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Acidicapsa acidiphila is a mesophilic and moderately acidophilic bacterium from the genus of "Acidicapsa" which has been isolated from acidic water in Cueva de la Mora in Spain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56119090 |
Caldimicrobium rimae is an extremely thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and facultatively chemolithoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of "Caldimicrobium" which has been isolated from the Treshchinnyi Spring from Uzon Caldera in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56119140 |
Caldimicrobium thiodismutans is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, rod-shaped, autotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of "Caldimicrobium" which has been isolated from a hot spring in Nakabusa in Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56119183 |
Natural History Museum of Armenia The represents Armenia's unique nature and its diversity. The museum was reopened in 2004. During the Soviet period, an anti-religion museum was opened in 1952 which was later transformed into a museum of natural sciences and in 1960 renamed as The Natural History Museum of Armenia. In 1999 the museum was relocated in another building. From 2000 to 2004 with the patronage of Bella and Levon Aharonyan, two Iranian-Armenian benefactors, the building of the museum was reconstructed and opened to the public with its new exhibition. The museum is home to over 6000 objects, only one-third of which are temporarily or primarily put on display. In four rooms, rare types of flora and fauna are exhibited. The museum also presents the personal collection of the Aharonyan family. The objects in the museum represent the diversity of nature in Armenia. The main exhibition contains photos related to zoology, botany, geology and plastic arts. replicas of mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibious animals, fish, insects, and arachnid as well as skulls, skins, shells, pieces of trees, samples of herbarium, animal or plant fossils, useful extracted materials, oil paintings, drawings etc. The museum holds exhibitions and occasional events aiming to increase environmental awareness and active participation in offering solutions for environmental problems. Many of the animals in the museum are registered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Since February 27, 2003, The operates according to the constitution of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56136980 |
Natural History Museum of Armenia The goal of the museum, as a non-commercial organization, is to raise awareness and knowledge regarding environmental issues and positively influence the accomplishment of environmental programs. The organization fulfills various types of enterprises such as the following: The museum has active branches in Shirak (Gyumri) and Ararat (Qukasav) regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56136980 |
Air pollution forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the composition of the Air pollution in the atmosphere for a given location and time. The forecast may give the pollutants concentration or the air quality index. Countries and cities are given forecasts by state and local government organizations, as well as private companies like Airly, AirVisual, Aerostate, BreezoMeter, PlumeLabs, and DRAXIS that give air pollution forecast. The forecast takes into account local emission sources (like nearby traffic or industry) and remote sources (e.g. dust that is carried by air parcels and follows the wind direction). The forecast temporally resolution is usually daily or hourly and the spatial resolution can change from block resolution to dozens of km resolution. Most forecasts of air quality cover two to five days. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56143468 |
Hans Capel Hans Willem Capel (born 3 June 1936) is a Dutch theoretical physicist. He was a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Amsterdam between 1983 and 1998. Capel was born in Sceaux, France. He obtained his PhD in mathematics and physics at Leiden University in 1965 with a dissertation titled: "The hole-equivalence principle, the Van Vleck relation and the application to the theory of d-ions in Ligand fields". Capel subsequently was a lector of theoretical physics at same the university in 1970, and served as professor between 1979 and 1983. Capel was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56145541 |
Sirius (synchrotron light source) Sirius is a diffraction-limited storage ring synchrotron light source at the Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. It has a circumference of , a diameter of , and an electron energy of 3 GeV. The produced synchrotron radiation covers the range of infrared, optical, ultraviolet and X-ray light. Costing R$1.8 billion, it was funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (Brazil) and the São Paulo Research Foundation. Discussion started in 2008, and initial funding of R$2 million was granted in 2009. Construction started in 2015, and is due to open in 2018. With its construction near the end, Sirius will be the second particle accelerator in Brazil, next to the UVX, also operator by the LNLS. Brazil and Argentina are the only countries in South America to operate particle accelerators. The tool will be used to understand the atomic structure of substances with which scientists are going to work, which can help in the development of new drugs, in the enhancement of materials used in construction, oil exploration and in many other areas. The 68,000-square-meter building will house a ring-shaped, circumferential 500-meter facility. To protect people from the radiation released by machine operation, designed to be the most advanced of its kind in the world, the whole will be shielded by 1 kilometer of concrete walls. A barrier of 1.5 meters thick and 3 meters high. The investment in the project is R$1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56151614 |
Sirius (synchrotron light source) 8 billion, the most ambitious scientific project ever made in Brazil. It is expected to be completed by 2018 and operating by 2019, although its project is expected to be fulfilled in 2020. According to project scientists, Sirius will have the ability to project matter under pressure equivalent to that of the planet's Jupiter nucleus, being the first particle accelerator with such capacity (it is currently able to simulate the Earth's core pressure) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56151614 |
NGC 4551 is an elliptical galaxy located about 70 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 17, 1784. appears to lie close to the lenticular galaxy NGC 4550. However, both galaxies show no sign of interaction and have different red shifts. Both galaxies are also members of the Virgo Cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56173936 |
Adranosite is a mineral discovered in the La Fossa crater, Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy, with the formula (NH)NaAl(SO)Cl(OH). Adranosite-(Fe) is the Fe3+ analogue of adranosite, with the formula (NH)NaFe(SO)Cl(OH). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56179620 |
Bryan Alwyn Barlow (born 1933) is an Australian botanist. He was a member of Committee of the "Flora of Australia" 1982–1984, and 1986–1988. He is a former director of the Australian National Herbarium (1981-1988). He authored many Myrtaceae, Loranthaceae and Viscaceae species. Standard Author Abbreviation: Barlow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56211102 |
Informal group (taxonomy) An informal group in taxonomy is a taxonomic rank that is not well defined. This type of group can be paraphyletic or polyphyletic but is kept for ease, pending new systems of classification. Examples can be found in the classification of gastropods: Opisthobranchia, Sorbeoconcha, Hypsogastropoda, and Ptenoglossa are informal groups nearby the level of the order. In human taxonomy, the informal taxonomic rank of race is variously considered equivalent or subordinate to the rank of subspecies. An alliance is also considered an informal grouping of species, genera or tribes to which authors wish to refer, that have at some time provisionally been considered to be closely related. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56236274 |
Rely Zlatarovic Rely Zlatarovic, ("fl." 1920) was a woman meteorologist. Zlatarovic developed a new method for measuring radioactive gases in air samples. She used the technique at the Physical Institute of the University of Innsbruck, to show that precipitation reduced the amount of radon in the air. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56241417 |
