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Donald Knuth " Knuth is also the author of "Surreal Numbers", a mathematical novelette on John Conway's set theory construction of an alternate system of numbers. Instead of simply explaining the subject, the book seeks to show the development of the mathematics. Knuth wanted the book to prepare students for doing original, creative research. In 1995, Knuth wrote the foreword to the book "A=B" by Marko Petkovšek, Herbert Wilf and Doron Zeilberger. Knuth is also an occasional contributor of language puzzles to "". Knuth has also delved into recreational mathematics. He contributed articles to the "Journal of Recreational Mathematics" beginning in the 1960s, and was acknowledged as a major contributor in Joseph Madachy's "Mathematics on Vacation". Knuth has also appeared in a number of Numberphile and Computerphile videos on YouTube where he has discussed topics from writing Surreal Numbers to why he doesn't use email. In addition to his writings on computer science, Knuth, a Lutheran, is also the author of "3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated", in which he examines the Bible by a process of systematic sampling, namely an analysis of chapter 3, verse 16 of each book. Each verse is accompanied by a rendering in calligraphic art, contributed by a group of calligraphers under the leadership of Hermann Zapf. Subsequently, he was invited to give a set of lectures on his 3:16 project, resulting in another book, "Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About", where he published the lectures ""God and Computer Science"" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8095 | 135,182 |
New York Coliseum The cost of construction was projected at $25 million; the land itself was said to cost $5 million. The plans were delayed in February 1947, when the New York State Assembly's Ways and Means Committee failed to act on a bill that would have authorized the construction of the new MSG building. Supporters of the project stated that New York City had already lost the opportunity to host several large expositions due to the inadequate facilities at the Grand Central Palace, the city's only convention center at the time. In April 1948, Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed a bill that authorized the MSG annex's construction. However, due to disagreements among the MSG Corporation's board of directors, the project was put on hold in April 1949. During this delay in the plans, several private interests purchased large tracts of land on the site of the proposed MSG annex. Negotiations resumed in October of that year, with the expectation that construction would begin in spring 1950. By this time, the project was known as the "Columbus Circle Coliseum". In "The Power Broker", Moses biographer Robert Caro states that the Coliseum's name "reveals Moses' preoccupation with achieving an immortality conferred on the Caesars of Rome". In May 1951, the city offered the Metropolitan Opera and New York Philharmonic a chance to build a new opera house and operate it tax-free on part of the Coliseum's land. "The New York Times" described it as Moses's "new approach" toward the project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9463204 | 368,066 |
Qore (programming language) Qore is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose, garbage collected dynamic programming language, featuring support for code embedding and sandboxing with optional strong typing and a focus on fundamental support for multithreading and SMP scalability. Qore is unique because it is an interpreted scripting language with fundamental support for multithreading (meaning more than one part of the same code can run at the same time), and additionally because it features automatic memory management (meaning programmers do not have to allocate and free memory explicitly) while also supporting the RAII idiom with destructors for scope-based resource management and exception-safe programming. This is due to Qore's unique prompt collection implementation for garbage collection. Qore scripts typically have the following extensions: Executable Qore scripts on Unix-like operating systems will typically start with a hashbang to specify the filename of the interpreter as follows: codice_4 Qore syntax is similar to and inspired from the following programming languages: Basic types include: codice_23, codice_24, codice_25, codice_26, codice_27, codice_28, codice_29, codice_30 (associative arrays), and codice_31, as well as code codice_32 for code used as a data type. Complex types are also supported such as codice_33, codice_34, codice_35 as well as type-safe hashes. Despite being an interpreted language, Qore was designed to support multithreading as a fundamental design principle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33850384 | 123,818 |
Phosphite ester Alkyl phosphite esters are used in the Perkow reaction for the formation of vinyl phosphonates, and in the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction to form phosphonates. Aryl phosphite esters may not undergo these reactions and hence are commonly used as stabilizers in halogen-bearing polymers such as PVC. Phosphite esters may be used as reducing agents in more specialised cases. For example, triethylphosphite is known to reduce certain hydroperoxides to alcohols formed by autoxidation ("scheme"). In this process the phosphite is converted to a phosphate ester. This reaction type is also utilized in the Wender Taxol total synthesis. Phosphite esters are Lewis bases and hence can form coordination complexes with various metal ions. Representative phosphite ligands include trimethylphosphite ((MeO)P), triethylphosphite ((EtO)P), trimethylolpropane phosphite, and triphenylphosphite ((PhO)P). Phosphites exhibit a smaller ligand cone angles than the structurally related phosphine ligand family. Phosphite ligands are components of industrial catalysts for hydroformylation and hydrocyanation. Diorganophosphites are derivatives of phosphorus(V) and can be viewed as the di-esters of phosphorous acid. They exhibit tautomerism, however the equilibrium overwhelmingly favours the right-hand (phosphonate-like) form: The P-H bond is the site of high reactivity in these compounds (for example in the Atherton–Todd reaction), whereas in tri-organophosphites the lone pair on phosphorus is the site of high reactivity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3868558 | 41,469 |
The Society for the Preservation of Historic Buildings of the United Kingdom was founded initially as a pressure group to counter the demolition of historic buildings and it resolved later to acquire historically significant properties in order to maintain and protect them itself. In a 2007 merger, the goodwill of the Society was acquired by a registered Nonprofit organisation, Ruins on the Roam Limited, which adopted the Society's name and assets, with the intention to continue its work. The Society is noted in an architectural journal of 1969. The Society was dissolved in 2011 after folding due to the dwindling of financial support during the most recent global recession. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13813851 | 265,457 |
Java Cryptography Architecture In computing, the (JCA) is a framework for working with cryptography using the Java programming language. It forms part of the Java security API, and was first introduced in JDK 1.1 in the package. The JCA uses a "provider"-based architecture and contains a set of APIs for various purposes, such as encryption, key generation and management, secure random-number generation, certificate validation, etc. These APIs provide an easy way for developers to integrate security into application code. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1591333 | 260,476 |
Bearing pressure It can also be calculated considering the projected area: As in the case of cylinder-cylinder contact, when the parts are modeled as elastic bodies with a negligible clearance, then the pressure can be modeled with a snusoidal repartition: with When the clearance can not be neglected, it is then necessary to know the value of the half contact angle θ , which can not be determined in a simple way and must be measured. When this value is not available, the Hertz contact theory can be used. The Hertz theory is normally only valid when the surfaces can not conform, or in other terms, can not fit each other by elastic deformation; one surface must be convex, the other one must be also convex plane. This is not the case here, as the outer cylinder is concave, so the results must be considered with great care. The approximation is only valid when the inner radius of the container "R" is far greater than the outer radius of the content "R", in which case the surface container is then seen as flat by the content. However, in all cases, the pressure that is calculated with the Hertz theory is greater than the actual pressure (because the contact surface of the model is smaller than the real contact surface), which affords designers with a safety margin for their design. In this theory, the radius of the female part (concave) is negative. A relative diameter of curvature is defined: where "d" is the diameter of the female part (negative) and "d" is the diameter of the male part (positive) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48717005 | 444,061 |
Mobbing Janice Harper followed her Huffington Post essay with a series of essays in both The Huffington Post and in her column, Beyond Bullying: Peacebuilding at Work, School and Home in Psychology Today that argued that mobbing is a form of group aggression innate to primates, and that those who engage in mobbing are not necessarily "evil" or "psychopathic," but responding in a predictable and patterned manner when someone in a position of leadership or influence communicates to the group that someone must go. For that reason, she indicated that anyone can and will engage in mobbing, and that once mobbing gets underway, just as in the animal kingdom it will almost always continue and intensify as long as the target remains with the group. She subsequently published a book on the topic in which she explored animal behavior, organizational cultures and historical forms of group aggression, suggesting that mobbing is a form of group aggression on a continuum of structural violence with genocide as the most extreme form of mob aggression. British anti-bullying researchers Andrea Adams and Tim Field have used the expression "workplace bullying" instead of what Leymann called "mobbing" in a workplace context. They identify mobbing as a particular type of bullying that is not as apparent as most, defining it as "an emotional assault. It begins when an individual becomes the target of disrespectful and harmful behavior | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=355559 | 174,052 |
Reflections of signals on conducting lines For a transmission line carrying sinusoidal waves, the phase of the reflected wave is continually changing with distance, with respect to the incident wave, as it proceeds back down the line. Because of this continuous change there are certain points on the line that the reflection will be in phase with the incident wave and the amplitude of the two waves will add. There will be other points where the two waves are in anti-phase and will consequently subtract. At these latter points the amplitude is at a minimum and they are known as nodes. If the incident wave has been totally reflected and the line is lossless, there will be complete cancellation at the nodes with zero signal present there despite the ongoing transmission of waves in both directions. The points where the waves are in phase are anti-nodes and represent a peak in amplitude. Nodes and anti-nodes alternate along the line and the combined wave amplitude varies continuously between them. The combined (incident plus reflected) wave appears to be standing still on the line and is called a standing wave. The incident wave can be characterised in terms of the line's propagation constant formula_63, source voltage formula_64, and distance from the source formula_65, by However, it is often more convenient to work in terms of distance from the load (formula_67) and the incident voltage that has arrived there (formula_68) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23947184 | 405,869 |
Solid-phase microextraction Solid-phase microextraction, or SPME, is a solid phase extraction sampling technique that involves the use of a fiber coated with an extracting phase, that can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent), which extracts different kinds of analytes (including both volatile and non-volatile) from different kinds of media, that can be in liquid or gas phase. The quantity of analyte extracted by the fibre is proportional to its concentration in the sample as long as equilibrium is reached or, in case of short time pre-equilibrium, with help of convection or agitation. After extraction, the SPME fiber is transferred to the injection port of separating instruments, such as a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, where desorption of the analyte takes place and analysis is carried out. The attraction of SPME is that the extraction is fast, simple, can be done usually without solvents, and detection limits can reach parts per trillion (ppt) levels for certain compounds. SPME also has great potential for field applications; on-site sampling can be done even by nonscientists without the need to have gas chromatography-mass spectrometry equipment at each location. When properly stored, samples can be analyzed days later in the laboratory without significant loss of volatiles. The coating on the SPME fiber can be selected to improve sensitivity for specific analytes of interest; ideally the sorbent layer will have a high affinity for the target analytes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5809857 | 77,926 |
2000s energy crisis The influence of institutional investors, such as sovereign wealth funds, was also discussed in June 2008, when Lehman Brothers suggested that price increases were related to increases in exposure to commodities by such investors. It claimed that "for every $100 million in new inflows, the price of West Texas Intermediate, the U.S. benchmark, increased by 1.6%." Also in May 2008, an article in "The Economist" pointed out that oil futures transactions on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), nearly mirrored the price of oil increases for a several-year period; however, the article conceded that the increased investment might be following rising prices, rather than causing them, and that the nickel commodity market had halved in value between May 2007 and May 2008 despite significant speculative interest. It also reminded readers that "Investment can flood into the oil market without driving up prices because speculators are not buying any actual crude... no oil is hoarded or somehow kept off the market," and that prices of some commodities which are not openly traded have actually risen faster than oil prices. In June 2008, OPEC's Secretary General Abdallah Salem el-Badri stated that current world consumption of oil at 87 million bpd was far exceeded by the "paper market" for oil, which equaled about 1.36 billion bpd, or more than 15 times the actual market demand. An interagency task force on commodities markets was formed in the U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1197343 | 293,935 |
Hypersegmented neutrophil Neutrophil hypersegmentation can be defined as the presence of neutrophils whose nuclei have six or more lobes or the presence of more than 3% of neutrophils with at least five nuclear lobes. This is a clinical laboratory finding. It is visualized by drawing blood from a patient and viewing the blood smeared on a slide under a microscope. Normal neutrophils are uniform in size, with an apparent diameter of about 13 μm in a film. When stained, neutrophils have a segmented nucleus and pink/orange cytoplasm under light microscope. The majority of neutrophils have three nuclear segments (lobes) connected by tapering chromatin strands. A small percentage have four lobes, and occasionally five lobes may be seen. Up to 8% of circulating neutrophils are unsegmented (‘band’ forms). The presence of hypersegmented neutrophils is an important diagnostic feature of megaloblastic anaemias. Hypersegmentation can also be seen in many other condition but with relatively less diagnostic significance. Hypersegmentation can sometimes be difficult to assert since interobserver variation is high and segmentation may vary with race. A 1996 study performed in the United States found that blacks have a greater neutrophil segmentation than whites. Neutrophil hypersegmentation is one of the earliest, most sensitive and specific signs of megaloblastic anemia (mainly caused by hypovitaminosis of vitamin B12 & folic acid) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17756980 | 172,262 |
