Geomorphology; the Royal Geographical Society’s Cuthbert Peek Award; and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society’s Mungo Park Medal. Sugden is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He has received honorary degrees from the University of Stockholm and the University of Dundee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52980287 |
Karl D. Swartzel Jr. Karl Dale Swartzel Jr. (June 19, 1907 – April 23, 1998) was the inventor of the operational amplifier (or 'op-amps'). He filed the patent for the 'summing amplifier' in 1941 when working at Bell Labs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52982574 |
Tree theory Tree Theory is a "many-worlds theory"-dependent conceptualization of time travel. It is primarily used as proof of a possible way of travelling back in time without disrupting the space-time continuum. It supports the idea that going backwards in time could be possible with the induction of multiple timelines. In a pattern of travel based on tree theory, the restrictions of not being able to change even the most minute condition of the new reality would be inexistant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52984586 |
Solvophoresis is a spontaneous motion of dispersed particles in a mixed solvent induced by a gradient of solvent concentration. was experimentally established by Marek Kosmulski and Egon Matijevic. is similar to diffusiophoresis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52994301 |
Panguipulli Formation () is a sedimentary formation of Triassic age located in Los Ríos Region and southernmost Araucanía Region in south–central Chile. The formation is variously covered by Quaternary lavas in the east and Quaternary moraines, Holocene alluvium and colluvium in the west. The formation and make up possibly the remnants of an ancient lake and river system. The formation is named after the town of Panguipulli on the western edge of Panguipulli Lake. The formation has evidence of low grade metamorphism and is locally intruded by plutons of the North Patagonian Batholith that are of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Miocene age. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52995485 |
Franz Firbas (* June 4, 1902 in Prague; † February 19, 1964 in Göttingen) was a German botanist who taught at the University of Göttingen. From 1952–1964, he was director of their Systematisch-Geobotanisches Institut. Former students include Gerhard Lang and Heinz Ellenberg. Firbas studied at the German branch of Charles University (German Charles-Ferdinand University) under Prof. K. Rudolph. He was an assistant professor for a short time, before leaving to go to Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52998362 |
Junction-mediating and regulatory protein Junction-mediating and regulatory protein, or JMY, is a 110 kDa protein that interacts with p300 and has a role in regulating p53 activity. Additionally, JMY is a member of the WASp family of actin nucleators. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52999026 |
Matthias Maurer Dr. (born 18 March 1970 in St. Wendel, Saarland) is a European Space Agency astronaut and materials scientist, who was selected in 2015 to take part in space training. Maurer studied at the Saarland University, Germany, where he received a degree in materials sciences. He also studied at the University of Leeds, the Polytechnic University of Catalonia and holds an MBA management degree. He has been working as a researcher since 1999 and received his doctorate in engineering at the Institute of Materials Sciences of the RWTH Aachen University in 2004, with a dissertation on materials sciences. In his spare time, he enjoys traveling, photography, reading, politics, foreign languages, cycling and hiking. Maurer speaks fluently in German, English, Spanish, Russian, French as well as conversational Mandarin Chinese. He was selected as an astronaut in July 2015 by the European Space Agency. Before he joined the European Astronaut Corps, he worked for ESA in Cologne on Lunar exploration projects and as a Eurocom International Space Station flight controller. In 2014, he took part in the ESA Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising Human Behaviour and Performance Skills program and in 2016 he was part of the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations 21 analog mission. In May 2017, Maurer completed EVA training at the Neutral Buoyancy Lab alongside fellow ESA astronaut Tim Peake. In May 2018 he completed basic training and became fully certified to go to space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53014376 |
Grigoriu Ștefănescu (1836–1911) was a Wallachian-born Romanian geologist, mineralogist paleontologist. Ștefănescu was elected a titular member of the Romanian Academy in 1876. From 1897 to 1898, he served as rector of the University of Bucharest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53021553 |
Stochastic thermodynamics is an emergent field of research in statistical mechanics that uses stochastic variables to better understand the non-equilibrium dynamics present in microscopic systems such as colloidal particles, biopolymers (e.g. DNA, RNA, and proteins), enzymes, molecular motors and many other types of systems. When a microscopic machine (e.g. a MEM) performs useful work it generates heat and entropy as a byproduct of the process, however it is also predicted that this machine will operate in "reverse" or "backwards" over appreciable short periods. That is, heat energy from the surroundings will be converted into useful work. For larger engines, this would be described as a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, as entropy is consumed rather than generated. Loschmidt's paradox states that in a time reversible system, for every trajectory there exists a time-reversed anti-trajectory. As the entropy production of a trajectory and its equal anti-trajectory are of identical magnitude but opposite sign, then, so the argument goes, one cannot prove that entropy production is positive. For a long time, exact results in thermodynamics were only possible in linear systems capable of reaching equilibrium, leaving other questions like the Loschmidt paradox unsolved. During the last few decades fresh approaches have revealed general laws applicable to non-equilibrium system which are described by nonlinear equations, pushing the range of exact thermodynamic statements beyond the realm of traditional linear solutions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53031776 |
