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YWCA Boston building (Clarendon Street) The YWCA Boston building is a historic building located at 140 Clarendon Street in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The 13-story brick-faced steel-frame building was designed by George F. Shepard and Frederic Stearns, and built in 1929. The building once housed an indoor swimming pool and recreation facilities for the YWCA Boston; it is now operated by Clarendon Residences LLC, which provides affordable and market-rate housing, the boutique Hotel 140, facilities for the Lyric Stage of Boston and Snowden International High School, and corporate offices for several small and mid-sized for-profit and not-for-profit tenants. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28150140 | 362,421 |
Underwriting contract In investment banking, an underwriting contract is a contract between an underwriter and an issuer of securities. The following types of underwriting contracts are most common: "Stand-by underwriting", also known as "strict underwriting" or "old-fashioned underwriting" is a form of stock insurance: the issuer contracts the underwriter for the latter to purchase the shares the issuer failed to sell under stockholders' subscription and applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21200352 | 451,468 |
Hydroxylammonium nitrate As a solid propellant oxidizer, it is typically bonded with glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), or carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and requires preheating to 200-300 °C to decompose. When used as a monopropellant, the catalyst is a noble metal, similar to the other monopropellants that use silver, palladium, or iridium. HAN also enabled the development of solid propellants that could be controlled electrically and switched on and off. Developed by DSSP for special effects and microthrusters, these were the first HAN based propellants in space; and aboard the Naval Research Laboratory SpinSat, launched in 2014. It will be used in a fuel/oxidizer blend known as "AF-M315E" in the high thrust engines of the Green Propellant Infusion Mission, which was initially expected to be launched in 2015, and planned to be launched in 2019. The specific impulse of AF-M315E is 257 s. The aqueous solution of HAN can be added with fuel components such as methanol, glycine, TEAN (tri-ethanol-ammonium nitrate) and amines to form best high performance monopropellants for space propulsion systems. Japanese technology demonstration satellite Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration-1, launched in January 2019, contains a demonstration thruster using HAN and operated successfully in orbit. HAN is sometimes used in nuclear reprocessing as a reducing agent for plutonium ions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1778511 | 94,590 |
C Sharp (programming language) In particular: Some notable features of C# that distinguish it from C, C++, and Java where noted, are: By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). Most of its intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However, the language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime, or generate Common Intermediate Language (CIL), or generate any other specific format. Theoretically, a C# compiler could generate machine code like traditional compilers of C++ or Fortran. C# supports strongly typed implicit variable declarations with the keyword codice_1, and implicitly typed arrays with the keyword codice_2 followed by a collection initializer. C# supports a strict Boolean data type, codice_3. Statements that take conditions, such as codice_4 and codice_5, require an expression of a type that implements the codice_6 operator, such as the Boolean type. While C++ also has a Boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as codice_7 require only that codice_8 is convertible to bool, allowing codice_8 to be an int, or a pointer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2356196 | 108,288 |
Key frame A keyframe in animation and filmmaking is a drawing that defines the starting and ending points of any smooth transition. The drawings are called "frames" because their position in time is measured in frames on a strip of film. A sequence of keyframes defines which movement the viewer will see, whereas the position of the keyframes on the film, video, or animation defines the timing of the movement. Because only two or three keyframes over the span of a second do not create the illusion of movement, the remaining frames are filled with inbetweens. In software packages that support animation, especially 3D graphics, there are many parameters that can be changed for any one object. One example of such an object is a light (In 3D graphics, lights function similarly to real-world lights. They cause illumination, cast shadows, and create specular highlights). Lights have many parameters including light intensity, beam size, light color, and the texture cast by the light. Supposing that an animator wants the beam size to change smoothly from one value to another within a predefined period of time, that could be achieved by using keyframes. At the start of the animation, a beam size value is set. Another value is set for the end of the animation. Thus, the software program automatically interpolates the two values, creating a smooth transition. In non-linear digital video editing, as well as in video compositing software, a keyframe is a frame used to indicate the beginning or end of a change made to a parameter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17116 | 116,337 |
Second Industrial Revolution The petroleum industry, both production and refining, began in 1848 with the first oil works in Scotland. The chemist James Young set up a tiny business refining the crude oil in 1848. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. In 1850 Young built the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world at Bathgate, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856. Cable tool drilling was developed in ancient China and was used for drilling brine wells. The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine. Chinese well drilling technology was introduced to Europe in 1828. Although there were many efforts in the mid-19th century to drill for oil Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first "modern oil well". Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. Drake learned of cable tool drilling from Chinese laborers in the U. S. The first primary product was kerosene for lamps and heaters. Similar developments around Baku fed the European market. Kerosene lighting was much more efficient and less expensive than vegetable oils, tallow and whale oil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=359626 | 453,223 |
White Heat Cold Logic (2008), edited by Paul Brown, Charlie Gere, Nicholas Lambert, and Catherine Mason, is a book about the history of British computer art during 1960–1980. The book includes 29 contributed chapters by a variety of authors. The book was published in 2008 by MIT Press, in hardcover format. It also includes a series foreword by Sean Cubbitt, the Editor-in-Chief of the Leonardo Book Series. The following authors contributed chapters in the book: The book has been reviewed in a number of publications and online, including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61457253 | 291,755 |
Signal transduction Following are some major signaling pathways, demonstrating how ligands binding to their receptors can affect second messengers and eventually result in altered cellular responses. The earliest notion of signal transduction can be traced back to 1855, when Claude Bernard proposed that ductless glands such as the spleen, the thyroid and adrenal glands, were responsible for the release of "internal secretions" with physiological effects. Bernard's "secretions" were later named "hormones" by Ernest Starling in 1905. Together with William Bayliss, Starling had discovered secretin in 1902. Although many other hormones, most notably insulin, were discovered in the following years, the mechanisms remained largely unknown. The discovery of nerve growth factor by Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1954, and epidermal growth factor by Stanley Cohen in 1962, led to more detailed insights into the molecular basis of cell signaling, in particular growth factors. Their work, together with Earl Wilbur Sutherland's discovery of cyclic AMP in 1956, prompted the redefinition of endocrine signaling to include only signaling from glands, while the terms autocrine and paracrine began to be used. Sutherland was awarded the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, while Levi-Montalcini and Cohen shared it in 1986. In 1970, Martin Rodbell examined the effects of glucagon on a rat's liver cell membrane receptor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28857 | 83,261 |
Kodecyte However, freeze cut or formalin-fixed freeze cut tissues are required because the lipid based FSL constructs (and other glycolipids) will be leached from the "kodecytes" in paraffin imbedded samples during the deparaffination steps. Koded membranes are described by the construct and the concentration of FSL (in μg/mL) used to create them. For example, kodecytes created with a 100 μg/mL solution of FSL-A would be termed A100 kodecytes. If multiple FSL constructs were used then the definition is expanded accordingly, e.g. A100+B300 kodecytes are created with a solution containing 100 μg/mL solution of FSL-A and 300 μg/mL solution of FSL-B. The "+" symbol is used to separate the construct mixes, e.g. A100+B300. If FSL concentrations are constant then the μg/mL component of the terminology can be dropped, e.g. A kodecytes. Alternatively unrelated constructs such as FSL-A and FSL-biotin will create A+biotin kodecytes, etc. If different cells are used in the same study then inclusion of the cell type into the name is recommended, e.g. RBC A100 kodecytes vs WBC A100 kodecytes, or platelet A100 kodecytes, etc. Kode Technology has been used for the "in vitro" modification of murine embryos, spermatozoa, zebra fish, epithelial/endometrial cells and red blood cells to create cellular quality controls systems, serologic kits (teaching), rare antigen expression, add infectious markers onto cells, modified cell adhesion/interaction/separation/immobilisation, and labelling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24135147 | 176,557 |
National Safe Place Youth can text the word "safe" and their current location (address/city/state) to 69866 and receive an immediate text response with the location of the closest Safe Place site or youth shelter and the youth shelter phone number. If a site or shelter is not within a 50-mile range, the youth receives the number to the National Runaway Safeline (1-800-RUNAWAY). In 2012, added the option for live, interactive texting with a trained mental health professional. With this addition, youth can immediately connect with Master's-level mental health professionals by text. In 2013, merged with the Youth & Family Services Network (YFSN) to create the Network. NSPN provides training and technical assistance to licensed Safe Place agencies and NSPN member organizations across the country. More information about NSPN is available at www.nspnetwork.org. The Network also operates the Runaway and Homeless Youth Training and Technical Assistance Center (RHYTTAC), a national training resource for FYSB-funded Runaway and Homeless Youth grantees, as well as several other federally funded projects focused on human trafficking and other issues critical to youth service providers. The first Safe Place case was in 1983 in Louisville Ky. At firehouse at 6th and Hill St Facilitated by then Sergeant Matthew L Kaelin. Fire Co. Truck 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12101002 | 257,755 |
Paraveterinary worker Many countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, and parts of the United States, restrict some elements of practice, and may restrict use of the recognised name, to those people currently registered with an appropriate licensing body, meaning that it would be illegal for any person not on the register to represent themselves as a paraveterinary worker, or to perform some of the procedures that a licensed professional could. The precise details of these restrictions vary widely between legal areas, and neighbouring areas may have different policies, as is the case in the various states of the US. This licensing body may have its own requirements for maintaining a registration, and those who hold the requisite academic qualification may still have to complete a further range of exams or tests to become registered. For instance, in the United States, most areas use the Veterinary Technician National Exam, and this will be used by the state licensing authority (such as a state veterinary medical association) to qualify an applicant to become a registered veterinary technician. In some cases, those people who qualified before the introduction of formal academic qualification requirements may still be working as paraveterinary workers, and may still be entered on a required register through the use of grandfather rights | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33102832 | 220,198 |
Rankine–Hugoniot conditions The above relation, when combined with the Hugoniot equations for the conservation of mass and momentum, can be used to determine the shock Hugoniot in the "p"-"v" plane, where "v" is the specific volume (per unit mass): Alternative equations of state, such as the Mie–Gruneisen equation of state may also be used instead of the above equation. The shock Hugoniot describes the locus of all possible thermodynamic states a material can exist in behind a shock, projected onto a two dimensional state-state plane. It is therefore a set of equilibrium states and does not specifically represent the path through which a material undergoes transformation. Weak shocks are isentropic and that the isentrope represents the path through which the material is loaded from the initial to final states by a compression wave with converging characteristics. In the case of weak shocks, the Hugoniot will therefore fall directly on the isentrope and can be used directly as the equivalent path. In the case of a strong shock we can no longer make that simplification directly. However, for engineering calculations, it is deemed that the isentrope is close enough to the Hugoniot that the same assumption can be made. If the Hugoniot is approximately the loading path between states for an "equivalent" compression wave, then the jump conditions for the shock loading path can be determined by drawing a straight line between the initial and final states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=397388 | 59,437 |
Reliability engineering Testability (not to be confused with test requirements) requirements provide the link between reliability and maintainability and should address detectability of failure modes (on a particular system level), isolation levels, and the creation of diagnostics (procedures). As indicated above, reliability engineers should also address requirements for various reliability tasks and documentation during system development, testing, production, and operation. These requirements are generally specified in the contract statement of work and depend on how much leeway the customer wishes to provide to the contractor. Reliability tasks include various analyses, planning, and failure reporting. Task selection depends on the criticality of the system as well as cost. A safety-critical system may require a formal failure reporting and review process throughout development, whereas a non-critical system may rely on final test reports. The most common reliability program tasks are documented in reliability program standards, such as MIL-STD-785 and IEEE 1332. Failure reporting analysis and corrective action systems are a common approach for product/process reliability monitoring. In practice, most failures can be traced back to some type of human error, for example in: However, humans are also very good at detecting such failures, correcting for them, and improvising when abnormal situations occur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1724836 | 250,275 |