Dehalogenimonas formicexedens is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of "Dehalogenimonas" which has been isolated from contaminated groundwater in Louisiana in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56249865 |
Dehalogenimonas alkenigignens is a strictly anaerobic bacterium from the genus of "Dehalogenimonas" which has been isolated from groundwater from Louisiana in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56255499 |
CO stripping In electrochemistry, is a special process of voltammetry where a monolayer of carbon monoxide already adsorbed on the surface of an electrocatalyst is electrochemically oxidized and thus removed from the surface. A well-known process of this type is on Pt/C electrocatalysts in which the electrooxidation peak occurs somewhere between 0.5 to 0.9 V depending on the characteristics and structural properties of the specimen. Some metals, such as platinum, readily adsorb carbon monoxide, which is usually undesirable as it results in catalyst poisoning. However, the strong affinity of CO to such catalysts also presents an opportunity: since carbon monoxide is a small molecule with a strong affinity to the catalyst, a large enough amount of CO will adsorb to the entire available surface area of the catalyst. That, in turn, means that by evaluating the amount of CO adsorbed, the catalyst's available surface area can be indirectly measured. That surface area - also known as "real surface area" or "electrochemically active surface area" - can be measured by electrochemically oxidizing the adsorbed carbon monoxide, as the charge expended in oxidizing CO is directly proportional to the amount of CO adsorbed on the surface and therefore, the surface area of the catalyst. is one of the methods used to determine the electrochemically active surface area of electrodes and catalysts that irreversibly adsorb carbon monoxide, most notably ones containing platinum and other transition metals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56261151 |
HT-29 is a human colon cancer cell line used extensively in biological and cancer research. Initially derived in 1964 by Jorgen Fogh from a 44-year-old Caucasian female, cells form a tight monolayer while exhibiting similarity to enterocytes from the small intestine. cells overproduce the p53 tumor antigen, but have a mutation in the p53 gene at position 273, resulting in a histidine replacing an arginine. The cells proliferate rapidly in media containing suramin, with corresponding high expression of the "c-myc" oncogene. However, "c-myc" is deregulated, but may have a relation with the growth factor requirements of cells. In preclinical research, cells have been studied for their ability to differentiate and thus simulate real colon tissue "in vitro", a characteristic that has made useful for epithelial cell research. The cells can also be tested "in vivo" via xenografts with rodents. cells terminally differentiate into enterocytes with the replacement of glucose by galactose in cell culture, and with the addition of butyrate or acids, the differentiation pathways can be closely studied along with their dependence on surrounding conditions. Accordingly, studies of cells have shown induced differentation as a result of forskolin, Colchicine, nocodazole, and taxol, with galactose-mediated differentiation also causing the strengthening of adherens junctions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56270111 |
HT-29 Though cells can proliferate in cell culture lacking growth factors with a doubling time of around 4 days, the doubling time can be reduced to one day with added fetal bovine serum. The cells have high glucose consumption, and in standard medium containing 25 mM glucose and 10% serum, remain undifferentiated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56270111 |
NGC 516 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation of Pisces. It was discovered on September 25, 1862 by Heinrich d'Arrest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56273710 |
Henrik Munthe Henrik Vilhelm Munthe (1860–1958) was a Swedish geologist active at Uppsala University and the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU). His research centered on the Quaternary geology of the Baltic Sea region, nevertheless he did also some contributions on the Silurian stratigraphy of Västergötland and Gotland. Having begun his career using bicycles to survey the terrain Munthe continued to advocate using bicycle well after survey by car had become commonplace. A Gotlänning ("Gotlander") by birth Munthe's dialect is reported to have been Gotländska and he was particularly fond of working with issues regarding the island. He was the editor of SGU's Gotland maps and lectured about its Quaternary geology at the Visby local history society in 1911. Munthe was an active member of Geologiska föreningen i Stockholm being a longtime editor of its scientific journal "Geologiska föreningens förhandlingar" (now "GFF"). He was also a member of the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation and Svenska Turistföreningen. Following his 1886 discovery of "Ancylus fluviatilis" fossils in Gotland in Munthe proposed in 1887 the existence of Ancylus Lake, a lake that would prove "the most enigmatic (and discussed) of the many Baltic stages". Later he endorsed the idea of an outlet for this lake at the near Degerfors (Svea River) proposed by Lennart von Post in the 1920s. The two worked together until 1927 when their relation fell apart | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56279337 |
Henrik Munthe In 1927 and 1928 he was involved in a controversyabout Svea River through opinion pieces in newspapers with Astrid Cleve, a strident outcast of Sweden's geological community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56279337 |
Dudleyite is a mineral, named after Dudleyville, Alabama. It is a vermiculite, hydrous mica, derived from margarite, or phlogopite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56279651 |
Axel Gavelin Axel Olof Gavelin (1875–1947) was Swedish geologist active at the Geological Survey of Sweden of which he was director from 1916 to 1941. He studied both ice-dammed lakes and Precambrian rocks across Sweden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56285516 |
Bindstone A is a special type of carbonate rock in the Dunham classification. The term did not appear in the original Dunham classification from 1962 and was introduced by Embry and Klovan 1971 in the modified Dunham classification. Embry and Klovan(1971) define Bindstones as rocks that "[...] contain in situ, tabular or lamellar fossils which encrusted and bound sediment during deposition. [...] The matrix, not the in situ fossils, forms the supporting framework of the rock, and the fossils may form as little as 15 percent of the constituents of the rock." Wright (1991) uses as a synonym for Boundstone, which is defined as a rock "[...] where the structure reflects the encrusting and binding action of plants or animals" Lokier and Al Nunaibi (2016) define Bindstones as "autochthonous carbonate-dominated rock in which the original components of the supporting matrix were organically bound through stabilization of the sediment at the time of deposition." One problem in the classification is that the term is easy to confuse with the term Boundstone. Additionally the exact relation of the two terms changes depending on the classification used. For Embry and Klovan (1971), a Boundstone is used for autochthonous carbonates if there is a lack of evidence for the more precise classifications as Bafflestone, or Framestone. In contrast to that, Wright (1991) uses Boundstone and synonymously, which is not consistent with other authors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56286907 |
Van Eyck (crater) Van Eyck is a 271 km diameter impact basin in the Shakespeare quadrangle of Mercury. It is located at 43.22°N, 159.43°W and is named after the 15th century Flemish painter Jan van Eyck. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1979. Van Eyck lies on the southwestern margin of the even-larger Shakespeare basin. The younger Mansur crater lies to the northwest of Van Eyck. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56288571 |
Strindberg (crater) Strindberg is a 189 km diameter impact basin in the Shakespeare quadrangle of Mercury. It is located at 53.41°N, 136.67°W. It was named after the Swedish playwright, novelist and short story writer August Strindberg. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56288614 |
