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NGC 3558 is an elliptical or a lenticular galaxy located 440 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by the astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 15, 1866. It is a member of the galaxy cluster Abell 1185 and is classified as a LINER galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58947971 |
NGC 2865 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Hydra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58949883 |
Abell 1146 is a rich galaxy cluster in the constellation Crater. Its richness class is 4, and it is located about 2 billion light-years (630 megaparsecs) away. Its brightest member, PGC 33231, is an elliptical galaxy. It has a redshift of 0.142. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58950507 |
Frederick George Mann (29 June 1897 – 29 March 1982) was a British organic chemist. He completed his doctoral studies at Downing College, Cambridge under Sir William Pope, graduating in 1923. He continued at Downing as an assistant lecturer until 1930, when he was appointed to a lectureship at Trinity College. He spent his entire academic career at Cambridge, retiring in 1964. Mann's research spanned a variety of topics, many at the interface between organic and inorganic chemistry, including investigations of aliphatic polyamines, phosphines, arsines and their complexes; heterocyclic compounds of phosphorus and arsenic and their metal complexes; polycyclic nitrogen compounds; the structure and optical properties of transition metal complexes; stereochemistry, and cyanine dyes. He won the Royal Society of Chemistry's Tilden Prize in 1943, and was elected to the Royal Society in 1947. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58955360 |
1ES 1101-232 is an active galactic nucleus of a distant galaxy known as a blazar. An X-ray source (catalogued as A 1059-22) was first recorded by Maccagni and colleagues in a 1978 paper; they thought the source arose from a galaxy in the Abell 1146 galaxy cluster, which contained many giant elliptical galaxies. In 1989, Remillard and colleagues linked the X-ray source with a visual object and established that the object was surrounded by a large elliptical galaxy. They also discovered that the object (and galaxy) were more distant, with a redshift of 0.186. The host galaxy appears to be part of a distant galaxy cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58960535 |
Manfred T. Reetz Manfred Theodor Reetz (born August 13, 1943) is a German chemist and professor of organic chemistry, who served as director of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research from 1991 until 2011. His research focuses on directed evolution, enzymes in organic chemistry, and stereoselective biocatalysis. Reetz was born in Hirschberg, Lower Silesia, in 1943 and immigrated to the USA in 1952. After studying chemistry at Washington University and the University of Michigan, he returned to Germany to obtain his Ph.D. under Ulrich Schöllkopf at the University of Göttingen. He subsequently worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Marburg where he completed his habilitation in 1978. After two years at the University of Bonn, he returned to Marburg as full professor in 1980. In 1991 he was appointed director of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim, a position that he held until 2011. Among the awards that Reetz has received are the Leibniz Prize (1989), the Nagoya Gold Medal Award of Organic Chemistry (2000), the RSC Centenary Prize (2002), the (2005), the (2006), the ACS Arthur C. Cope Award (2009), the Tetrahedron Prize (2011), the Otto Hahn Prize (2011), and the International Kyoto Conference on New Aspects of Organic Chemistry (IKCOC) Prize (2012). He was elected to the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1997. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58965322 |
Alois Fürstner (born 23 July 1962) is an Austrian chemist. He is director of Organometallic Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim, Germany. He has been awarded the Leibniz Prize (1999), the Royal Society of Chemistry's Centenary Prize (2004), the Heinrich Wieland Prize (2006), the (2006), the Janssen Prize for Creativity in Organic Synthesis (2008), the (2013), and the Gay-Lussac Humboldt Prize (2013). He was elected a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2002. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58967959 |
IC 2574 IC 2574, also known as Coddington's Nebula, is a dwarf spiral galaxy discovered by American astronomer Edwin Foster Coddington in 1898. Located in Ursa Major, a constellation in the northern sky, it is an outlying member of the M81 Group. It is believed that 90% of its mass is in the form of dark matter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58980330 |
Trajectory inference or pseudotemporal ordering is a computational technique used in single-cell transcriptomics to determine the pattern of a dynamic process experienced by cells and then arrange cells based on their progression through the process. Single-cell protocols have much higher levels of noise than bulk RNA-seq, so a common step in a single-cell transcriptomics workflow is the clustering of cells into subgroups. Clustering can contend with this inherent variation by combining the signal from many cells, while allowing for the identification of cell types. However, some differences in gene expression between cells are the result of dynamic processes such as the cell cycle, cell differentiation, or response to an external stimuli. seeks to characterize such differences by placing cells along a continuous path that represents the evolution of the process rather than dividing cells into discrete clusters. In some methods this is done by projecting cells onto an axis called pseudotime which represents the progression through the process. Since 2015, more than 50 algorithms for trajectory inference have been created. Although the approaches taken are diverse there are some commonalities to the methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59006692 |
Trajectory inference Typically, the steps in the algorithm consist of dimensionality reduction to reduce the complexity of the data, trajectory building to determine the structure of the dynamic process, and projection of the data onto the trajectory so that cells are positioned by their evolution through the process and cells with similar expression profiles are situated near each other. algorithms differ in the specific procedure used for dimensionality reduction, the kinds of structures that can be used to represent the dynamic process, and the prior information that is required or can be provided. The data produced by single-cell RNA-seq can consist of thousands of cells each with expression levels recorded across thousands of genes. In order to efficiently process data with such high dimensionality many trajectory inference algorithms employ a dimensionality reduction procedure such as principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), or t-SNE as their first step. The purpose of this step is to combine many features of the data into a more informative measure of the data. For example, a coordinate resulting from dimensionality reduction could combine expression levels from many genes that are associated with the cell cycle into one value that represents a cell's position in the cell cycle. Such a transformation corresponds to dimensionality reduction in the feature space, but dimensionality reduction can also be applied to the sample space by clustering together groups of similar cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59006692 |
Trajectory inference Many methods represent the structure of the dynamic process via a graph-based approach. In such an approach the vertices of the graph correspond to states in the dynamic process, such as cell types in cell differentiation, and the edges between the nodes correspond to transitions between the states. The creation of the trajectory graph can be accomplished using k-nearest neighbors or minimum spanning tree algorithms. The topology of the trajectory refers to the structure of the graph and different algorithms are limited to creation of graph topologies of a particular type such as linear, branching, or cyclic. Some methods require or allow for the input of prior information which is used to guide the creation of the trajectory. The use of prior information can lead to more accurate trajectory determination, but poor priors can lead the algorithm astray or bias results towards expectations. Examples of prior information that can be used in trajectory inference are the selection of start cells that are at the beginning of the trajectory, the number of branches in the trajectory, and the number of end states for the trajectory. Monocle first employs a differential expression test to reduce the number of genes then applies independent component analysis for additional dimensionality reduction. To build the trajectory Monocle computes a minimum spanning tree, then finds the longest connected path in that tree. Cells are projected onto the nearest point to them along that path | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59006692 |