Salerno Cathedral (or duomo) is the main church in the city of Salerno in southern Italy and a major tourist attraction. It is dedicated to Saint Matthew, whose relics are inside the crypt. The Cathedral was built when the city was the capital of the Principality of Salerno. Begun by Robert Guiscard in 1076 in the episcopate of Alfano I, the Duomo was consecrated by Pope Gregory VII in 1084. In 1688, the architect Ferdinando Sanfelice remodelled the interior of the Duomo in the Neapolitan Baroque and Rococo styles. A restoration in the 1930s brought it back to an appearance similar to the original one. The Duomo is a symbol of the Italian Renaissance because inside is the tomb of Pope Gregory VII who rejected imperial domination of the church. The Duomo was damaged in World War II when, as part of the Operation Avalanche, the Allies landed in Salerno in September 1943. The most striking external feature is the bell tower (mid-12th century), with small arcades and mullioned windows, standing 56 m high and in Arabic-Norman style. It contains 8 large bells. The façade has a Romanesque portal with Byzantine-style bronze doors from Constantinople (1099), with 56 panels with figures, crosses and stories from Jesus's life. The entrance has a portico with 28 antique columns whose pointed arches, with lava rock intarsia, show influence of Arab art, and contains a series of ancient Roman sarcophagi. The interior has a nave and two aisles, divided by pilasters in which the original columns are embedded, and three apses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5702431 | 332,313 |
Tailings can be conveyed using a pipeline then discharged so as to eventually descend into the depths. Practically, it is not an ideal method, as the close proximity to off-shelf depths is rare. When STD is used, the depth of discharge is often what would be considered shallow, and extensive damage to the seafloor can result due to covering by the tailings product. It is also critical to control the density and temperature of the tailings product, to prevent it from travelling long distances, or even floating to the surface. This method is used by the gold mine on Lihir Island; its waste disposal has been viewed by environmentalists as highly damaging, while the owners claim that it is not harmful. Phytostabilisation is a form of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants for long-term stabilisation and containment of tailings, by sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots. The plant's presence can reduce wind erosion, or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilise metals by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the metals can precipitate and stabilise. Pollutants become less bioavailable and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. This approach can be especially useful in dry environments, which are subject to wind and water dispersion. Considerable effort and research continues to be made into discovering and refining better methods of tailings disposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=469762 | 68,771 |
Joel Emer That result helped popularize what Clark called the iron law of performance that related cycles per instruction (CPI), frequency and number of instructions to computer performance. Dr Emer has also contributed to simultaneous multithreading (SMT), memory dependence prediction via store sets, and soft error analysis, and led the development of the Asim simulator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23120898 | 131,324 |
Human systems engineering HSE was first launched in French in 2002 at the University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland and in 2004 at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences in German language. The program was founded in 2002 by two professors of the university: Recently Massachusetts Institute of Technology started using the term "Human Systems Engineering" in its Engineering Systems Division, putting the focus on how people and organizations, conceive, develop and handle technological systems. Specialised courses focus on topics such as "The Human Side of Technology" or more human risk oriented courses as for example "Managing Nuclear Technology". A similar program exists in Canada: Human Systems Intervention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31963401 | 486,767 |
Levofloxacin Like all fluoroquinolines, levofloxacin is contraindicated in patients with epilepsy or other seizure disorders, and in patients who have a history of quinolone-associated tendon rupture. may prolong the QT interval in some people, especially the elderly, and levofloxacin should not be used for people with a family history of Long QT syndrome, or who have long QT, chronic low potassium, it should not be prescribed with other drugs that prolong the QT interval. Unlike ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin does not appear to deactivate the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2. Therefore, drugs that use that enzyme, like theophylline, do not interact with levofloxacin. It is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9, suggesting potential to block the breakdown of warfarin and phenprocoumon. This can result in more action of drugs like warfarin, leading to more potential side effects, such as bleeding. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in combination with high dose fluoroquinolone therapy may lead to seizures. When levofloxacin is taken with anti-acids containing magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide, the two combine to form insoluble salts that are difficult to absorb from the intestines. Peak serum concentrations of levofloxacin may be reduced by 90% or more, which can prevent the levofloxacin from working. Similar results have been reported when levofloxacin is taken with iron supplements and multi-vitamins containing zinc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 | 25,883 |
JAK-STAT signaling pathway To move from the cytosol to the nucleus, STAT dimers have to pass through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which are protein complexes present along the nuclear envelope that control the flow of substances in and out of the nucleus. To enable STATs to move into the nucleus, an amino acid sequence on STATs, called the nuclear localization signal (NLS), is bound by proteins called importins. Once the STAT dimer (bound to importins) enters the nucleus, a protein called Ran (associated with GTP) binds to the importins, releasing them from the STAT dimer. The STAT dimer is then free in the nucleus. Specific STATs appear to bind to specific importin proteins. For example, STAT3 proteins can enter the nucleus by binding to importin α3 and importin α6. On the other hand, STAT1 and STAT2 bind to importin α5. Studies indicate that STAT2 requires a protein called interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) to enter the nucleus. Not as much is known about nuclear entrance of other STATs, but it has been suggested that a sequence of amino acids in the DNA-binding domain of STAT4 might allow nuclear import; also, STAT5 and STAT6 can both bind to importin α3. In addition, STAT3, STAT5 and STAT6 can enter the nucleus even if they are not phosphorylated at tyrosine residues. After STATs are made by protein biosynthesis, they have non-protein molecules attached to them, called post-translational modifications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=969821 | 85,059 |
Ecology On the organismal scale, gravitational forces provide directional cues for plant and fungal growth (gravitropism), orientation cues for animal migrations, and influence the biomechanics and size of animals. Ecological traits, such as allocation of biomass in trees during growth are subject to mechanical failure as gravitational forces influence the position and structure of branches and leaves. The cardiovascular systems of animals are functionally adapted to overcome pressure and gravitational forces that change according to the features of organisms (e.g., height, size, shape), their behaviour (e.g., diving, running, flying), and the habitat occupied (e.g., water, hot deserts, cold tundra). Climatic and osmotic pressure places physiological constraints on organisms, especially those that fly and respire at high altitudes, or dive to deep ocean depths. These constraints influence vertical limits of ecosystems in the biosphere, as organisms are physiologically sensitive and adapted to atmospheric and osmotic water pressure differences. For example, oxygen levels decrease with decreasing pressure and are a limiting factor for life at higher altitudes. Water transportation by plants is another important ecophysiological process affected by osmotic pressure gradients. Water pressure in the depths of oceans requires that organisms adapt to these conditions. For example, diving animals such as whales, dolphins, and seals are specially adapted to deal with changes in sound due to water pressure differences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9630 | 189,881 |
Electronegativity As the oxidation state of the central chlorine atom increases, more electron density is drawn from the oxygen atoms onto the chlorine, reducing the partial negative charge on the oxygen atoms and increasing the acidity. The electronegativity of an atom changes depending on the hybridization of the orbital employed in bonding. Electrons in s orbitals are held more tightly than electrons in p orbitals. Hence, a bond to an atom that employs an sp"" hybrid orbital for bonding will be more heavily polarized to that atom when the hybrid orbital has more s character. That is, when electronegativities are compared for different hybridization schemes of a given element, the order χ(sp) < χ(sp) < χ(sp) holds (the trend should apply to non-integer hybridization indices as well). While this holds true in principle for any main-group element, values for the hybridization-specific electronegativity are most frequently cited for carbon. In organic chemistry, these electronegativities are frequently invoked to predict or rationalize bond polarities in organic compounds containing double and triple bonds to carbon. In organic chemistry, electronegativity is associated more with different functional groups than with individual atoms. The terms group electronegativity and substituent electronegativity are used synonymously. However, it is common to distinguish between the inductive effect and the resonance effect, which might be described as σ- and π-electronegativities, respectively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9707 | 40,317 |
Journal of Asian Economics The is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the economy of Asia. It was established in 1990 by the American Committee on Asian Economic Studies, and is published on the Committee's behalf by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Calla Wiemer (American Committee on Asian Economic Studies). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.111. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61073781 | 503,416 |
Rio Grande Project Near its end, the West Side Canal crosses underneath the Rio Grande via the Montoya Siphon. The American Diversion Dam is a gated dam flanked by earthen dikes about northwest of El Paso and just above the Mexico – United States border. It is high above the riverbed, and from crest to foundation. The spillway is long and has a capacity of . The dam diverts water into the American Canal, which carries up to of water for to the beginning of the Franklin Canal. The Franklin Canal is long and takes water into the El Paso Valle, where it irrigates . Riverside Diversion Dam is the lowermost dam of the Rio Grande Project. The dam is above the streambed, above its foundations, and long. Its service spillway consists of six x radial gates, and an uncontrolled overflow weir serves as an emergency spillway. The Riverside Canal carries water to the El Paso Valley, and has a capacity of about . The Tornillo Canal, with a capacity of , branches off the Riverside Canal. Excess waters from the canals are diverted to irrigate about in Hudspeth County, Texas. The furnishes irrigation water year-round to a long, narrow area of in the Rio Grande Valley in south-central New Mexico and western Texas. Crops grown in the region include grain, pecans, alfalfa, cotton, and many types of vegetables. Power generated at the Elephant Butte power plant is distributed through an electrical grid totaling of 115-kilovolt transmission lines and 11 substations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22366849 | 205,378 |
Bastille Before any official scheme to close the prison could be enacted, however, disturbances across Paris brought a more violent end to the Bastille. By July 1789, revolutionary sentiment was rising in Paris. The Estates-General was convened in May and members of the Third Estate proclaimed the Tennis Court Oath in June, calling for the king to grant a written constitution. Violence between loyal royal forces, mutinous members of the royal Gardes Françaises and local crowds broke out at Vendôme on 12 July, leading to widespread fighting and the withdrawal of royal forces from the centre of Paris. Revolutionary crowds began to arm themselves during 13 July, looting royal stores, gunsmiths and armourers' shops for weapons and gunpowder. The commander of the at the time was Bernard-René de Launay, a conscientious but minor military officer. Tensions surrounding the had been rising for several weeks. Only seven prisoners remained in the fortress, - the Marquis de Sade had been transferred to the asylum of Charenton, after addressing the public from his walks on top of the towers and, once this was forbidden, shouting from the window of his cell. Sade had claimed that the authorities planned to massacre the prisoners in the castle, which resulted in the governor removing him to an alternative site in early July. At de Launay's request, an additional force of 32 soldiers from the Swiss Salis-Samade regiment had been assigned to the on 7 July, adding to the existing 82 invalides pensioners who formed the regular garrison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66186 | 329,774 |
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor The lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47166388 | 45,794 |
Icophone The icophone is an instrument of speech synthesis conceived by Émile Leipp in 1964 and used for synthesizing the French language. The two first icophones were made in the laboratory of physical mechanics of Saint-Cyr-l'École. The principle of the icophone is the representation of the sound by a spectrograph. The spectrogram analyzes a word, a phrase, or more generally a sound, and shows the distribution of the different frequencies with their relative intensities. The first machines to synthesize words were made by displaying the form of the spectrogram on a transparent tape, which controls a series of oscillators following the presence or absence of a black mark on the tape. Leipp succeeded in decomposing the segments of a spoken sound phenomenon, and in synthesizing them from a very simplified display. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27388322 | 133,044 |
