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NGC 5714 is a spiral galaxy located 130 million light-years away in the constellation of Boötes (the Herdsman). It was discovered by William Herschel in 1787. This galaxy is about 130 million light-years away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56945256 |
Magellan Rise (ocean plateau) Magellan Rise is an oceanic plateau in the Pacific Ocean, which covers a surface area of . There is another "Magellan Rise" west from the Marshall Islands as well. The Magellan Rise has been called a large igneous province by Coffin and Endholm 2001 and was emplaced 145 million or 135-128 million years ago, possibly as a consequence of intense volcanism at a former triple junction. Alternatively, the Rise was formed by a mantle plume. Candidate mantle plumes are the Easter hotspot and the Foundation hotspot. The volume of rocks in the Magellan Rise is about -. It apparently developed first on the Phoenix Plate before being transferred onto the Pacific Plate 125 million years ago. The Magellan Rise never rose to shallow depths at least since the Cretaceous, and the Rise is covered by sediments of Tithonian/Berriasian to Quaternary age. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56947379 |
High-Energy Replicated Optics (HERO) is a high-altitude balloon-borne x-ray telescope based at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Its mirrors are conical approximations to Wolter type 1 geometry. The proving flight, at least, used a high-pressure gas scintillation proportional counter with relatively low spatial resolution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56957442 |
Elsasser number The Elsasser number, Λ, is a dimensionless number in magnetohydrodynamics that represents the ratio of magnetic forces to the Coriolis force. formula_1 where σ is the conductivity of the fluid, "B" is the magnetic field, ρ is the density of the fluid, and Ω is the rate of rotation of the body. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56959327 |
Depocenter A depocenter or depocentre in geology is the part of a sedimentary basin where a particular rock unit has its maximum thickness. Depending on the controls on subsidence and the sedimentary environment the location of basin depocenters may vary with time, such as in active rift basins as extensional faults grow, link or become abandoned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56983545 |
John Bates (neurophysiologist) John Alexander Vincent Bates (1918-1993) was an English neurophysiologist based at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases from 1946 until his retirement. He became the chief electroencephalographer at the hospital, studying human EEG in relation to voluntary movement. In 1949 he founded the Ratio Club, a dining club of British scientists interested in cybernetics. Papers relating to Bates and the Ratio Club are held at the Wellcome Library. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56993846 |
Craig tube A is an item of apparatus used in small-scale (up to about 100 mg) preparative and analytical chemistry, particularly for recrystallisation. It was invented by Lyman C. Craig and Otto W. Post. A consists of two parts. The first is a stout-walled test tube with a working volume of about 1-5 ml (say, 7-8 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in diameter). There is a constriction towards the open end of the tube. The second is a loosely-fitting generally-cylindrical stopper, possibly with a teardrop-shaped head, of glass or of another inert material such as PTFE, which seats on the constriction. Recrystallisation is carried out in the usual manner, by dissolving the solid to be purified in a solvent and causing crystals of the solid to form. The stopper can be used to protect the solution from atmospheric contamination. The crystals are separated from the mother liquor by placing the tube and stopperinvertedin a centrifuge tube, followed by centrifugation. The stopper allows the mother liquor to pass into the centrifuge tube but retains the crystals, which can subsequently be recrystallised again or collected. The apparatus has the advantages that the crystallised product is relatively dry, is free from contamination by fibres from filter paper, and can be recovered more efficiently than from a sinter funnel. Craig tubes can be made by competent glassblowers, and are also available commercially. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56996672 |
Anaerolineaceae is a family of bacteria from the order of Anaerolineales. bacteria occur in marine sediments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57010933 |
Bellilinea is a thermophilic bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("caldifistulae"). "caldifistulae" has been isolated from thermophilic digester sludge from Niigata in Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57011047 |
Brevefilum is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("fermentans"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57011768 |
Flexilinea is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("flocculi"). "flocculi" has been isolated from methanogenic granular sludge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57011899 |
Leptolinea is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("tardivitalis"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57011961 |
Levilinea is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("saccharolytica"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57011997 |
Longilinea is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("arvoryzaes"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57012113 |
Ornatilinea is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("apprima"). "apprima" has been isolated from microbial mat from an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor from the Tomsk Region in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57012211 |
Korean Biology Olympiad The (KBO) is a biology olympiad held by Korean Biology Educational Society. The top four finalists become eligible to join the International Biology Olympiad. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57019357 |
Pelolinea is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("submarina"). "submarina" has been isolated from marine sediments from the Shimokita Peninsula. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57040686 |
Medical Devices Park, Hyderabad is a medical devices industrial estate located in Hyderabad, Telangana,India. The largest such Park in India spread over 250 acres. The dedicated park's ecosystem supports medical technology innovation and manufacturing. The Park was inaugurated on 17 June 2017 near Hyderabad at Sultanpur in Patancheru of Sangareddy district by the Minister for Industries, K. T. Rama Rao. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57044077 |
Schauenberg's index is the ratio of skull length to cranial capacity. This index was introduced by Paul Schauenberg in 1969 as a method to identify European wildcat ("Felis silvestris") skulls and distinguish them from domestic cat ("Felis catus") skulls. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57057365 |
Frederick Debell Bennett (1806 — 1859) was a ship surgeon, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons a member of the Royal Geographical Society and a biologist. Born to a family of means in Devon, England in 1806, he obtained his Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (L.S.A.) in 1828, and his membership of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1829. Bennett first served as Assistant Surgeon on the hospital ship Grampus, which was moored on the Thames. Then in 1833, he joined the London whaleship Tuscan. From 1833-1836 he sailed round the globe on board the 'Tuscan'. The task of this journey was to study whales, lands and nature. He described several species, for example Whalesucker ("Remora australis"), blue noddy and "Cheilopogon nigricans". After his return he practiced medicine in Southwark where he died in 1859 at the age of fifty-three. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57058572 |
George Alexander Ehrman (2 February 1862,Pittsburgh- 30 January, 1926,Pittsburgh) was an American entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera notably Papilionidae. Ehrman invented equipment which came into general use in the manufacture of blown and pressed glass for the Macbeth-Evans Glass Company and the United States Glass Company. In later years he was employed in the Research Laboratory of the Mesta Machine Company. Financially secure Ehrman was able during his later life to devote himself to natural history including ornithology. He made extensive collections of the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of western Pennsylvania then extended his collections worldwide. He specialised in Papilionidae, the genus "Catocala", and the butterflies and moths of Liberia, and the beetle genus "Cychrus" and its allies. His collection of American und exotic Rhopalocera and Coleoptera was bequeathed to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. The species described by him are listed by Holland (1927) partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57061920 |
NGC 5575 (also: NGC 5578) is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Virgo. The object was discovered on May 8, 1864 by the German astronomer Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57086294 |
Thermanaerothrix is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("daxensis"). "daxensis" has been isolated from water from the Saint-Christophe spring in France. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57103472 |
Thermomarinilinea is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species ("lacunofontalis"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57103550 |