Chris Kubecka is an American computer security researcher and cyberwarfare specialist. In 2012, Kubecka was responsible for getting the Saudi Aramco network back up and running after it was hit by one of the world's most devastating Shamoon cyberattacks. Kubecka also helped halt a second wave of July 2009 cyberattacks against South Korea. Kubecka has worked for the US Air Force as a Loadmaster, the United States Space Command and is now CEO of HypaSec, a security firm she founded in 2015. She lives and works in the Netherlands. Kubecka's Puerto Rican mother became a robotics programmer and lacking money for daycare would take Kubecka to work with her. Kubecka said she "fell in love with programming" when she programmed a haunted house on the screen to say "boo". She continued learning how to program but at the age of 10 got into trouble when she hacked the US Department of Justice, then "was not allowed to use computers until she was 18," after which she was recruited by the US Air Force. In 2012, Kubecka came to prominence when Saudi Aramco's network experienced one of the worst hacks in history and she was contacted, out of the blue, to help. The Saudi Aramco network was flat and the hackers were able to roll through quickly and easily, hitting and infecting about 35,000 computers. Kubecka was contacted by a Saudi Aramco rep and asked to come to Saudi Arabia. After a brief negotiation, Kubecka put together a team of experts and went to Saudi Arabia to rebuild the large oil company's network from scratch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61714210 | 115,115 |
Rope Polypropylene is preferred for low cost and light weight (it floats on water) but it has limited resistance to ultraviolet light, is susceptible to friction and has a poor heat resistance. Braided ropes (and objects like garden hoses, fibre optic or coaxial cables, etc.) that have no "lay" (or inherent twist) uncoil better if each alternate loop is twisted in the opposite direction, such as in figure-eight coils, where the twist reverses regularly and essentially cancels out. Single braid consists of an even number of strands, eight or twelve being typical, braided into a circular pattern with half of the strands going clockwise and the other half going anticlockwise. The strands can interlock with either twill or plain weave. The central void may be large or small; in the former case the term hollow braid is sometimes preferred. Double braid, also called braid on braid, consists of an inner braid filling the central void in an outer braid, that may be of the same or different material. Often the inner braid fibre is chosen for strength while the outer braid fibre is chosen for abrasion resistance. In solid braid, the strands all travel the same direction, clockwise or anticlockwise, and alternate between forming the outside of the rope and the interior of the rope. This construction is popular for general purpose utility rope but rare in specialized high performance line. Kernmantle rope has a core (kern) of long twisted fibres in the center, with a braided outer sheath or mantle of woven fibres | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334990 | 236,867 |
Energy modeling As intermittent energy sources and energy demand management grow in importance, models have needed to adopt an hourly temporal resolution in order to better capture their real-time dynamics. Long-range models are often limited to calculations at yearly intervals, based on typical day profiles, and are hence less suited to systems with significant variable renewable energy. Day-ahead dispatching optimization is used to aid in the planning of systems with a significant portion of intermittent energy production in which uncertainty around future energy predictions is accounted for using stochastic optimization. Implementing languages include GAMS, MathProg, MATLAB, Mathematica, Python, Pyomo, R, Fortran, Java, C, C++, and Vensim. Occasionally spreadsheets are used. As noted, IPCC-style integrated models (also known as integrated assessment models or IAM) are not considered here in any detail. Integrated models combine simplified sub-models of the world economy, agriculture and land-use, and the global climate system in addition to the world energy system. Examples include GCAM, MESSAGE, and REMIND. Published surveys on energy system modeling have focused on techniques, general classification, an overview, decentralized planning, modeling methods, renewables integration, energy efficiency policies, electric vehicle integration, international development, and the use of layered models to support climate protection policy. Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project researchers have also analyzed model typologies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50413747 | 129,006 |
Vitamin C One found a weak association between vitamin C consumption and reduced risk, and the other found no effect from supplementation. A 2011 meta-analysis failed to find support for the prevention of breast cancer with vitamin C supplementation, but a second study concluded that vitamin C may be associated with increased survival in those already diagnosed. Under the rubric of orthomolecular medicine, "Intravenous vitamin C is a contentious adjunctive cancer therapy, widely used in naturopathic and integrative oncology settings." With oral administration absorption efficiency decreases as amounts increase. Intravenous administration bypasses this. Doing so makes it possible to achieve plasma concentrations of 5 to 10 millimoles/liter (mmol/L), which far exceed the approximately 0.2 mmol/L limit from oral consumption. The theories of mechanism are contradictory. At high tissue concentrations ascorbic acid is described as acting as a pro-oxidant, generating hydrogen peroxide (HO) to kill tumor cells. The same literature claims that ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant, thereby reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Research continues in this field, but a 2014 review concluded: "Currently, the use of high-dose intravenous vitamin C [as an anticancer agent] cannot be recommended outside of a clinical trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32509 | 83,752 |
Computational anatomy In all cases the Greens kernels carry weights which are the canonical momentum evolving according to an ordinary differential equation which corresponds to EL but is the geodesic reparameterization in canonical momentum. The optimizing vector field is given by with dynamics of canonical momentum reparameterizing the vector field along the geodesic Whereas the vector fields are extended across the entire background space of formula_1, the geodesic flows associated to the submanifolds has Eulerian shape momentum which evolves as a generalized function formula_111 concentrated to the submanifolds. For landmarks the geodesics have Eulerian shape momentum which are a superposition of delta distributions travelling with the finite numbers of particles; the diffeomorphic flow of coordinates have velocities in the range of weighted Green's Kernels. For surfaces, the momentum is a surface integral of delta distributions travelling with the surface. The geodesics connecting coordinate systems satisfying have stationarity of the Lagrangian. The Hamiltonian is given by the extremum along the path formula_112, formula_113, equalling the and is stationary along . Defining the geodesic velocity at the identity formula_114, then along the geodesic The stationarity of the Hamiltonian demonstrates the interpretation of the Lagrange multiplier as momentum; integrated against velocity formula_115 gives energy density. The canonical momentum has many names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 | 157,482 |
American Society for Quality ASQ is a founding partner of the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI), a quarterly economic indicator. Since 1989, ASQ has administered the annual Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. The ASQ also gives the Dorian Shainin Medal, which is awarded annually for the "Development and Application of Creative or Unique Statistical Approaches in the Solving of Problems Relative to the Quality of Product or Service". ASQ offers 18 professional certifications relating to various aspects of the quality profession. Professional certification exams are translated into five languages included English, Korean, Mandarin, Portuguese, and Spanish. Exams are given nationally and, to a limited degree, worldwide several times annually. The body of knowledge for each certification is maintained through peer review every few years on a rotating schedule. In 1968, the first ASQ certification was offered. In 2016, ASQ's certification exam delivery method changed from paper to computer based testing at Prometric nationwide testing facilities. All certifications listed are from this reference unless noted. In a 2008 press release for the 40th anniversary of ASQ's certifications, the three most popular were the engineer (CQE), followed closely by the auditor (CQA) and the Six Sigma Black Belt (CSSBB). ASQ publishes a range of magazines and journals: Quarterly: Division and Forum Publications: ASQ hosts a number of quality events and annual conferences worldwide: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=899965 | 453,782 |
Water testing In March 2013, French consumer magazine 60 Millions de Consommateurs and non-governmental organization Fondation France Libertés conducted an investigation that found traces of pesticides and prescription drugs, including a medicine for breast cancer treatment, in almost one in five French brands of bottled water, which are commonly touted as cleaner, healthier and purer alternatives to French tap water. Out of 47 brands of bottled water commonly available in French supermarkets, 10 brands contained "residues from drugs or pesticides". In March 2013, almost 200 water fountains in Jersey City public schools were found to contain lead above regulatory standards, where one of the water fountains had lead contamination at levels more than 800 times the EPA's standard. The situation warrants concern because exposure to lead in water could lead to mental retardation for children. In March 2013, a defense lawyer asked a federal judge to dismiss charges against the owner of Mississippi Environmental Analytical Laboratories Inc. accused of falsifying records on industrial waste water samples. According to the indictment, Borg Warner Emissions Systems Inc. hired Tennie White, the owner of the laboratory, to test waste water discharge at its car parts plant in Water Valley. White is accused of creating three reports in 2009 that indicated tests were completed when they were not | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13766136 | 344,301 |
Mobile comic A mobile comic is a digital comic or cartoon strip that can be purchased, downloaded, read and sometimes edited or shared with friends via mobile phones. Increasingly the line between digital comics, animation and games is blurring and the same applies to their mobile counterparts as mobile comics become multimedia with sounds and interactivity. In 2008 IDW Publishing and Devil's Due Publishing (now Devil's Due Digital) became two of the earliest adopters of comics for mobile devices. Devil's Due's initially offered mobile comics through companies such as Uclick, on their GoComics Mobile Store. content has until recently been miniaturized or adapted versions of established branded comic content. With the rise of file sharing and piracy it has been increasingly hard for publishers to control money leakage from digital/mobile comics and as such publishers (especially traditional Japanese Manga houses) have shied away from licensing digital or mobile comics. This however, has led to the rise of user-generated (independent artists) using platforms to publish and sell their work at low cost, and (for the first time in years) do so profitably. The challenges for mobile comics creation include: Several mobile content providers have now developed their own mobile comics platforms, some using java-based applications which have to be downloaded to the mobile first before comics can be viewed. Others are using Multi Media Messaging and WAP subscription to deliver strips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8297639 | 406,515 |
MIL-STD-1750A or 1750A is the formal definition of a 16-bit computer instruction set architecture (ISA), including both required and optional components, as described by the military standard document (1980). Since August 1996, it has been inactive for new designs. In addition to the core ISA, the definition defines optional instructions, such as a FPU and MMU. Importantly, the standard does not define the implementation details of a 1750A processor. The 1750A supports 2 16-bit words of memory for the core standard. The standard defines an optional memory management unit that allows 2 16-bit words of memory using 512 page mapping registers (in the I/O space), defining separate instruction and data spaces, and keyed memory access control. Most instructions are 16 bits, although some have a 16-bit extension. The standard computer has 16 general purpose 16-bit registers (0 through 15). Registers 1 through 15 can be used as index registers. Registers 12 through 15 can be used as base registers. Any of the 16 registers could be used as a stack pointer for the SJS and URS instructions ("stack jump subroutine" and "unstack return subroutine"), but only register 15 was used as the stack pointer for the PSHM and POPM instructions ("push multiple" and "pop multiple"). The computer has instructions for 16, and 32-bit binary arithmetic, as well as 32 and 48 bit floating point. I/O is generally via the I/O instructions (XIO and VIO), which have a separate 2 16-bit word address space and may have a specialized bus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224786 | 138,903 |
Kinetic art has its origins in the late 19th century impressionist artists such as Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Édouard Manet who originally experimented with accentuating the movement of human figures on canvas. This triumvirate of impressionist painters all sought to create art that was more lifelike than their contemporaries. Degas’ dancer and racehorse portraits are examples of what he believed to be "photographic realism";. During the late 19th century artists such as Degas felt the need to challenge the movement toward photography with vivid, cadenced landscapes and portraits. By the early 1900s, certain artists grew closer and closer to ascribing their art to dynamic motion. Naum Gabo, one of the two artists attributed to naming this style, wrote frequently about his work as examples of "kinetic rhythm". He felt that his moving sculpture "Kinetic Construction" (also dubbed "Standing Wave", 1919–20) was the first of its kind in the 20th century. From the 1920s until the 1960s, the style of kinetic art was reshaped by a number of other artists who experimented with mobiles and new forms of sculpture. The strides made by artists to "lift the figures and scenery off the page and prove undeniably that art is not rigid" (Calder, 1954) took significant innovations and changes in compositional style. Édouard Manet, Edgar Degas, and Claude Monet were the three artists of the 19th century that initiated those changes in the Impressionist movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=841792 | 438,018 |
Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems This is favorable to support life, as it means that there is enough radiated energy to allow liquid water to exist on the surface, but not so much radiation as to destroy life. The habitable zone is also very stable, lasting for most of the K-type main-sequence star's main sequence phase. A super-Earth orbiting a K-type main-sequence star called HD 85512 b appears to have habitability potential. The super-Earth HD 40307 g around the K2.5V star HD 40307 also orbits in the CHZ, although it has a reasonably elliptical orbit ("e"=0.22). There may be many more, and the Kepler telescope (now retired) was one of the main sources of information of these exoplanets. Kepler-62 is an example of a discovery by Kepler of a system consisting of a K-type dwarf with potentially habitable planets orbiting it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35509483 | 178,196 |
The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon The show included appearances by Darius Rucker, Lee Ann Womack, Austin Mahone, Backstreet Boys, Enrique Iglesias, Ryan Seacrest, Paula Abdul, Matthew Morrison, Vintage Trouble, Kenny Loggins and the Blue Sky Riders, Chris Mann, Jessica Sanchez, Jann Carl, Florence Henderson, Bart Conner, Nadia Comăneci, Dr. Richard E. Besser, and Jabbawockeez. Performances were taped in early August at CBS Television City in Los Angeles. The show also featured the 2012 performances from Luke Bryan, Carole King, and Pitbull. The show's theme song was the instrumental from "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" by Kelly Clarkson. For the third straight year, the show ended with a different number; this time, with a performance of Bill Withers's "Lean On Me", led by Jessica Sanchez and Chris Mann featuring MDA patients and families present at the show's taping. The 2014 edition aired on Sunday, August 31, on ABC. Taping for the 2014 Show took place during May and June 2014, at the Palladium in Los Angeles and the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville. It is the earliest time of recording for the telethon in show history. Performers included Jason Derulo, Fall Out Boy, Rascal Flatts, Jordin Sparks, R5, Bret Michaels, Sara Evans, LeAnn Rimes, Aloe Blacc, Matt Nathanson, and American Authors. Others who appeared were Kesha, Ludacris, Brad Paisley, Laila Ali, Nancy O'Dell, Alyssa Milano, Kevin Frazier, Terry Fator, Victor Ortíz, Dr. Richard E. Besser, Josh Groban, Chip Esten, Tom Bergeron, Chris Powell and Susan Lucci | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6832977 | 401,765 |
Lessepsian migration The Gatun Lake's freshwater environment forms a barrier to the interchange of marine species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6174646 | 183,791 |
Computational creativity As neuro-philosophical thinking matured, it also became evident that language actually presented an obstacle to producing a scientific model of cognition, creative or not, since it carried with it so many unscientific aggrandizements that were more uplifting than accurate. Thus questions naturally arose as to how "rich," "complex," and "wonderful" creative cognition actually was. Before 1989, artificial neural networks have been used to model certain aspects of creativity. Peter Todd (1989) first trained a neural network to reproduce musical melodies from a training set of musical pieces. Then he used a change algorithm to modify the network's input parameters. The network was able to randomly generate new music in a highly uncontrolled manner. In 1992, Todd extended this work, using the so-called distal teacher approach that had been developed by Paul Munro, Paul Werbos, D. Nguyen and Bernard Widrow, Michael I. Jordan and David Rumelhart. In the new approach there are two neural networks, one of which is supplying training patterns to another. In later efforts by Todd, a composer would select a set of melodies that define the melody space, position them on a 2-d plane with a mouse-based graphic interface, and train a connectionist network to produce those melodies, and listen to the new "interpolated" melodies that the network generates corresponding to intermediate points in the 2-d plane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16300571 | 297,259 |
Eight-vertex model This came about as a modification of an alternate solution for the six-vertex model; it makes use of elliptic theta functions. The proof relies on the fact that when formula_9 and formula_10, for quantities the transfer matrices formula_12 and formula_13 (associated with the weights formula_14, formula_15, formula_16, formula_17 and formula_18, formula_19, formula_20, formula_21) commute. Using the star-triangle relation, Baxter reformulated this condition as equivalent to a parametrisation of the weights given as for fixed modulus formula_23 and formula_24 and variable formula_25. Here snh is the hyperbolic analogue of sn, given by and formula_27 and formula_28 are Jacobi elliptic functions of modulus formula_23. The associated transfer matrix formula_30 thus is a function of formula_25 alone; for all formula_25, formula_33 The other crucial part of the solution is the existence of a nonsingular matrix-valued function formula_36, such that for all complex formula_25 the matrices formula_38 commute with each other and the transfer matrices, and satisfy where The existence and commutation relations of such a function are demonstrated by considering pair propagations through a vertex, and periodicity relations of the theta functions, in a similar way to the six-vertex model. The commutation of matrices in () allow them to be diagonalised, and thus eigenvalues can be found | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20095931 | 425,058 |
Antimony dust may also be explosive when dispersed in the air; when in a bulk solid it is not combustible. is incompatible with strong acids, halogenated acids, and oxidizers; when exposed to newly formed hydrogen it may form stibine (SbH). The 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) is set at 0.5 mg/m by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as a legal permissible exposure limit (PEL) in the workplace. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.5 mg/m as an 8 hour TWA. compounds are used as catalysts for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) production. Some studies report minor antimony leaching from PET bottles into liquids, but levels are below drinking water guidelines. concentrations in fruit juice concentrates were somewhat higher (up to 44.7 µg/L of antimony), but juices do not fall under the drinking water regulations. The drinking water guidelines are: The TDI proposed by WHO is 6 µg antimony per kilogram of body weight. The IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) value for antimony is 50 mg/m. Certain compounds of antimony appear to be toxic, particularly antimony trioxide and antimony potassium tartrate. Effects may be similar to arsenic poisoning. Occupational exposure may cause respiratory irritation, pneumoconiosis, antimony spots on the skin, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiac arrhythmias | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=898 | 87,132 |
Hal V. Barron (born 1962) is an American clinician-scientist and drug developer who has served as president of research and development at GlaxoSmithKline since March 2018. Prior to this he served as president of research and development at Calico. He has served as executive vice president, head of global product development, and chief medical officer of Hoffman-La Roche. Barron joined Genentech in 1996 as a clinical scientist and was promoted in 2002 to Vice President of Medical Affairs. In 2002 Barron was promoted to vice president of medical affairs and in 2003 he became the senior vice president of development. In 2004 he was appointed chief medical officer and in 2009 he was appointed executive vice president. On September 18, 2013, Barron was named President of Research and Development of Calico, a new company focusing on health and well-being. The company was created and funded by Google. On November 8, 2017, Barron became the new CSO and research chief at GlaxoSmithKline amid a shake-up from its new CEO Emma Walmsley. Barron was quoted: "GSK is a company with a rich history of innovation, with many talented scientists who care deeply about translating great science into therapies that make a meaningful difference for patients. I believe there is a significant opportunity to accelerate this effort and am looking forward to joining Emma and the team on this mission.” In April 2019, it was publicly reported that Barron spent excessively on travel expenses during the previous year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41483786 | 163,665 |
ERP security Transaction is a procedure of transforming system data, which helps perform this transaction. For any role, there is a number of corresponding users with one or multiple roles. Roles can be hierarchical. After the roles are implemented in the system, transactions corresponding to each role rarely change. The administrator needs to add or delete users from roles. The administrator provides a new user with a membership in one or more roles. When employees leave the organization, the administrator removes them from all the roles. Segregation or Separation of duties, also known as SoD, is the concept according to which a user cannot make a transaction without other users (e.g. a user cannot add a new supplier, write out a cheque or pay to a supplier) and a risk of fraud is much lower. SoD can be implemented by RBAC mechanisms, and a notion of mutually exclusive roles is introduced. For instance, to pay a supplier, one user initiates payment procedure and another accepts it. In this case, initiating payment and accepting are mutually exclusive roles. Segregation of duties can be either static or dynamic. With static SoD (SSoD), a user cannot belong to two mutually exclusive roles. With dynamic SoD (DSoD), a user does but cannot perform them within one transaction. Both of them have their own advantages. SSoD is simple, while DSoD is flexible. Segregation of Duties is explained in SoD matrix. X and Y matrixes describe system roles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47083813 | 123,185 |
Facultative lagoon Algae may cause measurable contribution to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations where discharge regulations include limitations on those concentrations. The TSS contribution of algae tends to peak in the summer months, but the long-term BOD of decomposing algae may not be evident within the typical 5-day test. United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations describe facultative lagoons as providing "treatment equivalent to secondary treatment" when 65 percent of influent BOD and TSS are removed and effluent BOD and TSS concentrations do not exceed a 7-day average of 65 mg/L and a 30-day average of 45 mg/L. Individual States may establish alternative effluent limitations. The facultative lagoon may be replaced by an aerated lagoon as the first pond of the series. Aerated lagoons have mechanical aerators which minimize anaerobic zones by completely mixing the lagoon to achieve catabolism through a process called extended aeration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24546490 | 324,660 |
Daniel A. Vallero His reasoning was that current farming practice's dependence on fossil fuels needed to grow (including fertilizer and pesticides), harvest and ferment the corn is highly inefficient thermodynamically. The use of corn for fuel is especially problematic, since only the seed are used, not to mention the misuse of an important part of the global food supply. Vallero argued that other crops are much more sustainable, especially those that make use of the whole plant, including cellulosic material, like switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). In the book, "DUST: The inside Story of its Role in the September 11th Aftermath," the late American scientist Paul Lioy credited Vallero with leading the way to sampling of hazardous air pollutants in and around Ground Zero following the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center. Lioy collaborated with Vallero in establishing a protocol for characterizing exposure in risk assessments following such emergencies. Lioy and Vallero coined the term “5 R’s” to delineate how exposure assessment varies during the five stages following a disaster: 1. Rescue; 2. Recovery; 3. Reentry; 4. Restoration; and 5. Rehabitation. With architect, Chris Brasier, Vallero coined the term "synthovation," as a new design process for green engineering and green architecture. A combination of synthesis and innovation, sustainable design does not consider innovation to be an interruption (feedback loop) to the design process as in traditional "concept to completion" design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37188074 | 334,134 |
Loharu Fort The south-wing of the fort contained the Diwan-E-khas and the Sheesh Mahal or The Room Of Mirrors, which has Mughal/Rajput style details. The central part of the south wing contained a large Victorian Style audience chamber and banquet hall. The right side of the south-wing consisted of the Zanana Mahal along with the kitchens. The left side of the south-wing was purely Mughal architecture. The east-wing was executed in the Delhi Haveli style which was considered very fashionable at the time and was distinct from the Shekhawati Havel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52625493 | 336,323 |
Chemical storage is the storage of controlled chemicals or hazardous materials in chemical stores, chemical storage cabinets, or similar devices. Improper chemical storage can result in the creation of workplace safety hazards including the presence of heat, fire, explosion and leakage of toxic gas. cabinets are typically used to safely store small amounts of chemical substances within a workplace or laboratory for regular use. These cabinets are typically made from materials that are resistant to the chemicals stored in them and occasionally contain a bunded tray to capture spillage. Chemical stores are warehouses commonly used by chemical or pharmaceutical companies to store bulk chemicals. In the US, the storage and handling of potentially hazardous materials must be disclosed to occupants under laws managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). devices are usually present where a workplace requires the use of non-hazardous and/or hazardous chemicals. Proper storage is imperative for the safety of, and access by, laboratory workers. Proper labeling is important to ensure that chemicals are not misidentified, which is key to protecting health and safety. For example, organizing chemicals alphabetically is not generally recommended, because it may lead to incompatible chemicals placed near each other, risking a dangerous reaction. Instead chemicals should be stored according to their reactivity and other properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46968105 | 45,695 |
Vote pairing in the 2016 United States presidential election Disenchanted Republicans pair up with disenchanted Democrats and both vote for third party or independent candidates instead of voting for the two establishment parties. By forming this pact, the major-party candidates on both sides are deprived of one vote. This prevents the spoiler effect from happening. Individuals wishing to vote pact must find matches by themselves. VotePact has set up a Facebook page to help facilitate the process. One criticism of vote pairing is that vote pairing agreements are unenforceable, given the secret ballot, as well as the fact that vote pairing agreements are not legal contracts, and thus not legally binding. Stein campaign co-chair Gloria Mattera has been critical of vote pairing schemes of type (1) and (2), stating that the campaign's position on vote pairing is that it is a failed strategy because voting for the "lesser evil" had led to the most disliked and distrusted major party candidates in history, and that instead Americans should vote for the candidate who best represents their interests. Other criticisms of vote pairing consist of arguments against supporting third-parties in the first place. One criticism is that helping third parties could hurt the Democratic Party in future elections, because if a third party secures 5% of the total votes, they are entitled to federal funds, and can then siphon off more votes from the Democratic Party in future elections. The main vote-swapping site in the 2000 United States presidential election, voteswap2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52167940 | 470,072 |