Pierre-sur-Haute military radio station The perimeter is surrounded by a high barrier of wood and metal. Military staff and employees arrive via road or tracked vehicles. This road is closed to the public. Though access is difficult, the facility is not isolated: the Chalmazel ski slopes are adjacent to the site. There are three towers at the site. The tallest one is a 55-metre-high civilian telecommunication tower, owned by Télédiffusion de France. The telecommunication tower is topped by a radome and contains a mode S air traffic control radar beacon system owned by the Directorate General for Civil Aviation. The radar has been in operation since 18 August 2009 but has experienced malfunctions due to heavy snowfall in the area. The two remaining concrete towers are owned by the military. The 30-metre-high structures have been used since 1991 for radio transmission and reception. These are built to withstand the blast of a nuclear explosion. Some buildings are used as garages and living quarters, complete with kitchen, dining room and bedrooms. They are linked together by tunnels, 400 metres in total length, so as to avoid walking through thick snow in winter when moving from one building to the other. The most important part of the site is the underground part, used for transmissions dispatch: at a speed of 2 Mb/s, communications from the towers are analysed, then redirected to be transmitted. This part of the facility is supplied with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39026366 | 392,694 |
Chloroplast In old or stressed chloroplasts, plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains, still always anchored to a thylakoid. Plastoglobuli form when a bubble appears between the layers of the lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane, or bud from existing plastoglubuli—though they never detach and float off into the stroma. Practically all plastoglobuli form on or near the highly curved edges of the thylakoid disks or sheets. They are also more common on stromal thylakoids than on granal ones. Starch granules are very common in chloroplasts, typically taking up 15% of the organelle's volume, though in some other plastids like amyloplasts, they can be big enough to distort the shape of the organelle. Starch granules are simply accumulations of starch in the stroma, and are not bounded by a membrane. Starch granules appear and grow throughout the day, as the chloroplast synthesizes sugars, and are consumed at night to fuel respiration and continue sugar export into the phloem, though in mature chloroplasts, it is rare for a starch granule to be completely consumed or for a new granule to accumulate. Starch granules vary in composition and location across different chloroplast lineages. In red algae, starch granules are found in the cytoplasm rather than in the chloroplast. In plants, mesophyll chloroplasts, which do not synthesize sugars, lack starch granules | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6355 | 49,156 |
Product bundling In the 1990s and in the 2000s (decade) and 2010s, many consumer electronics companies designed home theatre equipment bundles, known as Home Theatre in a Box (HTIB). For a customer who already owned a TV, and in some cases a DVD player or other source for playing back movies, a HTIB package provides all of the electronics hardware, speakers and cables needed to set up a home cinema. There are three grades of HTIB bundles: economy bundles, aimed at the lowest price point; mid-tier bundles, the most common type; and higher-cost HTIB bundles made by BOSE and other higher-end manufacturers. At the economy grade HTIB package, the customer is provided with a basic home theatre set-up, with modest sound quality and relatively few options for adjusting the sound. The mid-tier and upper-tier packages offer better performance and more set-up options. All three HTIB tiers, though, have a similar value proposition for the buyer: the HTIB package ensures that all of the speakers are of the correct impedance and power handling capabilities, the cables are of the correct type, and the crossover points and other technical details have been set up by the manufacturer. The most serious home theatre enthusiasts do not typically buy HTIB bundles, as they are a more sophisticated target market. As such, the most serious home cinema-philes typically purchase each component (power amplifiers, speakers, subwoofer cabinet, speaker cables) separately, so that they can choose which items meet their specific movie-watching goals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234163 | 130,344 |
Real-time computing (RTC), or reactive computing is the computer science term for hardware and software systems subject to a "real-time constraint", for example from event to system response. Real-time programs must guarantee response within specified time constraints, often referred to as "deadlines". Real-time responses are often understood to be in the order of milliseconds, and sometimes microseconds. A system not specified as operating in real time cannot usually "guarantee" a response within any timeframe, although "typical" or "expected" response times may be given. Real-time processing "fails" if not completed within a specified deadline relative to an event; deadlines must always be met, regardless of system load. A real-time system has been described as one which "controls an environment by receiving data, processing them, and returning the results sufficiently quickly to affect the environment at that time". The term "real-time" is also used in simulation to mean that the simulation's clock runs at the same speed as a real clock, and in process control and enterprise systems to mean "without significant delay". Real-time software may use one or more of the following: synchronous programming languages, real-time operating systems, and real-time networks, each of which provide essential frameworks on which to build a real-time software application | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25767 | 113,393 |
Pharmaceutical industry On 26 February 2020, the US Health and Human Services Secretary (former pharmaceutical CEO Alex Azar, known for the doubling of the price of insulin while he was at Eli Lilly) testified before the House Energy and Commerce Committee. At this meeting Azar repeatedly refused to say that any coronavirus vaccine or treatment would be made accessible to all Americans, not only to those wealthy enough to pay. Representatives questioning him criticized his position. Hours later, President Trump, who was said be skeptical of the secretary's ability to handle the job, abruptly transferred responsibility for the pandemic to vice-president Mike Pence. Some attached importance to the fact that the president then walked out on Azar's explanation to the press that he was remaining as Health and Human Services Secretary; it was reported that Trump had not dismissed him during a crisis for the sake of appearances. On 2 March, US Representative Jan Schakowsky wrote to Alex Azar, saying "You must understand that the House of Representatives would find it unacceptable if taxpayer dollars were used to develop a vaccine for COVID-19 and the rights to produce and market that vaccine were subsequently handed over to a pharmaceutical manufacturer through an exclusive license with no conditions on pricing or access, allowing the company to charge whatever it would like and essentially selling the vaccine back to the public who paid for its development | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=560876 | 26,220 |
Power electronics Formerly, the mercury arc valve, the high-vacuum and gas-filled diode thermionic rectifiers, and triggered devices such as the thyratron and ignitron were widely used in power electronics. As the ratings of solid-state devices improved in both voltage and current-handling capacity, vacuum devices have been nearly entirely replaced by solid-state devices. Power electronic devices may be used as switches, or as amplifiers. An ideal switch is either open or closed and so dissipates no power; it withstands an applied voltage and passes no current, or passes any amount of current with no voltage drop. Semiconductor devices used as switches can approximate this ideal property and so most power electronic applications rely on switching devices on and off, which makes systems very efficient as very little power is wasted in the switch. By contrast, in the case of the amplifier, the current through the device varies continuously according to a controlled input. The voltage and current at the device terminals follow a load line, and the power dissipation inside the device is large compared with the power delivered to the load. Several attributes dictate how devices are used. Devices such as diodes conduct when a forward voltage is applied and have no external control of the start of conduction. Power devices such as silicon controlled rectifiers and thyristors (as well as the mercury valve and thyratron) allow control of the start of conduction, but rely on periodic reversal of current flow to turn them off | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1001628 | 389,878 |
Darcy number In fluid dynamics through porous media, the (Da) represents the relative effect of the permeability of the medium versus its cross-sectional area—commonly the diameter squared. The number is named after Henry Darcy and is found from nondimensionalizing the differential form of Darcy's Law. This number should not be confused with the Darcy friction factor which applies to pressure drop in a pipe. It is defined as where Alternative forms of this number do exist depending on the approach by which Darcy's Law is made dimensionless and the geometry of the system. The is commonly used in heat transfer through porous media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39833800 | 334,837 |
Centre Block On 18 May 1966, Paul Joseph Chartier killed himself as he left a washroom by accidentally detonating the bomb he had been preparing to throw onto the floor of the House of Commons from the public galleries to, as he put it in his notes, "exterminate as many members as possible." The building's security was heightened; however, tests of this by journalism students that November proved the precautions had been little improved. Later, in 1989, Charles Yacoub hijacked a Greyhound Lines bus and drove it up onto Parliament Hill. By the 1990s, it was deemed necessary for an upgrade to be made to the Centre Block's mechanical and electrical systems, which would necessitate a new plant for these amenities. To avoid disturbing the building's heritage façades and spaces, as well as erecting new structures within the parliamentary precinct, the two storey, square plant and new loading docks, called Underground Services (CBUS), were constructed underground, seeing, in 1997, the removal of of rock from under and near the Centre Block. Future upgrades will require extensive internal renovations, including both parliamentary chambers and associated areas. The West Block is scheduled to re-open in 2017. As this will cause a multi-year disruption, plans were made to enclose the East and West blocks' courtyards for use as temporary legislative chambers while the is out of commission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2868997 | 317,667 |
Night auditor These functions include check-in, check-out, reservations, responding to guest complaints, coordinating housekeeping requests, and handling any emergencies that may arise. It is not especially required, but a good habit nonetheless, that the night auditor keep printouts of various reports on paper at the Front Desk (some hotels call these "contingency reports") in the event that a power outage takes place at a hotel. Night auditors may work alongside a security officer to maintain a level of security during late-night hours for both night staff and guests. In addition to balancing the guest ledger, the night auditor is usually responsible for balancing the city ledger and the advance ledger. The city ledger consists of money owed to the hotel by credit card companies and direct bill accounts. The city ledger also contains house accounts, such as management dry cleaning charges, or local phone call charges which are usually adjusted (written) off at the end of each month. The advance ledger is aptly named because it is a ledger for guests who have sent money in advance to either pay for or guarantee their stay. These funds are posted to the advance ledger when received by the hotel, and then transferred to the guests folio (in the guest ledger) upon arrival of that guest. At some hotels, there are times when reservations are made for the hotel that exceed available inventory of rooms, resulting in an "oversold" situation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10353651 | 471,949 |
Connected health For example, in a program being implemented by the Center for Connected Health and Partners Home Care, over 500 heart failure patients have now been monitored remotely through the collection of vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure and weight, using simple devices in the patient's home. The information is sent daily to a home health nurse, who can identify early warning signs, notify the patient's primary care physician, and intervene to avert potential health crises. A pilot of this program demonstrated reduced hospitalizations. Another initiative at the Center for Connected Health uses cellular telephone technology and a "smart" pill bottle to detect when a patient has not taken their scheduled medication. A signal is then sent that lights up an ambient orb device in the patient's home to remind them to take their medication. It appears that connected health programs are operated and funded primarily by home care agencies and large healthcare systems. However, insurers and employers are increasingly interested in connected health for its potential to reduce direct and indirect healthcare costs.In 2007, EMC Corporation launched the first employer-sponsored connected health program, in the beta phase of implementation, aimed at improving outcomes and cost of care for patients with high blood pressure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20633370 | 261,828 |
Single cell sequencing One way to improve the coverage of the method further would be to improve CpG capture efficiency by amplifying the DNA prior to bisulfite treatment. Single-cell reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (scRRBS) is another method. This method leverages the tendency of methylated cytosines to cluster at CpG islands (CGIs) to enrich for areas of the genome with a high CpG content. This reduces the cost of sequencing compared to whole genome bisulfite sequencing, but limits the coverage of this method. When RRBS is applied to bulk samples, majority of the CpG sites in gene promoters are detected, but site in gene promoters only account for 10% of CpG sites in the entire genome. In single cells, 40% of the CpG sites from the bulk sample are detected. To increase coverage, this method can also be applied to a small pool of single cells. In a sample of 20 pooled single cells, 63% of the CpG sites from the bulk sample were detected. Pooling single cells is one strategy to increase methylome coverage, but at the cost of obscuring the heterogeneity in the population of cells. While bisulfite sequencing remains the most widely used approach for 5mC detection, the chemical treatment is harsh and fragments and degrades the DNA. This effect is exacerbated when moving from bulk samples to single cells. Other methods to detect DNA methylation include methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes also enable the detection of other types of methylation, such as 6mA with DpnI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42067613 | 283,451 |