Stochastic thermodynamics These exact results are particularly relevant for small systems where appreciable (typically non-Gaussian) fluctuations occur. Thanks to stochastic thermodynamics it is now possible to accurately predict distribution functions of thermodynamic quantities relating to exchanged heat, applied work or entropy production for these systems. The mathematical resolution to Loschmidt's paradox is called the (steady state) fluctuation theorem (FT), which is a generalisation of the second law of thermodynamics. The FT shows that as a system gets larger or the trajectory duration becomes longer, entropy-consuming trajectories become more unlikely, and the expected second law behaviour is recovered. The FT was first put forward by and much of the work done in developing and extending the theorem was accomplished by theoreticians and mathematicians interested in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. The first observation and experimental proof of Evan's fluctuation theorem (FT) was performed by A recent review states that "proved a remarkable relation which allows to express the free energy difference between two equilibrium systems by a nonlinear average over the work required to drive the system in a non-equilibrium process from one state to the other. By comparing probability distributions for the work spent in the original process with the time-reversed one, Crooks found a “refinement” of the Jarzynski relation (JR), now called the Crooks fluctuation theorem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53031776 |
Stochastic thermodynamics Both, this relation and another refinement of the JR, the Hummer-Szabo relation became particularly useful for determining free energy differences and landscapes of biomolecules. These relations are the most prominent ones within a class of exact results (some of which found even earlier and then rediscovered) valid for non-equilibrium systems driven by time-dependent forces. A close analogy to the JR, which relates different equilibrium states, is the Hatano-Sasa relation that applies to transitions between two different non-equilibrium steady states". This is shown to be a special case of a more general relation. Classical thermodynamics, at its heart, deals with general laws governing the transformations of a system, in particular, those involving the exchange of heat, work and matter with an environment. As a central result, total entropy production is identified that in any such process can never decrease, leading, inter alia, to fundamental limits on the efficiency of heat engines and refrigerators. The thermodynamic characterisation of systems in equilibrium got its microscopic justification from equilibrium statistical mechanics which states that for a system in contact with a heat bath the probability to find it in any specific microstate is given by the Boltzmann factor. For small deviations from equilibrium, linear response theory allows to express transport properties caused by small external fields through equilibrium correlation functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53031776 |
Stochastic thermodynamics On a more phenomenological level, linear irreversible thermodynamics provides a relation between such transport coefficients and entropy production in terms of forces and fluxes. Beyond this linear response regime, for a long time, no universal exact results were available. During the last 20 years fresh approaches have revealed general laws applicable to non-equilibrium system thus pushing the range of validity of exact thermodynamic statements beyond the realm of linear response deep into the genuine non-equilibrium region. These exact results, which become particularly relevant for small systems with appreciable (typically non-Gaussian) fluctuations, generically refer to distribution functions of thermodynamic quantities like exchanged heat, applied work or entropy production. combines the stochastic energetics introduced by with the idea that entropy can consistently be assigned to a single fluctuating trajectory. can be applied to driven (i.e. open) quantum systems whenever the effects of quantum coherence can be ignored. The dynamics of an open quantum system is then equivalent to a classical stochastic one. However, this is sometimes at the cost of requiring unrealistic measurements at the beginning and end of a process. Understanding non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics more broadly is an important and active area of research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53031776 |
Stochastic thermodynamics The efficiency of some computing and information theory tasks can be greatly enhanced when using quantum correlated states; quantum correlations can be used not as a valuable resource in quantum computation, but also in the realm of quantum thermodynamics. New types of quantum devices in non-equilibrium states function very differently to their classical counterparts. For example, it has been theoretically shown that non-equilibrium quantum ratchet systems function far more efficiently then that predicted by classical thermodynamics. It has also been shown that quantum coherence can be used to enhance the efficiency of systems beyond the classical Carnot limit. This is because it could be possible to extract work, in the form of photons, from a single heat bath. Quantum coherence can be used in effect to play the role of Maxwell's demon though the broader information theory based interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics is not violated. Quantum versions of stochastic thermodynamics have been studied for some time and the past few years have seen a surge of interest in this topic. Quantum mechanics involves profound issues around the interpretation of reality (e.g. the Copenhagen interpretation, many-worlds, de Broglie-Bohm theory etc are all competing interpretations that try to explain the unintuitive results of quantum theory) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53031776 |
