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Value (economics) However; the real value of the same text purchased in a thrift shop at a price of $0.25 and provides the reader with an insight that allows him or her to earn $100,000.00 in additional income is $100,000.00 or the extended lifetime value earned by the consumer. This is value calculated by actual measurements of ROI instead of production input and or demand vs. supply. No single unit has a fixed value. The theory of value is closely related to that of allocative efficiency, the quality by which firms produce those goods and services most valued by society. The market value of a machine part, for example, will depend upon a variety of objective facts involving its efficiency versus the efficiency of other types of part or other types of machine to make the kind of products that consumers will value in turn. In such a case, market value has both objective and subjective components. Economy, efficiency and effectiveness, often referred to as the "Three Es", may be used as complementary factors contributing to an assessment of the value for money provided by a purchase, project or activity. The UK National Audit Office uses the following summaries to explain the meaning of each term: Sometimes a fourth 'E', equity, is also added. In philosophy, economic value is a subcategory of a more general philosophical value, as defined in goodness and value theory or in the science of value. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4095185 | 506,277 |
Earthquake engineering The use of adobe is very common in some of the world's most hazard-prone regions, traditionally across Latin America, Africa, Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia, Middle East and Southern Europe. Adobe buildings are considered very vulnerable at strong quakes. However, multiple ways of seismic strengthening of new and existing adobe buildings are available. Key factors for the improved seismic performance of adobe construction are: Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in North America and Europe. Many landmarks across the world are made of limestone. Many medieval churches and castles in Europe are made of limestone and sandstone masonry. They are the long-lasting materials but their rather heavy weight is not beneficial for adequate seismic performance. Application of modern technology to seismic retrofitting can enhance the survivability of unreinforced masonry structures. As an example, from 1973 to 1989, the Salt Lake City and County Building in Utah was exhaustively renovated and repaired with an emphasis on preserving historical accuracy in appearance. This was done in concert with a seismic upgrade that placed the weak sandstone structure on base isolation foundation to better protect it from earthquake damage. Timber framing dates back thousands of years, and has been used in many parts of the world during various periods such as ancient Japan, Europe and medieval England in localities where timber was in good supply and building stone and the skills to work it were not | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2111048 | 422,792 |
Molecular graphics 7 (to fit the molecule exactly to the screen): Note that this assumes the origin is in the bottom left corner of the screen, with up the screen. Many graphics systems have the origin at the top left, with down the screen. In this case the lines (1) and (2) should have the y coordinate generation as: Changes of this sort change the handedness of the axes so it is easy to reverse the chirality of the displayed molecule unless care is taken. For greater realism and better comprehension of the 3D structure of a molecule many computer graphics algorithms can be used. For many years molecular graphics has stressed the capabilities of graphics hardware and has required hardware-specific approaches. With the increasing power of machines on the desktop, portability is more important and programs such as Jmol have advanced algorithms that do not rely on hardware. On the other hand, recent graphics hardware is able to interactively render very complex molecule shapes with a quality that would not be possible with standard software techniques. Before computer graphics could be employed, mechanical methods were used to fit large molecules to their electron density maps. Using techniques of X-ray crystallography crystal of a substance were bombarded with X-rays, and the diffracted beams that came off were assembled by computer using a Fourier transform into a usually blurry 3-D image of the molecule, made visible by drawing contour circles around high electron density to produce a contoured electron density map | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4927505 | 91,881 |
Traffic Engineering Database The is a database used to store traffic engineering information when setting up a link with RSVP-TE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43943830 | 99,435 |