Artificial lift Although latest developments are aimed to enhance the ESP capabilities to handle gas and sand, they still need more technological development to avoid gas locks and internal erosion. Until recently, ESPs have come with an often prohibitive price tag due to the cost of deployment which can be in excess of $20,000. Various tools such as Automatic Diverter Valves (ADV), SandCats and other Tubing String and Pump Tools enhance the performance of the ESP. The majority of systems deployed in today's market are Dual ESP Systems which is a simple arrangement of two ESPs in the same well. This delivers a complete downhole system booster or back up - downtime is minimal, workovers cost less and there are savings in other operational areas. ESP Dual Systems bring a significant enhancement of well profitability. Gas lift is another widely used artificial lift method. As the name denotes, gas is injected in the tubing to reduce the weight of the hydrostatic column, thus reducing the back pressure and allowing the reservoir pressure to push the mixture of produce fluids and gas up to the surface. The gas lift can be deployed in a wide range of well conditions (from to ). Gas lifts can cope well with abrasive elements and sand, and the cost of workover is minimum. Gas lifted wells are equipped with side pocket mandrels and gas lift injection valves. This arrangement allows a deeper gas injection in the tubing. The gas lift system has some disadvantages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7569885 | 439,335 |
Indian Rivers Inter-link The is a proposed large-scale civil engineering project that aims to effectively manage water resources in India by linking Indian rivers by a network of reservoirs and canals to enhance irrigation and groundwater recharge, reduce persistent floods in some parts and water shortages in other parts of India. India accounts for 18% of the world population and about 4% of the world’s water resources. One of the solutions to solve the country’s water woes is to link rivers and lakes.c The Inter-link project has been split into three parts: a northern Himalayan rivers inter-link component, a southern Peninsular component and starting 2005, an intrastate rivers linking component. The project is being managed by India's National Water Development Agency (NWDA), under its Ministry of Water Resources. NWDA has studied and prepared reports on 14 inter-link projects for Himalayan component, 16 inter-link projects for Peninsular component and 37 intrastate river linking projects. The average rainfall in India is about 4,000 billion cubic metres, but most of India's rainfall comes over a 4-month period – June through September. Furthermore, the rain across the very large nation is not uniform, the east and north gets most of the rain, while the west and south get less. India also sees years of excess monsoons and floods, followed by below average or late monsoons with droughts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3842074 | 201,878 |
Phyllis Summers When she debuted, Phyllis was known to scheme to get what she wanted. "The Record" said she is "usually scheming and she wouldn't have her any other way." Of her "damaged" familial background, Stafford stated: "I think Phyllis is looking for something she decided must exist in life that maybe doesn’t. She is looking for something she never had, which is a family unit and real love. She is looking for that and she is thinking that it should be a certain way, because it is not what she had. In truth, that thing that she is looking for might not even exist. But she is trying to find it." Phyllis' first romance on the soap opera was with Danny Romalotti (Michael Damian), whom she conned into believing he had fathered a child with her. During their loveless marriage, Stafford stated: "Phyllis is trying to figure out how to hold on to (her husband) Danny. Her shrink tells her, 'Don't exaggerate your sexuality.' But she doesn't get it. Danny isn't even the father of the baby. That's something that might come up later. But in the meantime, this woman is going to get him." When he discovered her deception, a vicious divorce battle ensued. They later briefly remarried before Danny obtained custody of Phyllis' son, Daniel, and left town with him. Upon her return in 2000, Phyllis began dating Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) and they were later married. Of their romance, Bergman stated: "These two were perfectly wrong for each other | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5739914 | 125,642 |
Pulsatile flow In fluid dynamics, a flow with periodic variations is known as pulsatile flow, or as Womersley flow. The flow profiles was first derived by John R. Womersley (1907–1958) in his work with blood flow in arteries. The cardiovascular system of chordate animals is a very good example where pulsatile flow is found, but pulsatile flow is also observed in engines and hydraulic systems, as a result of rotating mechanisms pumping the fluid. The pulsatile flow profile is given in a straight pipe by where: The pulsatile flow profile changes its shape depending on the Womersley number For formula_3, viscous forces dominate the flow, and the pulse is considered quasi-static with a parabolic profile. For formula_4, the inertial forces are dominant in the central core, whereas viscous forces dominate near the boundary layer. Thus, the velocity profile gets flattened, and phase between the pressure and velocity waves gets shifted towards the core. The Bessel function at its lower limit becomes which converges to the Hagen-Poiseuille flow profile for steady flow for or to a quasi-static pulse with parabolic profile when In this case, the function is real, because the pressure and velocity waves are in phase. The Bessel function at its upper limit it becomes which converges to This is highly reminiscent of the Stokes layer on an oscillating flat plate, or the skin-depth penetration of an alternating magnetic field into an electrical conductor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31351275 | 206,401 |
UniPro protocol stack Both work by having the transmitter pause until it knows there is sufficient buffer space at the receiver. But L4 flow control works between a pair of CPorts (potentially multiple hops apart) and aims to isolate connections from one another ("virtual wire" analogy). In contrast, L2 flow control is per-hop and avoids basic loss of data due to lack of receiver buffer space. E2E FC is only possible for connection-oriented communication, but at present UniPro's L4 does not support alternative options. E2E FC is enabled by default but can, however, be disabled. This is not generally recommended. UniPro provides "safety net" mechanisms that mandate that a CPort absorbs all data sent to it without stalling. If a stall is detected anyway, the endpoint discards the incoming data arriving at that CPort in order to maintain data flow on the network. This can be seen as a form of graceful degradation at the system level: if one connection on the network cannot keep up with the speed of the received data, other devices and other connections are unaffected. UniPro L4 allows a connection between a pair of CPorts to convey a stream of so-called messages (each consisting of a series of bytes) rather than a single stream of bytes. Message boundaries are triggered by the application-level protocol using UniPro and are signaled via a bit in the segment header. This End-of-Message bit indicates that the last byte in the L4 segment is the last byte of the application-level message | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19424663 | 116,978 |
Proteinase inhibitors in plants In plant biology, proteinase inhibitors are a family of small proteins that serve an integral role in the plant’s defense mechanisms against herbivory from insects or microorganisms that may compromise the integrity of the plant. The proteinase inhibitors work to disrupt the enzymatic ability of the digestive or microbial enzymes that are present in the stomach of the attacker resulting in the inability to properly digest the plant material. This causes an interference of proper growth and discourages further wounding of the plant by the attacker. Studies have also recently revealed that some proteinase inhibitors also provide defense for the plant through the possession of antimicrobial properties providing for the inhibition of pathogen growth. While proteinase inhibitors are present in plants naturally, production of these proteins for defense is often induced by either wounding of the plant or by chemical signaling through molecules such as methyl jasmonate. Both wounding of the plant as well as signaling molecules result in the formation of jasmonic acid, which then induces the gene expression of proteinase inhibitors. Many other signal cascades as well as the translocation of signal molecules through the phloem and xylem of the plant are also necessary for the production of these inhibitors. Once the proteinase inhibitor has been ingested by the insect, it presents itself as a normal substrate for the digestive enzymes binding to the active site on the enzyme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57575944 | 180,389 |
Self-driving car On the other hand, automated vehicles could increase the overall number of cars on the road which could lead to a greater dependence on oil imports if smart systems are not enough to curtail the impact of more vehicles. However, due to the uncertainty of the future of automated vehicles, policy makers may want to plan effectively by implementing infrastructure improvements that can be beneficial to both human drivers and automated vehicles. Caution needs to be taken in acknowledgment to public transportation and that the use may be greatly reduced if automated vehicles are catered to through policy reform of infrastructure with this resulting in job loss and increased unemployment. Other disruptive effects will come from the use of automated vehicles to carry goods. Self-driving vans have the potential to make home deliveries significantly cheaper, transforming retail commerce and possibly making hypermarkets and supermarkets redundant. the US Department of Transportation defines automation into six levels, starting at level zero which means the human driver does everything and ending with level five, the automated system performs all the driving tasks. Also under the current law, manufacturers bear all the responsibility to self-certify vehicles for use on public roads. This means that currently as long as the vehicle is compliant within the regulatory framework, there are no specific federal legal barriers in the US to a highly automated vehicle being offered for sale | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245926 | 399,127 |
Assured clear distance ahead Read more about this topic|group="Note"}} Vehicles that are approaching an intersection from beyond the SAVT limit cannot be reliably distinguished between moving or parked, though they may be traveling at such an imprudent speed as to pose an immediate hazard. In this circumstance, it is impossible for the entering driver to have fair notice that his or her contemplated conduct is forbidden by such hazard, and any legal expectation to the contrary would implicate violating the vagueness doctrine of the US Constitution. It is the duty of the through-driver to slow down and apply the ACDA principle specifically to the intersection. See Table of detection thresholds. When approaching an un-signalized intersection controlled by a stop sign, the assured clear distance ahead is: Normal acceleration "" for a passenger vehicle from a stop up to 20 mph is about 0.15g, with more than 0.3g being difficult to exceed. The distance "" is the sum of the measured limit line setback distance—which is typically regulated by a Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, at often between 4 and 30 feet in the United States—and the crosswalk, parking lane, and road shoulder width. A vehicle accelerating from a stop travels this distance in time while through traffic travels a distance equal to their speed multiplied by that time. The time , for the stopped motorist, is the sum of perception time and the time required to actuate an automatic transmission or shift to first gear which is usually between to one second | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40172612 | 335,043 |
PROFINET For this purpose, the controller puts all output data for all devices into a single IRT frame. At the passing IRT frame, each Device takes out the data intended for the device, i.e. the IRT frame becomes shorter and shorter. For the data from the different devices to the controller, the IRT frame is dynamically assembled. The great efficiency of the DFP lies in the fact that the IRT frame is always only as extensive as necessary and that the data from the controller to the devices can be transmitted in full duplex simultaneously with the data from the devices to the controller. Class D offers the same services to the user as Class C, with the difference that these services are provided using the mechanisms of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) defined by IEEE. The "Remote Service Interface" (RSI) is used as a replacement for the Internet protocol suite. Thus, this application class D is implemented independently of IP addresses. The protocol stack will be smaller and independent of future Internet versions (IPv6). The TSN is not a consistent, self-contained protocol definition, but a collection of different protocols with different characteristics that can be combined almost arbitrarily for each application. For use in industrial automation, a subset is compiled in IEC/IEEE standard 60802 "Joint Profile TSN for Industrial Automation". A subset is used in the Profinet specification version 2.4 for implementing class D | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3088675 | 201,566 |
VIATRA In addition, model transformations for specification, design, deployment, optimization or code generation in traditional model-driven systems engineering are also focal areas for VIATRA2. Since precise model-based systems development is the primary application area of VIATRA2, it necessitates that (i) the model transformations are specified in a mathematically precise way, and (ii) these transformations are automated so that the target mathematical models can be derived fully automatically. For this purpose, VIATRA2 have chosen to integrate two popular, intuitive, yet mathematically precise rule-based specification formalisms, namely, graph transformation (GT) and Abstract State Machines (ASM) to manipulate graph based models. The basic concept in defining model transformations within VIATRA2 is the (graph) pattern. A pattern is a collection of model elements arranged into a certain structure fulfilling additional constraints (as defined by attribute conditions or other patterns). Patterns can be matched on certain model instances, and upon successful pattern matching, elementary model manipulation is specified by graph transformation rules. Like OCL, graph transformation rules describe pre- and postconditions to the transformations, but graph transformation rules are guaranteed to be executable, which is a main conceptual difference | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3257382 | 240,318 |
Management Branches of management theory also exist relating to nonprofits and to government: such as public administration, public management, and educational management. Further, management programs related to civil-society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and social entrepreneurship. Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from business-ethics viewpoints, critical management studies, and anti-corporate activism. As one consequence, workplace democracy (sometimes referred to as Workers' self-management) has become both more common and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue, and may occur more naturally than does a command hierarchy. All management embraces to some degree a democratic principle—in that in the long term, the majority of workers must support management. Otherwise, they leave to find other work or go on strike. Despite the move toward workplace democracy, command-and-control organization structures remain commonplace as "de facto" organization structures. Indeed, the entrenched nature of command-and-control is evident in the way that recent layoffs have been conducted with management ranks affected far less than employees at the lower levels. In some cases, management has even rewarded itself with bonuses after laying off lower-level workers. According to leadership-academic Manfred F.R | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19881 | 470,900 |