ESO 444-46 is a giant elliptical galaxy located about 640 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. It is the brightest member of the galaxy cluster Abell 3558 which lies in the center of the Shapley Supercluster. has an estimated population of about 27,000 globular clusters which may be one of the largest populations ever studied. However, this large number may be due to the addition of Intracluster globular clusters since the galaxy lies about 1 arcmin of the center of Abell 3558. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57113916 |
NGC 5030 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. The object was discovered on 17 March 1881 by the American astronomer Edward Singleton Holden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57116857 |
NGC 1683 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Orion. The object was discovered in 1850 by the Irish astronomer William Parsons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57116987 |
NGC 4918 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. The object was discovered in 1886 by the American astronomer Francis Preserved Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57117046 |
NGC 3545B is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. The object is close to NGC 3545. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57117104 |
NGC 6975 NGC 6975, also known as NGC 6976, is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Aquarius. The object was discovered on 12 July 1864 by the German astronomer Albert Marth. is part of Hickson Compact Group 88, along with NGC 6977, NGC 6978, and MCG-01-53-014. The group is at a distance of about 273 million light years (84 million parsecs). In 2012, supernova SN 2012ga was discovered within NGC 6975. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57117108 |
NGC 3402 NGC 3402, also known as NGC 3411, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Hydra. The object was discovered on March 25, 1786 by German-British astronomer William Herschel. is the largest galaxy in the eponymous cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57120020 |
NGC 7041B is a spiral or lenticular galaxy in the constellation Indus. The object was discovered on 7 July 1834 by the British astronomer John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57120063 |
3DISCO (stands for “3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs“) is histological method which make biological samples more transparent (so called “cleared”), by using series of organic solvents for matching refractive index (RI) of tissue and surrounding medium. Structures in transparent tissues can be examined by fluorescence microscopy without need for time-consuming physical sectioning and following reconstruction "in silico". The method was developed by team around Ali Ertürk and Hans-Ulrich Dodt from Max-Planck-Institute in Munich primarily for clearing and imaging unsectioned mouse brain and spinal cord. Later on the method or its modifications were successfully used in many fields of biological research to image and investigate whole body of mouse, structure and function of mouse brain, stem cells, tumor tissues, developmental processes or whole human embryos. Use of organic solvents for clearing (making transparent) the tissue was first mentioned more than century ago by German anatomist Werner Spalteholz. But with some exceptions (reviewed in ) was clearing techniques for whole 20th century almost forgotten. Their renaissance came in last decade, probably thank to spread of advanced techniques of fluorescence microscopy which allow optical sectioning of the specimen (confocal, multiphoton or light sheet microscopy). Of actual clearing techniques, first used organic solvent was mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate (BABB). Authors used this solution to clear mouse brain, mouse embryos and whole body of "D | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57126929 |
3DISCO melanogaster". Main drawback of this solution is bleaching of GFP signal and insufficient clearing of highly myelinated tissue of adult animals. Therefore, many other reagents were tested with aim to find GFP compatible and more sufficient clearing. As results tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dibenzyl ether (DBE) were chosen as the best regents for clearing. Based on those findings the protocol was published in 2012. protocol consists of three steps: The biological samples (tissues) are heterogeneous structures consist of compounds which differ in their refractive indexes. For example, water have RI 1.33, lipids and proteins around 1.40 – 1.45. As result the light is scattered on its path through the tissue, which leads to decrease in resolution or even to disappearance of signal in samples thicker than a few tens of micrometers. Series of steps including dehydration and delipidation of tissue and its subsequent incubation and imaging in medium with RI similar to imaged structures therefore decrease the scattering of light and leads to transparent sample. After fixation with (usually with paraformaldehyde) and eventually labeling with dyes, the samples are dehydrated via incubation in solutions with growing concentration (50%, 70%, 80% and 100% in water) of tetrahydrofurane (THF). Because its lack of reactive alcohol, aldehyde or ketone groups, THF is less reactive and preserve fluorescence better than other dehydrating solutions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57126929 |
3DISCO After dehydration the sample is rinsed first in dichlormethane (DCM) and finally in dibenzyl ether (DBE) to match the refractive index of tissue and surrounding medium leading to transparent sample. In DBE samples are stored and imaged as well. protocol is best suited for fixed tissues labeled with strong fluorophores, ideally transgenic models expressing fluorescent proteins such as GFP (alternatively staining with synthetic dyes is possible as well). For antibody labeling the method was optimized and published under name iDISCO (see below Modifications and applications). Whole process is relatively easy to perform and require just changes of given solutions with no need for some customized laboratory equipment. Process of clearing and subsequent imaging is fast (hours to days depending on sample size), especially in comparison with physical sectioning of whole organ, imaging of their parts and reconstruction before subsequent image analysis (that could easily take several weeks). Above that works on many types of tissues (lung, spleen, lymph nodes, mammary gland, tumors). Main drawbacks of this method are partial delipidation of tissue during clearing discriminating use of lipophilic dyes, shrinkage of tissue during clearing, partial degradation of fluorescence, complete degradation of fluorescence during long term storage and toxicity of used reagents (and their potential to damage the microscopy objectives if leak from imaging chamber) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57126929 |
3DISCO Note that this chapter illustrates development and use of solvent-based clearing methods and does not provide complete list of applications and modifications of them. method was soon after publication adopted by other researchers and modified with aim to specific goals, like use of retrograde or antibody labeling (iDISCO), clearing whole body of mouse (uDISCO) or clearing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples (DIPCO). Authors of iDISCO (stands for “immunolabeling-enabled imaging of solvent-cleared organs“) included pretreatment of sample with methanol, hydrogen peroxide, detergents and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) together with antibody labeling before clearing. This preprocess overcome two drawbacks of antibody labeling of large samples. First lowering the autofluorescence of samples and enhance signal-to-noise ratio, and second make tissue more penetrable for antibodies. As result samples as large as mouse embryos or whole mouse organs can be successfully dyed with fluorescent labeled antibodies and thereafter cleared and imaged. Authors of uDISCO (from “ultimate imaging of solvent-cleared organs“) enhance a shrinkage of tissue, a common bystander effect of dehydration of sample in first step of clearing. They used tert-butanol instead of THF for dehydration and also different solution for imaging, which preserve fluorescence better than DBE. Thank to shrinkage of the tissue, they can observe large samples up to size of whole mouse body | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57126929 |
3DISCO It is worth to mention that uDISCO was highlighted by media worldwide including New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Business Insider, Nature and Science magazines. It was also chosen as one of the top 10 scientific images of 2016 by Nature. DIPCO (from “diagnosing immunolabelled paraffin-embedded cleared organs”) is pipeline combine deparaffinization of FFPE embedded tumor specimens, iDISCO clearing and phenotyping of tumor tissue. Tumor FFPE samples are widely stored in biobanks and used for diagnostics, and their 3D analysis could potentially help to improve stratification of cancer patients. Clearing methods, including 3DISCO, was mainly developed for neuroscience research first. The reason is in high morphological and functional complexity of nervous system, which investigation is time-consuming and laborious with classical histology methods. Majority of studies is therefore focused on mouse central nervous system (rodents are one of main model organisms for neurobiology). Authors of method used it first for studying regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of mouse, including counting of microglia, astrocytes and mapping trajectories of axons after injury. was also used for mapping the development of mouse CNS. Its modification iDISCO was used for functional studies of brain activity or for mapping amyloid plaques, microglia, vasculature and other properties of brains in Alzheimer diseased patients and mouse models | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57126929 |