Stochastic thermodynamics It is hoped that by trying to specify the quantum-mechanical definition of work, dealing with open quantum systems, analyzing exactly solvable models, or proposing and performing experiments to test non-equilibrium predictions, important insights into the interpretation of quantum mechanics and the true nature of reality will be gained. Applications of non-equilibrium work relations, like the Jarzynski equality, have recently been proposed for the purposes of detecting quantum entanglement and to improving optimization problems (minimize or maximize a function of multivariables called the cost function) via quantum annealing . Until recently thermodynamics has only considered systems coupled to a thermal bath and, therefore, satisfying Boltzmann statistics. However, systems satisfying these conditions do not include many systems that are far from equilibrium such as living matter, for which fluctuations are expected to be non-Gaussian. Active particle systems are able to take energy from their environment and drive themselves far from equilibrium. An important example of active matter is constituted by objects capable of self propulsion. Thanks to this property, they feature a series of novel behaviours that are not attainable by matter at thermal equilibrium, including, for example, swarming and the emergence of other collective properties. A passive particle is considered in an active bath when it is in an environment where a wealth of active particles are present | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53031776 |
Stochastic thermodynamics These particles will exert nonthermal forces on the passive object so that it will experience non-thermal fluctuations and will behave widely different from a passive Brownian particle in a thermal bath. The presence of an active bath can significantly influence the microscopic thermodynamics of a particle. Experiments have suggested that the Jarzynski equality does not hold in some cases due to the presence of non-Boltzmann statistics in active baths. This observation points towards a new direction in the study of non-equilibrium statistical physics and stochastic thermodynamics, where also the environment itself is far from equilibrium. Active baths are a question of particular importance in biochemistry. For example, biomolecules within cells are coupled with an active bath due to the presence of molecular motors within the cytoplasm, which leads to striking and largely not yet understood phenomena such as the emergence of anomalous diffusion (Barkai et al., 2012). Also, protein folding might be facilitated by the presence of active fluctuations (Harder et al., 2014b) and active matter dynamics could play a central role in several biological functions (Mallory et al., 2015; Shin et al., 2015; Suzuki et al., 2015). It is an open question to what degree stochastic thermodynamics can be applied to systems coupled to active baths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53031776 |
Shapley Attractor The Shapley attractor is an attractor located about the Shapley Supercluster. It is opposed to the Dipole Repeller, in the CMB dipole of local galactic flow. It is thought to be the composite contributions of the Shapley Concentration and the Great Attractor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53037512 |
Tinnunculite is a naturally-occurring form of dihydrate of uric acid. It should not be confused with a proposed mineral species with the identical name 'Tinnunculite', that forms when droppings from a European kestrel react with the burning dumps of coal mines and quarries. The name tinnunculite is derived from the kestrel's binomial name, ""Falco tinnunculus"", which is itself derived from the Latin word "tinnunculus", meaning "kestrel", from "tinnulus", meaning "shrill". is a naturally occurring form of the same type of origin. The mineral is a dihydrate of uricite to which it is visually very similar. is chemically similar to other organic minerals: guanine, uricite; also acetamide, kladnoite. A new mineral proposal with the same name but slightly different formula (CHNO) was submitted by Chesnokov & Shcherbakova and ultimately rejected by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) on the basis of being of anthropogenic origin. Russia: Mount Rasvumchorr, Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast, Northern Region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53048220 |
Merrimack Pharmaceuticals is a pharmaceutical company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. They specialize in developing drugs for the treatment of cancer. Merrimack's first FDA-approved drug was approved in 2015; Onivyde, a liposome encapsulated version of irinotecan is used for treating pancreatic adenocarcinoma. It was approved for use in Europe the following year. Merrimack was founded by a group of scientists from MIT and Harvard University in 2000. In 2016, Merrimack had 426 full-time employees, 103 of which had an MD or PhD. In October 2016, CEO Robert Mulroy resigned and the company announced they would be laying off 20% of its employees. In January 2017, interim CEO Gary Crocker resigned and the board of directors appointed Richard Peters to be president and CEO. Peters previously worked at Sanofi and was a faculty member at Harvard University. In January 2017, French pharmaceutical company Ipsen announced they would be purchasing Onivyde from Merrimack for approximately $1 billion. On November 13, 2018, the statistical programming director Songjiang Wang, received "six months in prison and one year supervised released" after a guilty verdict was handed down to Wang from a United States District Judge in July 2018 for securities fraud and conspiracy to commit securities fraud. Also on December 20, 2019, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission charged Wang with Insider trading. Merrimack has four drugs in clinical development. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53069051 |