Wilhelm Eichenberg (fl. 1930s) was a geologist and zoologist known for having described the class Conodonta of prehistoric jawless fish in 1930. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56301525 |
Self-propulsion is the autonomous displacement of nano-, micro- and macroscopic natural and artificial objects, containing their own means of motion. is driven mainly by interfacial phenomena. Various mechanisms of self-propelling have been introduced and investigated, which exploited phoretic effects, gradient surfaces, breaking the wetting symmetry of a droplet on a surface, the Leidenfrost effect, the self-generated hydrodynamic and chemical fields originating from the geometrical confinements, and soluto- and thermo-capillary Marangoni flows. Self-propelled system demonstrate a potential as micro-fluidics devices and micro-mixers. Self-propelled liquid marbles have been demonstrated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56310192 |
Ljusdal Batholith The is a group of plutons in central Sweden formed during the Svecofennian orogeny. The batholith occupies a NW-SE elongated area of c. 130 x 100 km covering most of Hälsingland. The Ljusdal Bathoilith is mostly made up of granitoids with lesser amounts of mafic intrusions. The plutons of the batholith crystallized from magma 1840 to 1860 million years ago in Paleoproterozoic times at an ancient convergent boundary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56329866 |
National Museum of Natural History at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine () is a natural history museum in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. It is one of the biggest scientific research museums of the type in the world The museum is housed in a former Olgynska school built in 1914–1927 in neoclassicism style. It was granted the status of the National Museum of December 10, 1996, according to the decision of the President of Ukraine. It was established in 1966 as a unified complex comprising five museums: the Geological, Paleontological, Zoological, Botanical and Archaeological. There are approximately 30,000 exhibits in 24 halls with a total area of 8,000 m². The museum is open from Wednesday to Sunday from 10 am to 5 pm. The museum publishes two annual journals: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56354259 |
Priscilla Baker is a professor of analytical chemistry at the University of the Western Cape. She is the co-leader of SensorLab, a research platform in electrochemistry that deals with the electrodynamics of materials and sensors. She is an active member of the Academy of Science of South Africa, European Scientific Network for Artificial Muscles (ESNAM) and the Marie Curie International staff exchange scheme (IRSES). Baker obtained her BSc at the University of Cape Town and majored in Ocean and Atmospheric Science as the only black female in her class. She then completed her National Diploma in Analytical Chemistry, at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. After getting interested in electrochemistry, she did her BSc Honours (Chemistry) and successfully completed her MSc dissertation (Chemistry) on the evaluation of trace metals in the atmosphere at University of the Western Cape. In 2004, she received her PhD (Chemistry) in the area of novel metal tin oxide composites as anodes for phenol degradation, at the University of Stellenbosch. In 2014, Baker received the Distinguished Woman Scientist Award in the category of Physical and Engineering Sciences from the Department of Science and Technology's annual Women in Science Awards ceremony. Baker became the director of the Southern African Systems Analysis Centre (SASAC) in November 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56373939 |
NGC 6043 is a lenticular galaxy located about 444 million light-years away in the constellation Hercules. was discovered by astronomer Lewis Swift on June 27, 1886. The galaxy is a member of the Hercules Cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56406451 |
Plants of the World Online is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by 2020". The initial focus was on tropical African Floras, particularly Flora Zambesiaca, Flora of West Tropical Africa and Flora of Tropical East Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56412019 |
Alexandre Pierret (12 April 1814, Paris - 27 May 1850, Paris) was a French entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He was a Member of the Société Entomologique de France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56413218 |
Sulfamoyl fluoride in organic chemistry is a functional group that has the chemical formula F-SO-N(-R)-R'. Examples include sulfamyl fluoride, where R, R' is H; difluorosulfamyl fluoride, where R and R' is F; dimethylsulfamoyl fluoride where R and R' is a methyl CH group; N-sulfinylsulfamoyl fluoride where R, R1 are replaced by a double bond to S=O; chloro(trifluoro-methyl)sulfamoyl fluoride where R=Cl and R' is trifluoromethyl CF. Others include bis(trifluoromethyl)-sulfamoyl fluoride; 1,2-hydrazinedisulfonyl fluoride (which is an inorganic dimer). It can be contrasted with the sulfonimidoyl fluorides with structure R-S(O)(F)=N-R'. Sulfamoyl fluorides can be made by treating secondary amines with sulfuryl fluoride (SOF) or sulfuryl chloride fluoride (SOClF). Where te nitrogen is in a ring this can work, as long as it is not aromatic. Sulfamoyl fluorides can also be made from sulfamoyl chlorides, by reacting with a substance that can supply the fluoride ion, such as NaF, KF, HF, or SbF. Sulfonamides can undergo a Hofmann rearrangement when treated with a Difluoro-λ-bromane to yield a singly substituted N-sulfamoyl fluoride. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56416473 |
Sulfonyl nitrene A sulfonyl nitrene is a chemical compound with generic formula R-SON. Known sulfonyl nitrenes include methyl sulfonyl nitrene, trifluoromethyl sulfonyl nitrene, and tolyl sulfonyl nitrene. Also fluorosufoinyl nitrene FSON exists, but rearranges to FNSO. Preparation of sulfonyl nitrenes can be by heating the sulfonyl azide, (RSON. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56426809 |
Amidosulfite An amidosulfite is a chemical compound containing the group =NS(O)O-. Substituents can attach two bonds to the nitrogen and one to the oxygen. These have the form RR'NS(O)OR" compounds can be a zwitterion with a positive charge on the nitrogen, and a negative charge on the oxygen, which then has no group attached. These can be called inner salts. This allows three groups to bond to the nitrogen: RR'R"NS(O)O. The simplest amidosulfite is amidosulfurous acid HNS(O)OH. It has ammonium salt HNS(O)ONH. These are purportedly produced when sulfur dioxide mixes with ammonia in ratios 1:1 or 1:2. Known compounds include N-(2-dimethylammonio-ethyl)amidosulfite, N-(2-diethylammonio-ethyl)amidosulfite, N-[2-(1-Piperidinium-1-yl)-ethyl]amidosulfite, N-[2-(4-Morpholinium-4-yl)-ethyl]amidosulfite, sodium N-ethylamidosulfite (CHNHS(O)ONa), Ethyl N-ethylamidosulfite (CHNHS(O)OCH), diethyl-phosphanyl N-methylamidosulfite, diphenyl-phosphanyl N-methylamidosulfite, N,N-dimethylamidosulfurous acid, N,N-diethylamidosulfurous acid, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)diethylamidosulfurous acid, sodium N,N-dimethylamidosulfite, sodium N,N-diethylamidosulfite, lithium N,N-diethylamidosulfite, lithium N-hexafluoroisopropylideneamidosulfite (with double bond to nitrogen), sodium 1-piperidinesulfinate Na(CH)NHS(O)O. Organometallic substituents can produce for example trimethylsillyl N,N-diethylamidosulfite trimethyltin N,N-dimethylamidosulfite, or dimethylthallium N,N-dimethylamidosulfite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56429493 |
Effusive limit An effusive limit in ultra-low pressure fluid flow is the limit at which a gas of certain molecular weight is able to expand into a vacuum such as a molecular beam line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56463085 |
Montague Arthur Fenton (29 June 1850 in Doncaster, England – 21 March 1937 in Oakland City, California) was an English entomologist who collected insects throughout Japan. Fenton was an English language teacher at Tokyo Foreign Language School from 1874 to 1880 at the beginning of the Meiji epoch. Returning to England, he graduated from St. John's College, Cambridge and then worked as an Inspector of Technical Colleges & Schools. In 1889 he married Harriette Eleanor Binny and had a daughter, Sylvia Ermyntrude in 1893. In 1924 or so, Fenton and his wife went to California, where their married daughter then lived. The pierid "Leptidea morsei", known as Fenton's wood white, was described and named by him. The types of Lepidoptera described by Fenton are held by the Natural History Museum, London (via his collaborator Arthur Gardiner Butler) who he honoured in the name "Antigius butleri". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56478351 |