Two-dimensional materials Layers are then exfoliated by placing the functionalized boron nitride into a solvent and allow the solvation force between the attached groups and the solvent to overcome the Van der Waal forces present in each layer. This method is slightly different than solvent exfoliation as solvent exfoliation relies on the similarities between the surface energies of the solvent and boron nitride layers to overcome the Van der Waals interactions. The reaction of a mixture of boron and nitrogen precursors at high temperature can produce boron nitride nanosheets. In one method, boric acid and urea were reacted together at 900˚C. The numbers of layers of these nanosheets were controlled by the urea content as well as the temperature Borocarbonitrides are two-dimensional compounds that are synthesized such that they contain boron, nitrogen, and carbon atoms in a ratio BCN Borocarbonitrides are distinct from B,N co-doped graphene in that the former contains separate boron nitride and graphene domains as well as rings with B-C, B-N, C-N, and C-C bonds. These compounds generally have a high surface area, but borocarbonitrides synthesized from a high surface area carbon material, urea, and boric acid tend to have the highest surface areas. This high surface area coupled with the presence of Stone-Wales defects in the structure of borocarbonitrides also allows for high absorption of CO and CH which may make borocarbonitride compounds a useful material in sequestering these gases The band gap of borocarbonitrides range from 1.0–3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43589512 | 90,667 |
Outcome-Driven Innovation Instead of assuming what their customers want or need, typically product developers determine the voice of the customer(VOC). ODI takes VOC a step further by focusing on jobs-to-be-done rather than product improvements. The objective is to translate customers’ needs into products or services they can’t live without. ODI theory posits that companies typically collect the wrong kinds of input from their customers, and states that all the company should find out is what the customers’ ultimate output goal is: what they want the product or service to do for them, not how it should do it. The goal of the method is to help companies discover new product and service opportunities. According to Ulwick, ODI is the culmination of 20 years of studying innovation methodology. In 2002, it was introduced in the Harvard Business Review, and expanded upon in Ulwick's 2005 book, "What Customers Want: Using to Create Breakthrough Products and Services." In 2016, Ulwick published "Jobs to be Done: From Theory to Practice" to explain the process for converting "Jobs Theory" to practice. Ulwick's "opportunity algorithm" measures and ranks innovation opportunities. Standard gap analysis looks at the simple difference between importance and satisfaction metrics; Ulwick's formula gives twice as much weight to importance as to satisfaction: importance + max(importance-satisfaction,0), where importance and satisfaction are the proportion of high survey responses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33519070 | 275,225 |
Smoke testing (lean startup) A smoke test is a method for determining if there is sufficient customer demand for a given value proposition of a product or service to justify building the actual product or service. This is commonly a one-page website which describes the product and asks the visitor to sign up to the product or service before the product or service is actually available. The customer is unaware that the product or service does not yet exist but must give some form of payment in order to get access. Payment may be done via cash, cash equivalent, time/attention, or simply data as in the case of requesting an email address to sign up. The term derives from Eric Ries lean startup methodology and is based on smoke testing in a software context. Instead of testing a software product for early fundamental flaws, a business model is tested for the most common flaw: lack of customer demand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47255713 | 218,754 |
List of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks The European Working Group for Legionella Infections (EWGLI) was established in 1986 within the European Union framework to share knowledge and experience about potential sources of "Legionella" and their control. This group has published guidelines about the actions to be taken to limit the number of colony forming units (i.e., the "aerobic count") of micro-organisms per mL at 30 °C (minimum 48 hours incubation): Almost all natural water sources contain "Legionella" and their presence should not be taken as an indication of a problem. The tabled figures are for total aerobic plate count, cfu/ml at 30 °C (minimum 48 hours incubation) with colony count determined by the pour plate method according to ISO 6222(21) or spread plate method on yeast extract agar. Legionella isolation can be conducted using the method developed by the US Center for Disease Control using buffered charcoal yeast extract agar with antibiotics. Many other governmental agencies, cooling tower manufacturers, and industrial trade organizations have developed design and maintenance guidelines for preventing or controlling the growth of "Legionella" in cooling towers. However, in the US, there are no regulations requiring testing or maintaining any specified levels in these facilities. The bacteria grow best in warm water, like the kind found in hot tubs, cooling towers, hot water tanks, large plumbing systems, or parts of the air-conditioning systems of large buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38894374 | 32,972 |
Thermal comfort New air-ventilated garments are being researched to improve evaporative cooling in military settings. Some models are being created and tested based on the amount of cooling they provide. In the last twenty years, researchers have also developed advanced thermal comfort models that divide the human body into many segments, and predict local thermal discomfort by considering heat balance. This has opened up a new arena of thermal comfort modeling that aims at heating/cooling selected body parts. Whenever the studies referenced tried to discuss the thermal conditions for different groups of occupants in one room, the studies ended up simply presenting comparisons of thermal comfort satisfaction based on the subjective studies. No study tried to reconcile the different thermal comfort requirements of different types of occupants who compulsorily must stay in one room. Therefore, it looks to be necessary to investigate the different thermal conditions required by different groups of occupants in hospitals to reconcile their different requirements in this concept. To reconcile the differences in the required thermal comfort conditions it is recommended to test the possibility of using different ranges of local radiant temperature in one room via a suitable mechanical system. Although different researches are undertaken on thermal comfort for patients in hospitals, it is also necessary to study the effects of thermal comfort conditions on the quality and the quantity of healing for patients in hospitals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7455643 | 385,371 |