Lead () is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin "plumbum") and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. has the highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major nuclear decay chains of heavier elements. is a relatively unreactive post-transition metal. Its weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature; lead and lead oxides react with acids and bases, and it tends to form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group. Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds. Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to bond with itself; it can form chains and polyhedral structures. is easily extracted from its ores; prehistoric people in Western Asia knew of it. Galena, a principal ore of lead, often bears silver, interest in which helped initiate widespread extraction and use of lead in ancient Rome. production declined after the fall of Rome and did not reach comparable levels until the Industrial Revolution. In 2014, the annual global production of lead was about ten million tonnes, over half of which was from recycling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17747 | 48,422 |
Magnet-assisted transfection is a transfection method which uses magnetic interactions to deliver DNA into target cells. Nucleic acids are associated with magnetic nanoparticles, and magnetic fields drive the nucleic acid-particle complexes into target cells, where the nucleic acids are released. Nanoparticles used as carriers for nucleic acids are mostly iron oxides. These iron oxides can be generated by precipitation from acidic iron-salt solutions upon addition of appropriate bases. The magnetic nanoparticles have an approximate size of 100 nm and are additionally coated with biological polymers to allow loading of nucleic acids. Particles and nucleic acids form complexes by ionic interaction of the negatively charged nucleic acid and the positively charged surface of the magnetic nanoparticle. The binding of the negatively charged nucleic acids to the positively charged iron particles occurs relatively fast. After complex formation, the loaded particles are incubated together with the target cells on a magnetic plate. The magnetic field causes the iron particles to be rapidly drawn towards the surface of the cell membrane. Cellular uptake occurs by either endocytosis or pinocytosis. Once delivered to the target cells, the DNA is released into the cytoplasm. The magnetic particles are accumulated in endosomes and/or vacuoles. Over time, the nanoparticles are degraded and the iron enters the normal iron metabolism. Influence of cellular functions by iron particles has not been reported yet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22714697 | 10,553 |
Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model In the published version of Koopmans' paper, he imposes a new Condition Alpha in addition to the Euler equations, stating that the only admissible trajectories among those satisfying the Euler equations is the one that converges to the optimal steady-state equilibrium of the model. This result is derived in Cass' paper via the imposition of a transversality condition that Cass deduced from relevant sections of a book by Lev Pontryagin. Spear and Young conjecture that Koopmans took this route because he did not want to appear to be "borrowing" either Malinvaud's or Cass' transversality technology. Based on this and other examination of Malinvaud's contributions in 1950s—specifically his intuition of the importance of the transversality condition—Spear and Young suggest that the neo-classical growth model might better be called the Ramsey–Malinvaud–Cass model than the established Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans honorific. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701722 | 506,547 |
History of molecular biology Also, tRNA demonstrated many of the tertiary interactions observed in RNA architecture which would not be categorized and more thoroughly understood for years to come, providing a foundation for all future RNA structural research. For a considerable time following the first tRNA structures, the field of RNA structure did not dramatically advance. The ability to study an RNA structure depended upon the potential to isolate the RNA target. This proved limiting to the field for many years, in part because other known targets - i.e., the ribosome - were significantly more difficult to isolate and crystallize. Further, because other interesting RNA targets had simply not been identified, or were not sufficiently understood to be deemed interesting, there was simply a lack of things to study structurally. As such, for some twenty years following the original publication of the tRNA structure, the structures of only a handful of other RNA targets were solved, with almost all of these belonging to the transfer RNA family. This unfortunate lack of scope would eventually be overcome largely because of two major advancements in nucleic acid research: the identification of ribozymes, and the ability to produce them via "in vitro" transcription. Subsequent to Tom Cech's publication implicating the "Tetrahymena" group I intron as an autocatalytic ribozyme, and Sidney Altman's report of catalysis by ribonuclease P RNA, several other catalytic RNAs were identified in the late 1980s, including the hammerhead ribozyme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4173711 | 151,379 |
Thermodynamic versus kinetic reaction control In the deprotonation of an unsymmetrical ketone, the kinetic product is the enolate resulting from removal of the most accessible α-H while the thermodynamic product has the more highly substituted enolate moiety. Use of low temperatures and sterically demanding bases increases the kinetic selectivity. Here, the difference in p"K" between the base and the enolate is so large that the reaction is essentially irreversible, so the equilibration leading to the thermodynamic product is likely a proton exchange occurring during the addition between the kinetic enolate and as-yet-unreacted ketone. An inverse addition (adding ketone to the base) with rapid mixing would minimize this. The position of the equilibrium will depend on the countercation and solvent. If a much weaker base is used, the deprotonation will be incomplete, and there will be an equilibrium between reactants and products. Thermodynamic control is obtained, however the reaction remains incomplete unless the product enolate is trapped, as in the example below. Since H transfers are very fast, the trapping reaction being slower, the ratio of trapped products largely mirrors the deprotonation equilibrium. The electrophilic addition reaction of hydrogen bromide to 1,3-butadiene above room temperature leads predominantly to the thermodynamically more stable 1,4 adduct, 1-bromo-2-butene, but decreasing the reaction temperature to below room temperature favours the kinetic 1,2 adduct, 3-bromo-1-butene | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1822395 | 94,870 |
Spreckels Organ Pavilion Spreckels also donated the services of renowned organist Humphrey John Stewart for the two-year run of the exposition. After the exposition, Spreckels extended Stewart's contract. When Spreckels died in 1926, the pavilion was used for his memorial service. The U.S. Navy borrowed Balboa Park during World War II, and no organ concerts were played during 1942–1948. During the 1970s and 1980s, the pavilion fell into disuse and risked being demolished. Around $1.1 million was raised for repairs by the early 1980s from the city and a local non-profit. Initially, Bertram Goodhue's plans for Balboa Park for the Panama-California Exposition included a music pavilion that would be located north of Plaza de Panama. After Brazil decided not to participate with a building in the exposition, the pavilion was built at its site instead. Spreckels chose Harrison Albright to design the organ pavilion. Albright was a self-taught Los Angeles architect, who previously designed the U.S. Grant Hotel in downtown San Diego. The semi-circular pavilion was built by the F. Wurster Construction Company in an ornate Italian-Renaissance design. The organ was built by Austin Organs, Inc. as their Opus #453. It has 80 ranks totaling 5,017 pipes and faces north to protect the pipes from the sunlight. The audience therefore faces south. Commercial airplane landings at San Diego International Airport occasionally compete with the organ's sound | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4773323 | 357,859 |
Klaw (Marvel Comics) Klaw is subdued by the visiting Impossible Man. Klaw finds his powers waning, resulting in him having to manipulate a group of street youths into helping him gain the material needed to restore his power. With Black Panther's help, Klaw's scheme backfires. He finds himself imprisoned within his own gun-hand, stored at research facility Project Pegasus. In "Marvel Two-in-One" #57 - 58 (Nov. - Dec 1979), Klaw is freed by fellow villain Solarr, although both are defeated by a group of heroes, including the Thing, Quasar, Giant-Man, and Aquarian. After that, Klaw fights the Thing, Ka-Zar, and American Eagle. Klaw's career soon takes a downward spiral, after an encounter with the mutant Dazzler results in his humanoid form being dissolved and his sound energy being blasted out into space, where it ends up being collected by Galactus. His energy is found by Doctor Doom during the limited series "Secret Wars". Doom restores Klaw to normal. Sadly, the loss of his physical form has had repercussions; Klaw now has the mind of a child and is quite insane, a symptom of which is speaking in rhyme. Doom exploits Klaw's madness, convincing the villain to re-dissect him as part of a mad gambit to steal the powers of both Galactus and the Beyonder. However, the Beyonder possesses Klaw after losing his powers, leading to Klaw tricking Doom into giving up his stolen Godhood and teleporting the two back to Earth, where Klaw's mental state slowly heals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734132 | 212,465 |
Vectorette PCR has also been used to not only identify genomic positions of insertion sequences (IS) but also to map them. Research on this has shed light on a way to complete the typing of microbial stains and the identification and mapping of things like IS insertion sites that reside in microbial genomes. proves useful when it comes to rapidly and simply surveying genomes’ IS elements. Transposable element, transposon, or TE is a variation of genetic elements that is capable of changing its location in a genome by a process called “jumping”. TE display is designed to present the different variations of TE insertion sites which helps to make numerous dominant markers. A problem that arose in the original method was finding a PCR method that was capable of being specific and efficient in its output of the transposon within the genome. Researchers have found a solution for this problem by using as the PCR method. Since is capable of being specific with its isolation and amplification of genes, this helped with their research and aided in improving the method of TE display by saving both time and costs. The researchers were then able to produce numerous dominant markers with the use of that is based on a TE display that is nonradioactive. Thyroid lymphoma is an illness which leads to the transformation of the lymphocytes belonging to the thyroid into cells of a cancerous nature. Researchers have tested a new method that aids in the diagnosis of this condition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60748702 | 158,669 |
Progenitor cell The majority of progenitor cells lie dormant or possess little activity in the tissue in which they reside. They exhibit slow growth and their main role is to replace cells lost by normal attrition. In case of tissue injury, damaged or dead cells, progenitor cells can be activated. Growth factors or cytokines are two substances that trigger the progenitors to mobilize toward the damaged tissue. At the same time, they start to differentiate into the target cells. Not all progenitors are mobile and are situated near the tissue of their target differentiation. When the cytokines, growth factors and other cell division-enhancing stimulators take on the progenitors, a higher rate of cell division is introduced. It leads to the recovery of the tissue. The characterization or the defining principle of progenitor cells, in order to separate them from others, is based on the different cell markers rather than their morphological appearance. Before embryonic day 40 (E40), progenitor cells generate other progenitor cells; after that period, progenitor cells produce only dissimilar mesenchymal stem cell daughters. The cells from a single progenitor cell form a proliferative unit that creates one cortical column; these columns contain a variety of neurons with different shapes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5523586 | 4,960 |
Permian–Triassic extinction event In the mid to late Triassic, the dinosaurs evolved from one group of archosaurs, and went on to dominate terrestrial ecosystems during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. This "Triassic Takeover" may have contributed to the evolution of mammals by forcing the surviving therapsids and their mammaliform successors to live as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores; nocturnal life probably forced at least the mammaliforms to develop fur and higher metabolic rates, while losing part of the differential color-sensitive retinal receptors reptilians and birds preserved. Some temnospondyl amphibians made a relatively quick recovery, in spite of nearly becoming extinct. "Mastodonsaurus" and trematosaurians were the main aquatic and semiaquatic predators during most of the Triassic, some preying on tetrapods and others on fish. Land vertebrates took an unusually long time to recover from the P–Tr extinction; Palaeontologist Michael Benton estimated the recovery was not complete until after the extinction, i.e. not until the Late Triassic, in which dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodiles, archosaurs, amphibians, and mammaliforms were abundant and diverse. Pinpointing the exact causes of the is difficult, mostly because it occurred over 250 million years ago, and since then much of the evidence that would have pointed to the cause has been destroyed or is concealed deep within the Earth under many layers of rock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24749 | 154,493 |
Engineering education The degrees are awarded by engineering schools or faculties in universities (in Aalto University, Oulu, Turku, Vaasa and Åbo Akademi University) or by separate universities of technology (Tampere UT and Lappeenranta UT). The degree is a scientific, theoretical taught master's degree. Master's thesis is important part of master's degree studies. Master's degree qualifies for further study into Licentiate or doctorate. Because of the Bologna process, the degree "tekniikan kandidaatti" ("Bachelor of Technology"), corresponding to three years of study into the master's degree, has been introduced. The universities of applied sciences are regional universities that award 3.5-, to 4-year engineer degrees insinööri (amk). An engineer's degree is normally 240 ECTS. There are 20 universities of applied sciences in Finland with a vide range of disciplines. The aim of the degree is professional competency with an emphasis on practical problem solving in engineering. Normally the teaching language is Finnish but there are also universities with Swedish as language of instruction, and most universities of applied sciences offer some degrees in English, too. These universities also award a Master of Engineering degree, designed for engineers already involved in the working life with at least two years of professional experience. In France, the engineering degree is mainly delivered by "Grandes Écoles d'Ingénieurs" (graduate schools of engineering) upon completion of 3 years of Master's studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8081063 | 288,596 |