NGC 2326 (also known as PGC 20218) is a barred spiral galaxy in the Lynx constellation. It was discovered by William Herschel on 9 February, 1788. Its apparent magnitude is 14.3 and its size is 2.71 arc minutes. It is located near NGC 2326A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56484556 |
2018 CL 2018 CL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56531205 |
Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus "Autographa californica" multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a nucleopolyhedrovirus belonging to the family "Baculoviridae". It has a double-stranded DNA genome that is 133,894 base pairs in length with 155 ORFs. The virus forms occluded bodies called polyhedra each containing multiple virions. AcMNPV has been shown to infect more than thirty lepidopteran hosts from 10 families. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56547594 |
Nuclear shaped charge Nuclear shaped charges refers to nuclear weapons that focus the energy of their explosion into certain directions, as opposed to a spherical explosion. Edward Teller referred to such concepts as third-generation weapons, the first generation being the atom bomb and the second the H-bomb. The basic concept has been raised on several occasions, with the first known references being part of the Project Orion nuclear-powered spacecraft project in the 1960s. This used beryllium oxide to convert the X-rays released by a small bomb into longer wavelength radiation, which explosively vaporized a tamper material, normally tungsten, causing it to carry away much of the bomb's energy as kinetic energy in the form of tungsten plasma. The same concept was explored as a weapon in the Casaba Howitzer proposals. The ideas were explored by Los Alamos National Laboratory as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56570847 |
Atmospheric Science Letters is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering the atmospheric sciences. It was established in 2000 and is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Ian N. James. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 1.504, ranking it 56th out of 85 journals in the category "Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences". Paul Hardaker is the founding editor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56589031 |
Nicholas Ingolia Nicholas Thomas Ingolia (born February 5, 1979) is an American molecular biologist and assistant professor at University of California, Berkeley. He is most known for the development of the method of ribosome profiling. He has also studied the evolution of heat-sensing nerves in vampire bats and the encoding of small peptides by brief open reading frames. Ingolia is a 2011 Searle Scholar and serves on a peer-review committee for the American Cancer Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56593137 |
Paraná mammarenavirus is a species of virus in the family "Arenaviridae". The rodent species "Sooretamys angouya" is a host of this virus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56605301 |
Filip Trybom Arvid (December 24, 1850, Fivelstad Östergötland County – February 15 1913, Stockholm) was a Swedish zoologist and entomologist. He participated in major zoological research trips and in 1876 he was an entomologist in Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's expedition to the Yenisei River.In 1877 he investigated the fauna of the Kola Peninsula and Murman. He specialised in Odonata and Thysanoptera.Later he became a fish biologist and fisheries inspector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56606598 |
Magnus Nordborg is a biologist specialising in population genetics. He is the scientific director of the Gregor Mendel Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, located at the Vienna Biocenter. In 2003, Nordborg received the Sloan Research Fellowship. He was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2010. In 2015, he was elected a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization. Since 2013, he is a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56613244 |
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite The is one of several intrusive suites in Yosemite National Park. These also include The is the youngest and most extensive of the intrusive suites of Yosemite National Park, and also comprises about 1/3 of the park's area, is the most extensive intrusive suite in the Park. It contains rock types including Half Dome Granodiorite and Cathedral Peak Granite, also, Kuna Crest Granodiorite. Oldest to youngest rocks are The youngest, smallest, and most central rock body is of the Johnson Granite Porphyry, a variety of porphyry. The southwestern part of the is made up of Half Dome Granodiorite. The largest pluton of the is Cathedral Peak Granodiorite, which extends long distances both the north and south of Tuolumne Meadows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56615597 |
Josef Penninger (born 5 September 1964) is an Austrian biomedical researcher specialising in molecular immunology. He is the scientific director of the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology located at the Vienna Biocenter. In February 2018, he announced his decision to leave Vienna and become the head of the Life Sciences Institute of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The asteroid 48801 Penninger is named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56629526 |
Fahlore Fahlore, or Fahlerz, refers to an ore consisting of complex sulfosalts, mostly the series between tennantite (Cu[Cu(Fe,Zn)]AsS) and tetrahedrite (Cu[Cu(Fe,Zn)]SbS). It comes from the German word for pale, "fahl". This refers to the characteristic pale grey to dark black colour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56630159 |
Glyptology is the study of engraved gems, or of engravings on gems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56637216 |
Lead magnesium niobate is a relaxor ferroelectric. It has been used to make piezoelectric microcantilever sensors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56646524 |
Morantel is an anthelmintic drug used for the removal of parasitic worms in livestock. It affects the nervous system of worms given the drug is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56652006 |
Cupola (geology) In geology, a cupola is an upward protrusion from the roof of a large igneous intrusion, such as a batholith. It may also refer to small outlying igneous bodies which may connect at depth with larger igneous masses. Cupola-type magma chambers might form above larger basaltic magma bodies and differentiate to create intermediate or felsic magmas, which in turn may reach the surface to produce small eruptions of intermediate or felsic lava. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56652660 |
Rudolf Tancré ( December 24, 1842 Anklam , Pomerania - 19 September 1934 Anklam) was a German natural history dealer , ornithologist and entomologist whose Tancré Trade Company in Anklam had employed the German collector brothers Rückbeil who had made extensive collections of birds and insects while exploring the Russian Far East and the East and the South of Siberia.The Rückbeil family had contact with Grigory Grum-Grshimailo another source of expedition specimens for Tancré. Tancré obtained specimens from Eastern Europe as well as Central Asia. He traded with European museums and private collectors, for instance Alexander Koenig and the bird curators at Tring Ernst Hartert and Karl Jordan. Insect collections were sold to various European museums and nowadays some of the collections are in the museums of Amsterdam , Bonn , Braunschweig and Linz and in the National Museum of "Grigore Antipan" in Bucharest . He named the butterfly "Limenitis homeyeri" for one of his customers Eugen Ferdinand von Homeyer.He cowrote the original description of "Perdix perdix" "robusta" Homeyer and Tancré, 1883. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56692474 |
Skredkommissionen (Swedish for "landslide commission") was a commission established in 1988 to research, develop and provide information about landslides in Swedish. It was disbanded in 1996. It was part of Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien. Curt Fredén was a member. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56699213 |