TamoGraph Site Survey is an application for performing Wi-Fi site surveys and RF planning. It supports 802.11ax, 802.11ac, 802.11n, 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g wireless networks. TamoGraph is developed by TamoSoft, a privately held New Zealand company founded in 1998 that specializes in network analysis software. TamoGraph is used for measuring and visualizing such WLAN characteristics as signal strength, signal-to-noise ratio, signal-to-interference ratio, TCP and UDP throughput rates, access point vendor, encryption type, etc. Visualizations are overlaid on floor plans or, in case of outdoor surveys, on site maps that can be imported from one of the online map services. Data is collected by a portable computer using a compatible Wi-Fi adapter. When performing planning of Wi-Fi networks, the tool can be used for creating a virtual model of a future network, where walls and other obstructions are drawn using different material types (drywall, glass, brick, etc.). The tool will then calculate the approximate locations of where the access points should be located. At the post-deployment stage, TamoGraph is used to validate the deployed wireless network, as well as to measure interference from both Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi sources with the help of Wi-Spy, a USB-based spectrum analyzer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34750509 | 124,131 |
Ceiling fan It is a common mistake for homeowners to replace a light fixture with a ceiling fan without upgrading to a proper junction box. Another concern with installing a ceiling fan relates to the height of the blades relative to the floor. Building codes throughout the United States prohibit residential ceiling fans from being mounted with the blades closer than seven feet from the floor; this sometimes proves, however, to not be high enough. If a ceiling fan is turned on and a person fully extends his or her arms into the air, as sometimes happens during normal tasks such as stretching or changing bedsheets, it is possible for the blades to strike their hands, potentially causing injury. Also, if one is carrying a long and awkward object, one end may inadvertently enter the path of rotation of a ceiling fan's blades, which can cause damage to the fan. Building codes throughout the United States also prohibit industrial ceiling fans from being mounted with the blades closer than 10 feet from the floor for these reasons. In 2004, "MythBusters" tested the idea that a ceiling fan is capable of decapitation if an individual was to stick his or her neck into a running fan. Two versions of the myth were tested, with the first being the "jumping kid", involving a kid jumping up and down on a bed, jumping too high and entering the fan from below and the second being the "lover's leap", involving a husband dressed in a costume, leaping towards his wife in bed and entering the fan side-on | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=881901 | 438,277 |
Particle statistics is a particular description of multiple particles in statistical mechanics. A key prerequisite concept is that of a statistical ensemble (an idealization comprising the state space of possible states of a system, each labeled with a probability) that emphasizes properties of a large system as a whole at the expense of knowledge about parameters of separate particles. When an ensemble describes a system of particles with similar properties, their number is called the particle number and usually denoted by "N". In classical mechanics, all particles (fundamental and composite particles, atoms, molecules, electrons, etc.) in the system are considered distinguishable. This means that individual particles in a system can be tracked. As a consequence, changing the position of any two particles in the system leads to a completely different configuration of the entire system. Furthermore, there is no restriction on placing more than one particle in any given state accessible to the system. These characteristics of classical positions are called Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics (or M–B statistics). The fundamental feature of quantum mechanics that distinguishes it from classical mechanics is that particles of a particular type are indistinguishable from one another | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3524476 | 427,274 |