Getty Villa The room also has polystyrene props from Greek and Roman culture for children to handle and use to cast shadows. The also offers children's guides to the other exhibits. The Getty Conservation Institute offers a Master's Program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation in association with the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA. Classes and research are conducted in the museum wing of the ranch house. The program was the first of its kind in the United States. The Villa self-identifies with Malibu as it is located just east of the city limits of Malibu in the city of Los Angeles in the community of Pacific Palisades. The museum complex sits on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean, which is about from the entrance to the property. An outdoor entry pavilion is also built into the hill near the 248-car, four story, South Parking garage at the southern end of the Outer Peristyle. To the west of the Museum is a 450-seat outdoor Greek theater where evening performances are staged, named in honor of Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman. The theater faces the west side of the Villa and uses its entrance as a stage. To the northwest of the theatre is a three-story, building built into the hill that contains the museum store on the lower level, a cafe on the second level, and a private dining room on the top level. North of the Villa is a indoor 250 seat auditorium. On the hill above the museum are Getty's original private ranch house and the museum wing that Getty added to his home in 1954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3499721 | 320,666 |
Prime time In Croatia, prime time starts between 20:00 and 20:15. Croatian public broadcaster HRT broadcasts a daily newscast from 19:00 to 20:00. Also, many private broadcasters have daily newscasts either before or after the HTY newscast, at around 20.05, followed by the start of their own prime time. Many broadcasters without daily newscasts start their prime time at 20:00. generally ends between 22:00 and 23:00, followed by the late night edition of the network newscast and adult-oriented programming. In Denmark, prime time starts at 20:00. In Finland, prime time starts at 21:00. It is preceded by a daily newscast at 20:30. In France prime time runs from 21:05 (after the main channels' evening news programmes) until around 22:30. In Georgia, prime time starts between 18:45 and 20:00 and generally ends at midnight. However, on Friday night / Saturday morning prime time usually continues until 1:00. At 20:00 each evening Das Erste (The First), Germany's oldest public television network, airs the country's most-watched news broadcast, the main edition of the "Tagesschau"—which is also simulcast on most of its other specialist and regional channels (The Third). The conclusion of the bulletin 15 minutes later marks the beginning of prime time, as it has since the 1950s. In consequence, most channels also choose to start their prime time at 20:15. In the 1990s, the commercial channel Sat.1 suffered a significant loss of audience share when it tried moving the start of its prime time to 20:00 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24973 | 516,444 |
John von Neumann The mathematician Jean Dieudonné said that von Neumann "may have been the last representative of a once-flourishing and numerous group, the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics and who throughout their careers maintained a steady production in both directions", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the "most scintillating intellect of this century". In the foreword of Miklós Rédei's "Selected Letters", Peter Lax wrote, "To gain a measure of von Neumann's achievements, consider that had he lived a normal span of years, he would certainly have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in economics. And if there were Nobel Prizes in computer science and mathematics, he would have been honored by these, too. So the writer of these letters should be thought of as a triple Nobel laureate or, possibly, a -fold winner, for his work in physics, in particular, quantum mechanics". In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone, pancreatic or prostate cancer. He was not able to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, "So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end," referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, "There probably has to be a God | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15942 | 419,183 |
Chinle Franciscan Mission Historic District The administration offices of the church are housed in a mobile modular building, as well as several other modular buildings south of the thrift shop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52906851 | 336,519 |
Buildings of St Joseph's College, Nudgee The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. Situated on the "Nudgee Mound", the most prominent and elevated part of the site, the older buildings of the College with their sweeping facades and architecturally cohesive design form a landmark in the northeastern suburbs of Brisbane. The rendered Renaissance revival architecture set in extensive grounds and bounded by established trees is valued for its aesthetic qualities and contribution to the historical character of the area. Ross Oval has been used for sport and recreation from the earliest days of the College and became the primary sports ground for the College after it was leveled and the grandstand built in 1927. The oval is an integral part of the main building complex and makes a significant contribution to its aesthetic appeal. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. St Joseph's Nudgee College, has a special association for generations of Catholic families who have sent their sons to this school since 1891. The college is considered the premier Catholic boys' boarding school in Queensland, and has a special role in Catholic education in this state. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53781619 | 336,949 |
Ribosome profiling Prior to its development, efforts to measure translation in vivo included microarray analysis on the RNA isolated from polysomes, as well as translational profiling through the affinity purification of epitope tagged ribosomes. These are useful and complementary methods, but neither allows the sensitivity and positional information provided by ribosome profiling. There are three main uses of ribosome profiling: identifying translated mRNA regions, observing how nascent peptides are folded, and measuring the amount of specific proteins that are synthesized. By using specific drugs, ribosome profiling can identify either initiating regions of mRNA or elongating regions. Initiating regions can be detected by adding harringtonine or lactidomycin to prevent any further initiation. This allows the starting codon of the mRNAs throughout the cell lysate to be analyzed, which has been used to determine non-AUG sequences that do initiate translation. The other elongating regions can be detected by adding antibiotics like cycloheximide that inhibit translocation, chloramphenicol that inhibits transfer of peptides within the ribosome, or non-drug means like thermal freezing. These elongation freezing methods allow for the kinetics of translation to be analyzed. Since multiple ribosomes can translate a single mRNA molecule to speed up the translation process, RiboSeq demonstrates the protein coding regions within the mRNA and how quickly this is done depending on the mRNA being sequenced | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35341802 | 64,391 |
Whirlwind mill A whirlwind mill is a beater mill for pulverising and micro-pulverising in process engineering. Whirlwind mills essentially consist of a mill base, a mill cover and a rotor. The inner side of the cover is equipped with wear protection elements. The top of the rotor is equipped with precrushing tools, and its side is covered with numerous U-shaped grinding tools. The grinding stock is fed to the mill via an inlet box and is pre-crushed by the tools on top of the rotor. The precrushing tools also carry the product into the milling zone at the side of the rotor. There the grinding stock is fluidised in the air stream between rotor and stator caused by rotation and the U-shaped grinding tools. The special design of these tools creates massive air whirls in the grinding zone (this is where the name of the mill comes from). These air whirls cause the main grinding effect. The particles collide with each other in these whirlwinds. The final particle size can be adjusted by changing the clearance between rotor and stator, air flow and rotor speed. Whirlwind mills are basically used for pulverisation and micro-pulverisation of soft to medium hard products. In addition they can be used for cryogenic grinding, combined grinding/drying, combined drying/blending and defibration of organic substances (such as paper, cellulose, etc.). Whirlwind Mills can be found in different industries, such as chemical, plastic, building material, and food industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22533786 | 205,406 |
Optogenetics At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on "Breakthroughs of the Decade" in the academic research journal "Science". By Early 1990s LC katz and Calloway had shown that light could uncage glutamate. An earlier use of light to activate neurons was carried out by Richard Fork, who demonstrated laser activation of neurons within intact tissue, although not in a genetically-targeted manner. The earliest genetically targeted method that used light to control rhodopsin-sensitized neurons was reported in January 2002, by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, who employed "Drosophila" rhodopsin cultured mammalian neurons. In 2003, Zemelman and Miesenböck developed a second method for light-dependent activation of neurons in which single inotropic channels TRPV1, TRPM8 and P2X2 were gated by photocaged ligands in response to light. Beginning in 2004, the Kramer and Isacoff groups developed organic photoswitches or "reversibly caged" compounds in collaboration with the Trauner group that could interact with genetically introduced ion channels. TRPV1 methodology, albeit without the illumination trigger, was subsequently used by several laboratories to alter feeding, locomotion and behavioral resilience in laboratory animals. However, light-based approaches for altering neuronal activity were not applied outside the original laboratories, likely because the easier to employ channelrhodopsin was cloned soon thereafter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14958673 | 132,268 |
History of multitrack recording In a price range between $150 and usually under $1000, superior software mimicking complex recording studios that once could cost a hundred thousand dollars, or more, are also available However solutions this powerful are not needed for most applications. This is a far cry from the days when multitrack recorders cost thousands of dollars and few people could afford them. In early (circa) 2000 the availability of low cost CakeWalk for windows provided opportunities for many to get a start in multi-track digital recording on the Windows for around $50 to $100. After hardware became more powerful, more capabilities became available, including more digital channels and plug in effects. In the 2010s, the availability of inexpensive software coupled with low cost hardware solutions, have enabled many singer-songwriters to self-produce their first recordings without paying high fees for a professional recording studio or audio engineer. The most popular DAW today are: FL Studio, Pro Tools, Reaper, Live, Cubase, Logic and Digital Performer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9703269 | 265,847 |
Geoduck aquaculture The report suggested that because the infauna are already accustomed to natural disturbances such as wave action and extreme weather conditions, harvesting does not affect them any differently. This report, however, has garnered criticisms which point out that the studies are not long-term, so the effect of geoduck aquaculture practices over many years still cannot be ascertained. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36781922 | 178,912 |
Neurochip "In previous studies, researchers developed a neurochip that could directly stimulate and record brain cell activity. Now, Orly Yadid-Pecht and Naweed Syed have successfully developed a novel lab-on-a-chip technology that, through an ultra-sensitive component built directly on the microchip, also enables direct imaging of activity in brain cells." Present applications are neuron research. Future applications (still in the experimental phase) are retinal implants or brain implants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2035310 | 412,078 |
Silicon Valley Computer Group Philippines By that time, PCs with brands IdeaPad and ThinkPad PCs, ThinkServer systems and ThinkVision monitors, and as well as Lenovo computer accessories were readily available at the concept store. The concept store also offers PC repairs and technical support for Lenovo products. In 2010, Silicon Valley was offered by Globe Telecoms in providing communication tools with mobile postpaid lines, wired direct lines and broadband internet connections. This has increased the efficiency of Silicon Valley's operations. In 2016, Promate Philippines partnered with Silicon Valley in selling their products. The growth of Silicon Valley expanded with developments of retail shopping malls in the country by adding more of their branches inside the country's major retail malls like SM Malls, Ayala Malls, and KCC Malls. They have 51 branches of which 29 of those are their showrooms, nationwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52333640 | 390,407 |
Nuclear Power School "La Jolla" is the first to undergo the conversion to a training ship and will be followed by about two years after, according to the Navy's long-range ship decommissioning plans. Two land-based reactor prototypes are based at the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Kenneth A. Kesselring Site Operation, in Ballston Spa, New York. These are the MARF/S7G and the S8G Trident prototypes. The S8G core has now been replaced with the S6W reactor core. At one time, two additional prototypes were operational: D1G and S3G. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory in New York has the longest operational history of NPTUs. However, two other sites also provided operational training during the Cold War. From the early 1950s to the mid-1990s, Naval Reactors Facility (NRF) in Idaho trained nearly 40,000 Navy personnel in surface and submarine nuclear power plant operations with three nuclear propulsion prototypes — A1W, S1W, and S5G. From 1959 until 1993, over 14,000 Naval operators were trained at the S1C prototype at Windsor, Connecticut. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24008985 | 210,760 |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) The inner fort was a square and 3-layer construction. The lowest was for storage of ammunition and food. The second features a blank wall. The middle part of each side has a semicircle protruding barrack to strengthen the defense. Above the third story was the administrative center, including offices, garrison and church, all of them independent structures. There were walls on the periphery, with protruding bastion on each of the four corners, armed with cannons; a watch tower was set at the southwest bastion. The one-story outer fort was a rectangular fort, with bastions on the northwest and southwest corners, armed with several cannons. Inside the outer fort were residences, hospital and houses; the plaza was the commercial area. Bricks were brought from Java and the mortar consisted of a mixture of sugar, sand, ground seashells and glutinous rice. The fort was designed to be surrounded by three concentric layers of walls and its four corners were built into protruding bastions for better defense. Its layout was typical of European forts of the 17th century. Inside was the military and administration center, church, garrisons, and jailhouse; outside was the downtown. Between the fort and downtown, there were market, slaughterhouse, gallows, execution ground and city weighing station. Dutch bond was used for laying bricks to build Fort Zeelandia. It is created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course to avoid gaps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=680757 | 338,335 |