M5-brane In theoretical physics, an is a brane which carries magnetic charge, and the dual under electric-magnetic duality is the M2-brane. is analogous to the NS5-brane in string theory. In addition, it is a soliton solution to M-theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53072781 |
NGC 394 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on October 26, 1854 by R. J. Mitchell. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, small, 50 arcsec northeast of II 218.", with II 218 being NGC 392. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53075082 |
NGC 395 is an open cluster located in the constellation Tucana. It was discovered on August 1, 1826 by James Dunlop. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, pretty large, round, gradually a little brighter middle." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53075124 |
Ioliomics is a research discipline dealing with the studies of ions in liquids (or liquid phases) and stipulated with fundamental differences of ionic interactions. The name is a combination of IOns, LIquids and -OMICS. covers a broad research area concerning structure, properties and applications of ions involved in various biological and chemical systems. The concept of this research discipline is related to other comprehensive research fields, such as genomics, proteomics, glycomics, petroleomics, etc., where the suffix "-omics" is used for describing the comprehensiveness of data. The nature of chemical interactions and their description is one of the most fundamental problems in chemistry. The concepts of covalent and ionic bonds which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century specify the profound differences between their electronic structures. These differences, in turn, lead to dramatically different behavior of covalent and ionic compounds both in the solution and solid phase. In the solid phase, ionic compounds, e.g. salts, are prone to formation of crystal lattices; in polar solvents, they dissociate into ions surrounded by solvate shells, thus rendering the solution highly ionic conductive. In contrast to covalent bonds, ionic interactions demonstrate flexible, dynamic behavior, which allows tuning ionic compounds to obtain desired properties. Ionic compounds interact strongly with the solvent medium; therefore, their impact on chemical and biochemical processes involving ions can be significant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53076456 |
Ioliomics Even in the case of simplest ions and solvents, the presence of the former can lead to rearrangement and restructuring of the latter. It is established that ionic reactions are involved in numerous phenomena at the scales of whole galaxies or single living cells. To name a few, in living cells, metal ions bind to metalloenzymes and other proteins therefore modulating their activity; ions are involved in the control of neuronal functioning during sleep – wakefulness cycles; anomalous activity of ion channels results in the development of various disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, etc. Thus, despite the problems associated with the studies on properties and activities of ions in various chemical and biological systems, this research field is among the most urgent ones. Of special interest are ion-abundant liquid media (such as ionic liquids, molten salts, liquid electrolytes, etc.), which represent “liquid ions” with excellent tunable properties for different applications. The systems are famous for their ability to solvent-solute self-organization phenomena and are often employed in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceutical research. One of the most important features of ion-abundant liquid media is their huge potential to be fine-tuned. Thus, one can design an ionic liquid with virtually any combination of physicochemical or biochemical properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53076456 |
Ioliomics Research in the area of “liquid ions” is a rapidly developing scientific field, and numerous data on their properties and activities have been accumulated so far. Currently, the concept finds applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, analytics, fuel production, biomass processing, biotechnology, biochemistry and pharmaceutics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53076456 |
NGC 396 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on October 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, small, a little extended." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53084928 |
NGC 397 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on December 6, 1866 by Robert Ball. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, small, round, very faint star to west." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53084982 |
NGC 398 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on October 28, 1886 by Guillaume Bigourdan. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small, stellar." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53091780 |
NGC 399 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on October 7, 1874 by Lawrence Parsons. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, small, round." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53091827 |
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