Bio-MEMS Macro-scale studies do not allow quantitative analysis of shear stress to differentiation because they are performed using parallel-plate flow chambers or rotating cone apparatuses in on-off scenarios only. Poiseuille flow in microfluidics allows shear stresses to be varied systematically using channel geometry and flow rate via micropumps, as demonstrated by using arrays of perfusion chambers for mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblast cell adhesion studies. Cell-ECM interactions induce changes in differentiation and self-renewal by the stiffness of the substrate via mechanotransduction, and different integrins interacting with ECM molecules. Micropatterning of ECM proteins by micro-contact printing (μCP), inkjet printing, and mask spraying have been used in stem cell-ECM interaction studies. It has been found by using micro-contact printing to control cell attachment area that that switch in osteogenic / adipogenic lineage in human mesenchymal stem cells can be cell shape dependent. Microfabrication of microposts and measurement of their deflection can determine traction forces exerted on cells. Photolithography can also be used to cross-link cell-seeded photo-polymerizable ECM for three-dimensional studies. Using ECM microarrays to optimize combinatorial effects of collagen, laminin, and fibronectin on stem cells is more advantageous than conventional well plates due to its higher throughput and lower requirement of expensive reagents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19081158 | 56,784 |
NGC 167 is a spiral galaxy located approximately 172 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1886 by Francis Preserved Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51494441 | 8,120 |
Internal communications (IC) is the function responsible for effective communications among participants within an organization. The scope of the function varies by organization and practitioner, from producing and delivering messages and campaigns on behalf of management, to facilitating two-way dialogue and developing the communication skills of the organization's participants. Modern understanding of internal communications is a field of its own and draws on the theory and practice of related professions, not least journalism, knowledge management, public relations (e.g., media relations), marketing and human resources, as well as wider organizational studies, communication theory, social psychology, sociology and political science. Large industrial organizations have a long history of promoting pride and a sense of unity among the employees of the company, evidenced in the cultural productions of Victorian-era soap manufacturers as far apart as the UK's Lever Brothers (right) and the Larkin Soap Company of Buffalo, New York. is fundamentally a management discipline, but as a discrete discipline of organizational theory it is correspondingly young. Stanford associate professor Alex Heron's "Sharing Information with Employees" (1943) is an outlier among texts which focus solely on the factors involved. Theorization in academic papers accelerated in the 1970s, but mainstream management texts mostly post-date 1990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1723083 | 455,588 |
Pregap The pregap on a Red Book audio CD is the portion of the audio track that precedes "index 01" for a given track in the table of contents (TOC). The pregap ("index 00") is typically two seconds long and usually, but not always, contains silence. Popular uses for having the pregap contain audio are live CDs, track interludes, and hidden songs in the pregap of the first track (detailed below). The track 01 pregap was used to hide computer data, allowing computers to detect a data track whereas conventional CD players would continue to see the CD as an audio CD. This method was quickly made obsolete in late 1996 when an update to Windows 95 in driver SCSI1HLP.VXD made the pregap track inaccessible. It is unclear whether or not this change in Microsoft Windows' behavior was intentional: for instance, it may have been intended to steer developers away from the pregap method and encourage what became the Blue Book specification "CD Extra" format. On certain CDs, such as "Light Years" by Kylie Minogue, or John Cale's album "HoboSapiens" the track 01 pregap contains a hidden track. The track is truly hidden in the sense that most conventional standalone players and software CD players will not see it. Such hidden tracks can be played by playing the first song and "rewinding" (more accurately, seeking in reverse) until the actual start of the whole CD audio track. Not all CD drives can properly extract such hidden tracks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2296160 | 199,006 |
Drop impact The contact time is independent of velocity in this regime. The minimum contact time for a low deformation drop (We « 1) is approximated by the lowest-order oscillation period for a spherical drop., giving the characteristic time a prefactor of approximately 2.2. For large-deformation drops (We > 1), similar contact times are seen even though dynamics of impact are different, as discussed below. If the droplet is split into multiple droplets, the contact time is reduced. As the Weber number increases, the drop deformation upon impact also increases. The drop deformation pattern can be split up into regimes based on the Weber number. When a liquid drop strikes a wet solid surface (a surface covered with a thin layer of liquid that exceeds the height of surface roughness), either spreading or splashing will occur. If the velocity is below a critical value, the liquid will spread on the surface, similar to deposition described above. If the velocity exceeds the critical velocity, splashing will occur and shock wave can be generated. Splashing on thin fluid films occurs in the form of a corona, similar to that seen for dry solid surfaces. Under proper conditions, droplet hitting a liquid interface can also display a superhydrophobic-like bouncing, characterized by the contact time, spreading dynamics and restitution coefficient independent of the underlying liquid properties. When a liquid drop strikes the surface of a liquid reservoir, it will either float, bounce, coalesce with the reservoir, or splash | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41280949 | 435,885 |