Peregrine soliton Those substructures have also a profile close to a Peregrine soliton, which can be analytically explained using a Darboux transformation. The typical triangular spectral shape has also been experimentally confirmed. These results in optics have been confirmed in 2011 in hydrodynamics with experiments carried out in a 15-m long water wave tank. In 2013, complementary experiments using a scale model of a chemical tanker ship have discussed the potential devastating effects on the ship. Other experiments carried out in the physics of plasmas have also highlighted the emergence of Peregrine solitons in other fields ruled by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32000325 | 363,136 |
Dale Heatherington (born 1948) helped Dennis C. Hayes in the development of Hayes Microcomputer Products, the company that pioneered the Hayes modem and the Hayes command set. Although a southern newspaper described him as "just a multimillionaire who likes tracking his cat with a homemade radio transmitter," Hayes and Heatherington, having met as fellow employees of National Data Corporation, formed a company to facilitate automating the process of dialing a modem. Their offering "happened to be the first modem created for a personal computer." The company is also noted as "the first to integrate its own command set" (known as the "Hayes command set"). This automated hardware and software combination contrasted with the work they had performed at "National Data", where they handled electronic money transfers and credit card authorizations (manually dialing, using acoustic coupler modems). A 1981 look at the "Hayes" firm's internal operation described Heatherington as "technical guru .. provide technical solutions." Heatherington retired from "Hayes Microcomputer" in 1985; his share of the firm resulted in receiving $20 million. The Hayes company's products were superseded by higher speed Modems, and Hayes Microcomputer Products went bankrupt in 1998. Heatherington majored in electrical engineering at Southern Polytechnic State University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62612839 | 296,514 |
Sumner-White Dipping Vat The Sumner–White Dipping Vat is a historic concrete cattle dipping vat in Ashley County, Arkansas. It is located about four miles northeast of the intersection of U.S. Highway 82 and County Road 69, half a mile in the woods northeast of the Sumner-White Hunt Club. The vat is a concrete structure about long, wide, and deep. A U-shaped concrete structure, built about the same time, stands about from the vat, near where cattle would have exited the vat. It was probably built c. 1915, when a statewide program was initiated for the eradication of Texas tick fever. The facilities were likely used until the program came to an end in 1943. The vat and associated U-shaped structure were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41665634 | 327,786 |
Protein engineering During these PCR cycles the fragments act as templates and primers. This results in chimeric full length genes, which are then subjected to screening. Fragments of parental genes are created using controlled digestion by exonuclease III. These fragments are blunted using endonuclease, and are ligated to produce hybrid genes. THIOITCHY is a modified ITCHY technique which utilized nucleotide triphosphate analogs such as α-phosphothioate dNTPs. Incorporation of these nucleotides blocks digestion by exonuclease III. This inhibition of digestion by exonuclease III is called spiking. Spiking can be accomplished by first truncating genes with exonuclease to create fragments with short single stranded overhangs. These fragments then serve as templates for amplification by DNA polymerase in the presence of small amounts of phosphothioate dNTPs. These resulting fragments are then ligated together to form full length genes. Alternatively the intact parental genes can be amplified by PCR in the presence of normal dNTPs and phosphothioate dNTPs. These full length amplification products are then subjected to digestion by an exonuclease. Digestion will continue until the exonuclease encounters an α-pdNTP, resulting in fragments of different length. These fragments are then ligated together to generate chimeric genes. This method generates libraries of hybrid genes inhibiting multiple crossovers by combining DNA shuffling and ITCHY. This method begins with the construction of two independent ITCHY libraries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216104 | 222,796 |
Film-out 97 video "frames" (consisting of two interlaced screen-fulls of scan lines, called fields, per frame) per second. In this way, NTSC resolves actual live action movement at almost – but not quite – 60 alternating half-resolution images every second. Because of this 29.97 rate, no direct correlation to film frames at 24 frames per second can be achieved. NTSC is hardest to reconcile with film, thus motivates its own unique processes. PAL and SECAM run at 25 interlaced video "frames" per second, which can be slowed down or frame-dropped, then deinterlaced, to correlate "frame" for frame with film running at 24 actual frames per second. PAL and SECAM are less complex and demanding than NTSC for film-out. PAL and SECAM conversions do agitate, though, with the unpleasant choice between slowing down video (and audio pitch, noticeably) by four percent, from 25 to 24 frames per second, in order to maintain a 1:1 frame match, slightly changing the rhythm and feel of the program; or maintaining original speed by periodically dropping frames, thereby creating jerkiness and possible loss of vital detail in fast-moving action or precise edits. High definition digital video can be shot at a variety of frame rates, including 29.97 interlaced (like NTSC) or progressive; or 25 interlaced (like PAL) or progressive; or even 24-progressive (just like film). HD, if shot in 24-progressive, scans nearly perfectly to film without the need of a frame or field conversion process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1342176 | 249,471 |
George Westinghouse Award (ASEE) The George Westinghouse Award, named after George Westinghouse, was given by the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) for outstanding contributions to engineering education. It was awarded to "a young engineering educator of outstanding ability to recognize and encourage his or her contributions to improving engineering teaching". The award was established by the Westinghouse Foundation in 1946, last issued in 1999 and consisted of an honorarium and a certificate. The following people received the George Westinghouse Award: Westinghouse's principal foundation for the company's social investments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26856068 | 209,855 |
Java Card OpenPlatform (JCOP) is a smart card operating system for the Java Card platform developed by IBM Zürich Research Laboratory. On 31 January 2006 the development and support responsibilities transferred to the IBM Smart Card Technology team in Böblingen, Germany. Since July 2007 support and development activities for the JCOP operating system on NXP / Philips silicon are serviced by NXP Semiconductors. The title originates from the standards it complies with: A Java Card JCOP has a Java Card Virtual Machine (JCVM) which allows it to run applications written in Java programming language. Mask 0 : 1998 (spring) Mask 1 : 1998 Mask 2 and 3 : 1999 Mask 4 : 1999 Mask 5 : 2000 Visa breakthrough program JCOP v2 JCOP v2.2 JCOP v2.2.1 – JCOP v2.3.1 JCOP v2.3.2 JCOP v2.4 JCOP v2.4.1 JCOP v2.4.2 Smartcard controller SmartMX2, P61, flash based persistent memory JCOP 3.0 JCOP 3.1 SMX2, P60, EEPROM based persistent memory JCOP 3.x JCOP is an operating system for a security sensitive embedded system environment, smartcard or secure element controllers in particular. The functional architecture can be partitioned into three parts: NXP offers also MIFARE emulations for Classic and DESFIRE on the same chip as additional (native) operating systems. While JCOP is based on open standards, MIFARE technology is NXP specific. Java Card applets running in JCOP can then be used to manage the MIFARE memory through Java Card API. MIFARE Plus and MIFARE Ultralight are not (yet) supported. GP is a high-level standard with many options | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2485041 | 102,662 |
Timeline of chemistry Many events considered central to our modern understanding of chemistry are also considered key discoveries in such fields as physics, biology, astronomy, geology, and materials science to name a few. Prior to the acceptance of the scientific method and its application to the field of chemistry, it is somewhat controversial to consider many of the people listed below as "chemists" in the modern sense of the word. However, the ideas of certain great thinkers, either for their prescience, or for their wide and long-term acceptance, bear listing here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9488196 | 265,573 |
Small business Worst-case scenario, a business may actually lose all their working capital and funds. The legal difficulties involved with cyber crime can become pricy and hurt the business itself for not having standard security measures and standards. Security not only for the business but more importantly the customer should be number one priority when dealing with security protocol. The monetary dollar damage caused by cyber crime in 2016 equalled out to be over 1.33 billion dollars in the United States alone. In 2016, California alone had over 255 million dollars reported to the IC3. The average company this year in the United States amounted to 17.36 million dollars in cyber crime attacks. Certain cyber attacks can vary on how long it takes to solve a problem. It can take upwards to 69 days for an average everyday attack on a business. The types of attacks include viruses and malware issues. Employee activities within the workspace can also render a cyber attack. Employees using mobile devices or remote work access off the job makes it easier for a cyber attack to occur. Although small businesses have close relationships with their existing customers, finding new customers and reaching new markets is a major challenge for small business owners. Small businesses typically find themselves strapped for time to do marketing, as they have to run the day-to-day aspects of the business. To create a continual stream of new business and find new clients and customers, they must work on marketing their business continuously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=276495 | 463,121 |
Open music model Supporters argued that it offered a superior alternative to the current law-enforcement based methods used by the recording industry. One startup in Germany, Playment, announced plans to adapt the entire model to a commercial setting as the basis for its business model. Several aspects of the model have been adopted by the recording industry and its partners over time: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3216683 | 233,310 |
Biorefining is the process of "building" multiple products from biomass as a feedstock or raw material much like a petroleum refinery that is currently in use. A biorefinery is a facility like a petroleum refinery that comprises the various process steps or unit operations and related equipment to produce various bioproducts including fuels, power, materials and chemicals from biomass. Industrial biorefineries have been identified as the most promising route to the creation of a new domestic biobased industry producing entire spectrum of bioproducts or bio-based products. Biomass has various components such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, extractives, etc. Biorefinery can take advantage of the unique properties of each of biomass components enabling the production of various products. The various bioproducts can include fiber, fuels, chemicals, plastics etc. Some research is being conducted as well in order to improve the manufacturing processes. For example, to make plastics, paint, medicines, antifreeze out of syngas, a new catalyst has been invented by Krijn de Jong. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25658641 | 243,815 |
Hydrogenography is a combinatorial method based on the observation of optical changes on the metal surface by hydrogen absorption. The method allows the examination of thousands of combinations of alloy samples in a single batch. In the 1996 report of the method, thin films were coated with yttrium and lanthanum topped with a layer of palladium for the diffusion of hydrogen. The rate of absorption of hydrogen resulted in typical optical properties. In the 2008 report magnesium, titanium and nickel are eroded and sputtering deposited in different ratios onto a transparent film in a thin layer of 100 nanometres following exposure to hydrogen in different amounts resulting in optical differences, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20178252 | 343,530 |
Agent architecture in computer science is a blueprint for software agents and intelligent control systems, depicting the arrangement of components. The architectures implemented by intelligent agents are referred to as cognitive architectures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4510677 | 121,851 |
Supercritical fluid extraction As the extraction progresses, the concentration in the center of the sphere drops as the extractant diffuses towards the edge of the sphere (Figure 2c). The relative rates of diffusion and dissolution are illustrated by two extreme cases in Figure 3. Figure 3a shows a case where dissolution is fast relative to diffusion. The material is carried away from the edge faster than it can diffuse from the center, so the concentration at the edge drops to zero. The material is carried away as fast as it arrives at the surface, and the extraction is completely diffusion limited. Here the rate of extraction can be increased by increasing diffusion rate, for example raising the temperature, but not by increasing the flow rate of the solvent. Figure 3b shows a case where solubility is low relative to diffusion. The extractant is able to diffuse to the edge faster than it can be carried away by the solvent, and the concentration profile is flat. In this case, the extraction rate can be increased by increasing the rate of dissolution, for example by increasing flow rate of the solvent. The extraction curve of % recovery against time can be used to elucidate the type of extraction occurring. Figure 4(a) shows a typical diffusion controlled curve. The extraction is initially rapid, until the concentration at the surface drops to zero, and the rate then becomes much slower. The % extracted eventually approaches 100%. Figure 4(b) shows a curve for a solubility limited extraction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2147274 | 482,269 |
Cordele Commercial Historic District The is a historic district in Cordele, Georgia which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The listing included 66 contributing buildings and a contributing structure. The district is roughly bounded by Sixth Ave., Sixth St., Ninth Ave., and Fourteenth St. It includes the Cordele Carnegie Library, a Carnegie library designed by J.W. Golucke & Co. which was built in 1903. The 1907 Masonic Lodge was designed in Beaux Arts style by architect T. Firth Lockwood, Sr.. It includes a U.S. Post Office building (1912-13) credited to James Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect of the U. S. Treasury, which is separately listed on the National Register as United States Post Office (Cordele, Georgia). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57583603 | 316,230 |