Trajectory inference p-Creode finds the most likely path through a density-adjusted k-nearest neighbor graph. Graphs from an ensemble are scored with a graph similarity metric to select the most representative topology. p-Creode has been tested on a range of single-cell platforms, including mass cytometry, multiplex immunofluorescence, and single-cell RNA-seq. No prior information is required. Slingshot takes cluster labels as input and then orders these clusters into lineages by the construction of a minimum spanning tree. Paths through the tree are smoothed by fitting simultaneous principal curves and a cell's pseudotime value is determined by its projection onto one or more of these curves. Prior information, such as initial and terminal clusters, is optional. TSCAN performs dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis and clusters cells using a mixture model. A minimum spanning tree is calculated using the centers of the clusters and the trajectory is determined as the longest connected path of that tree. TSCAN is an unsupervised algorithm that requires no prior information. Wanderlust was developed for analysis of mass cytometry data, but has been adapted for single-cell transcriptomics applications. A k-nearest neighbors algorithm is used to construct a graph which connects every cell to the cell closest to it with respect to a metric such as Euclidean distance or cosine distance. Wanderlust requires the input of a starting cell as prior information | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59006692 |
Trajectory inference Wishbone is built on Wanderlust and allows for a bifurcation in the graph topology, whereas Wanderlust creates a linear graph. Wishbone combines principal component analysis and diffusion maps to achieve dimensionality reduction then also creates a KNN graph. Waterfall performs dimensionality reduction via principal component analysis and uses a k-means algorithm to find cell clusters. A minimal spanning tree is built between the centers of the clusters. Waterfall is entirely unsupervised, requiring no prior information, and produces linear trajectories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59006692 |
Geology of the Collectivity of Saint Martin The geology of the Collectivity of Saint Martin consists of andesite tuff and tuff breccia from the middle and late Eocene, intruded by hypabyssal basalt, quartz diorite and younger andesite. Volcanic activity led to metamorphism of many rocks and the tilting and folding of the tuff series. Limestone and marl was later unconformably deposited atop the eroded volcanic rocks as volcanic activity shifted elsewhere. Large boulder ridges and solitary boulders on high cliffs suggest tectonic-related tsunamis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59011364 |
Geology of Saint Pierre and Miquelon The geology of Saint Pierre and Miquelon is part of the 680 to 550 million year old, late Proterozoic Avalon Zone, a part of the Canadian Appalachians. The oldest rocks are 615 million year old metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, intruded by diorite and trondhjemite in the Cap de Miquelon Group. The metamorphic rocks are descended from an earlier volcanic arc-marine platform, rather than more ancient basement rock from the Avalonia microcontinent. The St. Pierre Group formed 581 million years ago with felsic and pyroclastic flows. Together with mafic rocks and andesite, they are evidence of back arc environment. The late Neoproterozoic Belle-Riviere Group includes bimodal volcanic rocks such as basalt and rhyolite overlain by terrestrial sedimentary rock. Belle-Riviere Group rocks partially overlie the Tommotian Fortune Group and the early and middle Cambrian Langlade Group, which have fossiliferous limestone beds and siltstone. Discordant contact between older Precambrian rocks and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks as well as thrust faults indicate Acadian orogeny related deformation. In the Mesozoic, the Orpheus Graben opened, widening into the St. Pierre Block and filled with thick sediments in the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene. Estimates in 1992 suggested 250 billion cubic meters of natural gas and up to 700 million barrels of oil. Analysis of glacial till suggests that the islands were covered by ice sheets from Newfoundland in the Pleistocene with the islands displaying marine edge deposits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59011721 |
Coprothermobacteria is a taxonomic class of bacteria in the phylum Coprothermobacterota. Currently, this class is represented by a single order of bacteria, with only one family to which belongs a genus ("Coprothermobacter") of non-motile, rod-shaped microorganisms that stain Gram-negative, are non-spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, thermophilic and chemoautotroph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59011996 |
Harriet Sheppard Henrietta "Harriet" Sheppard, née Campbell (1786-1858) was a Canadian naturalist and botanist. She was noted for studying and publishing on birds, shells, and plants of the Quebec region. Working with Anne Mary Perceval and Lady Dalhousie she collected plants of the region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59012650 |
Iceberg B-46 is a large iceberg that broke free from Pine Island Glacier in Antarctica in October 2018. It was 225sq km at its greatest extent. The iceberg was detected by the Landsat 8 satellite and later photographed by a NASA DC-8 as part of their IceBridge recording project. The shedding of icebergs by the Pine Island Glacier used to occur on average every 6 years; but has become a near annual event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59014614 |
Leontovich boundary condition The is a classical electrodynamics boundary condition that relates to the tangential components of the electric E and magnetic H fields on the surface of well-conducting bodies. As originally formulated by Russian physicist Mikhail Leontovich, the boundary condition is given as where formula_2 and formula_3 represent the tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields, formula_4 is the effective surface impedance, and formula_5 is a unit normal pointing into the conducting material. This condition is accurate when the permittivity of the conductor is large, which is the case for most metals. More generally, for cases when the radii of curvature of the conducting surface is large with respect to the skin depth, the resulting fields on the interior can be well approximated by plane waves, thus giving rise to the Leontovitch condition. The is useful in many scattering problems where one material is a metal with large (but finite) conductivity. As the condition provides a relationship between the electric and magnetic fields at the surface of the conductor, without knowledge of the fields within, the task of finding the total fields is considerably simplified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59020460 |
Shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) are fast control protocols to drive the dynamics of system without relying on the adiabatic theorem. The concept of STA was introduced in a 2010 paper by Xi Chen. Their design can be achieved using a variety of techniques. A universal approach is provided by counterdiabatic driving, also known as transitionless quantum driving. Motivated by one of authors systematic study of dissipative Landau-Zener transition, the key idea was demonstrated earlier by a group of scientists from China, Greece and USA in 2000, as steering an eigenstate to destination. Counterdiabatic driving has been demonstrated in the laboratory using a time-dependent quantum oscillator. The use of counterdiabatic driving requires to diagonalize the system Hamiltonian, limiting its use in many-particle systems. In the control of trapped quantum fluids, the use of symmetries such as scale invariance and the associated conserved quantities has allowed to circumvent this requirement. STA have also found applications in finite-time quantum thermodynamics to suppress quantum friction. Fast nonadiabatic strokes of a quantum engine have been implemented using a three-dimensional interacting Fermi gas. The use of STA has also been suggested to drive a quantum phase transition. In this context, the Kibble-Zurek mechanism predicts the formation of topological defects. While the implementation of counterdiabatic driving across a phase transition requires complex many-body interactions, feasible approximate controls can be found. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59027149 |
Phycisphaeraceae is a family of bacteria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59033370 |
Darrell Kitchener Darrell John Kitchener (born 1943) is a biologist who has been active in mammalian research in Western Australia and Indonesia. He is the author of over one hundred papers, published while employed as the senior research biologist at the Western Australian Museum, and described many new species of mammals during his 28 years in that position. Kitchener was born on 9 June 1943 in Victoria, Australia. He obtained degrees in botany and zoological sciences at the University of Tasmania and completed his Ph.D. at the University of Western Australia. His works include contributions to the Australian Museum's "Complete book of Australian mammals". The specific epithet for the freetailed bat "Mormopterus kitcheneri" — found in the Southwest Australia ecoregion and first described in 2014 — commemorates Kitchener "for his prolific contribution to elucidating the systematics of Indo-Australian mammals, especially bats". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041086 |
Zavarzinella is an aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("formosa"). "formosa" has been isolated from Sphagnum peat from West Siberia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041363 |