Tupanvirus is the name of two giant viruses, deep ocean and soda lake. They are named after Tupã (Tupan), a Guaraní thunder god, and the places they were found. These are the first viruses reported to possess genes for amino-acyl tRNA sythentases for all 20 standard amino acids. measure up to 1.2 μm in complete virion length, with a capsid similar to that of amoebal mimiviruses in size (~450 nm) and structure. However, the virion presents a large cylindrical tail (~550 nm × 450 nm diameter) attached to the base of the capsid. Some particles can reach up to 2.3 μm because of the variation in tail size. The genome contains roughly 1.5 million base pairs of double-stranded DNA, coding for 1276–1425 predicted proteins. Many genes that encode for processes found in cellular organisms are found in genome. As a giant virus, present the largest translational apparatus within the known virosphere. The analysis of tupanviruses constitutes a new step towards understanding the evolution of giant viruses. Tupanviruses are able to infect protists and amoebas, but probably pose no threat to humans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56708583 |
Bieberite (CoSO · 7HO) is a pinkish red colored sulfate mineral high in cobalt content. The name is derived from the type locality at the copper deposit in Bieber, Hesse, Germany. It has been described and reported as far back as the 1700s. primarily occurs as a secondary mineral, forming in cobalt-bearing arsenide and sulfide deposits through oxidation. Natural bieberite crystals may have a small amount of cobalt lattice sites instead occupied by magnesium and copper (Palache et al., 1960). Aside from the type locality at Hesse, Germany bieberite has been found in multiple countries in Europe, North and South America, and Africa, as well as in Japan. In Greece bieberite was identified for the first time in the 2000s at the Lavrion Pb-Ag-Zn deposit, a polymetallic sulfide deposit that underwent supergene oxidation during its formation. In England in the United Kingdom, bieberite has been found at mines Penberthy Croft Mine and Wheal Alfred in St Hilary, Cornwall and Phillack, Cornwall respectively. was identified in volcanic cave settings for the first time at Irazú Volcano, Costa Rica and reported in 2018. The mineral roemerite was identified at Island Mountain, Trinity County, California in the United States of America for the first time in association with bieberite along with pyrrhotite, claudeite, goslarite, fibroferrite, and morenosite and a description of the mineral from the site published in 1927. The occurrence of bieberite at the Island Mountain deposit had earlier been recorded in 1923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56710096 |
Bieberite Uranium mineralization in the Cameron Area of Coconino County, Arizona was found to have beiberite as one of the cobalt mineral species in association with secondary uranium minerals formed through oxidation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56710096 |
Axel Elof Jäderholm (born 24 July 1868 in Söderhamn–deceased 5 March 1927 in Norrköping) was a Swedish zoologist and botanist. In 1888, entered the Uppsala University where he earned his undergraduate degree in 1892, and his doctorate in 1898. His doctoral research was about the South American "Peperomia." Between 1903 and 1905, he worked on hydroid collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm and the Imperial St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. established two new genera and 69 new species of hydroids, most of which are still valid today. Five species of hydroids have been named in his honor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56714928 |
Superwind A superwind is an extremely dense wind emanating from asymptotic giant branch stars towards the end of their lives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56723918 |
HR 2562 b HR 2562b is a substellar companion of debris disk host star HR 2562. Initially categorised as brown dwarf, its exact mass is unknown, and is thought to be 30 ± 15 Jupiter masses, and its luminosity is about two one-thousandths of a percent of a solar luminosity. If classified as a brown dwarf, its spectral type would be L7±3. It was first observed in 2016 using the Gemini Planet Imager. According to NASA Exoplanet Archive, with a mass of , it is listed as the most massive planet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56734151 |
NGC 3972 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation of Ursa Major. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56755416 |
Derek Lee (biologist) Derek Lee (also known as Derek E. Lee or Derek Edward Lee) is an American ecologist and wildlife biologist specializing in population biology and conservation biology. Lee was born in Lodi, California on March 15, 1971, and attended Tokay High School. Lee earned his bachelor's degree from the University of California at Santa Barbara, his master's degree from Humboldt State University, and his Ph.D. from Dartmouth College. For his MS degree he investigated the migratory behavior of black brant geese in Humboldt Bay using capture-recapture statistics to estimate stopover duration and space use. For his Ph.D., he studied the spatial demography of giraffes in the Tarangire ecosystem of Tanzania. His academic work on climate influences on marine bird demography, spotted owls and forest fire, and computer vision applications to wildlife biology are highly cited. His discovery of a white leucistic giraffe was widely reported in popular media. He worked at Point Blue Conservation Science for 8 years on Southeast Farallon Island studying how ocean climate change affects the population dynamics of marine predators such as elephant seals, Cassin's auklets, and common murres. He is founder and CEO of Wild Nature Institute, a research organization. Since 2018 he has also worked at Pennsylvania State University as an Associate Research Professor. Lee has published more than 35 scientific peer-reviewed papers in the field of ecology, mainly focused on demography and population biology of wild vertebrates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56773226 |
Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral The combines the Helmholtz equation with the Kirchhoff integral theorem to produce a method applicable to acoustics, seismology and other disciplines involving wave propagation. It states that the sound pressure is completely determined within a volume free of sources, if sound pressure and velocity are determined in all points on its surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56777468 |
Beacon Limestone Formation The is a formation of early Jurassic age (Pliensbachian–Toarcian). It lies above the Dyrham Formation and below the Bridport Sand Formation. It forms part of the Lias Group. It is found within the Wessex Basin and parts of Somerset, in England. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56783343 |
Gerard Smets (c.1857 - after 1895) was a Belgian paleontologist, scientist and abbé known for the misidentification of the plant genus "Aachenosaurus", named after the locale of Aachen. "Aachenosaurus" was found by Smets in 1887 and was also named by Smets on October 31, 1888, who named the type species "Aachenosaurus multidens". Based on these fragments he determined that the specimen was a hadrosaur reaching an estimated 4 to 5 meters in length which might have had dermal spines. He defended this conclusion, citing that the fossils had been examined visually with the naked eye, magnifying lenses and with the microscope. However, his error was soon demonstrated by Louis Dollo. Smets at first tried to defend his original identification but was again proven wrong by a neutral commission and a rumour states that withdrew from science completely from pure embarrassment, but not until he had published a paper on turtles in 1889 (the rumour has been proven false). The last paper he published was in 1895. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56787518 |
Propagation loss In underwater acoustics, propagation loss is a measure of the reduction in sound intensity as the sound propagates away from an underwater sound source. It is defined as the difference between the source level and the received sound pressure level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56800205 |
Arp 256 is a pair of interacting spiral galaxies located in the constellation of Cetus. (also Arp 256S) refers to the southern galaxy; the northern galaxy is Arp 256N. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56811459 |