Quantum chaos The computational time required to diagonalize a matrix scales as formula_6, where formula_7 is the dimension of the matrix, so it is important to choose the smallest basis possible from which the relevant wavefunctions can be constructed. It is also convenient to choose a basis in which the matrix is sparse and/or the matrix elements are given by simple algebraic expressions because computing matrix elements can also be a computational burden. A given Hamiltonian shares the same constants of motion for both classical and quantum dynamics. Quantum systems can also have additional quantum numbers corresponding to discrete symmetries (such as parity conservation from reflection symmetry). However, if we merely find quantum solutions of a Hamiltonian which is not approachable by perturbation theory, we may learn a great deal about quantum solutions, but we have learned little about quantum chaos. Nevertheless, learning how to solve such quantum problems is an important part of answering the question of quantum chaos. Statistical measures of quantum chaos were born out of a desire to quantify spectral features of complex systems. Random matrix theory was developed in an attempt to characterize spectra of complex nuclei. The remarkable result is that the statistical properties of many systems with unknown Hamiltonians can be predicted using random matrices of the proper symmetry class | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=313779 | 449,823 |
Unmanned aerial vehicle An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (or uncrewed aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone) is an aircraft without a human pilot on board and a type of unmanned vehicle. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS); which include a UAV, a ground-based controller, and a system of communications between the two. The flight of UAVs may operate with various degrees of autonomy: either under remote control by a human operator or autonomously by onboard computers.<ref name="ICAO's circular 328 AN/190"></ref> Compared to crewed aircraft, UAVs were originally used for missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous" for humans. While they originated mostly in military applications, their use is rapidly expanding to commercial, scientific, recreational, agricultural, and other applications, such as policing and surveillance, product deliveries, aerial photography, infrastructure inspections, smuggling, and drone racing. Civilian UAVs now vastly outnumber military UAVs, with estimates of over a million sold by 2015. Multiple terms are used for unmanned aerial vehicles, which generally refer to the same concept. The term drone, more widely used by the public, was coined in reference to the early remotely-flown target aircraft used for practice firing of a battleship's guns, and the term was first used with the 1920s Fairey Queen and 1930's de Havilland Queen Bee target aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58900 | 380,562 |
Criticism of Yahoo! This came after China blocked Yahoo! services for a time. As reported in "The Washington Post" and many media sources: Human rights organizations groups are basing their case on a 217-year-old U.S. law to punish corporations for human rights violations abroad, an effort the Bush administration has opposed: On August 28, 2007, the World Organization for Human Rights sued Yahoo! for allegedly passing information (email and IP address) with the Chinese government that caused the arrests of writers and dissidents. The lawsuit was filed in San Francisco for journalists, Shi Tao, and Wang Xiaoning. Yahoo! stated that it supported privacy and free expression for it worked with other technology companies to solve human rights concerns. On November 6, 2007, the US congressional panel criticised Yahoo! for not giving full details to the House Foreign Affairs Committee the previous year, stating it had been "at best inexcusably negligent" and at worst "deceptive". As a result of media scrutiny relating to Internet child predators and a lack of significant ad revenues, Yahoo!'s "user created" chatrooms were closed down in June 2005. Yahoo! News' message board section was closed December 19, 2006, due to the trolling phenomenon. In addition, in mid-October, 2008, Yahoo! deleted all information in millions of user profiles with no advance notice and little explanation. On May 25, 2006, Yahoo!'s image search was criticized for bringing up sexually explicit images even when SafeSearch was on | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18718392 | 485,455 |
Smith Campus Center Within a few years the building's novel design and technical features began to present numerous difficulties, which a Harvard official likened to "a five-car accident at an intersection. You just can't tell what caused it." These included crumbling of exterior structural concrete and an inefficient three-pipe heating and cooling system. It was Harvard's first highrise building, and has been called a "gray elephant" for the color of its concrete facades. From 1964 to 1979, the penthouse dining room was decorated with five large paintings installed by Mark Rothko, an Abstract Expressionist artist. Due to high levels of direct sunlight onto the paintings and the presence of lithol red's calcium salt, the paintings faded severely and were moved to protective storage in 1979. Since their removal, the artworks have been publicly displayed only five times, most recently from November 2014 to July 2015, at the newly renovated Harvard Art Museums. Danh Vō's “We the People” was installed in honor of Drew Gilpin Faust as part of the renovation of the building in 2018. Originally known as Holyoke Center, in 2013 it was renamed the Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Campus Center, then over the next several years underwent extensive renovation to create gathering, lounge and study spaces and space for exhibitions, events, and performances reopening in 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44837221 | 361,098 |
Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad 315 is a C-18 locomotive, built in 1895 by Baldwin Locomotive Works. It originally was owned by the Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad as No. 3. It was then bought by D&RG and became No. 424 and after the railroad was reorganized into D&RGW in 1924 it became No. 315. Around 1941, 315 made its way to Durango and became a yard switcher. It worked around Durango until 1949. To save it from being scrapped, it was leased by the City of Durango as a display. When the D&RGW abandoned the line to Durango, 315 was donated to the Chamber of Commerce in 1968. In 1986 it was put on display at Santa Rita Park. Ownership of 315 was changed from the Chamber of Commerce to the City of Durango. It was restored to operating condition in 2007 by the Durango Railroad Historical Society, which operates the locomotive occasionally on both the Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad and the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad. Eureka and Palisade No. 4 is a Class 8/18 C 4-4-0 locomotive, built in 1875 by Baldwin Locomotive Works. It originally was owned by the Eureka and Palisade Railroad, and was later sold to the Sierra Nevada Wood and Lumber Company. In 1938, it was sold to Warner Bros. and was used in many films. Eventually, the engine went to the Old Vegas amusement park in Henderson, Nevada, where it became badly damaged by a fire. Finally, it was bought by Dan Markoff and restored to operating condition. Dan privately owns the engine, and on occasion brings it to various railroads to operate, including the D&SNG | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2568654 | 199,426 |
Wideband In communications, a system is wideband when the message bandwidth significantly exceeds the coherence bandwidth of the channel. Some communication links have such a high data rate that they are forced to use a wide bandwidth; other links may have relatively low data rates, but deliberately use a wider bandwidth than "necessary" for that data rate in order to gain other advantages; see "spread spectrum". A wideband antenna is one with approximately or exactly the same operating characteristics over a very wide Passband. It is distinguished from broadband antennas, where the passband is large, but the antenna gain and/or radiation pattern need not stay the same over the passband. The term Audio or (also termed HD Voice or Voice) denotes a telephony using a wideband codec, which uses a greater frequency range of the audio spectrum than conventional voiceband telephone calls, resulting in a clearer sound. in this context is usually considered to cover frequencies in the range of 50–7,000 Hz, therefore allowing audio with richer tones and better quality. According to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, WIDEBAND is a registered trademark of WideBand Corporation, a USA-based manufacturer of Gigabit Ethernet equipment. Within Australia and New Zealand, the word WIDEBAND is a registered trademark of "Technology Pty Ltd", an Australian-based company specialising in data and communication equipment. In some contexts wideband is distinguished from broadband in being broader. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=863794 | 389,273 |
PsycCRITIQUES was a database of reviews of books, videos, and popular films published by the American Psychological Association. It replaces the print journal Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, which was published from 1956 to 2004. The official blog of "PsycCRITIQUES" allows free access to the full text of some recent reviews. It was discontinued on December 31, 2017. Archives are available to the public via the Center for the History of Psychology at the University of Akron or via a paid subscription to Portico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24578245 | 139,174 |
Videotelephony In many science fiction movies and TV programs that are set in the future, videophones were used as a primary method of communication. One of the first movies where a videophone was used was Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1927). Other notable examples of videophones in popular culture include an iconic scene from the 1968 film set on Space Station V. The movie was released shortly before AT&T began its efforts to commercialize its Picturephone Mod II service in several cities and depicts a videocall to Earth using an advanced AT&T videophone—which it predicts will cost $1.70 for a two-minute call in 2001 (a fraction of the company's real rates on Earth in 1968). Film director Stanley Kubrick strove for scientific accuracy, relying on interviews with scientists and engineers at Bell Labs in the United States. Dr. Larry Rabiner of Bell Labs, discussing videophone research in the documentary "2001: The Making of a Myth", stated that in the mid- to late-1960s videophones "...captured the imagination of the public and... of Mr. Kubrick and the people who reported to him". In one "2001" movie scene a central character, Dr. Heywood Floyd, calls home to contact his family, a social feature noted in the "Making of a Myth". Floyd talks with and views his daughter from a space station in orbit above the Earth, discussing what type of present he should bring home for her | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2304367 | 415,653 |