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor An IGBT cell is constructed similarly to a n-channel vertical-construction power MOSFET, except the n+ drain is replaced with a p+ collector layer, thus forming a vertical PNP bipolar junction transistor. This additional p+ region creates a cascade connection of a PNP bipolar junction transistor with the surface n-channel MOSFET. The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. The basic IGBT mode of operation, where a pnp transistor is driven by a MOSFET, was first proposed by K. Yamagami and Y. Akagiri of Mitsubishi Electric in the Japanese patent S47-21739, which was filed in 1968. Following the commercialization of power MOSFETs in the 1970s, B. Jayant Baliga submitted a patent disclosure at General Electric (GE) in 1977 describing a power semiconductor device with the IGBT mode of operation, including the MOS gating of thyristors, a four-layer VMOS (V-groove MOSFET) structure, and the use of MOS-gated structures to control a four-layer semiconductor device. He began fabricating the IGBT device with the assistance of Margaret Lazeri at GE in 1978 and successfully completed the project in 1979. The results of the experiments were reported in 1979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=109053 | 397,337 |
Economic torts Economic torts, which are also called business torts, are torts that provide the common law rules on liability which arise out of business transactions such as interference with economic or business relationships and are likely to involve pure economic loss. are tortious interference actions designed to protect trade or business. The area includes the doctrine of restraint of trade and, particularly in the United Kingdom, has largely been submerged in the twentieth century by statutory interventions on collective labour law and modern competition law, and certain laws governing intellectual property, particularly unfair competition law. The "absence of any unifying principle drawing together the different heads of economic tort liability has often been remarked upon." The principal torts are: These torts represent the common law's historical attempt to balance the need to protect claimants against those who inflict economic harm and the wider need to allow effective, even aggressive, competition (including competition between employers and their workers). Two cases demonstrate economic torts' affinity to competition and labour law. In "Mogul Steamship Co Ltd" the plaintiffs argued they had been driven from the Chinese tea market by a 'shipping conference', that had acted together to underprice them. But this cartel was ruled lawful and "nothing more [than] a war of competition waged in the interest of their own trade." Nowadays, this would be considered a criminal cartel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2278495 | 482,548 |
Pro Electron or EECA is the European type designation and registration system for active components (such as semiconductors, liquid crystal displays, sensor devices, electronic tubes and cathode ray tubes). was set up in 1966 in Brussels, Belgium. In 1983 it was merged with the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association (EECA) and since then operates as an agency of the EECA. The goal of is to allow unambiguous identification of electronic parts, even when made by several different manufacturers. To this end, manufacturers register new devices with the agency and receive new type designators for them. Examples of type designators are: took the popular European coding system in use from around 1934 for valves (tubes), i.e. the Mullard–Philips tube designation, and essentially re-allocated several of the rarely used heater designations (first letter of the part number) for semiconductors. The second letter was used in a similar way to the valves naming convention: "A" for signal diode, "C" for low-power bipolar transistor or triode, "D" for high-power transistor (or triode), and "Y" for rectifier, but other letter designations did not follow the vacuum tube mode so closely. The three digits (or letter followed by two digits) after the first two letters were essentially a sequence number, with (at first) a vestige of the valve-era convention that the first one or two digits would indicate the base (package) type in examples such as in this family of general-purpose transistors: .. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=444606 | 377,331 |
Sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation If an eigenstate exists, then the states corresponding to wave functions are eigenstates of the Hamiltonian as well. These states are equally spaced both in energy and real space and form the so-called Wannier-Stark ladder. In the proposed scheme, an application of an electrical bias to a semiconductor superlattice is increasing the amplitude of coherent folded phonons generated by an optical pulse. This increase of the amplitude is observed for those biases in which the energy drop per period of the superlattice is greater than the phonon energy. If the superlattice is biased such that the energy drop per period of the superlattice exceeds the width of electronic minibands (Wannier-Stark regime), the electrons become localized in the quantum wells and vertical electron transport takes place via hopping between neighboring quantum wells, which may be phonon assisted. As it had been shown previously, under these conditions stimulated phonon emission can become the dominant phonon-assisted hoping process for phonons of an energy value close to the Stark splitting. Thus, coherent phonon amplification is theoretically possible in this type of system. Together with the increase in amplitude, the spectrum of the bias-induced oscillations is narrower than the spectrum of the coherent phonons at zero bias. This shows that coherent amplification of phonons due to stimulated emission takes place in the structure under electrical pumping | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7206727 | 385,204 |
Timber framing It was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD in Herculaneum, Italy. "Opus craticum" was mentioned by Vitruvius in his books on architecture as a timber frame with wattlework infill. However, the same term is used to describe timber frames with an infill of stone rubble laid in mortar the Romans called "opus incertum". A less common meaning of the term "half-timbered" is found in the fourth edition of John Henry Parker's "Classic Dictionary of Architecture" (1873) which distinguishes full-timbered houses from half-timbered, with half-timber houses having a ground floor in stone or logs such as the Kluge House which was a log cabin with a timber-framed second floor. Traditional timber framing is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with various joints, commonly and originally with lap jointing, and then later pegged mortise and tenon joints. Diagonal bracing is used to prevent "racking", or movement of structural vertical beams or posts. Originally, German (and other) master carpenters would peg the joints with allowance of about an inch (25 mm), enough room for the wood to move as it 'seasoned', then cut the pegs, and drive the beam home fully into its socket. To cope with variable sizes and shapes of hewn (by adze or axe) and sawn timbers, two main carpentry methods were employed: scribe carpentry and square rule carpentry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699422 | 338,475 |
Range extender A range extender vehicle is a battery electric vehicle that includes an auxiliary power unit (APU) known as a 'range extender'. The range extender drives an electric generator which charges a battery which supplies the vehicle's electric motor with electricity. This arrangement is known as a series hybrid drivetrain. The most commonly used range extenders are internal combustion engines, but fuel-cells or other engine types can be used. vehicles are also referred to as extended-range electric vehicles (EREV), range-extended electric vehicles (REEV), and range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx) by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The key function of the range extender is to increase the vehicle's range. Range autonomy is one of the main barriers for the commercial success of electric vehicles, and extending the vehicle's range when the battery is depleted helps alleviate range anxiety. A range extending vehicle design can also reduce the consumption of the range extending fuel (such as gasoline) by using the primary fuel (such as battery power), while still maintaining the driving range of a single fuel vehicle powered by a range extending fuel such as gasoline. The range extending fuel is generally considered to be less environmentally and economically friendly to use than the primary fuel source, so the vehicle control system gives preference to using the primary fuel if it's available | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27380743 | 449,149 |
Magnesium transporter The additional strength of the Co(III)Hex inhibition might come from the blocking of the transport pore due to the inability of the protein to ‘dehydrate’ the substrate. It was also shown that Co(III)Hex was not transported into the cells, suggesting that at least partial dehydration would be required for the transport of the normal substrate (Mg). Nickel (II) hexaammine, with a radius of 255 pm, did not inhibit the CorA transport system, suggesting a maximum size limit exists for the binding of the CorA substrate ion. These results suggest that the important property involved in the recognition of Mg by CorA is the size of the ion with its first shell of hydration. Hence, the volume change generally quoted for the bare to hydrated Mg ion of greater than 500-fold, including the second sphere of hydration, may not be biologically relevant, and may be a reason for the first sphere volume change of 56-fold to be more commonly used. The presence of these two genes was first suspected when Nelson and Kennedy (1972) showed that there were Mg-repressible and non-repressible Mg uptake systems in "E. coli". The non-repressible uptake of Mg is mediated by the CorA protein. In "S. typhimurium" the repressible Mg uptake was eventually shown to be via the MgtA and MgtB proteins. Both MgtA and MgtB are regulated by the PhoPQ system and are actively transcribed during the process of infection of human patients by "S. typhimurium" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3474896 | 61,318 |
Pseudoextinction He suggested that species spend the majority of their evolutionary lifespan in the same form, having undergone very little morphological or genetic change. Another concept of species on the tree of life is the composite species concept. It sees one species as occupying all internodes of the tree that have the same combination of (morphological, ecological, etc.) characters. Here, a species starts with the acquisition of a character and ends when another change is fixed in its lineage. This process - of one lineage turning into what is afterwards seen as another species because of the fixation of a novel character - is often called anagenesis. But we have a similar situation here where a species is considered to end by definition but is not really extinct (it survived, after all, in the form of one descendent species with a different character combination), and so we could also consider it to be pseudoextinction. On the other hand, under the composite species concept a species continues through a lineage split if only one of the two resulting lineages acquires a new character, an event that is sometimes called speciation through "budding". The one that has a new character is now a new species but the other lineage, the one that looks identical to the common ancestor, is considered to be the common ancestor. An example would be a widespread breeding group remaining unchanged while "budding off" a small isolated population that accumulates changes until it cannot interbreed with the others any more. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1830477 | 172,981 |
The FAB Awards From 2016 onwards all nominees were awarded a Silver Awards. There are two types of awards to be won on the night: This is equivalent to a 'Gold' in other major award ceremonies. There can be multiple FABs across a single category. These are the grand winners on the night and are awarded over a family of categories, such as, Traditional Advertising (TV, Press, Posters, etc.) or Digital Advertising (Online, Website, Social Media, Viral, etc.) A project must have won a FAB Award on the night to be considered for a FABulous Award. Introduced in 2013, this award is handed out to the brand that fares the best in the judging session. This includes the number of nominations, FAB and FABulous Awards it wins. This is also the only award that is announced before the actual awards ceremony. In 2015 and 2016, this award was sponsored by Google UK, with YouTube sponsoring it in 2017 and 2018. Similar to the Brand of the Year Award, this award is given to the agency that performed the best during the judging session. The award was introduced for the first time in 2000. This award was also sponsored by Google UK in 2015 and 2016, with YouTube sponsoring it in 2017 and 2018. Points are handed out for nominations, FAB Awards and FABulous Awards. The agency that amasses the most points is named Agency of the Year. The following are the agencies that have won the Agency of the Year Award: Similar to the Agency of the Year Award, this award is given to the design house that performed the best during the judging session | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39585619 | 272,224 |
Geotechnical investigation Geotechnical investigations are performed by geotechnical engineers or engineering geologists to obtain information on the physical properties of soil earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions. This type of investigation is called a site investigation. Additionally, geotechnical investigations are also used to measure the thermal resistivity of soils or backfill materials required for underground transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines, radioactive waste disposal, and solar thermal storage facilities. A geotechnical investigation will include surface exploration and subsurface exploration of a site. Sometimes, geophysical methods are used to obtain data about sites. Subsurface exploration usually involves soil sampling and laboratory tests of the soil samples retrieved. Surface exploration can include geologic mapping, geophysical methods, and photogrammetry, or it can be as simple as a geotechnical professional walking around on the site to observe the physical conditions at the site. To obtain information about the soil conditions below the surface, some form of subsurface exploration is required. Methods of observing the soils below the surface, obtaining samples, and determining physical properties of the soils and rocks include test pits, trenching (particularly for locating faults and slide planes), boring, and in situ tests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5580290 | 332,083 |