Horseshoe cloud A horseshoe cloud is a relatively uncommon meteorological phenomenon which manifests as a cloud in the shape of a horseshoe or inverted letter "U". They occur when a horseshoe vortex deforms a cumulus cloud. The clouds are relatively short-lived. Horseshoe vortex clouds are a form of "fair-weather" funnel cloud and are similar to the shear funnel type of funnel cloud. A March 2018 instance was explained by the United States' National Weather Service: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56819408 |
Field effect (chemistry) A field effect is the polarization of a molecule through space. The effect is a result of an electric field produced by charge localization in a molecule. This field, which is substituent and conformation dependent, can influence structure and reactivity by manipulating the location of electron density in bonds and/or the overall molecule. The polarization of a molecule through its bonds is a separate phenomenon known as induction. Field effects are relatively weak, and diminish rapidly with distance, but have still been found to alter molecular properties such as acidity. Field effects can arise from the electric dipole field of a bond containing an electronegative atom or electron-withdrawing substituent, as well as from an atom or substituent bearing a formal charge. The directionality of a dipole, and concentration of charge, can both define the shape of a molecule's electric field which will manipulate the localization of electron density toward or away from sites of interest, such as an acidic hydrogen. Field effects are typically associated with the alignment of a dipole field with respect to a reaction center. Since these are through space effects, the 3D structure of a molecule is an important consideration. A field may be interrupted by other bonds or atoms before propagating to a reactive site of interest. Atoms of differing electronegativities can move closer together resulting in bond polarization through space that mimics the inductive effect through bonds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56824574 |
Field effect (chemistry) Bicycloheptane and bicyclooctane (seen left) are two compounds in which the change in acidity with substitution was attributed to the field effect. The C-X dipole is oriented away from the carboxylic acid group, and can draw electron density away because the molecule center is empty, with a low dielectric constant, so the electric field is able to propagate with minimal resistance. A dipole can align to stabilize or destabilize the formation or loss of a charge, thereby decreasing (if stabilized) or increasing (if destabilized) the activation barrier to a chemical event. Field effects can therefore tune the acidity or basicity of bonds within their fields by donating or withdrawing charge density. With respect to acidity, a common trend to note is that, inductively, an electron-withdrawing substituent in the vicinity of an acidic proton will lower the pKa (i.e. increase the acidity) and, correspondingly, an electron-donating substituent will raise the pKa. The reorganization of charge due to field effects will have the same result. An electric dipole field propagated through the space around, or in the middle of, a molecule in the direction of an acidic proton will decrease the acidity, while a dipole pointed away will increase the acidity and concomitantly elongate the X-H bond. These effects can therefore help to tune the acidity/basicity of a molecule to protonate/deprotonate a specific compound, or enhance hydrogen bond-donor ability for molecular recognition or anion sensing applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56824574 |
Field effect (chemistry) Field effects have also been shown in substituted arenes to dominate the electrostatic potential maps, which are maps of electron density used to explain intermolecular interactions. Localized electronic effects are a combination of inductive and field effects. Due to the similarity in these effects, it is difficult to separate their contributions to the electronic structure of a molecule. There is, however, a large body of literature devoted to developing an understanding of the relative significance of induction and field effects by analyzing related compounds in an attempt to quantify each effect based on the present substituents and molecular geometry. For example, the three compounds to the right, all octanes, differ only in the number of linkers between the electron withdrawing group X and an acidic functional group, which are approximately the same spatial distance apart in each compound. It is known that an electron-withdrawing substituent will decrease the pKa of a given proton (i.e. increase the acidity) inductively. If induction was the dominant effect in these compounds, acidity should increase linearly with the number of available inductive pathways (linkers). However, the experimental data shows that effect on acidity in related octanes and cubanes is very similar, and therefore the dominant effect must be through space. In the cis-11,12-dichloro-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethano-2-anthroic acid "syn" and "anti" isomers seen below and to the left, the chlorines provide a field effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56824574 |
Field effect (chemistry) The concentration of negative charge on each chlorine has a through space effect which can be seen in the relative pKas. When the chlorines are pointed over the carboxylic acid group, the pKa is higher because loss of a proton is less favorable due to the increase in negative charge in the area. Loss of a proton results in a negative charge which is less stable if there is already an inherent concentration of electrons. This can be attributed to a field effect because in the same compound with the chlorines pointed away from the acidic group the pKa is lower, and if the effect were inductive the conformational position would not matter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56824574 |
NGC 1015 is a barred spiral galaxy, at a distance of 118 million light years in the constellation of Cetus (The Whale). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56827999 |
Semotivirus is a genus of viruses in the family "Belpaoviridae" (formerly included in the family "Metaviridae"). Species exist as retrotransposons in a eukaryotic host's genome. "Anopheles gambiae Moose virus" – "Ascaris lumbricoides Tas virus" – "Bombyx mori Pao virus" – "Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus" – "Drosophila melanogaster Bel virus" – "Drosophila melanogaster Roo virus" – "Drosophila simulans Ninja virus" – "Fugu rubripes Suzu virus" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56828607 |
Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus is a species of virus in the genus "Semotivirus" and the family Belpaoviridae. It exists as retrotransposons in the "Caenorhabditis elegans" genome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56828702 |
Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus is a species of retroviruses in the genus "Metavirus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56837096 |
Thermostad A thermostad is a homogeneous layer of oceanic waters in terms of temperature, it is defined as a relative minimum of the vertical temperature gradient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56840178 |
Lists of molecules This is an index of lists of molecules (i.e. by year, number of atoms, etc.). Millions of molecules have existed in the universe before the formation of Earth, elements have being mixed and formed molecules for millions of years, three of them, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen were necessary for the growth of life, even thought, we were able to see these substances we did not know what was their components. Amedeo Avogadro created the word "molecule". His 1811 paper "Essay on Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies", he essentially states, i.e. according to Partington's "A Short History of Chemistry", that: The following is an index of list of molecules organized by time of discovery of their molecular formula or their specific molecule in case of isomers: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56842637 |
Patrizio Gennari (24 November 1820, Moresco – 1 February 1897, Cagliari) was an Italian botanist and patriot. He served in the Second Italian War of Independence (the Austro-Sardinian War). From 1866 to 1892, he was a professor at the University of Cagliari, Sardinia, and director of the university's botanic garden, the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Cagliari. The orchid genus "Gennaria" is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56845247 |
Hickson 44 (HCG 44) is a group of galaxies in the constellation Leo. As Arp 316, a part of this group is also designated as group of galaxies in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56853695 |