Thermostilla is a thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("marina"). "marina" has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from a Vulcano Island in Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041411 |
Telmatocola is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("sphagniphila"). "sphagniphila" has been isolate from Sphagnum peat from Staroselsky moss from the Tver Region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041446 |
Schlesneria is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("paludicola"). "paludicola" has been isolated from sphagnum peat from Bakchar in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041486 |
Thermogutta is a thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041656 |
Thermogutta terrifontis is a thermophilic bacterium from the genus of "Thermogutta" which has been isolated from a hot spring from Kurils in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041691 |
Singulisphaera is a moderately acidophilic and mesophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041779 |
Singulisphaera acidiphila is a aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of "Singulisphaera" which has been isolated from Sphagnum peat from the Yaroslavl Region in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041820 |
Singulisphaera rosea is a moderately acidophilic, mesophilic, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of "Singulisphaera" which has been isolated from Sphagnum peat from the Tver Region in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041864 |
Singulisphaera mucilagenosa is an acid-tolerant bacterium from the genus of "Singulisphaera" which has been isolated from dystrophic humified water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59041904 |
Pink Legacy The is a pink diamond that was purchased by Harry Winston, Inc. in 2018. It was renamed Winston by CEO Nayla Hayek. The diamond was sold at a Christie's auction for 50.375 million Swiss francs ($50m; £38.5m), and at $2.6 million per carat it set a world record at the time of its sale for a pink diamond. was mined in South Africa around 1918 and was once owned by the Oppenheimer family, who ran De Beers. It has a cut-cornered rectangular cut, and has likely not been altered since it was first cut in 1920. It is mounted in a platinum ring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59049384 |
Rubripirellula is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("obstinata"). "obstinata" has been isolated from the alga "Laminaria" from the northern coast from Porto in Portugal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59053320 |
Rubinisphaera is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("brasiliensisa"). "brasiliensis" has been isolated from water from the Lagoa Vermelha from Brazil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59053373 |
Roseimaritima is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("ulvae"). "ulvae" has been isolated from a "Ulva" from Carreço in Portugal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59053470 |
Rhodopirellula is a marine genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59053678 |
Rhodopirellula baltica is a bacterium from the genus of "Rhodopirellula" which has been isolated from brackish water from the Baltic Sea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59053883 |
Rhodopirellula caenicola is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of "Rhodopirellula" which has been isolated from isolated from iron sand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59067813 |
Rhodopirellula lusitana is a bacterium from the genus of "Rhodopirellula" which has been isolated from the Ulva from Carreço in Portugal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59067880 |
Rhodopirellula rosea is a Gram-negative and motile bacterium from the genus of "Rhodopirellula" which has been isolated from a dead ark clam ("Scapharca broughtonii") from the Gangjin Bay in Korea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59067995 |
Rhodopirellula bahusiensis is a bacterium from the genus of "Rhodopirellula". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59068081 |
Planctopirus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59068118 |
Planctopirus hydrillae is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of "Planctopirus" which has been isolated from the plant "Hydrilla verticillata" from Hyderabad in India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59068250 |
Peter Schreiner Peter Richard Schreiner (born November 17, 1965 in Nuremberg, Germany) is a German chemist who is a professor at Justus Liebig University Giessen. As of 2018 his h-index was 63. Schreiner studied at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, where he received his diploma in 1992 (with Paul von Ragué Schleyer. He obtained his doctorate in organic chemistry in 1995 from the University of Georgia. From 1996 to 1999 he was a Liebig Fellow at the University of Göttingen. While there he received the ADUC Prize for his work. From 1999 to 2002, he was Associate Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Georgia. Since 2002 he has been a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Giessen. From 2012 to 2015 he was Vice President for Research and Promotion of Young Researchers at the University of Giessen. From 2006 to 2009 he was Dean of the Faculty of Biology and Chemistry. He has been a visiting professor at the Lorand Eötvös University in Budapest, at Technion in Haifa, at the University of Bordeaux, and at Stanford University. His research interests include organocatalysis, nanodiamonds (diamondoids), green chemistry, organic electronics, matrix isolation of reactive intermediates such as carbenes, and computational chemistry. He discovered the mechanism of tunnel control of reactions and demonstrated their diffusion, thus establishing a third driver of chemical reactions besides thermodynamic (energetically most favorable) and kinetic control (least barrier) (published in Science, 2011) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59070402 |
Peter Schreiner He is one of the pioneers of organocatalysis, in which metal-containing catalysts are replaced by more environmentally friendly customized organic catalysts. Schreiner found a way to integrate nanodiamonds, which naturally occur in natural gas and petroleum but have nanoscale dimensions, into a coatings. In 1997 he helped develop the thiourea organocatalysis. Schreiner has been a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2013. In 2015 he was elected to the North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He is an honorary member of the Polish and Israeli Chemical Societies. In 2003 he received the Dirac Medal of the World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists and the Science Prize of the German Technion Society. For 2017 he was awarded the Adolf von Baeyer Medal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker. From 1995 to 1996 he was Project Coordinator of the Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry. From 2011 he has been Associate Editor of the Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, from 2000 he has been Editor of the Journal of Computational Chemistry and since 2008 he has been Principal Editor of review journal . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59070402 |
Planctomicrobium is an aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("piriforme"). "piriforme" has been isolated from littoral wetland from the Valaam Island in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59100265 |
Paludisphaera is an aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Isosphaeraceae with one known species ("borealis"). "borealis"has been isolated from Sphagnum peat from the Yaroslavl region in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59100324 |
Gimesia is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("maris"). "maris" has been isolated from neritic water from Puget Sound in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59100379 |
Aquisphaera is a chemoheterotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Isosphaeraceae with one known species ("giovannoni"). "giovannonii" has been isolated from sediments from a freshwater aquarium from Porto in Portugal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59108522 |
Bythopirellula is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("goksoyri"). "goksoyri" has been isolated from deep sea iron hydroxide deposits from the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59108655 |
Antlia 2 (Ant 2) is a low-surface-brightness dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way at a galactic latitude of 11.2°. It spans 1.26° in the sky just southeast of Epsilon Antliae. The galaxy is similar in size to the Large Magellanic Cloud, despite being 1/10,000 as bright. has the lowest surface brightness of any galaxy discovered and is ~ 100 times more diffuse than any known ultra diffuse galaxy. It was discovered by the European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft in November 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59113400 |
NGC 5529 is an edge-on intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It is located approximately 144 million light-years (44 megaparsecs) away and was discovered by William Herschel on May 1, 1785. is an edge-on intermediate galaxy. It is located near dwarf galaxies PGC 50952, and PGC 50925. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected in the mid-infrared spectrum of NGC 5529. PAHs have been shown to only appear in galaxies with recent star formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59116830 |