Capitalism Market economies have existed under many forms of government and in many different times, places and cultures. Modern capitalist societies—marked by a universalization of money-based social relations, a consistently large and system-wide class of workers who must work for wages, and a capitalist class which owns the means of production—developed in Western Europe in a process that led to the Industrial Revolution. Capitalist systems with varying degrees of direct government intervention have since become dominant in the Western world and continue to spread. Over time, capitalist countries have experienced consistent economic growth and an increase in the standard of living. Critics of capitalism argue that it establishes power in the hands of a minority capitalist class that exists through the exploitation of the majority working class and their labor; it prioritizes profit over social good, natural resources and the environment; and it is an engine of inequality, corruption and economic instabilities. Supporters argue that it provides better products and innovation through competition, disperses wealth to all productive people, promotes pluralism and decentralization of power, creates strong economic growth and yields productivity and prosperity that greatly benefit society. The term "capitalist", meaning an owner of capital, appears earlier than the term "capitalism" and dates to the mid-17th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 | 493,997 |
Float glass Known in the production process as dross, the tin dioxide adheres to the glass. To prevent oxidation, the tin bath is provided with a positive pressure protective atmosphere of nitrogen and hydrogen. The glass flows onto the tin surface forming a floating ribbon with perfectly smooth surfaces on both sides and of even thickness. As the glass flows along the tin bath, the temperature is gradually reduced from 1100 °C until at approximately 600 °C the sheet can be lifted from the tin onto rollers. The glass ribbon is pulled off the bath by rollers at a controlled speed. Variation in the flow speed and roller speed enables glass sheets of varying thickness to be formed. Top rollers positioned above the molten tin may be used to control both the thickness and the width of the glass ribbon. Once off the bath, the glass sheet passes through a lehr kiln for approximately 100 m, where it is cooled gradually so that it anneals without strain and does not crack from the temperature change. On exiting the "cold end" of the kiln, the glass is cut by machines. Today, float glass is the most widely used form of glass in consumer products. Due to both its high quality with no additional polishing required and its structural flexibility during production, it can easily be shaped and bent into a variety of forms while in a heated, syrupy state | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=302776 | 245,690 |
CEDEP directly employs 26 people in program design, support, and member relationship roles. Leadership is provided by a Director, who reports to the Board, which is appointed by member companies. The current Director is Thomas Hinterseer. Membership relations are largely maintained through CEDEP's Fellows Program. Each member is assigned a Fellow, who is typically a regular faculty participant. Fellows typically serve as program directors for their Company, work with the Dean of Programmes to develop courses, and assist the Director General in recruiting new members. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55286326 | 468,622 |
Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre The 20,000-square-metre expansion includes 9,000 square metres of exhibition space plus additional flexible, multi-purpose event space, 1,000 seat theatre, multiple meeting rooms, a banquet room and a café and bar. The building design was a joint venture between architect firms: NH Architecture and Woods Bagot. The expansion is part of a larger South Wharf expansion project by Plenary Group that includes a new 347-room Novotel Melbourne South Wharf and a new 1,150-space multi-level car park – all fully connected and integrated with existing buildings. The building resembles a long shed with separated operable walls (each valued at $250,000). This allows the space to be split from a maximum of 39,000 square metres to a minimum of 3,000 square metre spaces. The single volume with a proportion of length to width of approximately 2.5:1 was chosen. Other than the exhibition space, the building also has a basement that is able to hold 1,000 cars. From the main entrance, visitors would be able to see the 450 metres southward vista of the concourse as well as the mezzanine balconies. On the first floor of the entry pavilion and extending along the mezzanine platform, there are meeting and function rooms which separates the double-height hall and concourse. Some have large windows overlooking the exhibition. The site for the Exhibition Centre was previously the site for Daryl Jackson’s Museum of Victoria. The brief required DCM to work with the partially built concrete structure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=781843 | 309,923 |
Pedal keyboard In Bach's organ music the cantus firmus melody, which is usually a hymn tune, is often performed in the pedal, using a reed stop to make it stand out. Several sources, including an encyclopedia on the organ, claim that the pedalboard design improvements of the 17th century allowed the organist to actuate the pedals either with the toe of the foot or with the heel. However, organist Ton Koopman argues that "Bach's complete oeuvre [can be played] with the pedal technique of his time, in other words without the use of the heel." Koopman claims that in "Bach's day toe and heel pedalling was not yet known, as is evident from his organ works, in which all the pedal parts can be played with the toe." What evolved as "German" pedal technique in the late 18th and early 19th century promoted heel-and-toe pedaling, while the "French" style was predicated on "toe only" pedal technique. In the 17th and 18th century, pedalboards were rare in England. A critic for the "New York Times" in 1895 argued that this may explain why Handel's published organ works are generally lighter-sounding than those of J.S. Bach. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the pedal part of organ music was rarely given its own staff. Instead, the organ part would be put into two staves, which were mostly used for the upper and lower manual parts. When the composer wanted a part played with the pedal keyboard, they marked "Pedal", "Ped.", or simply "P" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1093053 | 217,729 |
Palazzo Mozzi or Palazzo de' Mozzi is an early Renaissance palace, located at the end of the Piazza de' Mozzi that emerges from Ponte alle Grazie and leads straight to the palace where via San Niccolò becomes via de' Bardi in the Quartiere of Santo Spirito (San Niccolò) in the Oltrarno section of Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. The 13th-century palace housed the gallery of the highly successful antiquarian Stefano Bardini, of which the remnants were left to the commune, where they assembled the Museo Bardini or Mozzi Bardini, displaying Florentine art and artifacts up to the early Renaissance. The gardens elaborated against the hillside behind the palace were added mainly by Bardini. The palazzo was built by the Mozzi family between 1260 and 1273 as a fortification for the Ponte alle Grazie. The prominent Mozzi family had been persecuted in the past for its Guelph leanings. The palace in the 13th and 14th-centuries hosted prominent visitors to Florence such as Pope Gregory X, Robert, Duke of Anjou, and the Duke of Athens at the palazzo. This may have been due to its protected location, outside of the city center, near the Porta San Niccolo. The palazzo was modified in the 14th century to a Renaissance house. The site changed hands during the 1500s, and the Mozzi family repossessed the site by 1551. During the 1700s and early 1800s, the palace was refurbished by the architect Gasparo Maria Paoletti, including the additions of some frescoes (1778) on the first floor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6101456 | 332,743 |
Cavitation Discharge cavitation in joint fluid is thought to cause the popping sound produced by bone joint cracking, for example by deliberately cracking one's knuckles. Since all pumps require well-developed inlet flow to meet their potential, a pump may not perform or be as reliable as expected due to a faulty suction piping layout such as a close-coupled elbow on the inlet flange. When poorly developed flow enters the pump impeller, it strikes the vanes and is unable to follow the impeller passage. The liquid then separates from the vanes causing mechanical problems due to cavitation, vibration and performance problems due to turbulence and poor filling of the impeller. This results in premature seal, bearing and impeller failure, high maintenance costs, high power consumption, and less-than-specified head and/or flow. To have a well-developed flow pattern, pump manufacturer's manuals recommend about (10 diameters?) of straight pipe run upstream of the pump inlet flange. Unfortunately, piping designers and plant personnel must contend with space and equipment layout constraints and usually cannot comply with this recommendation. Instead, it is common to use an elbow close-coupled to the pump suction which creates a poorly developed flow pattern at the pump suction. With a double-suction pump tied to a close-coupled elbow, flow distribution to the impeller is poor and causes reliability and performance shortfalls. The elbow divides the flow unevenly with more channeled to the outside of the elbow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7807 | 359,902 |
Cross Border Xpress As Mexicana de Aviación withdrew, in February 1991, Rodolfo Ramos Ortiz/Aerocharter de México looking at the Tijuana airport's potential for passenger and cargo operations to Japan and other Pacific destinations joined Ralph Nieders to continue promoting the cross-borer terminal. As shown by image 2, an updated rendering was then created showing a fully developed Tijuana airport and how its cargo and passengers would directly connect to San Diego's surface streets and freeway system. In 1993, San Diego's efforts to develop a regional bi-national airport failed and a recession during that same period also caused the collapsed of land values in Otay Mesa. The selected site for the Aerocharter cross-border terminal on the U.S. side was foreclosed. Efforts to build the cross-border terminal were then suspended. In 1994, Mexico initiated its airport privatization program and the cross-border terminal was refloated by Gilberto Valenzuela Ezquerro and Ralph Nieders. The Tijuana airport became part of the Pacific Airport Group, known as GAP (Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico) consisting of 12 airports with 15 Million Annual Passengers and headquartered in Guadalajara. In 1999, a Spanish consortium won the concession and committed to developing the cross-border terminal but in August 2001, in an effort to reduce operating costs, canceled the project and Ralph Nieders resigned as GAP's cross-border project manager | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43632445 | 360,240 |
Industrial wastewater treatment Evaporation processes are the most widespread for brine treatment as they enable the highest degree of concentration, as high as solid salt. They also produce the highest purity effluent, even distillate-quality. Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness salts. However, energy consumption is high and corrosion may be an issue as the prime mover is concentrated salt water. As a result, evaporation systems typically employ titanium or duplex stainless steel materials. Brine management examines the broader context of brine treatment and may include consideration of government policy and regulations, corporate sustainability, environmental impact, recycling, handling and transport, containment, centralized compared to on-site treatment, avoidance and reduction, technologies, and economics. Brine management shares some issues with leachate management and more general waste management. Most solids can be removed using simple sedimentation techniques with the solids recovered as slurry or sludge. Very fine solids and solids with densities close to the density of water pose special problems. In such case filtration or ultrafiltration may be required. Although, flocculation may be used, using alum salts or the addition of polyelectrolytes. Wastewater from industrial food processing often requires on-site treatment before it can be discharged to prevent or reduce sewer surcharge fees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1558218 | 97,725 |
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Radioelektronika In 1992, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and the Kiev Polytechnic Institute took over the publication of the journal. In 1968, Faraday Press (United States) published the first issue of the English version of the journal, which was published as "Radioelectronics and Communications Systems". From 1977, translation and publication of the journal moved to Allerton Press. Since 2007, the English version is distributed by Springer Science+Business Media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25647554 | 413,871 |
Musée Gadagne Then there is a large majestic courtyard, decorated with a sink, flanked at the bottom by a gallery of passages bunk that allows traffic between both buildings on each floor. On 19 January 1998, the city council decided to close the museum to undertake major expansion and renovation which was sometimes criticized, which began that year. After ten years of closure and a major campaign of archaeological excavations, the museum opened its doors in 2009. It evolved from an area of 3500 square metres to 6300 square metres. Since 1921, the hotel has hosted the Historical Museum of Lyon. It shows the collections previously installed at the Hôtel de Ville, Lyon until 1857. This museum consists of 80,000 objects in 30 rooms spread over four floors. It traces the cultural history of Lyon since the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, giving archaeological remains, sculptures, paintings, furniture, and pottery. There are also many maps, drawings and engravings to illustrate the growth of the city and the construction of its main buildings. Since 1950, the museum of the world puppets, organized around the Guignol puppet, is also installed in Gadagne. The visit of the collections of 2000 puppets were once part of the course of the history museum in Lyon. After the extensive renovation of the 2000s, they are now grouped in a space museum composed of nine independent halls on the first floor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27285213 | 361,986 |
Fairlight Homestead The present house and barn were built by Jarret in the late 1860s and there are a number of trees that may have been part of his garden, such as the carob, kurrajong and turpentine. The line of Chinese elms forming the drive to the east of the house mark part of the original driveway. was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58758343 | 306,042 |