3DISCO Modification uDISCO was then used for single cell mapping of neurons in whole unsectioned CNS of mouse. In recent years the use of “DISCO” methods is broadened to research on many other tissues, including single-cell mapping of transplanted stem cells in whole mouse organs, imaging of whole human embryos in different developmental stages or examination and diagnostics of human tumors tissue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57126929 |
Enclave (geology) In geology an enclave is an aggregate of minerals or rock observed inside another larger rock body. Usually it refers to such situations in plutonic rocks. Micro-granular enclaves in felsic plutons result from the introduction of mafic magma into the magma chamber an its subsequent cooling following incomplete mixing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57128488 |
William King (GSI) William King FGS (1834? - 1900) was the son of the Irish geologist William King who also became a geologist and worked in India with the Geological Survey of India, serving as its director from 1887 to 1894. King studied civil engineering at Queen's College, Galway and at Queen's University before joining the Geological Survey of India on 4 March 1857. His first work was in southern India with H.F.Blanford. He then worked in central India and surveyed western Chota Nagpur and took over the position of director at Calcutta, succeeding Medlicott in 1887. He was given six extensions from the normal age of retirement at 54 thus retiring at the age of 60 on 16 July 1894 after 37 years of service. He was succeeded by Carl Griesbach as director as the next senior officer T.W.H. Hughes was injured, losing his eyesight and being forced to retire. King published numerous reports as part of his work in the Geological Survey of India and numerous notes in its Records and Memoirs. The key emphasis was on surveys for coal and mineral resources. A partial list of publications include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57140881 |
Cerro Aspero Batholith () is a group of plutons in southern Sierras Pampeanas in central Argentina. The batholith covers an approximate area of 440 km and lies about 50 km south of the larger Achala Batholith. The batholith contains various circular plutons emplaced by stoping at pressures of 2 kbar or less. Alpa Corral, El Talita and Los Cerros are the three largest individual plutons and together they make up the bulk of the batholith. The most common rock type is monzogranite with biotite and an igneous texture that is equigranular but varies from coarse grained to porphyritic. The emplacement of plutons occurred in the Middle to Late Devonian period. Contact aureoles for the batholith are, contrary to other batholiths, largely undeformed. The relation of the magmatic episode represented by the to the Famatinian orogeny is not fully understood. Alternatively it is grouped as a "Achaliano" igneous cycle. Vertical to near-vertical veins of fluorite formed in the Cretaceous occur in the batholith. At most veins reach 3 meters in thickness. Collectively these veins constitute the largest reserves of fluorite in the whole Sierras Pampeanas area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57143118 |
Ljubinka Nikolić (born 1964) is a Serbian geologist and geographer who was selected to be part of the Mars One project. She, along with 99 other contenders, has been shortlisted to be one of the first humans to land on Mars. She believes that "The Red planet will be the next home for humanity". Originally from Belgrade, Nikolić has a bachelors in geological engineering from the University of Belgrade. She also has a master’s in geography from New York's Hunter College and another master's in interior decoration, which she obtained from the Florence Design Academy in Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57143745 |
Mikro Profitis Ilias is a ridge on the Greek island of Santorini. The non-volcanic ridge was greatly expanded by the geological activity of the nearby Santorini caldera. is located on the northern part of the island of Santorini, between Cape Kolumbo to the north and Cape Skaros to the immediate south. The volcanic ridge consists of a northern and southern peak, and the ridge itself lies above a large lava dome. The rock that makes up the ridge is non-volcanic and predates the 1610 BC Minoan eruption of Thera, though the immense amount of volcanic ejecta generated by the eruption did greatly expand the existing ridge line. The northern peak stands at 319.6 meters tall, while the southern peak rests one meter lower at 318 meters tall. The formation is named for the Biblical prophet Elijah. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57148344 |
Vandika Ervandovna Avetisyan (born October 5, 1928) is a Doctor of Biology and a noted Armenian botanist and mycologist. She has worked and explored extensively in her native Armenia under the auspices of the Institute of Botany of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences. Her alma mater is Yerevan State University, the oldest and most prestigious of Yerevan's universities. . Avetissjan, Vanda E. ; Avetisian, Vanda E. ; Avetissian, Vanda E. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57151016 |
Neoclassical transport Neoclassical transport, also known as neoclassical diffusion and often associated with banana orbits, is a type of diffusion seen in fusion power reactors. It is a modification of classical diffusion, adding in effects due to the geometry of the reactor that give rise to new diffusion effects. Classical transport models a plasma in a magnetic field as a large number of particles travelling in helical paths around a line of force. In typical reactor designs, the lines are roughly parallel, so particles orbiting adjacent lines may collide and scatter. This results in a random walk process which eventually leads to the particles finding themselves outside the magnetic field. adds the effects of the geometry of the fields. In particular, it considers the field inside the tokamak and similar toroidal arrangements, where the field is stronger on the inside curve than the outside simply due to the magnets being closer together in that area. To even out these forces, the field as a whole is twisted into a helix, so that the particles alternately move from the inside to the outside of the reactor. In this case, as the particle transits from the outside to the inside, it sees an increasing magnetic force. If the particle energy is low, this increasing field may cause the particle to reverse directions, as in a magnetic mirror. The particle now travels in the reverse direction through the reactor, to the outside and then towards the inside where the same process occurs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57152266 |
Neoclassical transport This leads to a population of particles bouncing back and forth between two points, tracing out a path that looks like a banana from above, the so-called banana orbits. Since any particle in the long tail of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is subject to this effect, there is always some natural population of such banana particles. Since these travel in the reverse direction for half their orbit, they have a much higher collisional cross section and will scatter with the rest of the fuel mass. This gives rise to an additional diffusion term on top of the classical one. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57152266 |
Óscar Saavedra San Martín (29 June 1940 – 8 April 2018), was a Bolivian physicist and academic. Born in La Paz, in the capital of Bolivia, he got a PhD in Physics from the University of Milan, Italy in 1964, for his thesis developed at the EURATOM (Nuclear Research Center of Europe): "No conservation of parity in strong interactions" (Parity non conservation in Strong Interactions). His scientific activity has focused on the physics of cosmic radiation and the physics of astroparticles. His articles and reports have been published in most of the international journals of Physics and Astrophysics. He was an internationally renowned astrophysicist and his work makes him a pride for his country, Bolivia. He had been professor in University of Torino, Higher University of San Andrés, University of Tokyo and University of Kiel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57174532 |
Infratrappean Beds Infratrappean beds are late Cretaceous fossiliferous limestone beds, a part of the great Deccan Trap of India. They are allied to the Lametabeds, occurring below the traps of Rajahmundry area The beds contain fossil turtle egg shells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57187597 |
NGC 3794 NGC 3794, also cataloged in the New General Catalogue as NGC 3804, is a low-surface-brightness galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It is very far from Earth, with a distance of about . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57204113 |
BEnd.3 bEnd.3 is a mouse brain cell line derived from BALB/c mice. The cell line is commonly used in vascular research and studies of endothelial brain tissue. In particular, bEnd.3 cells can serve as blood-brain barrier models for ischemia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57216163 |