Blastopirellula cremea is an aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of "Blastopirellula" which has been isolated from a dead ark clam ("Scapharca broughtonii") from Korea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118801 |
Tepidisphaera is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species ("mucosa"). "mucosa" has been isolated from a hot spring from the Lake Baikal in Kamchatka in Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118860 |
Asimina Arvanitaki (born 1980) is a Greek theoretical physicist and Stavros Niarchos Foundation Aristarchus Chair in Theoretical Physics at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. In 2017, she was awarded the New Horizons in Physics prize. Arvanitaki's work has focused on finding novel experiments to explore topics in theoretical physics. Her work has been described as working at the "precision frontier" as it involves measuring very small variations in well-understood phenomena to illuminate theoretical predictions. In 2016, Arvanitaki, Savas Dimopoulos and Ken Van Tilburg proposed a method of detecting dark matter as a matter wave, using conventional gravitational wave detectors. She has proposed using the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory to observe the gravitational waves from black hole collisions to detect the presence of QCD axions, a candidate for explaining dark matter. She has also proposed using neutrino and gamma-ray telescopes, such as the Fermi telescope, Hess, or IceCube, to search for dark matter decay products predicted by certain theories of super-symmetry. Arvanitaki pursued her post-doctoral research at Stanford University. She joined the Perimeter Institute in 2014. She is the first woman to hold a named chair at the institute | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59141451 |
Asimina Arvanitaki Arvanitaki suggested naming the chair for Aristarchus — the ancient Greek astronomer who surmised that the Earth rotated around the sun centuries before Coperniucs — in a nod to the cosmological scope of her research, the Greek background of the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, and her own Greek origin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59141451 |
Sulfobacillus is a genus of bacteria containing six named species. Members of the genus are Gram-positive, acidophilic, spore-forming bacteria that are moderately thermophilic or thermotolerant. All species are facultative anaerobes capable of oxidizing sulfur-containing compounds; they differ in optimal growth temperature and metabolic capacity, particularly in their ability to grow on various organic carbon compounds. "Sulfobacillus" was first described in 1978, along with the type species, "thermosulfidooxidans". Five additional species have since been described, in at least one case discovered after samples believed to be "S. thermosulfidooxidans" showed unexpected characteristics. The genus is of uncertain taxonomic position. It was originally placed in the Clostridiales. It is likely related to the genus "Thermaerobacter" and may represent either a deep branch of the "Firmicutes" or a separate phylum. "Sulfobacillus" species are found globally in both natural and artificial acidic environments, such as hot springs, solfatara environments, hydrothermal vents, and in various forms of acid mine drainage. Compared to other bacterial species found in similar acidic environments, "Sulfobacillus" species are often present at relatively low abundance. The genomes of several "Sulfobacillus" species have been sequenced. Differences between members include genome size and gene content related to sulfur oxidation pathways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59151390 |
Cellular Agriculture Society (or CAS) is an international 501c3 nonprofit organization created to research, fund and advance cellular agriculture. Cellular Agriculture is the emerging science of producing animal products from cells instead of from live animals. Cellular Agriculture, or Cell-Ag, is actively developing foodstuffs and other animal products that include meat, milk, and eggs, also leather, silk and even rhinoceros horn from animal cells. Cellular agriculture uses biotechnology to produce animal products currently harvested from living tissue. Expectations are the science will evolve to create non harvested meat and animal products that will meet the demand for Animal products without harming the animals themselves. Cellular agriculture sciences are evolving based on two techniques: The process is controversial as certain government ( France, Australia and most recently the state of Missouri) entities are in conflict over what can officially be termed "meat". Terminologies have emerged to describe the products though final terminology for the products are not widely accepted yet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59159271 |
Aridibacter famidurans is a non-motile bacterium from the genus of "Aridibacter" which has been isolated from clayey sand from Erichsfelde in Namibia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59188554 |
Aridibacter nitratireducens is a non-motile bacterium from the genus of "Aridibacter" which has been isolated from clayey sand from Eikwe in Ghana. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59188575 |
Brevitalea aridisoli is a bacterium from the genus of "Brevitalea" which has been isolated from savanna soil from Mashare in Namibia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59204317 |
Journal of Petroleum Geology The is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the geology of petroleum and natural gas. It was established in 1978 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of Scientific Press Ltd.. The editor-in-chief is Christopher Tiratsoo (Scientific Press Ltd.). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.872, ranking it 99th out of 190 journals in the category "Geosciences, Multidisciplinary". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59215441 |
John Vandermeer John Harry Vandermeer (born 1940) is an American ecologist. He is the Asa Gray Distinguished University Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Arthur F. Thurnau Professor at the University of Michigan, where he has taught since 1971. His research focuses on the ecology of agricultural systems, and he has operated a plot of coffee plants in Mexico for his research for more than fifteen years. In 2016, the symposium "Science with Passion and a Moral Compass" was held to honor his career as a scientist and activist. The symposium, also known as VandyFest, was held in Ann Arbor, Michigan from May 6 to May 8. Vandermeer was born in 1940 in Chicago, Illinois. He was educated at the University of Illinois, the University of Kansas, and the University of Michigan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59219955 |
Ludwig Friedrich Sorhagen (18 August 1836, Mühlhausen -14 July 1914, Hamburg) was a German entomologist who specialised in Microlepidoptera. His training at the University of Halle began in 1858 and included classical philology and German studies, but also geography and natural sciences. He became a teacher. Sorhagen was a Burschenschaft liberal. He is honoured in the genus name "Sorhagenia" His collection of Palearctic moths and leafminers is held by the Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg. Reh, L. 1922: Ludwig Friedrich Sorhagen. Ein Nachruf. "Archiv für Naturgeschichte". Abt. A, Berlin 28 (3), S. 2-9, pp. 2–9, Portr. + Schriftvz pdf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59235083 |
Yuyuevirus is the only genus in the family Yueviridae, which in turn is the only family in the order Goujianvirales and class Yunchangviricetes. Two species are recognized: "Beihai yuyuevirus" and "Shahe yuyuevirus". The name "Yuyuevirus" is from (), a synonym for the Spring and Autumn period state of Yuè, along with "-virus", the suffix for a virus genus "Yueviridae" comes from (), also referring to Yuè state, with the suffix for virus family "-viridae". "Goujianvirales" is named in honor of Goujian ( ) the king of Yuè State. "Yunchangviricetes" is named in honor of Yǔncháng ( ), the father of Gōujiàn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59235839 |
Arnold Spuler (1 June 1869, Durmersheim – 15 March 1937, Aidenried, Upper Bavaria) was a German physician, an entomologist and a politician. After attending the gymnasium in Karlsruhe, Spuler was drafted in the 30th Regiment of Field Artillery of Baden (XIV Corps of the German Empire) from 1887 to 1888. He then studied natural sciences and medicine in Freiburg im Breisgau and Berlin. In 1891 he graduated and in 1893 he was qualified to practice as a physician. In the autumn of the same year he became assistant of the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Erlangen. In 1896 he obtained the libera docenza and in 1903 he became an extraordinary professor. From 1914 to 1918 he took part in the First World War as a medical officer. After the war he enrolled in the German National People's Party (DNVP). In 1920 he became full professor of histology and ontogenesis at the University of Erlangen. From 1920 to 1924 he was deputy of his party in the Bavarian Parliament and from December 1924 to May 1928 in the National Parliament of the Weimar Republic, where he represented his constituency (Upper Bavaria and Swabia). Spuler wrote treatises on anatomy, ontogeny, biology and zoology, and books on Lepidoptera. The multi-volume work "Die Schmetterlinge Europas" (The Lepidoptera of Europe) of 1908 was for decades a standard in the study of Lepidoptera. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59250447 |