System Contention Scope In Computer Science, The is one of two thread-scheduling schemes used in operating systems. This scheme is used by the kernel to decide which kernel-level thread to schedule onto a CPU, wherein all threads (as opposed to only user-level threads, as in the Process Contention Scope scheme) in the system compete for the CPU. Operating systems that use only the one-to-one model, such as Windows, Linux, and Solaris, schedule threads using only System Contention Scope. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4076182 | 276,082 |
Total shareholder return However, as an approximation over one year it can be calculated as follows with: formula_1 = share price at beginning of year, formula_2 = share price at end of year, "Dividends" = dividends paid over year and "TSR" = total shareholder return, TSR is computed as formula_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=986625 | 454,113 |
Diary studies Feedback studies involve answering questions more frequently and in situ, therefore enabling more accurate recall but more effortful recording. In contrast, elicitation studies involve quickly capturing media in situ but answering questions much later, therefore enabling less effortful recording but potentially inaccurate recall. are most often used when observing behavior over time in a natural environment. They can be beneficial when one is looking to find new qualitative and quantitative data. Advantages of diary studies are numerous. They allow: There are some limitations of diary studies, mainly due to their characteristics of reliance on memory and self-report measures. There is low control, low participation and there is a risk of disturbing the action. In feedback studies, it can be troubling and disturbing to write everything down. The validity of diary studies rests on the assumption that participants will accurately recall and record their experiences. This is somewhat more easily enabled by the fact that diaries are completed & media is captured in a natural environment and closer, in real-time, to any occurrences of the phenomenon of interest. However, there are multiple barriers to obtaining accurate data, such as: tend to dictate specific times or a frequency at which the participant should complete their diary entries or capture media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37059545 | 98,649 |
Zobel network It certainly affects the input impedance (and hence the input terminal voltage) but not the transfer function. The transfer function can now easily be seen to be; The load impedance is actually the impedance of the following stage or of a transmission line and can sensibly be omitted from the circuit diagram. If we also set; then the circuit to the right results. This is referred to as a bridged T circuit because the impedance "Z" is seen to "bridge" across the T section. The purpose of setting "Z" = "Z" is to make the filter section symmetrical. This has the advantage that it will then present the same impedance, "Z", at both the input and the output port. A Zobel filter section can be implemented for low-pass, high-pass, band-pass or band-stop. It is also possible to implement a flat frequency response attenuator. This last is of some importance for the practical filter sections described later. For an attenuator section, "Z" is simply and, The attenuation of the section is given by; For a low-pass filter section, "Z" is an inductor and "Z" ' is a capacitor; and where The transfer function of the section is given by The 3 dB point occurs when "ωL = R" so the 3 dB cut-off frequency is given by where "ω" is in the stop band well above "ω", it can be seen from this that "A"("ω") is falling away in the stop band at the classic 6 dB/8ve (or 20 dB/decade) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10760797 | 388,790 |
Compressor However, open compressors that drive refrigeration systems are generally not totally "maintenance-free" throughout the life of the system, since some gas leakage will occur over time. A compressor can be idealized as internally reversible and adiabatic, thus an isentropic steady state device, meaning the change in entropy is 0. By defining the compression cycle as isentropic, an ideal efficiency for the process can be attained, and the ideal compressor performance can be compared to the actual performance of the machine. Isotropic Compression as used in ASME PTC 10 Code refers to a reversible, adiabatic compression process Isentropic efficiency of Compressors: Comparison of the differential form of the energy balance for each device Let formula_5 be heat, formula_6 be work, formula_7 be kinetic energy and formula_8 be potential energy. Actual Compressor: Reversible Compressor: The right hand side of each compressor type is equivalent, thus: re-arranging: By substituting the know equation formula_13 into the last equation and dividing both terms by T: Furthermore, formula_15 and T is [absolute temperature] (formula_16) which produces: formula_17 or formula_18 Therefore, work-consuming devices such as pumps and compressors (work is negative) require less work when they operate reversibly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=508504 | 430,193 |
Reversible computing To implement reversible computation, estimate its cost, and to judge its limits, it can be formalized in terms of gate-level circuits. A simplified model of such circuits is one in which inputs are consumed (however, note that real logic gates as implemented e.g. in CMOS do not do this). In this modeling framework, an inverter (logic gate) (NOT) gate is reversible because it can be "undone". The exclusive or (XOR) gate is irreversible because its two inputs cannot be unambiguously reconstructed from its single output. However, a reversible version of the XOR gate—the controlled NOT gate (CNOT)—can be defined by preserving one of the inputs. The three-input variant of the CNOT gate is called the Toffoli gate. It preserves two of its inputs "a,b" and replaces the third "c" by formula_1. With formula_2, this gives the AND function, and with formula_3 this gives the NOT function. Thus, the Toffoli gate is universal and can implement any reversible Boolean function (given enough zero-initialized ancillary bits). More generally, reversible gates that consume their input have no more inputs than outputs. A reversible circuit connects reversible gates without fanouts and loops. Therefore, such circuits contain equal numbers of input and output wires, each going through an entire circuit. Similarly, in the Turing machine model of computation, a reversible Turing machine is one whose transition function is invertible, so that each machine state has at most one predecessor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1539548 | 369,483 |
Anthony Oettinger Getting caught up in the German march into France, his family arrived in New York in 1941 via Spain and Portugal. At the age of 12, English thus became his third language. Oettinger graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and entered Harvard, after his first choice, MIT, did not offer him a scholarship and Harvard did. He received his A.B. "summa cum laude" in 1951, having studied Spanish and French literature, Russian, economics and mathematics. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa as well as the chapter's First Marshall his junior year. Also as a junior he started working with Howard Aiken in the Computation Laboratory and acquired an interest in machine translation. By 1954 he had completed his Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics at Harvard, with a dissertation on "A study for the design of an automatic dictionary". He joined the Harvard faculty two years later first as an instructor (1955–1957), then an assistant professor (1957–1960), associate professor (1960–1963), and then as a full professor in linguistics (1964–1975) and in applied mathematics (1964– ). When he became a tenured professor in 1960 at the age of 31 he was the youngest to have achieved that status at Harvard. Oettinger's early work was primarily on machine translation. He capsulized the challenges of machine translation with an example of syntactic ambiguity "Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50114311 | 128,959 |
Photon polarization An operator U with the property that where I is the identity operator and U is called a unitary operator. The unitary property is necessary to ensure energy conservation in state transformations. If the crystal is very thin, the final state will be only slightly different from the initial state. The unitary operator will be close to the identity operator. We can define the operator H by and the adjoint by Energy conservation then requires This requires that Operators like this that are equal to their adjoints are called Hermitian or self-adjoint. The infinitesimal transition of the polarization state is Thus, energy conservation requires that infinitesimal transformations of a polarization state occur through the action of a Hermitian operator. The treatment to this point has been classical. It is a testament, however, to the generality of Maxwell's equations for electrodynamics that the treatment can be made quantum mechanical with only a reinterpretation of classical quantities. The reinterpretation is based on the theories of Max Planck and the interpretation by Albert Einstein of those theories and of other experiments. Einstein's conclusion from early experiments on the photoelectric effect is that electromagnetic radiation is composed of irreducible packets of energy, known as photons. The energy of each packet is related to the angular frequency of the wave by the relation where formula_51 is an experimentally determined quantity known as Planck's constant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6432722 | 440,163 |
RNA interference Using this mechanism, researchers can cause a drastic decrease in the expression of a targeted gene. Studying the effects of this decrease can show the physiological role of the gene product. Since RNAi may not totally abolish expression of the gene, this technique is sometimes referred as a "knockdown", to distinguish it from "knockout" procedures in which expression of a gene is entirely eliminated. In a recent study validation of RNAi silencing efficiency using gene array data showed 18.5% failure rate across 429 independent experiments. Extensive efforts in computational biology have been directed toward the design of successful dsRNA reagents that maximize gene knockdown but minimize "off-target" effects. Off-target effects arise when an introduced RNA has a base sequence that can pair with and thus reduce the expression of multiple genes. Such problems occur more frequently when the dsRNA contains repetitive sequences. It has been estimated from studying the genomes of humans, "C. elegans" and "S. pombe" that about 10% of possible siRNAs have substantial off-target effects. A multitude of software tools have been developed implementing algorithms for the design of general mammal-specific, and virus-specific siRNAs that are automatically checked for possible cross-reactivity. Depending on the organism and experimental system, the exogenous RNA may be a long strand designed to be cleaved by dicer, or short RNAs designed to serve as siRNA substrates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29188721 | 155,415 |
IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances is a family of pre-built, pre-configured rack mountable network devices (XML appliances) that can help accelerate XML and Web Services deployments while extending SOA infrastructure. Originally these devices were created by DataPower Technology Inc., which was acquired by IBM in October 2005. This WebSphere family consists of rack-mountable network appliances, blade appliances, appliances that rack inside a z/OS mainframe, and virtual appliances . This hardware model is a 1U rack mountable appliance that has 4 1Gb ethernet connections. This model is a 1U rack mountable appliance that has 4 1Gb ethernet connections and 2 10Gb ethernet connections. This model is a 2U rack mountable appliance that has 8 1Gb ethernet connections and 2 10Gb ethernet connections. This model is a 2U rack mountable appliance that has 8 1Gb ethernet connections and 2 10Gb ethernet connections. DataPower Appliances contain many specialized hardware components, including ASIC-based IPS, custom encrypted RAID drives, and (optional) hardware security modules. DataPower Appliances operate a single digitally signed firmware containing a Linux-based operating system and application stack. DataPower's firmware runs on a flash storage device. IBM refreshes and enhances the DataPower firmware image every 10–20 weeks. Users cannot run 3rd party applications on DataPower as they would need a traditional server and operating system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11537439 | 101,987 |
Automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom "What we're trying to do as far as we can is to stitch together the existing camera network rather than install a huge number of new cameras," - Mr Whiteley chairman of the ANPR steering committee said. Some cameras may be disguised for covert operations but the majority will be ordinary CCTV traffic cameras converted to read number plates. Every police force will also have a fleet of specially fitted police vans with ANPR cameras. All data generated is fed to The National ANPR Data Centre. One camera can cover many motorway lanes. Just two ANPR devices, for instance, cover north and south movements through the 27 lanes of the Dartford crossing toll area on the Thames. Whiteley said the intention eventually was to move from the "low thousands" of cameras to the "high thousands". The National ANPR Data Centre stores all ANPR data feed from the various police forces, currently it does not take data from CCTV networks in the UK. It is based at Hendon in north London, on the same site used for the existing Police National Computer. In March 2006 the National ANPR Data Centre could store 50 million number plate 'reads' per day, to be expanded to 100 million 'reads' per day within a couple of years. The time, date and place of each vehicle sighting will be stored for two years. At the present 27 million clocks a day, over 18 billion ANPR records would be recorded every year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13357851 | 500,763 |
Professor Calculus This is notably evident in his interactions with Bianca Castafiore, with whom he is smitten during her long stay at Marlinspike Hall in "The Castafiore Emerald". During her stay, his botanic experiments lead him to create a new variety of rose, which he names in her honour. Nonetheless, he happily congratulates Captain Haddock on his "engagement" to Castafiore (in fact a media hoax which he unwittingly fuelled). Calculus is also distressed by Castafiore's imprisonment in "Tintin and the Picaros", and is adamant on going to her defence. In the same book, he is charmed by the unattractive Peggy Alcazar (wife of General Alcazar) and kisses her hand after she bluntly criticizes Tintin and Haddock (a remark that Calculus mistakes for a warm greeting). Calculus also featured frequently in the 1957-1963 Belvision TV series, as well as in other adaptations of the comics. The Belvision TV series is notable for depicting Calculus with perfect hearing. Calculus' original French name was "Tournesol" which is the French term for sunflower. In the 1970s and 1980s, he starred in a series of cartoon television commercials for Fruit d'or products which included cooking oil and mayonnaise made from sunflower oil. Some of the ads would conclude with him floating up into the air to demonstrate how they kept a good healthy balance. Other characters from the books were also included. A pseudonym variation was used on an album by Stephen Duffy - see Tin Tin and "Dr. Calculus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=859356 | 216,921 |