Nonlinear frictiophoresis is the unidirectional drift of a particle in a medium caused by periodic driving force with zero mean. The effect is possible due to nonlinear dependence of the friction-drag force on the particle's velocity. It was discovered theoretically., and is mainly known as nonlinear electrofrictiophoresis At first glance, a periodic driving force with zero mean is able to entrain a particle into an oscillating movement without unidirectional drift, because integral momentum provided to the particle by the force is zero. The possibility of unidirectional drift can be recognized if one takes into account that the particle itself loses momentum through transferring it further to the medium it moves in/at. If the friction is nonlinear, then it may so happen that the momentum loss during movement in one direction does not equal to that in the opposite direction and this causes unidirectional drift. For this to happen, the driving force time-dependence must be more complicated than it is in a single sinusoidal harmonic. The simplest case of friction-velocity dependence law is the Stokes's one: where formula_2 is the friction/drag force applied to a particle moving with velocity formula_3 in a medium. The friction-velocity law (1) is observed for a slowly moving spherical particle in a Newtonian fluid. It is linear, see Fig. 1, and is not suitable for nonlinear frictiophoresis to take place. The characteristic property of the law (1) is that any, even a very small driving force is able to get particle moving | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57243717 |
Nonlinear frictiophoresis This is not the case for such media as Bingham plastic. For those media, it is necessary to apply some threshold force, formula_4, to get the particle moving. This kind of friction-velocity (dry friction) law has a jump discontinuity at formula_5: It is nonlinear, see Fig. 2, and is used in this example. Let formula_7 denote the period of driving force. Chose a time value formula_8 such that formula_9 and two force values, formula_10, formula_11 such that the following relations are satisfied: The periodic driving force formula_14 used in this example is as follows: It is clear that, due to (3), formula_14 has zero mean: See also Fig. 3. For the sake of simplicity, we consider here the physical situation when inertia may be neglected. The latter can be achieved if particle's mass is small, velocity is low and friction is high. This conditions have to ensure that formula_18, where formula_19 is the relaxation time. In this situation, the particle driven with force (4) immediately starts moving with constant velocity formula_20 during interval formula_21 and will immediately stop moving during interval formula_22, see Fig. 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57243717 |
Nonlinear frictiophoresis This results in the positive mean velocity of unidirectional drift: Analysis of possibility to get a nonzero drift by periodic force with zero integral has been made in The dimensionless equation of motion for a particle driven by periodic force formula_14, formula_25, formula_26 is as follows: where the friction/drag force formula_28 satisfies the following: It is proven in that any solution to (5) settles down onto periodic regime formula_30, formula_31, which has nonzero mean: almost certainly, provided formula_14 is not antiperiodic. For formula_34, two cases of formula_14 have been considered explicitly: 1. Saw-shaped driving force, see Fig. 5: In this case, found in first order in formula_37 approximation to formula_30, formula_39, has the following mean value: This estimate is made expecting formula_41. 2. Two harmonics driving force, In this case, the first order in formula_37 approximation has the following mean value: This value is maximized in formula_45, formula_46, keeping formula_47 constant. Interesting that the drift value depends on formula_45 and changes its direction twice as formula_45 spans over the interval formula_50. Another type of analysis, based on symmetry breaking suggests as well that a zero mean driving force is able to generate a directed drift. In applications, the nature of force formula_14 in (5), is usually electric, similar to forces acting during standard electrophoresis. The only differences are that the force is periodic and without constant component | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57243717 |
Nonlinear frictiophoresis For the effect to show up, the dependence of friction/drag force on velocity must be nonlinear. This is the case for numerous substances known as non-Newtonian fluids. Among these are gels, and dilatant fluids, pseudoplastic fluids, liquid crystals. Dedicated experiments have determined formula_52 for a standard DNA ladder up to 1500 bp long in 1.5% agarose gel. The dependence found, see Fig. 6, supports the possibility of nonlinear frictiophoresis in such a system. Based on data in Fig. 6, an optimal time course for driving electric field with zero mean, formula_53, has been found in, which ensures maximal drift for 1500 b.p. long fragment, see Fig. 7. The effect of unidirectional drift caused by periodic force with zero integral value has a peculiar dependence on the time course of the force applied. See the previous section for examples. This offers a new dimension to a set of separation problems. In the DNA fragments separation, zero mean periodic electric field is used in zero-integrated-field electrophoresis (ZIFE), where the field time dependence similar to that shown in Fig. 3 is used. This allows to separate long fragments in agarose gel, nonseparable by standard constant field electrophoresis. The long DNA geometry and its manner of movement in a gel, known as reptation do not allow to apply directly the consideration based on Eq. (5), above | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57243717 |
Nonlinear frictiophoresis It was observed, that under certain physical conditions the mechanism described in Mathematical analysis section, above, can be used for separation with respect to specific mass, like particles made of isotopes of the same material. The idea of organizing directed drift with zero mean periodic drive have obtained further development for other configurations and other physical mechanism of nonlinearity. An electric dipole rotating freely around formula_54-axis in a medium with nonlinear friction can be manipulated by applying electromagnetic wave polarized circularly along formula_55 and composed of two harmonics. The equation of motion for this system is as follows: where formula_57 is the torque acting on the dipole due to circular wave: where formula_59 is the dipole moment component orthogonal to formula_54-axis and formula_61 defines the dipole direction in the formula_62 plane. By choosing proper phase shift formula_45 in (6) it is possible to orient the dipole in any desired direction, formula_64. The direction formula_64 is attained due to angular directed drift, which becomes zero when formula_66. A small detuning between the first and second harmonic in (6) results in continuous rotational drift. If a particle undergoes a directed drift while moving freely in accordance with Eq. (5), then it drifts similarly if a shallow enough potential field formula_67 is imposed. Equation of motion in that case is: where formula_69 is the force due to potential field | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57243717 |
Nonlinear frictiophoresis The drift continues until a steep enough region in the course of formula_67 is met, which is able to stop the drift. This kind of behavior, as rigorous mathematical analysis shows, results in modification of formula_67 by adding a linear in formula_72 term. This may change the formula_67 qualitatively, by, e.g. changing the number of equilibrium points, see Fig. 8. The effect may be essential during high frequency electric field acting on biopolymers. For electrophoresis of colloid particles under a small strength electric field, the force formula_14 in the right-hand side of Eq. (5) is linearly proportional to the strength formula_53 of the electric field applied. For a high strength, the linearity is broken due to nonlinear polarization. As a result, the force may depend nonlinearly on the applied field: In the last expression, even if the applied field, formula_53 has zero mean, the applied force formula_14 may happen to have a constant component that can cause a directed drift. As above, for this to happen, formula_53 must have more than a single sinusoidal harmonic. This same effect for a liquid in a tube may serve in electroosmotic pump driven with zero mean electric field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57243717 |
Neuroskeptic is a British neuroscientist and pseudonymous science blogger. They are known for their efforts uncovering fake and plagiarized articles published in predatory journals. They have also blogged about the limitations of MRI scans, which they began writing about after realizing that they and their colleagues did not entirely understand how some of their own MRI results had been produced. Their use of a pseudonym has been criticized as unethical, an accusation that they have denied. A 2013 "Wired" article by David Dobbs described as "one of the most insightful neuro-psycho-bloggers out there today". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57246274 |
Plumber's nightmare In soft matter physics, plumber's nightmare are structures that are characterized by fully connected, periodic, and topologically nontrivial surfaces. The term "plumber's nightmare" became widely known through a publication by David A. Huse and Stanislas Leibler who attribute the name to Sol Gruner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57253094 |
George Alexander Louis Lebour George Alexander Louis Lebour, MA, DSc, FGS (1847 – 21 February 1918) was an English geologist. Lebour was educated at the Royal School of Mines and was then a staff member of the Geological Survey from 1873 to 1876. At the Durham College of Science, he was a lecturer in geological surveying from 1876 to 1879 and then succeeded David Page as professor of geology upon the latter's death in 1879. Lebour held this professorial chair until his own death in 1918. He wrote "Handbook to the Geology and Natural History of Northumberland and Durham", which went through three editions from 1879 to 1889. He wrote more than 100 papers on carboniferous geology, thermal conductivity of rocks, and underground temperature. He was awarded the Murchison Medal in 1904. Upon his death, Lebour was survived by his widow Emily and two daughters; another daughter predeceased him. His youngest daughter was the noted marine biologist Marie Lebour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57255110 |