Gabriel Höfner ( 16 May 1842, Türnitz, Niederösterreich- 4 March 1921, Wolfsberg, Carinthia) was an Austrian entomologist, musician and composer. specialised in Lepidoptera notably Carinthia, Lavanttal, Koralpe and the Saualpe He described "Micropterix aureoviridella" (Höfner, 1898), "Dichagyris nigrescens" (Höfner, 1887), "Montanima karavankensis" (Höfner, 1888), "Elachista albicapilla" Höfner, 1918 and "Elachista argentifasciella" Höfner, 1898. Höfner undertook studies on "Erebia" and Psychidae, among others in over 40 publications (1876–1900) on Lepidoptera. He was past master of the Lepidoptera of Carinthia recording over 1.600 species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59267484 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights In modern valence bond (VB) theory calculations, (also called Mulliken weights) are the relative weights of a set of possible VB structures of a molecule. Related methods of finding the relative weights of valence bond structures are the Löwdin and the inverse weights. For a wave function formula_1 where formula_2 are a linearly independent, orthogonal set of basis orbitals, the weight of a constituent orbital formula_3 would be formula_4 since the overlap integral, formula_5 , between two wave functions formula_6 would be 1 for formula_7 and 0 for formula_8 . In valence bond theory, however, the generated structures are not necessarily orthogonal with each other, and often times have substantial overlap between the two structures. As such, when considering non-orthogonal constituent orbitals (i.e. orbitals with non-zero overlap) the non-diagonal terms in the overlap matrix would be non-zero, and must be included in determining the weight of a constituent orbital. A method of computing the weight of a constituent orbital, formula_9, proposed by Chirgwin and Coulson would be: Application of the Chirgwin-Coulson formula to a molecular orbital yields the Mulliken population of the molecular orbital. A method of creating a linearly independent, complete set of valence bond structures for a molecule was proposed by Yuri Rumer. For a system with n electrons and n orbitals, Rumer's method involves arranging the orbitals in a circle and connecting the orbitals together with lines that do not intersect one another | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights Covalent, or uncharged, structures can be created by connecting all of the orbitals with one another. Ionic, or charged, structures for a given atom can be determined by assigning a charge to a molecule, and then following Rumer's method. For the case of butadiene, the 20 possible Rumer structures are shown, where 1 and 2 are the covalent structures, 3-14 are the monoionic structures, and 15-20 are the diionic structures. The resulting VB structures can be represented by a linear combination of determinants formula_10, where a letter without an over-line indicates an electron with formula_11 spin, while a letter with over-line indicates an electron with formula_12 spin. The VB structure for 1, for example would be a linear combination of the determinants formula_13, formula_14,formula_15, and formula_16. For a monoanionic species, the VB structure for 11 would be a linear combination of formula_17and formula_18, namely: formula_19 An arbitrary VB structure formula_20containing formula_21 electrons, represented by the electron indices formula_22, and formula_21 orbitals, represented by formula_24, can be represented by the following Slater determinant: formula_25 Where formula_26 and formula_27 represent an formula_11 or formula_12 spin on the formula_30 electron, respectively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights For the case of a two electron system with orbitals formula_31 and formula_32, the VB structure, formula_33, can be represented:formula_34 Evaluating the determinant yields: formula_35 Given a wave function formula_1 where formula_37 is a complete, linearly independent set of VB structures and formula_38 is the coefficient of each structure, the Chirgwin-Coulson weight formula_39 of a VB structure formula_40 can be computed in the following manner: formula_41 Where formula_42is the overlap matrix satisfyingformula_43. Other methods of computing weights of VB structure include Löwdin weights, whereformula_44, and inverse weights, where formula_45with formula_46 being a normalization factor defined by formula_47. The use of Löwdin and inverse weights is appropriate when the either exceed 1 or are negative. Given a set of molecular orbitals, formula_48, for a molecule, consider the determinant of a given orbital population, represented by formula_49. The determinant can be written as the following Slater determinant: formula_50 Computing the determinant explicitly by multiplying this expression can be a computationally difficult task, given that each molecular orbital is composed of a combination of atomic orbitals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights On the other hand, because the determinant of a product of matrices is equal to the product of determinants, the determinant can be regrouped to half-determinants, one of which contains only electrons with formula_11 spin and the only with electrons of formula_52 spin, that is: formula_53where formula_54 and formula_55. Note that any given molecular orbital formula_56 can be written as a linear combination of atomic orbitals formula_57, that is for each formula_3, there exist formula_59 such that formula_60. As such, the half determinant formula_61 can be further decomposed into the half determinants for an ordering of atomic orbitals formula_62 corresponding to a VB structure formula_63. As such, the molecular orbital formula_3 can be represented as a combination of the half determinants of the atomic orbitals, formula_65. The coefficient formula_66 can be determined by evaluating the following matrix: formula_67 The same method can be used to evaluate the half determinant for the formula_12 electrons, formula_69. As such, the determinant formula_70 can be expressed as formula_71, where formula_72 index across all possible VB structures. The hydrogen molecule can be considered to be a linear combination of two <chem>H</chem> formula_73 orbitals, indicated as formula_74 and formula_75 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights The possible VB structures for <chem>H_2</chem> are the two covalent structures, formula_76and formula_77 indicated as 1 and 2 respectively, as well as the ionic structures formula_78and formula_79 indicated as 3 and 4 respectively, shown below. Because structures 1 and 2 both represent covalent bonding in the hydrogen molecule and exchanging the electrons of structure 1 yields structure 2, the two covalent structures can be combined into one wave function. As such, the Heitler-London model for bonding in <chem>H_2</chem>, formula_80, can be used in place of the VB structures formula_76 and formula_82: formula_83 Where the negative sign arises from the antisymmetry of electron exchange. As such, the wave function for the <chem>H_2</chem> molecule, formula_84, can be considered to be a linear combination of the Heitler-London structure and the two ionic valence bond structures. formula_85 The overlap matrix between the atomic orbitals between the three valence bond configurations formula_80, formula_78, and formula_79 is given in the output for valence bond calculations. A sample output is given below: formula_89 Finding the eigenvectors of the matrix formula_90, where formula_91 is the hamiltonian and formula_92 is energy due to orbital overlap, yields the VB-vector formula_93, which satisfies: formula_94 Solving for the VB-vector formula_93 using density functional theory yields the coefficients formula_96 and formula_97 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights Thus, the Coulson-Chrigwin weights can be computed: formula_98 formula_99 To check for consistency, the inverse weights can be computed by first determining the inverse of the overlap matrix: formula_100 Next, the normalization constant formula_101 can be determined: formula_102 The final weights are: formula_103, and formula_104. Informally, the computed weights indicate that the wave function for the <chem>H_2</chem> molecule has a minor contribution from an ionic species not predicted from a strictly MO model for bonding. Determining the relative weights of each resonance structure of ozone requires, first, the determination of the possible VB structures for <chem>O_3</chem>. Considering only the formula_105 orbitals of oxygen, and labeling the formula_105 orbital on the formula_107oxygen formula_108, <chem>O_3</chem>has 6 possible VB structures by Rumer's method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights Assuming no atomic orbital overlap, the formula_109 structure can be represented by the determinants formula_110: formula_111 formula_112 formula_113 formula_114 formula_115 formula_116 <chem>O_3</chem>has the following three molecular orbitals, one where all of the oxygen formula_105 orbitals are in phase, one where there is a node on the central oxygen, and one where all of the oxygen formula_105 orbitals are out of phase, shown below: The wave functions for