Electric vehicle network For the time beyond 2020 there is an expectation of charging stations at 60 kW (400 V DC 150 A) allowing to charge the standard 20kWh battery pack to 80% in less than 10 minutes whereas this station type requires integration with smart grid technology and a strict worldwide standard (including SAE procedures). The "early adoptors" of electric vehicles are identified to be from the middle class owning multiple cars as well as owning a garage – the existence of a public network of charging stations is considered to be not (sic!) a prerequisite for market introduction in the first phases. Instead government funds should back the investments in privately owned charging stations for example with faster tax write off and cheap credits from the government KfW bank. A preliminary review of the Mercedes / RWE test drive in the smart ed project shows the importance of vehicle-to-grid communications in charging stations as an incentive to charge at night times. While most US households own a garage even for small cars the situation is different in Central Europe where public charging stations are needed. The charging station network in Switzerland is derived from research in solar cars. In 1992 the government decided to support a charging station network. The network has since extended to neighbouring countries – in 2010 the Park & Charge network in Switzerland, Germany and Austria did encompass 500 charging locations, additionally there a few charging locations in the Netherlands and Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21079741 | 348,734 |
Geological Society of India Ramakrishnan (Chennai) as members. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12514678 | 11,988 |
SMPTE 2059 is a standard from the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) that describes how to synchronize video equipment over an IP network. The standard is based on IEEE 1588-2008. is published in two parts on 9 April 2015: is an integral part of emerging professional IP video broadcast technology and standards. In May 2016, the Audio Engineering Society published a report describing synchronization interoperability between AES67 and SMPTE 2059-2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53171272 | 404,008 |
Public works However, in the private sector, entrepreneurs bear their own losses and so private-sector firms are generally unwilling to undertake projects that could result in losses or would not develop a revenue stream. Governments will invest in public works because of the overall benefit to society when there is a lack of private sector benefit (a project that does generate revenue) or the risk is too great for a private company to accept on its own. According to research conducted at the Aalborg University, 86% of public works projects end up with cost overruns. Some unexpected findings of the research were the following: Generally contracts awarded by public tenders will include a provision for unexpected expenses (i.e. cost overruns), that typically amount to 10% of the value of the contract. This money is only spent during the course of the project if the construction managers judge that it is necessary, and typically the expenditure must be justified in writing. Individual programs: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=323158 | 219,500 |
History of cosmetics Many of the present day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the most popular cosmetics of this time, more so than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production. The Flapper style also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark eyes, red lipstick, red nail polish, and the suntan, invented as a fashion statement by Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part because it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the key constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil). The early commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny brush into hot water, rub the bristles on the cake, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then apply the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas. Eugene Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modern synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936. The first patent for a nail polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It's not clear how dark this rose was, but any girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a baby's blush risked gossip about being "fast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8034251 | 52,948 |
History of water supply and sanitation An ambitious engineering project to bring fresh water from Hertfordshire to London was undertaken by Hugh Myddleton, who oversaw the construction of the New River between 1609 and 1613. The New River Company became one of the largest private water companies of the time, supplying the City of London and other central areas. It was in the 18th century that a rapidly growing population fueled a boom in the establishment of private water supply networks in London. The Chelsea Waterworks Company was established in 1723 "for the better supplying the City and Liberties of Westminster and parts adjacent with water". The company created extensive ponds in the area bordering Chelsea and Pimlico using water from the tidal Thames. Other waterworks were established in London, including at West Ham in 1743, at Lea Bridge before 1767, Lambeth Waterworks Company in 1785, West Middlesex Waterworks Company in 1806 and Grand Junction Waterworks Company in 1811. The S-bend pipe was invented by Alexander Cummings in 1775 but became known as the U-bend following the introduction of the U-shaped trap by Thomas Crapper in 1880. The first screw-down water tap was patented in 1845 by Guest and Chrimes, a brass foundry in Rotherham. Founders of microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, used the newly invented microscope to observe for the first time small material particles that were suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens and waterborne diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30411167 | 241,796 |
Fed model The "Fed model" is a theory of equity valuation that has found broad application in the investment community. The model compares the stock market’s earnings yield (E/P) to the yield on long-term government bonds. In its strongest form the states that bond and stock market are in equilibrium, and fairly valued, when the one-year forward-looking earnings yield equals the 10-year Treasury note yield formula_1: The model is often used as a simple tool to measure attractiveness of equity, and to help allocating funds between equity and bonds. When for example the equity earnings yield is above the government bond yield, investors should shift funds from bonds into equity. The was so named by Ed Yardeni, at Deutsche Morgan Grenfell, based on a statement made in the Humphrey-Hawkins report of July 22, 1997 issued by the Federal Reserve that warned: The was never officially endorsed by the Fed, but former Fed chairman Alan Greenspan seemed to make reference to it in his memoirs: “The decline of real (inflation adjusted) long-term interest rates that has occurred in the last two decades has been associated with rising price-to-earnings ratios for stocks, real estate, and in fact all income-earnings assets.” A bond yield versus equity yield comparison has been used in practice long before the Fed published the graph and Yardeni gave it a name | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3154281 | 513,988 |
Aura Sonic 0' W <br>Power Requirements & information: 208 volts, single-phase, 100 amp service required <br>Elroy carries 200' of entertainment power cable with Cam-Lok E1016 connectors <br>Rear side exit Artists include Anat Cohen, Anthony Hamilton, Aretha Franklin, Chris Botti, Dave Holland, Esperanza Spalding, Herbie Hancock, Hey Guy, Hunters, Kenny Werner, Ledici, Los Gauchos, New York Dolls, Soulive and Wayne Shorter. GMC / Grumman Kurbmaster Stepvan <br>Gross Vehicle Weight: 14,000 lbs <br>Exterior Vehicle Dimensions: 25.5' L x 11.5' H x 96" W <br>Power Requirements & information: 208 volts, single-phase, 50 amp service required <br>TBM carries 200' of entertainment power cable with Cam-Lok E1016 & E1015 connectors <br>Passenger side exit Artists include Alabama Shakes, Andrew Bird, Beck, Conor Oberst, Conrad Herwig, Dawes, Eddie Palmieri, Elvis Costello, Fleet Foxes, Herbie Hancock, Jim James, Joshua Redman Quartet, Marcus Miller, Michael Kiwanuka, My Morning Jacket, Patty Griffin, The Avett Brothers, The Decemberists, The Lumineers, Trombone Shorty and Orleans Avenue, Wayne Shorter Quartet, Wilco and Wynton Marsalis. Hino 268 A <br>Gross Vehicle Weight: 25,950 lbs <br>Exterior Vehicle Dimensions: 36.0' L x 11.5' H x 102" W <br>Exterior Dimensions with Rear Platform & Stairs: 40.0' L x 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38357638 | 392,585 |
Hao Jiming (; born 25 August 1946) is a Chinese environmental engineer and President of the International Ecological Economic Promotion Association. A native of Shandong Province, Hao earned a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Tsinghua University before pursuing a master's degree in environmental engineering from the same institution. Hao received a Ph.D. in environmental engineering at the University of Cincinnati. He became a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2005, and was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Engineering in 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58687761 | 305,969 |
Decision game A decision game is an exercise in which a teacher presents students with a scenario, asks them to take on the role of a character in that scenario, and then asks them to solve problems as if they were that character. If the scenario is based entirely upon a reliable historical narrative, a decision game is also a "decision-forcing case". However, if any of the elements in the scenario are fictional, then the exercise is a "fictional decision game". Until the late twentieth century, most decision games dealt with problems drawn from the realm of tactics. The exceptions to this general rule, moreover, were incidental rather than deliberate. That is, while authors of decision-forcing cases in such disciplines as business management and public policy would sometimes fictionalize their cases (thereby converting them into fictional decision games), these works were invariably (if erroneously) described as "case studies". Because of this, the history of the decision game was, until recently, very hard to distinguish from the history of the tactical decision game. Since the 1990s, decision games dealing with matters other than military tactics have made their appearance. Some of these exercises deal with situations, such as those faced by police officers, fire fighters, and first responders, that have so much in common with tactical military problems that they are accurately described as "tactical decision games" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44046655 | 475,024 |
Fuzz button A Fuzz Button is a high performance electrical connection material used to connect two parts of an electrical circuit together, for example an IC to a PCB or two PCBs to each other. Fuzz Buttons consist of a single strand of gold-plated beryllium copper wire compressed into a dense, sponge-like cylindrical shape. Their diameter can range from a few tenths of a millimetre to a millimetre. The term "Fuzz Button" was originally conceived and trademarked by Tecknit, but is now owned by a Denver-based company called Custom Interconnects. This kind of connection is used in cases where permanent connection techniques like soldering or non-permanent ones like pogo pins or elastomeric "Zebra" connectors are not suitable, for example due to extreme vibrations or temperatures. They can also be used where low-distortion signal transmission is needed, like on PCB (board-to-board) interconnects, or in IC testing sockets where additionally many mating cycles are required. They can be used discretely as a signal/ground contact or for Electromagnetic interference (EMI) protection. When a mating array for multiple contacts is needed, like for BGA or LGA IC packages, Fuzz Buttons can be placed in thru-holes in an insulated piece of material, such as dielectric plastic. Fuzz Buttons are commonly utilized in satellite and space applications, but are also broadly used in military and commercial applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6522392 | 386,501 |
John Polanyi He has received many other awards throughout his career, including the Marlow Medal of the Faraday Society in 1962, Centenary Medal of the British Chemical Society in 1965, the Steacie Prize for Natural Sciences in 1965 (shared), the Noranda Award of the Chemical Institute of Canada in 1967, the Henry Marshall Tory Medal of the Royal Society of Canada in 1977, the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1982 (shared), the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Prize in 1988, the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1989, and the John C. Polanyi Lecture Award of the Canadian Society for Chemistry in 1992. In 2007, Polanyi was awarded the Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering. The Royal Society of Chemistry honoured Polanyi as their 2010 Faraday Lectureship Prize. Polanyi has received many honorary degrees from 25 institutions, including Waterloo in 1970, Harvard University in 1982, Ottawa in 1987, and Queen's in 1992. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Society of London, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry of the United Kingdom and the Chemical Institute of Canada. Polanyi was pictured on a Canada Post first class postage stamp on 3 October 2011, issued to salute the International Year of Chemistry. In 1992, Polanyi was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=764652 | 96,005 |
William Cartheuser (1890-1966) was an American spiritualist medium. Cartheuser originally worked as a mechanic. He became a direct-voice medium who had utilized trumpets in his séances. He was investigated by members of the American Society for Psychical Research. In 1927, he held a séance with Nandor Fodor in New York. Psychical researchers suspected Cartheuser was fraudulent. In 1928, he conducted séances with the spiritualist Jenny O'Hara Pincock in Ontario, Canada. Pincock originally endorsed Cartheuser as a genuine medium but later broke connections, suggesting that he had turned his mediumship into a financial scheme. Cartheuser was investigated by the psychical researcher Hereward Carrington. He concluded that "a high percentage of fraud enters into the production of Cartheuser's physical phenomena." Psychologist Henry C. McComas who observed Cartheuser at many sittings, detected his trickery. Cartheuser would get up from his chair, move the trumpets and produce all the voices himself. Cartheuser died February 25, 1966 in Los Angeles, California. He was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50502770 | 444,343 |
Smart system They can include multiple functionalities such as sample taking, sample preparation, and sample pre-treatment, data processing, and storage, implantable systems which can be reabsorbed by the body after use, non-invasive sensors based on transdermal principles, or devices for responsive administration of medication. In healthcare, smart systems often operate autonomously and within networks, because those systems are able to provide real-time monitoring, diagnosis, interaction with other devices, and communication with the patient or physician. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19518563 | 220,738 |
Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer) Robert Sinclair (1 July 1817 – 20 October 1898) was born in London but came from a Caithness family. He became Chief Mechanical Engineer of several British railways and also worked in France. He retired to Italy, where he died. He was apprenticed to a shipbuilder and later worked for Robert Stephenson, the Grand Junction Railway and the Paris and Rouen Railway. He was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Caledonian Railway (CR) from 1847–1856, the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) from 1856–1862 and, following a merger of railways, of the Great Eastern Railway (GER) from 1862–1865. Sinclair resigned from the GER 1865, and became a consulting engineer. In this capacity, he designed a fast 2-4-2 locomotive for the Great Luxemburg Railway, and an outside cylinder 2-4-0 for the East Indian Railway. The Luxembourg 2-4-2 design was later adapted into a 2-4-2T for commuter services on the GER. Sinclair was an early user of: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10650600 | 439,007 |