Henry Howe Bemrose (geologist) Dr Henry Howe Arnold Bemrose FGS (13 March 1857, Derby – 17 July 1939, Derby) was an English printer, publisher, and geologist. He, early in life, assumed the name of "Arnold-Bemrose" to distinguish his name from that of his father, Sir Henry Howe Bemrose (1827–1911) and, upon the death of his father, reverted to the name "Bemrose". Arnold-Bemrose graduated B.A. 1879 from Clare College, Cambridge and then entered his father's printing firm of Bemrose and Sons, where he remained active for over fifty years. Arnold-Bemrose received his M.A. in 1882 and his Sc.D. in 1908 from Clare College, Cambridge. He was the Mayor of Derby for 1909. He published over twenty papers dealing mostly with geology, as well as the 1910 book "Derbyshire" on the county's geology, history, antiquities, and architecture. He received the Murchison Medal in 1938. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57256671 |
Nasreddin (crater) Nasreddin is a crater on Pluto's largest moon, Charon. The crater was first observed by NASA's "New Horizons" space probe on its flyby of Pluto in 2015. The name was chosen as a reference to Nasreddin, the hero of humorous folktales told throughout the Middle East, southern Europe and parts of Asia. The location of Nasreddin crater is in the northern Pluto-facing hemisphere of Charon, north of Mandjet Chasma in a region informally called Oz Terra. The crater has bright bluish rays, which have exposed ammonia and water ice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57256823 |
William Augustus Edmond Ussher (8 July 1849 – 19 March 1920) was a British geologist. Ussher, born in County Galway, was the youngest of six children in an Irish Protestant family that could trace its ancestry back to Archbishop James Ussher. In April 1868 William Ussher joined the Geological Survey after passing a civil service examination. He retired from the Survey in 1909 after making major contributions to establishing the stratigraphic succession in the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian-Triassic rocks in southwestern England, especially Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset. He contributed articles to the "Geological Magazine", the "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London", and the "Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society", and several other learned journals. He was awarded the Murchison Medal in 1914. The Ussher Society, named in his honour, was founded in 1962 to promote the study of geology and geomorphology in southwest England. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57261916 |
Frederic William Harmer FGS, FRMetS (24 April 1835 – 24 April 1923) was an English amateur geologist, palaeontologist, and naturalist. He was born in Norwich and was educated at Norwich Grammar School. Harmer was the mayor of Norwich in 1887–1888 and served there as an alderman from 1880 to 1902. After about a decade of inactivity in geological work, he presented in 1895 at the meeting of the British Association at Ipswich two important papers on the Coralline and Red Crags. From 1895 until his death, he actively pursued field work in geology. He was awarded the Murchison Medal in 1902. He made extensive investigations of the Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits in England's eastern and midland counties, as well as those deposits in Belgium and the Netherlands. The "Société géologique de Belgique" elected him an honorary member. The University of Cambridge conferred upon him an honorary M.A. He married Mary Young Lyon in 1860. The marriage produced several children, among whom were the surgeon William Douglas Harmer and the zoologist Sir Sidney Frederic Harmer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57263837 |
NGC 3285 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 200 million light-years away in the constellation Hydra. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on March 24, 1835. is a member of the Hydra Cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57266029 |
William Savage Boulton FGS (8 August 1867, Oldswinford, Worcestershire, UK – 1954) was an English geologist, mining engineer, and water engineer. Boulton was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, Mason Science College, and the Royal College of Science. He was from 1890 to 1897 an assistant lecturer and demonstrator for Professor Charles Lapworth at Mason Science College. Boulton was then a professor of geology at University College, Cardiff from 1897 to 1913, when he went to the University of Birmingham as Lapworth's successor upon the latter's retirement in 1913. Boulton was Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Birmingham from 1926 to 1929. He was the editor of and a contributor to "Practical Coal-Mining" (6 vols.) and the author of many papers on geology and applications of geology to water supply and mining. He was the president of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society from 1910 to 1911. He was the president of the Geological Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1916. He was awarded the Murchison Medal in 1926. Boulton married in 1898 and was the father of one son. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57266473 |
Sidney Hugh Reynolds DSc, FGS (18 December 1867 – 20 August 1949) was an English geologist, palaeontologist, and zoologist. Reynolds was born in Brighton. He was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received B.A. (Nat. Sci. Tripos, Pt I, 1st Class) 1889; (Pt II, 1st Class, 1890); M.A. 1894; Sc.D. 1913. He was acting professor of zoology at Madras Christian College in 1891–1892 and in 1897–1898. At the University of Bristol he was a lecturer from 1894 to 1899, an assistant professor of zoology and geology from 1899 to 1900, a professor of zoology and geology from 1900 to 1910, and a professor of geology from 1910 to 1933, when he retired as professor emeritus. He then became the curator of the Stroud District Cowle Museum. He was the president of Section "G" of the British Association in 1926. He was awarded the Lyell Medal in 1928. (In the same year William Dickson Lang was also awarded the Lyell Medal for work done independently.) He died in Clifton, Bristol, aged 81. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57271629 |
Frederick William Rudler FGS (8 July 1840 – 23 January 1915) was an English mineralogist, geologist, anthropologist, and natural scientist. He was born 8 July 1840 in London. After education at the Regent Street Royal Polytechnic Institution, Rudler was appointed in 1861 an assistant curator at the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, London and remained in that post until 1876. From 1876 to 1879 he was a lecturer at the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth. From 1879 until his retirement in 1902, he was the curator and librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology. Rudler was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1870 and received the Society's Lyell Medal in 1903. He was president in 1880 of the anthropological department of the British Association, in 1887–1889 of the Geologists' Association, and in 1898–1899 of the Royal Anthropological Institute. He contributed numerous articles to Ure's "Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines" (1875), Thorpe's "Dictionary of Applied Chemistry", Muir's "Dictionary of Chemistry", the "Encyclopædia Britannica" (1911), and prestigious journals. He died in Tatsfield, Surrey, on 23 January 1915. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57275063 |
Nenad Sestan Nenad Šestan (born 1970 in Zadar, Croatia) is professor of neuroscience, of comparative medicine, of genetics and of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine. He received his MD from the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb in 1995 and his PhD from Yale School of Medicine in 1999. Šestan and his research were profiled in the New York Times in July 2019. In 2019, he appeared in Nature's 10, a yearly list of "ten people who mattered in science" compiled by the scientific journal "Nature". Šestan is a member of HAZU. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57276567 |
Ole Engel Heie (10 May 1926 – 4 January 2019) was a Danish biology professor and entomologist who specialized in the Aphidomorpha (Aphids and allies). He published a highly influential six-part monograph on the aphids as part of the "Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" published from 1980 - 1995. Heie was born in Copenhagen. After completing his Ph.D. in 1967 he became a professor at the Danmarks Lærerhøjskole where he worked until his retirement in 1994. He was a visiting professor at North Carolina State University and continued as an emeritus professor. He headed the Danish Natural History Association and was Knighted with the Order of the Dannebrog on October 24, 1990 by Denmark. Heie was greatly influenced by Hennig's cladistic approach and wrote a book on evolution in 1969 and another on taxonomy in 1983. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57283004 |