President Thiers Bank is a broad guyot, which lies northwest of Rapa and southeast of Raivavae, in the Austral Islands. Its summit reaches a depth of . It may have been created by the Macdonald hotspot. Another theory sees in the seamount the endpoint of an alignment that starts with Aitutaki and also involves one volcanic phase at Raivavae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56874444 |
Thomas Hertog is a Belgian cosmologist at KU Leuven university and a key collaborator of Professor Stephen Hawking. was born on 27 May 1975. He graduated Summa cum laude from KU Leuven in 1997 with an MSc degree in physics. He obtained his Master's degree at the University of Cambridge in Part III of the Mathematical Tripos and obtained a Ph.D. degree at Cambridge with a thesis on the origins of cosmic expansion under the supervision of Stephen Hawking. Hertog had the opportunity to conduct research with Stephen Hawking in the field of cosmic inflation, a branch of the Big Bang theory. He then worked as a researcher at the University of California - Santa Barbara in the United States and the Université de Paris VII in France. He became a fellow at CERN in Geneva in 2005. In October 2011, Hertog was appointed professor at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at KU Leuven through the Odysseus program of the Flemish government. He led a research group studying the relationship between the Big Bang and string theory, with the idea that concepts like space and time lose their meaning. He also emphasized Georges Lemaître's insight that the Big Bang is central to Einstein's gravitational waves. Hertog worked in the field of quantum cosmology and string theory with James Hartle and Stephen Hawking. In 2011, after years of research, they came to a new insight by combining the mathematics of quantum cosmology and that of string theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56886250 |
Thierry Deuve (born 29 August 1956) is a French entomologist. The moth "Deuveia banghaasi" is named for Deuve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56905196 |
Ali Ertürk Ali Erturk (born September 1980) is a Turkish neuroscientist, inventor, and artist living in Munich, Germany. He is the director of a new Helmholtz Institute on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM) in Munich since July 2019. After his undergraduate study at Bilkent University in Ankara, he joined Max-Planck-Institute for Neurobiology for his PhD and Genentech Inc. for postdoctoral research. His is known for invention of DISCO tissue transparency technology in biomedical research allowing to visualize intact neuronal networks in the brain and body. He is also affiliated with the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and University of Rochester. is also known for his landscape and cityscapes photographs. As of 2018, he had 3 exhibitions (2008 Munich, 2012 San Francisco, 2015 Munich). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56905950 |
Hyderabad Pharma City is a pharmaceuticals industrial park being established near Hyderabad, India. The Park is being set up on 19,330 acres. It is expected to attract ₹64,000 crore investment and direct employment to 170,000 people. The Park an initiative of the IT and Industries Minister, Government of Telangana, K. T. Rama Rao . It was announced on 24 March 2018. The Park is coming up in Mucherla near Hyderabad. The Park will comply as a zero liquid discharge (ZLD) facility and with presence of common effluent treatment plants with a total capacity of 66 MLD. The companies that committed to have presence are Biocon, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Novartis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56930559 |
Organa (crater) Organa is the informal name given to a crater on Pluto's largest moon, Charon. The crater was discovered by NASA's "New Horizons" space probe on its flyby of Pluto. The name was chosen as a reference to Leia Organa from the "Star Wars" media franchise in the theme of naming Charon's craters after science fiction characters. Organa crater is rich in frozen ammonia, which suggests it was created very recently. The location of Organa crater is in the northern Pluto-facing hemisphere of Charon. Organa crater is the only known crater on Charon that contains abundant ammonia. The ammonia was detected using the "New Horizons" LEISA instrument, by observing an absorption of infrared light in the band, which is associated with ammonia. The source of the ammonia has not been confirmed, but it is associated with the impact process that created Organa crater, perhaps by removing the overlaying layer of water of ice and regolith. If this is confirmed, the detection could indicate that Charon has experienced cyrovolcanic activity, with ammonia as magma. This interpretation is puzzling, since cryovolcanism isn't known to occur on such small bodies. In this scenario, the ammonia may have precipitated from an atmosphere, or soaked the ground from a subsurface source, or diffused out of the existing tholin. An alternate explanation suggests the deposit of ammonia was delivered by the impactor that created Organa crater | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56935372 |
Organa (crater) In either case, it is believed that Organa crater is the result of a recent impact, less than 10 million years ago. The impact that created Organa crater may have been so recent that the ammonia hasn't yet been destroyed by radiation from space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56935372 |
Radio Galaxy Zoo (RGZ) is an internet crowdsourced citizen science project that seeks to locate supermassive black holes in distant galaxies. It is hosted by the web portal Zooniverse. The scientific team want to identify black hole/jet pairs and associate them with the host galaxies. Using a large number of classifications provided by citizen scientists they hope to build a more complete picture of black holes at various stages and their origin. It was initiated in 2010 by Ray Norris in collaboration with the Zooniverse team, and was driven by the need to cross-identify the millions of extragalactic radio sources that will be discovered by the forthcoming Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey. RGZ is now led by scientists Julie Banfield and Ivy Wong. RGZ started operations on 17 December 2013. The project's scientific team are drawn mostly from Australia, with support from Zooniverse developers and other institutions. They use data taken by the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters (FIRST) survey which was observed at the Very Large Array between 1993 and 2011. Also used was data from the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLAS), taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) in rural New South Wales. The infrared astronomy used was observed by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the Spitzer Space Telescope. RGZ has published five scientific studies (May 2018). i) Radio Galaxy Zoo: host galaxies and radio morphologies derived from visual inspection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936955 |
Radio Galaxy Zoo (November 2015) The abstract begins: "We present results from the first twelve months of operation of Radio Galaxy Zoo, which upon completion will enable visual inspection of over 170,000 radio sources to determine the host galaxy of the radio emission and the radio morphology." It then explains that RGZ "uses 1.4GHz radio images from both the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters (FIRST) and the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLAS) in combination with mid-infrared images at 3.4μm from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and at 3.6μm from the Spitzer Space Telescope." Its aims are that when complete, RGZ will measure the relative populations and properties of host galaxies; processes that might also provide an avenue for finding radio structures that are rare and extreme. On the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) website, an article from September 2015 named "Volunteer black hole hunters as good as the experts" explains how citizen scientists are as good as professionals at RGZ's tasks. The research team tested trained citizen scientists and ten professional astronomers using a hundred images to help quantify the quality of the data gathered. As the initial results were published, facts and figures from RGZ became available. More than 1.2 million radio images have been looked at, which enabled 60,000 radio sources to be matched to their host galaxies: "A feat that would have taken a single astronomer working 40 hours a week roughly 50 years to complete | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936955 |