each of the molecular orbitals formula_119can be written as a linear combination of each of the oxygen formula_105 orbitals as follows: formula_121 Where formula_59indicates the coefficient of formula_123in a molecular orbital formula_119. Consider, the VB contributions for the ground state of <chem>O_3</chem>, formula_125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights Using the methods of half determinants, the half determinants for the ground state are: formula_126 formula_127 formula_128 By the method of half determinant expansion, the coefficient, formula_129, for a structure formula_130 is: formula_131 Which implies that the ground state has the following coefficients: formula_132 Given the following overlap matrix for the half determinants: formula_133 The overlap between two VB structures represented by the product of two VB determinants formula_134can be evaluated by finding the product of the overlap between the two half determinants, that is: formula_135 For example, the overlap between the orbitals formula_136and formula_137would be: formula_138 The weights of the standard Lewis structures for <chem>O_3</chem> would be formula_139and formula_140. The weights can be found by first computing the for their constituent determinants: formula_141 formula_142 The weights for the standard lewis structures would be the sum of the weights of the constituent determinants. As such: formula_143 formula_144 This compares well with reported of 0.226 for the standard Lewis structure of ozone in the ground state. For the diradical state, formula_145, the weight is: formula_146 formula_147 formula_148 This also compares favorably with reported of 0.213 for the diradical state of ozone in the ground state. Borazine, (chemical formula <chem>B_3N_3H_6</chem>) is a cyclic, planar compound that is isoelectronic with benzene | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights Given the lone pair in the nitrogen p orbital out of the plane and the empty p orbital of boron, the following resonance structure is possible: However, VB calculations using a double‐zeta D95 basis set indicate that the predominant resonance structures are the structure with all three lone pairs on the nitrogen (labeled 1 below) and the six resonance structures with one double bond between boron and nitrogen (labeled 2 below). The relative weights of the two structures are 0.17 and 0.08 respectively. By contrast, the dominant resonance structures of benzene are the two Kekule structures, with weight 0.15, and 12 monozwitterionic structures with weight 0.03. The data, together, indicate that, despite the similarity in appearance and structure, the electrons on borazine are less delocalized than those on benzene. Disulfur dinitride is a square planar compound that contains a 6 electron conjugated formula_149 system. The primary diradical resonance structures (1 and 2) and a secondary zwitterionic structure (3) are shown below: Valence bond calculations using the Dunning's D95 full double-zeta basis set indicate that the dominant resonance structure is the singlet diradical with a long nitrogen-nitrogen bond (structure 1), with Chirgwin-Coulson weight 0.47. This value is substantially higher than the weight for the singlet diradical centered on the sulfurs (structure 2), which has a Chirgwin-Coulson weight of 0.06 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
Chirgwin–Coulson weights This result corresponds nicely with the general rules regarding Lewis structures, namely that formal charges ought to be minimized, and contrasts with earlier computational results indicating that 1 is the dominant structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274182 |
A History of the Birds of Europe A History of the Birds of Europe, Including all the Species Inhabiting the Western Palearctic Region is a nine-volume ornithological book published in parts between 1871 and 1882. It is mainly written by Henry Eeles Dresser, although Richard Bowdler Sharpe co-authored the earlier volumes. It describes all the bird species reliably recorded in the wild in Europe and adjacent geographical areas with similar fauna, giving their worldwide distribution, variations in appearance and migratory movements. The pioneering ornithological work of John Ray and Francis Willughby in the seventeenth century had introduced an effective classification system based on anatomical features, and a dichotomous key to help readers identify birds. This was followed by other English-language ornithologies, notably John Gould's five-volume "Birds of Europe" published between 1832 and 1837. Sharpe, then librarian of the Zoological Society of London, had worked closely with Gould and wanted to expand on his work by including all species reliably recorded in Europe, North Africa, parts of the Middle East and the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Azores. He lacked the resources to undertake this task on his own, so he proposed to Dresser that they work together on this encyclopaedia, using Dresser's extensive collection of birds and their eggs and network of contacts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe The "Birds of Europe" was published as 84 quarto parts, each typically containing 56 pages of text and eight plates of illustrations, the latter mainly by the Dutch artist John Gerrard Keulemans, and bound into volumes when all the parts were published. 339 copies were made, at a cost to each subscriber of £52 10s. Sharpe did not contribute after part 13, and was not listed as an author after part 17. "Birds of Europe" was well received by its contemporary reviewers, although a commentator in 2018 considered that Dresser's outdated views and the cost of his books meant that in the long run his works had limited influence. The "Birds of Europe" continued a tradition dating from the seventeenth century whereby the study and classification of specimens by "museum men" operated largely independently of those field observers who studied behaviour and ecology, a rift that continued until the 1920s, when the German naturalist Erwin Stresemann integrated the two strands as part of modern zoology. Early ornithologies, such as those of Conrad Gessner, Ulisse Aldrovandi and Pierre Belon, relied for much of their content on the authority of Aristotle and the teachings of the church, and included much extraneous material relating to the species, such as proverbs, references in history and literature, or its use as an emblem. The arrangement of the species was by alphabetical order in Gessner's "Historia animalium", and by arbitrary criteria in most other early works | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Francis Bacon had advocated the advancement of knowledge through observation and experiment, and the English Royal Society and its members such as John Ray, John Wilkins and Francis Willughby sought to put the empirical method into practice, including travelling widely to collect specimens and information. The first modern ornithology, intended to describe all the then-known birds worldwide, was produced by Ray and Willughby and published in Latin as "Ornithologiae Libri Tres" ("Three Books of Ornithology") in 1676, and in English, as "The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton", in 1678. Its innovative features were an effective classification system based on anatomical features, including the bird's beak, feet and overall size, and a dichotomous key, which helped readers to identify birds by guiding them to the page describing that group. The authors also placed an asterisk against species of which they had no first-hand knowledge, and were therefore unable to verify. The commercial success of the "Ornithology" is unknown, but it was historically significant, influencing writers including René Réamur, Mathurin Jacques Brisson, Georges Cuvier and Carl Linnaeus in compiling their own works. During the early nineteenth century, a number of ornithologies were written in English, including John Gould's five-volume "Birds of Europe", which was published between 1832 and 1837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe Richard Bowdler Sharpe, then librarian of the Zoological Society of London, had worked closely with Gould and completed some of his books that were still unfinished when he died. He wished to build on Gould's work to include all species reliably recorded in the wild in Europe, expand the geographical range to include North Africa, parts of the Middle East and the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Azores (this extended area constitutes the Western Palaearctic ecozone) and to describe the worldwide distribution, variation and movements of each of the species. He lacked the resources to undertake this task on his own, so he proposed to businessman and amateur ornithologist Henry Eeles Dresser that they work together on this great encyclopaedia. Dresser had an extensive collection of European birds and their eggs, and a network of contacts that would allow him to acquire or borrow new specimens. He also had the linguistic skills to translate texts from several European languages. In an age before modern cameras and binoculars, nineteenth century ornithology was dominated by the collection of eggs taken from the nest and birds obtained through shooting. The corpses were skinned, preserved with arsenical soap, and sometimes stuffed for display. Ornithologists acquired birds and eggs through their own shooting and collecting activities, by purchases from bird markets, auctions and commercial dealers, and through exchanges