Finlay Lorimer Kitchin FGS, FRS (3 December 1870, Whitehaven, Cumbria, UK – 20 January 1934, London) was a British geologist and palaeontologist. Kitchin was educated at St. Bees School and then at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he received B.A. 1893, M.A. 1898, and Sc.D. 1924. At Cambridge he studied geology and palaeontology from 1890 to 1894 and then went to the University of Munich, where he studied paleontology under Karl Alfred von Zittel and received a doctoral degree (Promotion) in 1897. His doctoral dissertation is a study of Jurassic fossils discovered in the Cutch State and sent for examination by the Geological Survey of India. After returning to England, he worked unofficially for a short time in the British Museum of Natural History. He worked for the British Geological Survey from 1890 to 1905 as assistant palaeontologist and from 1905 to 1934 as palaeontologist. He was promoted in 1905 as the successor of E. T. Newton upon the latter's retirement. Kitchin was elected in 1894 a Fellow of the Geographical Society and in 1929 a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was awarded the Lyell Medal shortly before his death in 1934. He was an accomplished musician and an authority on the construction of pipe-organs, as well as an authority on developments in locomotive design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57288584 |
Carlsberg Fault zone The is a concealed tectonic formation that runs across Copenhagen city centre. It is one of the most significant faults in the Copenhagen area and can be followed for about 30 km. The Carlsberg Fault is located in a NNW-SSE striking fault system in the border zone between the Danish Basin and the Baltic Shield. Recent earthquakes indicate that this area is tectonically active. It was described for the first time in 1925 at the Carlsberg Breweries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300099 |
Spatial transcriptomics is a technology used to spatially resolve RNA-seq data, and thereby all mRNAs, in individual tissue sections. The ordered attachment of spatially barcoded reverse transcription oligo(dT) primers to the surface of microscope slides enables the encoding and maintenance of positional information throughout mRNA sample processing and subsequent sequencing. This contrasts with RNA-sequencing of single cells, or the sequencing of bulk RNA extracted from tissue volumes, where precise spatial information is lost When a tissue cryosection is attached to a spatial transcriptomic slide the barcoded primers bind and capture adjacent mRNAs from the tissue. While the tissue section is attached to the slide, reverse transcription of captured mRNA is initiated and the resulting cDNA incorporates the spatial barcode of the primer. Following mRNA capture and reverse transcription, sequencing libraries are prepared and analyzed with Illumina dye sequencing. The spatial barcode present within each generated sequence allows the data for each individual mRNA transcript to be mapped back to its point of origin within the tissue section. was invented and developed in 2016 by Jonas Frisén, Joakim Lundeberg, Patrik Ståhl and their colleagues in Stockholm, Sweden. In 2019 at the Broad Institute, the labs of Fei Chen and Evan Macosko developed Slide-seq, which used barcoded oligos on beads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57313623 |
Herbert G. Baker Herbert George Baker (February 23, 1920 – July 2, 2001) was a British-American botanist and evolutionary ecologist who was an authority on pollination biology and breeding systems of angiosperms. He originated Baker's law, the idea that the ability to self-fertilize should be common among species which successfully established populations through long-distance dispersal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57316443 |
Rosgen Stream Classification The is a system for natural rivers in which morphological arrangements of stream characteristics are organized into relatively homogeneous stream types. This is a widely-used method for classifying streams and rivers based on common patterns of channel morphology. The specific objectives of this stream classification system are as follows: 1) predict a rivers behavior from its appearance; 2) develop specific hydrologic and sediment relationships for a given stream type and its state; 3) provide mechanisms to extrapolate site-specific data to stream reaches having similar characteristics; and 4) provide a consistent frame of reference for communicating stream morphology and condition among a variety of disciplines and interested parties. These objectives are met through Rosgen's four hierarchical levels (I-IV) of river morphology. Level I categorize stream types into letters A - G based on their geomorphic characteristics that result from the integration of basin relief, land form, and valley morphology. This is a general way in which the morphology of a stream can be described. Many of the Level I criteria can be determined through topographic and landform maps, aerial imagery, and geospatial data. Level II characterizes stream type by using numbers 1 - 6, in addition to letters A - G, to include the assessments of the channel cross-section, longitudinal profile, and plan-form pattern. Cross-section measurements include a streams entrenchment ratio, width/depth ratio, and dominant substrate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57352318 |
Rosgen Stream Classification The longitudinal and plan-form measurements consist of slope, stream bed features, sinuosity, and meander width ratio. Level II is a quantitative morphological assessment of the stream reach which provides greater detail from data collected in the field for the implementation into land management decisions. Level III describes the existing condition of a stream as it relates to its stability, response potential, and function. This level includes additional measurements such as, sediment supply, channel stability, and flow regime which further describe the condition or “state” of the stream. Level IV verifies the process relationships inferred from the previous three levels of classification. The objective of this level is to determine empirical relationships for use in prediction (e.g. to develop Manning’s n values from measured velocity) The is probably best applied as a communication tool to describe channel form. Other uses for the include fish habitat indices, surveys of riparian communities, stream restoration and mitigation, engineering, evaluating livestock grazing related to stream type, and the utilization of sediment and hydraulic data by stream type. Problems with the use of the are encountered with identifying bankfull dimensions, particularly in incising channels and with the mixing of bed and bank sediment into a single population | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57352318 |
Rosgen Stream Classification Its use for engineering design and restoration may be flawed by ignoring some processes governed by force and resistance, and the imbalance between sediment supply and transporting power in unstable systems Limitations for Level II classification involve time dependence, uncertain applicability across physical environments, difficulty in identification of a true equilibrium condition, and uncertain process significance of classification criteria. Implications of using the Rosgen Stream Classification, include: (1) acceptance of the limitations, (2) acceptance of the risk of classifying streams incorrectly, and (3) classification results may be used inappropriately | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57352318 |
Hem Singh Pruthi (23 February 1897 – 23 December 1969) was an Indian entomologist who served as Imperial Entomologist, being the first native Indian in that position. He was born at Begowala, Sialkot where his father Dr Bhagat Singh Pruti worked in the Police and Jail Hospital at Gujranwala. He studied locally and completed his MSc at the Government College in Lahore and joined Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he was a Charles Abercrombie Smith Student and obtained a Ph.D. in 1924. Pruthi received an Sc.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1943. He then became an assistant superintendent at the Zoological Survey of India at Calcutta. He worked mainly on the Hemiptera. He then joined the Indian Agricultural Research Institute and became the Imperial Entomologist, succeeding T.B. Fletcher in 1934. In 1938 he founded the Entomological Society of India. Pruthi's work during this period was mainly on insects of economic importance. He was a plant protection advisor to the Government of India and helped establish a locust warning system. He retired in 1953. In 1963 he published a "Textbook of Agricultural Entomology". A number of genera of hemipterans have been named after him including "Pruthiana", "Pruthiorosius", and "Pruthius". His student M.S. Mani named a fly genus "Pruthidiplosis" after him. A species of Indian lizard, "Lygosoma pruthi", is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57373834 |
Arcadia Biosciences () is a publicly traded American agricultural biotechnology headquartered in Davis, California focused on the development of traits to enhance crop quality and productivity. The company is partly owned by Moral Compass Corporation. It has developed a reduced-gluten and enhanced starch variety of wheat under the name GoodWheat. Arcadia also has a joint venture with Bioceres called Verdeca, which has developed and is commercializing HB4 technology in soybeans that gained FDA approval in 2017. HB4 soybeans have increased yield up to 30% while being more resistant to abiotic stress such as drought. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57376469 |
Rapid Acquisition Imaging Spectrograph Experiment or RAISE is a NASA funded series of sounding rocket missions to study the sun in extreme UV. The third flight in the series was launched 5 May 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57390520 |