Radio Galaxy Zoo " ii) Radio Galaxy Zoo: discovery of a poor cluster through a giant wide-angle tail radio galaxy. (May 2016) The abstract begins: "We have discovered a previously unreported poor cluster of galaxies (RGZ-CL J0823.2+0333) through an unusual giant wide-angle tail radio galaxy found in the project." It continues to explain that the analysis of 2MASX J08231289+0333016's surrounding environment indicates that it is within a poor cluster. Radio morphology suggests that, firstly, "the host galaxy is moving at a significant velocity with respect to an ambient medium like that of at least a poor cluster" and secondly that "the source may have had two ignition events of the active galactic nucleus with 10^7yrs in between." These suggestions reinforce the idea that there is an association between RGZ J082312.9+033301 and the newly-discovered poor cluster. On The Conversation website in an article "How citizen scientists discovered a giant cluster of galaxies", Ray Norris writes about the above study. He explains that two Russian citizen scientists (CSs), Ivan Terentev and Tim Matorny, were participating in RGZ when they noticed something odd with one of the radio sources. It became clear that the radio source the two CSs had found "was just one of a line of radio blobs that delineate a C-shaped “wide angle tail galaxy” (WATG)." Lead scientist Julie Banfield explained that this was "something that none of us had even thought would be possible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936955 |
Radio Galaxy Zoo " WATGs are rare objects that are formed when jets of electrons from black holes, usually seen to be straight, are bent into a C shape by intergalactic gas. This characteristic shape is "a sure sign that there is intergalactic gas, signifying a cluster of galaxies, the largest known objects in the universe." The WATG discovered by Terentev and Matorny is one of the largest known and has led to the cluster being named after them. "This cluster, more than a billion light years away, contains at least 40 galaxies, marking an intersection of the sheets and filaments of the cosmic web that make up our universe." Clusters, despite their importance, are hard to find but the use of WATGs might be a way of finding more: However WATGs are rare. On the National Radio Astronomy Observatory website, Matorny and Terentev commented on their discovery. “I am still amazed and feel more motivated to look for stunning new radio galaxies,” Matorny said. Terentev added, “I got a chance to see the whole process of science … and I have been a part of it!” iii) Radio Galaxy Zoo: A Search for Hybrid Morphology Radio Galaxies. (December 2017) The abstract begins: "Hybrid morphology radio sources are a rare type of radio galaxy that display different Fanaroff-Riley classes on opposite sides of their nuclei." The authors explain that RGZ has enabled them to discover 25 new candidate hybrid morphology radio galaxies (HyMoRS). These HyMoRS are at distances between redshifts z=0.14 and 1.0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936955 |
Radio Galaxy Zoo Nine of the host galaxies have previous spectra and include quasars and a rare Green bean galaxy. It states: "Although the origin of the hybrid morphology radio galaxies is still unclear, this type of radio source starts depicting itself as a rather diverse class." The abstract ends:"While high angular resolution follow-up observations are still necessary to confirm our candidates, we demonstrate the efficacy of the in the pre-selection of these sources from all-sky radio surveys, and report the reliability of citizen scientists in identifying and classifying complex radio sources." In an article on the ARC Centre of Excellence for All-Sky Astrophysics CAASTRO website named "Citizen scientists bag a bunch of 'two-faced' galaxies", the author explains the findings of the above study. The lead scientist is Anna Kapinska with CS Ivan Terentev named second. Kapinska's team have been looking for rare types of galaxies named Hybrid Morphology Radio Galaxies (HyMoRS). These show galaxy characteristics that are combined, rather than distinct. The article states: "Finding more HyMoRS helps us understand what kind of galaxy can turn out this way, and what gives them their unusual properties. Knowing that, in turn, helps us better understand how all galaxies evolve." The first recognised HyMoRS was discovered in 2002 and since then 30 more. RGZ near doubled the discoveries by adding 25 more | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936955 |
Radio Galaxy Zoo Galaxies with black holes that produce jets are often "divided into two classes, Fanaroff-Riley I and Fanaroff-Riley II (or FR I and II). FR I galaxies have jets that fade away as they extend outwards, while FR II galaxies have jets that end in a bright, strongly-emitting region (a ‘hotspot’)." Explanations include the behaviour of the central black hole, different densities of matter in the surrounding environment or simply illusions because of different distances. iv) Radio Galaxy Zoo: Cosmological Alignment of Radio Sources (November 2017) In November 2017, a team lead by Omar Contigiani published a paper in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society studying the mutual alignment of radio sources. Using data drawn from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters (FIRST) and TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS), they investigate the most powerful radio sources, namely the largest elliptical galaxies emitting plasma-filled jets. The abstract begins: "We study the mutual alignment of radio sources within two surveys, FIRST and TGSS. This is done by producing two position angle catalogues containing the preferential directions of respectively 30059 and 11674 extended sources distributed over more than 7000 and 17000 square degrees." The FIRST sample sources were identified by participants in RGZ, while the TGSS sample was the result of an automated process. Marginal evidence of local alignment is found in the FIRST sample, which has a 2% probability of being by chance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936955 |
Radio Galaxy Zoo This supports other recent research by scientists using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. The abstract ends: "The TGSS sample is found to be too sparsely populated to manifest a similar signal." Results suggest that there is a relative alignment present at cosmological distances. v) Radio Galaxy Zoo: Compact and extended radio source classification with deep learning (May 2018). In May 2018, Lukic and team published a study in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society concerning machine learning techniques. The abstract begins: "Machine learning techniques have been increasingly useful in astronomical applications over the last few years, for example in the morphological classification of galaxies." During the next two years, up to 105 RGZ objects will be observed with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as a result of Program 15445, whose P.I. is William Keel. The program's abstract begins: "The classic Galaxy Zoo project and its successors have been rich sources of interesting astrophysics beyond their initial goals. Green Pea starbursts, AGN ionization echoes, dust in backlit spirals, AGN in pseudobulges, have all seen HST followup programs." As a result of NASA 'gap fillers' initiative, it is hoped that significant scientific progress can be made by HST observations of a total of 304 objects, which have been chosen by voters using a Zooniverse custom-made interface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936955 |
Radio Galaxy Zoo Keel stated: "Each one of them might not be enough for an individual study, but when you put them all together it adds up to an interesting study." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936955 |
Geologists Seamounts (alternatively named South West Hawaii Group) are seamounts in the Pacific Ocean, south of Honolulu, Hawaii and southwest from Big Island. Clockwise from north they are named Perret, Jaggar, McCall, Pensacola, Daly, Swordfish, Cross, Washington and Ellis. The seamounts developed during the Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago, and there is no geological relationship to the neighbouring Hawaiian Islands although there may be one to the Musicians Seamounts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56938591 |
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