Invariant measure In mathematics, an invariant measure is a measure that is preserved by some function. Ergodic theory is the study of invariant measures in dynamical systems. The Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem proves the existence of invariant measures under certain conditions on the function and space under consideration. Let ("X", Σ) be a measurable space and let "f" be a measurable function from "X" to itself. A measure "μ" on ("X", Σ) is said to be invariant under "f" if, for every measurable set "A" in Σ, In terms of the push forward, this states that "f"("μ") = "μ". The collection of measures (usually probability measures) on "X" that are invariant under "f" is sometimes denoted "M"("X"). The collection of ergodic measures, "E"("X"), is a subset of "M"("X"). Moreover, any convex combination of two invariant measures is also invariant, so "M"("X") is a convex set; "E"("X") consists precisely of the extreme points of "M"("X"). In the case of a dynamical system ("X", "T", "φ"), where ("X", Σ) is a measurable space as before, "T" is a monoid and "φ" : "T" × "X" → "X" is the flow map, a measure "μ" on ("X", Σ) is said to be an invariant measure if it is an invariant measure for each map "φ" : "X" → "X". Explicitly, "μ" is invariant if and only if Put another way, "μ" is an invariant measure for a sequence of random variables ("Z") (perhaps a Markov chain or the solution to a stochastic differential equation) if, whenever the initial condition "Z" is distributed according to "μ", so is "Z" for any later time "t" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7635201 | 439,389 |
Nocturnal clitoral tumescence (NCT) is a spontaneous swelling of the clitoris during sleep or when waking up. Similar to the process in males, nocturnal penile tumescence, females experience clitoris tumescence or engorgement of the vagina mainly during REM sleep phase. According to Fisher et al., the increase in vaginal blood flow accociated with NCT during REM sleep is similar to the process in man in frequency, i.e. 95% of REM phases. It does occur a bit more often in non-REM sleep, and each episode appears shorter in duration. In terms of magnitude, NCT is similar to that induced by erotic stimulation when awake. The phenomenon was first documented in 1970 by Karacan et al., with a single aforementioned follow-up study in 1983 by Fisher et al. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40014327 | 156,361 |
FlowTex The scam was aided by a network of co-conspirators that included family, friends and employees of the firm, but ultimately it was Schmider and Kleiser who paid the largest price for their crimes; they were both arrested in February 2000 on suspicion of fraud and tax evasion, four years after the authorities were allegedly first tipped off about the fraudulent business practices. This apparent lack of determination to follow up on the leads was allegedly partly due to concerns that such investigations would jeopardise jobs and compromise leading politicians who had courted the directors as model businessmen. Also suspicious was the fact that the tax inspector assigned to was a tennis partner of one of the directors. However, to date there have been no indications that the management or any politicians tried to directly influence the proceedings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36787184 | 242,416 |
Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors Researchers at Janssens Foundation and Tibotec discovered the first drug in this class, etravirine, which was approved by the FDA in 2008. The second drug in this class, rilpivirine, was also discovered by Tibotec and was approved by the FDA in 2011. In addition to these four NNRTIs several other are in clinical development. Reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme that controls the replication of the genetic material of HIV and other retroviruses. The enzyme has two enzymatic functions. Firstly it acts as a polymerase where it transcribes the single-stranded RNA genome into single-stranded DNA and subsequently builds a complementary strand of DNA. This provides a DNA double helix which can be integrated in the host cell's chromosome. Secondly it has ribonuclease H (Rnase H) activity as it degrades the RNA strand of RNA-DNA intermediate that forms during viral DNA synthesis. The HIV-1 RT is an asymmetric 1000-amino acid heterodimer composed of p66 (560 amino acids) and p51 subunits (440 amino acids). The p66 subunit has two domains, a polymerase and ribonuclease H. The polymerase domain contains four subdomains, which have been termed “fingers”, “palm”, “thumb” and “connection” and it is often compared to a right hand (figure 1). The role of the p66 subunit is to carry out the activity of RT whereas it contains the active sites of the enzyme. The p51 is believed to play mainly a structural role. Despite the chemical diversity of NNRTIs they all bind at the same site in the RT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24664397 | 75,413 |
Life expectancy Coal miners (and in prior generations, asbestos cutters) often have lower life expectancies than average. Other factors affecting an individual's life expectancy are genetic disorders, drug use, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, access to health care, diet and exercise. Female human life expectancy is considerably greater than that of males, despite females having higher morbidity rates, see Health Survival paradox. There are many reasons for this. Traditional arguments tend to favor sociology-environmental factors: historically, men have generally consumed more tobacco, alcohol and drugs than women in most societies, and are more likely to die from many associated diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis and cirrhosis of the liver. Men are also more likely to die from injuries, whether unintentional (such as occupational, war or car accidents) or intentional (suicide). Men are also more likely to die from most of the leading causes of death (some already stated above) than women. Some of these in the United States include: cancer of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, suicide, cirrhosis of the liver, emphysema, prostate cancer, and coronary heart disease. These far outweigh the female mortality rate from breast cancer and cervical cancer. In the past, mortality rates for females in child-bearing age groups were higher than for males at the same age. A paper from 2015 found that female fetuses have a higher mortality rate than male fetuses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18669 | 516,188 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid At room temperature, pure acid occurs as a transparent, colorless to light yellow liquid which is soluble in water. acid is a weak acid with a p"K" of 4.4. Its refractive index (formula_1) is 1.42. acid is a member of the carboxylic acid family of organic compounds. It is a structural analog of butyric acid with a hydroxyl functional group and a methyl substituent located on its beta carbon. By extension, other structural analogs include acid and acid. A variety of synthetic routes to acid have been developed. The first reported chemical syntheses approached HMB by oxidation of alkene, vicinal diol, and alcohol precursors: Depending on the experimental conditions, cycloaddition of acetone and ketene produces either or 4,4-dimethyloxetan-2-one, both of which hydrolyze under basic conditions to yield the conjugate base of HMB. The haloform reaction provides another pathway to HMB involving the exhaustive halogenation of the methyl-ketone region of diacetone alcohol with sodium hypobromite or sodium hypochlorite; Diacetone alcohol is readily available from the aldol condensation of acetone. An organometallic approach to HMB involves the carboxylation of "tert"-butyl alcohol with carbon monoxide and Fenton's reagent (hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron). Alternatively, HMB can be prepared through microbial oxidation of acid by the fungus "Galactomyces reessii" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 | 173,367 |
Narcissism in the workplace The research also revealed that narcissists are highly motivated to bully, and that to some extent, they are left with feelings of satisfaction after a bullying incident occurs. Despite the fact that many narcissist will avoid work, they can be eager to steal the work of others. In line with other dark triad traits, many narcissists will manipulate others and their environment so that they can claim responsibility for company accomplishments that they had little or nothing to do with. A study was done in 2017, that looked at dark traits within those who hold leadership positions and that effect on employee depression. The research done supported the idea that employees mental health and stability was negatively effected by bullying (some narcissistic behavior) in the workplace. There are strong links between narcissism and sexual harassment, associated with ego centrism and willingness to exploit others. According to RAINN, (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network) sexual harassment can cause mental, physical, and emotional health problems that can include: a diverse range of emotions, anxiety, depression, PTSD, sleep problems, substance abuse and an increase in stress levels. Additional research has also been done that directly correlates narcissism with a proclivity to engage in sexual harassment. Relevant correlations include sociosexuality, unrestricted sexuality, and extroversion. A study was done in 2010, that looked at Sexual Narcissism and the Perpetration of Sexual Aggression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43053059 | 496,642 |
Economics of networks Recent studies have tried to examine the deeper connection between socioeconomic factors and phenomena and the scale free property. They found that business networks have scale-free property, and that the merger among companies decreases the average separation between firms and increase cliquishness. In another research, scientists found that payment flows in an online payment system exhibits free-scale property, high clustering coefficient and small world phenomenon, and that after 9/11 attacks the connectivity of the network reduced and average path length increased. These results were found to be useful in order to understand how to overcome a possible contagion of similar disturbances in payment networks. World trade is generally highlighted as a typical example for huge networks. The interconnectedness of the countries can both have positive and negative externalities. It has been shown that the world trade web exhibits scale free properties, where the main hub is the United States. 18 out of 21 analyzed developed countries showed large synchronization in economic performance and cycles with the US during 1975-2000. The remaining three countries are special cases. Austria’s performance correlates highly with that of Germany, though Germany and Japan took completely different economic paths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46885960 | 504,602 |
Instituto de Medicina Molecular The current Executive Director is the malaria researcher Maria Mota. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12086235 | 198,647 |
Computer-supported collaborative learning Meanwhile, identity is a constellation of the multiple communities. It is also important to emphasize the potentially harmful cultural discourses that occur within young people's consumption. (Kim, 2015) Through capitalizing on students’ gaming experiences by recognizing how they apply to the subject at hand, teachers can highlight the benefits of virtual learning environments and draw upon students’ gaming experiences to understand their application of virtual learning across curricula. Educators need to choose the appropriate game for the particular subject to endorse their instruction and promote collaboration among students. Students who engage in collaborative learning for creating digital production show the characteristics of leadership. Moreover, students would gain the experience of collaboration and expand their skill of the multimodal literacy. In addition, digital composition provides a meaningful tool for teachers to assess. (Brenner, 2014) Multimodal literacy can facilitate English learners’ literacy learning. It has provided opportunities for English learners to expand the interpretation of texts. (Ajayi, 2009) Specifically, English language learners can increase their language ability through computer-collaborative learning. The multimodality platforms provide students, especially ELLs with an anxiety-free zone to collaborate with their peers in a virtual world in order to make meanings together. Technology self-efficacy increases ELLs’ level of independence and reduces their level of anxiety | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4548948 | 282,511 |
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. is in turn driven by the technological advances of the semiconductor industry, and is the largest sector of the electronics industry. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. Typical e-commerce transactions include the purchase of online books (such as Amazon) and music purchases (music download in the form of digital distribution such as iTunes Store), and to a less extent, customized/personalized online liquor store inventory services. There are three areas of e-commerce: online retailing, electronic markets, and online auctions. is supported by electronic business. businesses may also employ some or all of the followings: A timeline for the development of e-commerce: Some common applications related to electronic commerce are: In the United States, certain electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9611 | 496,969 |
Plasticizer Plasticizers (UK: plasticisers) or dispersants are additives that decrease the plasticity or decrease the viscosity of a material. These are the substances which are added in order to alter their physical properties. These are either liquids with low volatility or solids. They decrease the attraction between polymer chains to make them more flexible. Over the last 60 years more than 30,000 different substances have been evaluated for their plasticizing properties. Of these, only a small number – approximately 50 – are today in commercial use. The dominant applications are for plastics, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The properties of other materials may also be modified when blended with plasticizers including concrete, clays, and related products. According to 2014 data, the total global market for plasticizers was 8.4 million metric tonnes including 1.3 million metric tonnes in Europe. Plasticizers for plastics are additives, most commonly phthalate esters in PVC applications. Almost 90% of plasticizers are used in PVC, giving this material improved flexibility and durability. The majority is used in films and cables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=753475 | 309,638 |
Gender In 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) started to use "gender" instead of "sex". Later, in 2011, the FDA reversed its position and began using "sex "as the biological classification and "gender" as "a person's self representation as male or female, or how that person is responded to by social institutions based on the individual's gender presentation." The social sciences have a branch devoted to gender studies. Other sciences, such as sexology and neuroscience, are also interested in the subject. The social sciences sometimes approach gender as a social construct, and gender studies particularly do, while research in the natural sciences investigates whether biological differences in males and females influence the development of gender in humans; both inform debate about how far biological differences influence the formation of gender identity. In some English literature, there is also a trichotomy between biological sex, psychological gender, and social gender role. This framework first appeared in a feminist paper on transsexualism in 1978. The modern English word "gender" comes from the Middle English "gender", "gendre", a loanword from Anglo-Norman and Middle French "gendre". This, in turn, came from Latin "genus". Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". They derive ultimately from a widely attested Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root "gn-", which is also the source of "kin", "kind", "king", and many other English words | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 | 13,041 |
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