Najm al‐Din al‐Misri Najm al‐Dīn al‐Miṣrī () was a 13th-century Egyptian astronomer mostly known for writing a large astronomical table that had nearly 415,000 entries. The table is considered to be the largest of its kind ever produced by one person during the Middle Ages. Although the main purpose of the work was astronomical timekeeping, it can also be used to solve all problems of spherical trigonometry by changing the arguments of the table. Najm al‐Din also wrote an important illustrated treatise that describes more than 100 different astronomical instruments, including ones he invented himself. This work is of high importance for modern scholars and one of the main sources on the subject. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57398059 |
VAV Life Sciences Private Limited is an Indian company producing healthcare ingredients including lecithin and phospholipids, with products having application in the nutrition, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and drug delivery markets. Within pharmaceuticals, the company also offers active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with a particular focus on cytotoxic drugs for oncology and permethrin for topical medicine. VAV Life Sciences' brands include Lipova for egg lecithins, Leciva for plant lecithins, Oleova and Eyova for a consumer hair product. Located with research and manufacturing facilities in Mirjole, (Ratnagiri district) in Maharashtra, along with its subsidiary VAV Lipids Private Limited, serves the global market with 90% of its sales outside India. In the pharmaceutical segment, VAV Life Sciences’ presence straddles four main therapeutic areas—hepatology, neurology, cardiovascular and oncology. The c-GMP compliant Ratnagiri plant, is equipped to produce lecithin and phospholipids for functional foods, nutritional supplements, novel pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. VAV Life Sciences' was rated C2 (2010) & MSME2 (2014) by SMERA, India's first rating agency for SME segment and is a member of International Lecithin & Phospholipid Society, CHEMEXCIL, Federation of Indian Export Organisations, Phospholipid Research Centre and the Indo-German Chamber of Commerce. VAV Life Sciences' employs biotechnologists, chemists, microbiologists, engineers, finance/legal/marketing analysts and general administrators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57408679 |
VAV Life Sciences Around 6% of its employees have PhD degrees and 32% have a master's degree. focuses on research in the field of nanotechnology based lipidic drug delivery. The company claims to be active in collaborating with and supports universities to make courses more industry oriented and in their research projects related to targeted drug delivery, liposomes and nanoparticles for crossing the blood–brain barrier. VAV Life Sciences' contributes materials for research projects and patents, globally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57408679 |
Relative sea level (abbreviated as RSL) is defined as the sea level that is observed with respect to a land-based reference frame. It is often contrasted with eustatic sea level, which is a measure of the total mass or volume of the oceans. can change by the processes changing eustatic sea level (e.g. ice melt and thermal expansion), but also by changes on land such as subsidence and isostatic rebound. In sequence stratigraphy it is similarly defined as the distance from the ocean surface to the bottom of the sediment on the ocean floor. Therefore, relative sea level is independent of the thickness of the sediment layer at the bottom the ocean, which makes it a different concept than water depth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57436987 |
Salma Al Kindi is an Omani chemist. She is professor of Analytical Chemistry and dean of the College of Sciences at the Sultan Qaboos University (SQU). In 2017 she received a Lifetime Achievement in Chemistry Award from the Venus International Foundation based in Chennai. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57443136 |
Electron–ion collider An electron–ion collider (EIC) is a proposed type of particle accelerator collider designed to collide spin-polarized beams of electrons and ions, in order to study the properties of nuclear matter in detail via deep inelastic scattering. In 2015, the Department of Energy Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) named the construction of an electron–ion collider one of the top priorities for the near future in nuclear physics in the United States. In 2020, The United States Department of Energy announced that an EIC will be built over the next ten years at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, at an estimated cost of $1.6 to $2.6 billion. In the US, Brookhaven National Laboratory has a declared design for an EIC scheduled to be built in 2030. In Europe, CERN has plans for the LHeC. There are also Chinese and Russian plans for an electron ion collider. Brookhaven National Laboratory's conceptual design, eRHIC, proposes upgrading the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, which collides beams light to heavy ions including polarized protons, with a polarized electron facility. On January 9th, 2020, It was announced by Paul Dabbar, undersecretary of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, that the BNL eRHIC design was selected over the conceptual design put forward by Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility as the design of a future EIC in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57444135 |
Electron–ion collider In addition to the site selection, it was announced that the BNL EIC had acquired CD-0 (mission need) from the Department of Energy. The LHeC would make use of the existing LHC accelerator and add an electron accelerator to collide electrons with the hadrons. In order to allow understanding of spin dependence of the electron nucleon collisions, both the ion beam and the electron beam must be polarized. Achieving and maintaining high levels of polarization is challenging. Nucleons and electrons pose different issues. Electron polarization is affected by synchrotron radiation. This gives rise to both self polarization via the Sokolov Ternov effect and depolarization due to the effects of quantum fluctuations. Ignoring the effects of synchrotron radiation, the motion of the spin follows the Thomas BMT equation. The luminosity determines the rates of interactions between electrons and nucleons. The weaker a mode of interaction is, the higher luminosity is required to reach an adequate measurement of the process. The luminosity is inversely proportional to the product of the beam sizes of the two colliding species, which implies that the smaller the emittances of the beams, the larger the luminosity. Whereas the electron beam emittance (for a storage ring) is determined by an equilibrium between damping and diffusion from synchrotrotron radiation, the emittance for the ion beam is determined by the initially injected value | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57444135 |
Electron–ion collider The ion beam emittance may be decreased via various methods of beam cooling, such as electron cooling or stochastic cooling. In addition, one must consider the effect of intrabeam scattering, which is largely a heating effect. An electron ion collider allows probing of the substructure of protons and neutrons via a high energy electron. Protons and neutrons are composed of quarks, interacting via the strong interaction mediated by gluons. The general domain encompassing the study of these fundamental phenomena is nuclear physics, with the low level generally accepted framework being Quantum Chromodynamics, the 'chromo' resulting from the fact that quarks are described as having three different possible values for color charge (red, green or blue). Some of the remaining mysteries associated with atomic nuclei include how nuclear properties such as spin and mass emerge from the lower level constituent dynamics of quarks and gluons. Formulations of these mysteries, encompassing research projects, include the proton spin crisis and the proton radius puzzle. Electron Ion Collider user group: One electron ion collider in the past was HERA in Hamburg, Germany. Hera ran from 1992 to 2007 and collided electrons and protons at a center of mass energy of 318 GeV. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57444135 |
Markarian 335 is a Seyfert galaxy containing a supermassive black hole, located 324 million light-years away in the constellation of Pegasus. The central black hole in this active galaxy nucleus is notable for its corona's spinning rate (at about 20 percent the speed of light) and its change in brightness from 2007 to 2014. The geometry of the corona has been deduced from relativistic blurring of the reflection of the accretion disc. An x-ray flare in 2013 is interpreted as an aborted jet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57445826 |
Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes The (MAST) is an astronomical data archive. The archive brings together data from the visible, ultraviolet, and near-infrared wavelength regimes. The NASA funded project is located at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland and is one of the largest astronomical databases in the world. The archive was named after Barbara Ann Mikulski, a long time champion of the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes, in 2012. It is a component of NASA's distributed Space Science Data Services. The archive contains the data from a number of instruments like Pan-Starrs, Kepler, and TESS, as well as data for the Hubble Space telescope (HST) and soon to launch James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57510608 |
Stan Bentvelsen Stanislaus Cornelius Maria (Stan) Bentvelsen (Schipluiden, 6 May 1965) is a Dutch physicist. He is the director of Nikhef since 2014. Bentvelsen studied Physics at the Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA). In 1994 he completed his thesis at the UvA in 1994 From 1994 to 2000 he was a researcher at the CERN in Geneva. From 2000 to 2005 Bentvelsen worked at the Nikhef (the Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics that performs research in particle physics and astroparticle physics). Since 2005 he teaches at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. Since 2014 he is the director of the Nikhef. He succeeded professor Frank Linde on December 1, 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57511332 |
SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 SMSS J215728.21-360215.1, commonly known as J2157-3602, is one of the fastest growing black holes and one of the most powerful quasars known to exist . The quasar is located at redshift 4.75, corresponding to a comoving distance of from Earth and to a light-travel distance of . It was discovered with the SkyMapper telescope at Australian National University's Siding Spring Observatory, announced in May 2018. It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity of (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57511618 |
Ragnar Holm (born 6 May 1879 in Skara, died in 1970), was a Swedish physicist and researcher in electrical engineering, who was partially active in Germany and the United States. In 1904, Holm became licentiate in philosophy (PhL) at Uppsala University, and earned his PhD in 1908. From 1906 to 1908 he studied at the University of Göttingen in Germany. In 1908 to 1909 he was a lecturer in Stockholm. Between 1909 and 1919 he worked as a physicist for Siemens & Halske in Berlin. In 1919 to 1921 he was a physicist and teacher at the in Stockholm, and between 1921 and 1927 associate professor at the . Between 1927 and 1945 he worked again for Siemens & Halske. From 1947 he was a consulting physicist at Stackpole Carbon Company in St. Marys, Pennsylvania, USA. Holm's research area included the study of electrical discharges, but his main focus was on electrical contacts, where he was a world-leading authority. His book "Electric Contacts", originally published in 1946, is still used as a standard work in the field (in its fourth edition of 1967). The Swedish (KTHB) maintains a special literature collection ("Holm Collection") related to Ragnar Holm's research. In 1971, the year after Holm's death, the IEEE established the "Scientific Achievement Award" ("Award") for efforts in the field of electrical contacts. The prize has been awarded annually since 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57526906 |
Ragnar Holm Since 1999, the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) has distributed the "plaque" to a young physicist at the beginning of the research career, after assessing dissertations and articles in physics, primarily related to Holm's previous research on electrical contacts. Every second year, the plaque is awarded to a Swedish recipient, and every two years the selection is international. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57526906 |
Frondose Frondosity (from Latin "frondōsus" meaning 'leafy') is the property of an organism that normally flourishes with fronds or leaf-like structures. Many frondose organisms are thalloid and lack the organization of tissues into organs, with the exception of ferns. Frondosity is significant mainly for distinguishing particular types of macroscopic algae, and in paleobotany and paleontology, by analyzing features present in fossil biota. macroalgae are relevant to the ecology of many marine and coastal ecosystems. Large frondose algae play an important role in the creation and functioning of healthy ecosystems from kelp forests to similar habitats. Yet, in coral reefs, frondose seaweed can be recognized as harmful due to the link between excessive blooms and coastal eutrophication. The fossil record from the Ediacaran Period is sparse, as more easily fossilized hard-shelled animals had yet to evolve. Most fossils of the time are only faint impressions, and the shapes of fronds are one of the few identifying traits available. fossils are the longest studied of any Ediacaran remains, but, despite this, their affinities and biology are amongst the most controversial, ranging from animal to protist to plant or stem fungi. The oldest members of the Ediacara biota include discoid (disk-shaped) and frondose forms. Discoidal fossils had been classified as cnidarian medusae before being redefined as holdfasts of frondose organisms, that is, the roots or stalks that held them to the sea bed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57540506 |
Frondose Rangeomorphs consist of branching "frond" elements, each a few centimeters long, each of which is itself composed of many smaller branching tubes held up by a semi-rigid organic skeleton. This self-similar structure proceeds over four levels of fractality, and could have been formed using fairly simple developmental patterns. Rangeomorphs were radially symmetrical and likely sessile. Bryozoans, marine invertebrates, grow in colonial structures. The patterns of growth may be used for identification. One of the identifiable forms of bryozoan colonies, is frondose. colonies are erect and have branches that are flattened like leaves. These frond-bearing bryozoans existed in both ancient and modern times. Large tree-like forms flourished in the Triassic and Cretaceous, although frondose forms saw a decline in the Jurassic. A notable modern bryozoan with seaweed-like fronds is "Flustra foliacea". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57540506 |
Contracted Bianchi identities In general relativity and tensor calculus, the contracted Bianchi identities are: where formula_2 is the Ricci tensor, formula_3 the scalar curvature, and formula_4 indicates covariant differentiation. A proof can be found in the entry Proofs involving covariant derivatives. These identities are named after Luigi Bianchi, although they had been already derived by Aurel Voss in 1880. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57574496 |
Jozef J. Zwislocki Jozef John Zwislocki (March 22, 1922 – May 14, 2018) was a Polish-born American neuroscientist. A native of Lwow, Poland, Zwislocki attended the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, and taught at the University of Basel from 1945 to 1951. He left for a research fellowship at Harvard University and was a member of the Syracuse University faculty between 1957 and 1992. Zwislocki held twelve patents. Over the course of his career, Zwislocki was granted fellowship into the Acoustical Society of America, as well as membership to the United States National Academy of Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Association for Research in Otolaryngology, among others. He lived in Fayetteville, New York, and died on May 14, 2018, aged 96. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57581668 |
Ingebrigt Severin Hagen (1852- 8 June 1917) was a Norwegian physician and botanist who specialized in the taxonomy of the bryophytes. Born in Trondheim to shoemaker father Ingebrigt Hagen and Caroline Elizabeth née Helle, Hagen was academically gifted and graduated in arts from the Trondheim Cathedral School in 1870. He worked under Professor Worm Müller on physiological chemistry from around 1874–79 at Oslo. He then continued research in Uppsala, Sweden with Professor Holmgren in 1877 and then at Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden. He received a medical degree in 1883. He worked in Stören (1883–1884), Frederikstad, and during an epidemic in 1899, at Ilsviken. In 1897 he came a district legislator at Surendalen but quit work after a few months. He then moved to Oppdal, attracted by the mossflora, in June 1899 to work as a district clerk. He travelled around Norway to examine the mosses and slowly became less interested in his medical practice. He sought 3000 NOK annually (later increased to 30,000 NOK) for his research from the Nansen Foundation and his request was supported by Victor Schiffner of Vienna. From 1906, the Nansen Foundation supported him in his bryological research and he worked on "Forarbejder til en Norsk Lövmosflora" from 1908 to 1915 dealing with twenty moss families. In June 1910, he married Magdalene Dietrichs Borgen, daughter of a priest known for her work as an illustrator at the Trondheim museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57587126 |
Ingebrigt Severin Hagen Hagen publisher his major work as a series of books, he also published in journals and a series titled "Musci Norvegiae Borealis" (1899–1904). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57587126 |
Douglas Wahlsten Douglas Leon Wahlsten (born October 13, 1943) is a Canadian neuroscientist, psychologist, and behavior geneticist. He is a professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Alberta. As of 2011, he was also a visiting professor at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in North Carolina, United States. He is known for his laboratory research on the behavior of mice, and for his theoretical writings on a wide range of other topics. His laboratory research has included studies of the effects of different laboratory environments and experimenter characteristics on the results of mouse studies. He and his colleagues have also developed an altered form of the rotarod performance test involving wrapping sandpaper around the rod, to reduce the ability of mice to grip the rod and ride around on it. He has criticized some of his fellow behavior geneticists for trying to separate the effects of genes and the environment on human intelligence, an endeavor he considers futile. He also met and became friends with Leilani Muir, later helping to edit her autobiography, "A Whisper Past". He was the president of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society from 2000 to 2001. Wahlsten is a member of the editorial board of "Genes, Brain and Behavior", has co-edited a book on "Techniques for the Genetic Analysis of Brain and Behavior" focussing on the mouse, and authored a book on mouse behavior testing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57614420 |
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