List of backmasked messages The following is an incomplete list of backmasked messages in music. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4807288 | 387,493 |
Immunosenescence Once matured and circulating throughout the peripheral system, T-cells still undergo deleterious age-dependent changes. Together with the age-related thymic involution, and the consequent age-related decrease of thymic output of new T cells, this situation leaves the body practically devoid of virgin T cells, which makes the body more prone to a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. By age 40, an estimated 50% to 85% of adults have contracted human cytomegalivirus (HCMV), which is believed to be a major cause of immunosenescence, although this is controversial. Despite the fact that an average of 10% (and up to 50%) of the CD4 and CD8 memory T cells of HCMV-infected persons may be CMV-specific, these persons do not have a higher fatality rate resulting from other infections. T-cell components associated with immunosenescence include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13739906 | 190,490 |
Liquid ordered phase The liquid ordered phase is a liquid crystalline phase of a lipid bilayer, and is of significant biological importance. It occurs in many lipid mixtures combining cholesterol with a phospholipid and/or sphingolipids e.g. sphingomyelin. This phase has been related to lipid rafts that may exist in plasma membranes. The liquid ordered phase can be defined as: This was first called the liquid ordered phase by Ipsen et al. (1987). However, it has also been called the LG subgel phase by Huang et al. (1993) and the β phase by Vist and Davis (1990). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3646429 | 74,883 |
John C. Slater " Slater published to the end of his life: his final journal paper, published with John Connolly in 1976, was on a novel approach to molecular orbital theory. Prof. Slater was also Committee Member for Dr. Ravi Sharma's Ph.D.(1966, U of Florida Gainesville) and for many such committees. He and Rose said to Ravi that he had lost his books and research papers when the truck carrying his belongings overturned while moving from MIT to Gainesville. Slater died in Sanibel Island, Florida in 1976. Slater's concern for the well being of others is well illustrated by the following dialog that Richard Feynman relates. It took place at the end of his undergraduate days at MIT, when he wanted to stay on to do a Ph.D. "When I went to Professor Slater and told him of my intentions he said: 'We will not have you here'. I said 'What?' Slater said 'Why do you think you should go to graduate school at MIT?' 'Because it is the best school for science in the country' ... 'That is why you should go to some other school. You should find out how the rest of the world is.' So I went to Princeton. ... Slater was right. And I often advise my students the same way. Learn what the rest of the world is like. The variety is worthwhile." From the memoir by Philip Morse: "He contributed significantly to the start of the quantum revolution in physics; he was one of the very few American-trained physicists to do so | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=405835 | 59,533 |
Statue of Sir John Brunner Hutchinson manufactured alkali by the Leblanc process, but this was an inefficient method for producing alkali, and was very damaging to the environment. One of the chemists working in the company was Ludwig Mond, who had been attracted to a different process for making alkali, the ammonia-soda process. By 1871 Mond had determined to build a factory to produce alkali by this process, and in this project he was joined by Brunner. In 1873 Mond and Brunner bought the Winnington estate near Northwich in Cheshire, which included the country house, Winnington Hall. The two families moved into the hall, one family occupying each wing, and the factory which became the start of Brunner Mond and Company was built nearby. By about 1892 the company had become the largest producer of soda in the world. In 1891, Brunner had become the chairman of the company, and he retained that position until April 1918, 14 months before his death. After moving to Winnington, Brunner became interested in politics, and became a member of the Liberal Party. He was selected as candidate for the newly created parliamentary constituency of Northwich, and at the general election of 1855 he won the seat. He success was short-lived, as the Liberal Party were unable to form a stable government, and Brunner lost his seat at the general election the following year. However the successful candidate died during the following year, and at the by-election in August 1877 Brunner regained the seat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41703446 | 327,843 |
Mating of yeast However, not only does the mating decision need to be conservative (in order to avoid wasting energy), but it must also be fast to avoid losing the potential mate. The decision to mate is extremely sensitive. There are 3 ways in which this ultrasensitivity is maintained: [a and α yeast share the same mating response pathway, with the only difference being the type of receptor each mating type possesses. Thus the above description, given for a-type yeast stimulated with α-factor, works equally well for α-type yeast stimulated with a-factor.] Wild type haploid yeast are capable of switching mating type between a and α. Consequently, even if a single haploid cell of a given mating type founds a colony of yeast, mating type switching will cause cells of both a and α mating types to be present in the population. Combined with the strong drive for haploid cells to mate with cells of the opposite mating type and form diploids, mating type switching and consequent mating will cause the majority of cells in a colony to be diploid, regardless of whether a haploid or diploid cell founded the colony. The vast majority of yeast strains studied in laboratories have been altered such that they cannot perform mating type switching (by deletion of the "HO" gene; see below); this allows the stable propagation of haploid yeast, as haploid cells of the a mating type will remain a cells (and α cells will remain α cells), and will not form diploids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | 60,821 |
Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy The is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering industrial, medical, and scientific applications of electromagnetic and microwaves from 0.1 to 100 GHz, including topics such as food processing, instrumentation, polymer technologies, and systems design. The journal is published by the International Microwave Power Institute. The editor-in-chief is Eli Jerby (Tel Aviv University). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23743131 | 210,602 |
Protomap (neuroscience) Once the basic structure is present and cortical neurons have migrated to their final destinations, many other processes contribute to the maturation of functional cortical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22092654 | 141,269 |
Greedy source A greedy source is a traffic generator that generates data at the maximum rate possible and at the earliest opportunity possible. Each source always has data to transmit, and is never in idle state due to congestion avoidance or other local host traffic shaping. One new data-packet is generated when the transmission of previous packet is completed, meaning that the sender side queue is never congested. A greedy session is a time-limited packet flow or data stream at maximum possible rate. A greedy source traffic generation simulation model, or a greedy traffic generator, is useful when simulating and analysing or measuring the maximum throughput of a network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11216994 | 101,793 |
Single-molecule magnetic sequencing After applying a magnetic force, in the unzipped state of the hairpin, a small number of discriminating nucleotides can hybridize to the new individual complementary sequences on the hairpin which can transiently block the refolding of the hairpin. Identification of the blockage positions of the hairpin produced by the hybridization of the discriminating nucleotides can be observed as the pauses in the time course of the hairpin distance measurement. The complete sequence can be reconstructed by the overlapping fragments. Another application for the magnetic sequencing is using the hairpin end-to-end distance to detect the successive ligation of oligonucleotide. First step of sequencing by ligation is using a primer to extend a DNA fragment. Extension is first attempted with a fragment starting with adenine, which can only be ligated if the next nucleotide on the opposite strand is a thymine. Then fragments starting with cytosine, guanine and thymine are attempted in turn, and the cycle is repeated. The magnetic field is released after each ligation, and then the length of the extended primer is measured. Upon ligation the primer is extended by seven bases, which is resulting in a detectable increase in the hairpin’s end to end distance. RNase cleavage at position 2 is followed by the ligation for the preparation of the next ligation cycle, so that the next ligation is positioned just ahead of the previous one | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38629644 | 165,333 |
Aminophosphine The method is used to prepare ligands for homogeneous catalysis. Chlorodiphenylphosphine and diethylamine react to give an aminophosphine: Primary amines react with phosphorus(III) chlorides give aminophosphines with acidic α-NH centers: The P-N bond is susceptible to attack by protic reagents. Alcoholysis occurs readily: The P-N bond reverts to the chloride upon treatment with anhydrous hydrogen chloride: Similarly, transamination is used in the conversion of one aminophosphine to another. Since the P-NR bond is not attacked by Grignard reagents, aminophosphine chlorides are useful reagents in the preparation of unsymmetrical tertiary phosphines. Illustrative is the conversion of dimethylaminophosphorus dichloride to chlorodimethylphosphine: Illustrative is the chemistry of 1,2-bis(dichlorophosphino)benzene, a versatile precursor to diphosphine ligands, is prepared using aminophosphine reagents. It is prepared from 1,2-dibromobenzene via lithiation and treatment with (EtN)PCl (Et = ethyl). This route gives CH[P(NEt)], which is treated with hydrogen chloride: Diaminophosphorus chlorides and tris(dimethylamino)phosphine are precursors to phosphenium ions of the type [(RN)P]: Typical aminophosphines undergo oxidation to the oxide. Alkylation, e.g. by methyl iodide, gives the phosphonium cation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55270757 | 82,779 |
Mutanome The mutanome is the entirety of somatic cancer mutations in an individual tumor. Carcinogenesis is largely driven by changes in the DNA sequence of the genomes of cancer cells. This process leads to a unique repertoire of mutations (′the mutanome′) in every patient’s tumor. The mutanome encodes peptides that can be targets for T cells, which play a central role in the immune response. A description of individual mutanomes of human tumors has been made feasible by the introduction of Next Generation Sequencing Technology (NGS). Cancer mutanomes can be defined by comparing exome sequencing data obtained by NGS of individual healthy tissue with sequences from tumor-derived nucleic acids. As the vast majority of cancer-associated mutations are patient specific, shared mutations are rare, even within the same type of cancer. The mutanome encodes a pattern of tumor-specific mutated peptides referred to as neoantigens or m-peptides. Neoantigens are products of mutations that first occur in the course of cancer development. Each and every tumor has its own unique neoantigenic pattern, and even within the same type of cancer, only a small percentage of neoantigens are shared. Neoantigens are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules of tumor cells. The antigenic determinants of neoantigens – neoepitopes – are recognized by the immune system as a target for T cells, thus triggering immune responses against cancer. A neoepitope is an epitope the immune system has not encountered before | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61393318 | 10,093 |
Emmanuel Gonzalez Publications of Gonzalez can be found in Google Scholar and Research Gate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40112570 | 412,801 |
Primer dimer room temperature, such as during the preparation of the reaction mixture. Although DNA polymerases used in PCR are most active around 70 °C, they have some polymerizing activity also at lower temperatures, which can cause DNA synthesis from primers after annealing to each other. Several methods have been developed to prevent PDs formation until the reaction reaches working temperature (60-70 °C), and these include initial inhibition of the DNA polymerase, or physical separation of reaction components reaction until the reaction mixture reaches the higher temperatures. These methods are referred to as "hot-start PCR". "Wax": in this method the enzyme is spatially separated from the reaction mixture by wax that melts when the reaction reaches high temperature. "Slow release of magnesium": DNA polymerase requires magnesium ions for activity, so the magnesium is chemically separated from the reaction by binding to a chemical compound, and is released into the solution only at high temperature "Non-covalent binding of inhibitor": in this method a peptide, antibody or aptamer are non-covalently bound to the enzyme at low temperature and inhibit its activity. After an incubation of 1–5 minutes at 95 °C, the inhibitor is released and the reaction starts. "Cold-sensitive Taq polymerase": is a modified DNA polymerase with almost no activity at low temperature. "Chemical modification": in this method a small molecule is covalently bound to the side chain of an amino acid in the active site of the DNA polymerase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25008405 | 10,992 |
FBI–Apple encryption dispute presidential election who had not dropped out of the race before February 19, 2016 supported the FBI's position, though several expressed concerns about adding backdoors to mobile phones. On February 23, 2016, the "Financial Times" reported that Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, has sided with the FBI in the case. However, Gates later said in an interview with Bloomberg News "that doesn't state my view on this." He added that he thought the right balance and safeguards need to be found in the courts and in Congress, and that the debate provoked by this case is valuable. San Bernardino Police Chief Jarrod Burguan said in an interview: Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr., said that he wants Apple to unlock 175 iPhones that his office's Cyber-Crime Lab has been unable to access, adding, "Apple should be directed to be able to unlock its phones when there is a court order by an independent judge proving and demonstrating that there's relevant evidence on that phone necessary for an individual case." FBI Director Comey, testifying before the House Judiciary Committee, compared Apple's iPhone security to a guard dog, saying, "We're asking Apple to take the vicious guard dog away and let us pick the lock." Apple's iOS 8 and later have encryption mechanisms that make it difficult for the government to get through. Apple provided no backdoor for surveillance without the company's discretion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49542962 | 214,353 |
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