with other collectors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe Henry Dresser's father, also Henry, was a successful timber merchant, and sent his son to a school in Ahrensburg near Hamburg to learn German, and another in Gefle (now Gävle) to study Swedish. Henry junior also acquired fluency in Danish, Finnish, French and Norwegian. Between 1856 and 1862, his work sent him to Finland on three occasions and to New Brunswick twice, giving him the opportunity to add birds and eggs from these regions to his collection. On his second trip to Finland he became the first person to find a nest and eggs of the waxwing, which helped to establish his reputation as a serious ornithologist. In 1863 and 1864, during the American Civil War, Dresser travelled to North America, setting up shop in the Mexican border town of Matamoros, Tamaulipas to sell goods that had evaded the Union blockade to the Confederacy. He made the most of the opportunity to add to his bird collection while there, as he did later when he relocated to San Antonio, Texas, where he met the prominent American ornithologist Adolphus Lewis Heermann. Dresser's contacts for acquiring and exchanging specimens included Robert Swinhoe in China, who had 4,000 skins of 600 species, Thomas Blakiston in Japan, Allan Octavian Hume in India, whose 80,000 skins and 20,000 eggs were the world's largest private collection at the time, and William Blandford, a naturalist and geologist working in Persia and Central Asia. He also collaborated with prominent Russians including Nikolay Przhevalsky, Nikolai Severtzov and Sergei Buturlin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe African specimens came from a variety of sources, including colonial administrators and the collections of the Germans Wilhelm Friedrich Hemprich and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. Alfred Newton gave his friend Dresser access to a collection of birds from Lapland. By 1868, Dresser owned 1,200 skins and several thousand eggs. His final collection, including about 10,000 skins, is now kept at Manchester Museum, and includes the only known egg of the now-extinct slender-billed curlew. The "Birds of Europe" was published as 84 quarto parts between 1871 and 1896. Each part on average contained 56 pages of text and eight plates of illustrations, and took about seven weeks to produce. This meant that for the 11-year duration of the project, Dresser was writing around a page of text a day on top of his commercial employment, and the main illustrator, John Gerrard Keulemans, was drawing a plate every six days. The publication was financed by subscription, and a year's set of 12 issues cost £6 6s; it was promoted by a prospectus containing sample articles that was sent to potential buyers using the authors' contacts in the scientific societies, including the Zoological Society of London and the British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). By the end of the first year, there were 237 subscribers, including King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (by then also Duke of Edinburgh), and the Sikh Maharaja Duleep Singh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe The text and illustrations for the main text and supplement were self-published and printed by Taylor & Francis of Fleet Street, London. The twelve parts issued each year were bound into temporary volumes, and when all the parts were finally published they were permanently bound into seven volumes using Morocco leather with gold tooling. Parts 83 and 84, containing an introduction, index, references and list of subscribers, were bound as a slim Volume 1, and the 1895–1896 supplement to the main text eventually became a ninth volume. The complete set's final cost was £52 10s, equivalent to about £5,000 at 2018 values. Of the 339 copies, 69 were bought by naturalists, 31 by aristocrats, 229 by other private individuals, 67 by dealers and the rest by museums and other institutions. Overseas subscribers accounted for 61 of the purchased sets. Dresser gave 20 further sets, printed on thinner paper and without the plates of illustrations, to those who had contributed information. Each part of the book contained birds from different families to prevent subscribers attempting to collect only a particularly popular group, such as birds of prey or ducks, the different families only coming together when the articles and plates were reorganised in the final binding. The first part released therefore included birds as diverse as the Eurasian teal, red-footed falcon, marsh sandpiper and woodchat shrike | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe Articles for each species included alternative binomial names, a detailed description of both sexes and the juveniles, the bird's range, habitat and habits, and the specimens that had been examined during the preparation of the text. The taxonomy used by Dresser was based on a scheme created by Thomas Henry Huxley and developed by Philip Sclater which used a hierarchical classification using orders and families rather than the arbitrary division into bird groups used by earlier writers. His book started with the passerines, rather than the traditional birds of prey. When choosing binomial names for his species, Dresser kept strictly to chronological priority. Since the first mention might be in an obscure or foreign language journal, this led to changes in the established Latin names of some species, "causing great consternation among his colleagues". The situation was made worse in that many early descriptions were so vague that it was impossible to be sure of the species. Dresser introduced five new names. "Parus grisescens" (Siberian tit), "Calandrella baetica" (lesser short-toed lark), "Serinus canonicus" (Syrian serin) and "Anthus seebohmi" (Pechora pipit) are now considered to be junior synonyms for the species, and "Otocorys brandti" is now "Eremophila alpestris brandti", a subspecies of the horned lark. Dresser and Sharp initially co-authored the articles, both struggling to keep up to schedule since they were also working full-time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe Sharpe resigned as librarian of the Zoological Society late in 1871 to give himself more opportunity to write, but then accepted a post as bird curator at the British Museum in May 1872. His contract meant that he was not allowed to have a personal collection, so he sold his skins of African birds to the Museum. Relations between the two authors soon became strained, Sharpe considering that his colleague was too interested in the commercial aspects of the project, rather than the science, and their partnership was dissolved in December 1872. Sharpe did not contribute after part 13, and was not listed as an author after part 17. A supplement to the "Birds of Europe" was published in nine parts in 1895 and 1896, giving a final count of more than 5,100 pages and 723 plates. The "Supplement" covered 114 further species, including 14 discovered since the earlier publication, 22 rare vagrants to Europe and 26 that had been elevated to full species status in the interim. Dresser had also extended the area covered beyond Europe and the Middle East to include neighbouring Persia and western Central Asia, which added many birds from that region. The principal illustrator was the Dutch artist John Gerrard Keulemans, who had previously illustrated Sharpe's study of kingfishers, "A Monograph of the Alcdinidae". Keulemans mostly worked from skins rather than life, but attempted to depict the birds realistically. Artists normally painted a picture and then copied it onto a fine limestone slab using a special waxy crayon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe The slab was then wetted before adding an oil-based ink, which would only be held by the greasy crayon lines, and copies were printed from the slab. This process was known as lithography. To reduce costs, Keulemans drew directly on to the limestone instead of first making a painting. Although this was more technically difficult, drawing directly could give a livelier feel to the final illustration, and was also favoured by other contemporary bird artists such as Edward Lear. The printed plates were hand-coloured, mainly by young women. Keulemans was also working on other projects, so Dresser had to commission Edward Neale and Joseph Wolfe to draw 28 and 15 plates respectively. Each of the 339 copies produced contained 633 plates, so nearly 215,000 plates were individually coloured. In addition to the colour plates, there were also monochrome engravings to illustrate interesting features, one example being a drawing of a skull of a Tengmalm's owl to show its asymmetry. When he came to review "Birds of Europe" in 1872, Dresser's old friend Alfred Russel Wallace recommended the work to both general readers and amateurs, using the latter word in its original sense as a lover of the subject | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe In a second review in 1875, he said "this beautiful and important work… The energy with which the author has laboured to ensure punctuality in the issue is beyond all praise; and now that about half the work is completed, and we find that the last twelve parts, with figures of nearly 120 species of birds, have appeared within the year, subscribers have every assurance that they will, in due course, possess a finished work." An outspoken critic of the book was Dresser's former friend, the ornithologist Henry Seebohm, who criticised the errors in the text and the conservatism of the authors, including their failure to use trinomial nomenclature. Seebohm was a much more committed supporter of evolutionary theory than Dresser, and believed that every local variation of a species should have its own scientific name to demonstrate relationships. His comments on Dresser and Sharpe include: Overall, "Birds of Europe" was very well received by its contemporary reviewers, as was the "Supplement" when it was published. When Dresser died in 1915 aged 77 his obituary in "Ibis", an avian science journal, after summarising his life and his major role in scientific societies, went on to state that his "most important work is undoubtedly the well-known 'History of the Birds of Europe'... the whole forms a monument of the industry and accuracy of the author." His obituarist, though, added a caveat that "his views on the limits of specific variation and nomenclature would not perhaps commend themselves to present-day workers" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe The "Birds of Europe" continued a tradition dating from Ray's time whereby the study and classification of specimens operated largely independently of those observers who studied behaviour and ecology. The rift between the "museum men" and field ornithologists continued until the 1920s, when the German naturalist Erwin Stresemann integrated the two traditions as part of modern zoology. The ornithologist Alan Knox commented in 2018 that Dresser's outdated views and the cost of his books meant that, in the long run, his works were less influential than William Yarrell's 1843 "A History of British Birds". Eventually Dresser's "old guard" views fell out of favour, particularly after World War I, although his book still attracts the interest of collectors, with first-edition full sets being offered in late 2019 for $27,500 in the US and £19,642 in the UK. Although Sharpe's contribution to the "Birds of Europe" was limited, his involvement facilitated his move to the British Museum and his main work was in classifying and cataloguing the bird collections. He also used his contacts to acquire the egg and skin collections of wealthy collectors and travellers for his museum. When he was appointed in 1872 the museum had 35,000 bird specimens, but had grown to half a million items by the time of his death | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe Throughout his adult life Dresser regularly wrote articles for journals, most frequently "The Zoologist" and "Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London", although the "History of the Birds of Europe" was his first book. He wrote several other ornithological works, namely "A Monograph of the Meropidae, or Family of the Bee-eaters" (1884–1886), "A Monograph of the Coraciidae, or Family of the Rollers" (1893), the two-volume "A Manual of Palaearctic Birds" (1902–1903) and the two-volume "Eggs of the Birds of Europe" (1910), which was issued in 24 parts beginning in 1905. He had started on the bee-eater monograph in 1882, using his own collection of 200 skins of these birds as one of his sources, and by 1883 he was also working on the rollers, adding "Birds of Europe" to his workload in the following year. The 1881 "A List of European Birds, including all species found in the western palaearctic region" was based on the "History of the Birds of Europe", and may have been a response to criticism from Sclater that the earlier publication was too large. The "Manual of Palaearctic Birds" was largely traditional in its taxonomy, as with its predecessor, but in his treatment of dippers he showed a partial acceptance that subspecies could share a common ancestor, as proposed by Charles Darwin in "The Origin of Species" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
A History of the Birds of Europe In "The Eggs of the Birds of Europe", Dresser used a then-new photographic technique, the three-colour process, to illustrate the subtleties of bird egg markings with colour photographs rather than paintings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59274221 |
Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols is a food additive. It is a chemically-defined mixture derived from soybeans that consists of the plant sterols stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and brassicasterol, with stigmasterol representing >85% of the mixture. It is has the E number E499 and is used as a stabiliser in ready-to-freeze alcoholic cocktails. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59276822 |
Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides is listed as E number reference E634. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59283665 |
Hermann A. Grunder Hermann August Grunder (born December 4, 1931) is a Swiss-American nuclear and accelerator physicist. Dr. was the founding director of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and a Director Emeritus of Argonne National Laboratory. Born 4 December 1931 in Basel, Switzerland, Hermann August Grunder has been a very vocal advocate for the sciences especially within the U.S. Department of Energy, having worked for multiple labs during his estimated forty years within the National Laboratory system. Dr. Grunder obtained his Master's Degree in Engineering from the Kalrsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany) in 1958 and in 1967 earned his doctorate in experimental nuclear physics from the University of Basel. He entered the National Laboratory system in 1959 beginning at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. From 1968 he was in the accelerator department. In 1979, he became the associate director and head of the departments for accelerators and nuclear fusion. Dr. Grunder spent a cumulative 17 years (approximately) with the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, moving on to the Directorship of the up-and-coming Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility from 1985 - 2000. Dr. was the first Director of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and had a literal hand in its formation and construction. In 2000, he accepted the directorship of the National Lab system's oldest lab: Argonne. It was from this lab that he retired in 2005. In 1979, Dr. received the U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59284203 |
Hermann A. Grunder Senior Scientist Award presented by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. In 1980 he became a Fellow of the American Physical Society. In February 1996, received the Distinguished Associate Award presented by the U.S. Department of Energy. In 2018, Dr. was awarded the IEEE NPSS Particle Accelerator Science and Technology (PAST) Award for his outstanding contributions to the development of particle accelerator science and technology. He received honorary doctor degrees from eight universities, including Goethe University Frankfurt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59284203 |
Peng Sixun (; 28 July 1919 – 9 December 2018) was a Chinese medicinal chemist. A native of Baojing County, Peng was of Tujia descent. He graduated from the National College of Pharmacy in 1942, and completed a master's degree at Columbia University in 1950. Peng returned to teach at his alma mater, which had been renamed China Pharmaceutical University, and was elected to the Chinese Academy of Engineering in February 1996. Peng died at the age of 99 on 9 December 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59334289 |
Circumpolles is a gymnosperm pollen type that is important in biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. It characterizes the time between the middle Triassic to the middle Cretaceous Periods. This pollen has a unique morphology: it has a circular, equatorial colpus, which divides the pollen grain into two hemispheres. "Circumpolles" is also unique as it is the only gymnosperm with well developed nexinal columellae. "Circumpolles" is a synonym of "Classopollis". "Classopollis" were produced by shrubs that tolerated semiarid conditions, and "Classopollis" is correlated with evaporites and are therefore associated with desert basins, but the shrubs may have also lived in xeric uplands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59337865 |
Frederick Erasmus Edwards FGS (1 October 1799 – 15 October 1875) was a British law clerk in the Court of Chancery and an amateur geologist, known for his collection of Eocene Tertiary Mollusca. F. E. Edwards, with James Scott Bowerbank and five other naturalists, founded the London Clay Club in 1836 and was also a founding member of the Palaeontographical Society in 1847. For more than forty years he was a law clerk in the Court of Chancery, working as chief clerk for two Masters of the Rolls, Wingfield and Blunt, and two Vice-Chancellors, Sir Richard Torin Kindersley and Sir Richard Malins. Edwards devoted his leisure time to the collection and study of fossil Mollusca. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59342635 |
Barbara Elaine Ruth Brown (February 14, 1929 - January 7, 2019) was an American biologist and philanthropist. For 47 years, she worked at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. She has had 4 species named after her, including a cloud-forest rodent in Peru (Isothrix barbarabrownae) and a Brazilian species of monkey (Callicebus barbarabrownae). With her husband Roger Brown, she has philanthropically supported the Field Museum, the Science Museum of Minnesota, and the Chicago Botanic Garden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59352209 |
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