Fungivore The mycangia (organs which carry fungal spores) of ambrosia beetles contain various species of fungus, including species of "Ambrosiomyces", "Ambrosiella", "Ascoidea", "Ceratocystis", "Dipodascus", "Diplodia", "Endomycopsis", "Monacrosporium" and "Tuberculariella". The ambrosia fungi are only found in the beetles and their galleries, suggesting that they and the beetles have an obligate symbiosis. Around 330 species of termites in twelve genera of the subfamily Macrotermitinae cultivate a specialised fungus in the genus "Termitomyces". The fungus is kept in a specialised part of the nest in fungus cones. Worker termites eat plant matter, producing faecal pellets which they continuously place on top of the cone. The fungus grows into this material and soon produces immature mushrooms, a rich source of protein, sugars and enzymes, which the worker termites eat. The nodules also contain indigestible asexual spores, meaning that the faecal pellets produced by the workers always contain spores of the fungus that colonise the plant material that they defaecate. The "Termitomyces" also fruits, forming mushrooms above ground, which mature at the same time that the first workers emerge from newly formed nests. The mushrooms produce spores that are wind dispersed, and through this method, new colonies acquire a fungal strain. In some species, the genetic variation of the fungus is very low, suggesting that spores of the fungus are transmitted vertically from nest to nest, rather than from wind dispersed spores | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18320085 | 139,970 |
Bovine genome The genome of a female Hereford cow has been sequenced by the Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, a team of researchers led by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is one of the largest genomes ever sequenced. The results, published in the journal "Science" on April 24, 2009, are likely to have a major impact on livestock breeding. They were obtained by more than 300 scientists in 25 countries after six years of effort. The size of the bovine genome is 3 Gb (3 billion base pairs). It contains approximately 22,000 genes of which 14,000 are common to all mammalian species. Bovines share 80 percent of their genes with humans; cows are less similar to humans than rodents (humans and rodents belong to the clade of Supraprimates). They also have about 1,000 genes shared with dogs and rodents but not identified in humans. The charting of key DNA differences, also known as haplotypes, between several varieties of cattle could allow scientists to understand what is the role of some genes coding for products of economic value (milk, meat, leather). It opens new perspectives for enhancing selective breeding and changing certain cattle characteristics for the benefit of farmers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22553105 | 170,893 |
Jeffery–Hamel flow The equation takes the same form as an undamped nonlinear oscillator(with cubic potential) one can pretend that formula_12 is time, formula_38 is displacement and formula_23 is velocity of a particle with unit mass, then the equation represents the energy equation(formula_40, where formula_41 and formula_42 ) with zero total energy, then it is easy to see that the potential energy is where formula_44 in motion. Since the particle starts at formula_45 for formula_46 and ends at formula_45 for formula_48, there are two cases to be considered. The rich structure of this dynamical interpretation can be found in Rosenhead(1940). For pure outflow, since formula_52 at formula_5, integration of governing equation gives and the boundary conditions becomes The equations can be simplified by standard transformations given for example in Jeffreys. where formula_76 are Jacobi elliptic functions. The limiting condition is obtained by noting that pure outflow is impossible when formula_79, which implies formula_80 from the governing equation. Thus beyond this critical conditions, no solution exists. The critical angle formula_81 is given by where where formula_84 is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. For large values of formula_85, the critical angle becomes formula_86. The corresponding critical Reynolds number or volume flux is given by where formula_88 is the complete elliptic integral of the second kind. For large values of formula_89, the critical Reynolds number or volume flux becomes formula_90 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53606876 | 444,750 |
Check valve Check valves used in domestic heating systems to prevent vertical convection, especially in combination with solar thermal installations, also are called gravity brakes. Rainwater harvesting systems that are plumbed into the main water supply of a utility provider may be required to have one or more check valves fitted to prevent contamination of the primary supply by rainwater. Hydraulic jacks use ball check valves to build pressure on the lifting side of the jack. Check valves are commonly used in inflatables, such as toys, mattresses and boats. This allows the object to be inflated without continuous or uninterrupted air pressure. Frank P. Cotter developed a "simple self sealing check valve, adapted to be connected in the pipe connections without requiring special fittings and which may be readily opened for inspection or repair" 1907 (U.S. patent 865,631). Nikola Tesla invented a deceptively simple one-way valve for fluids in 1916, called a Tesla valve. It was patented in 1920 (U.S. patent 1,329,559). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=428795 | 443,587 |
Rustproofing The loss of electrons in paint is also claimed to be the cause of “paint oxidisation” and the electronic system is also supposed to protect the paint. However, there is no peer reviewed scientific testing and validation supporting the use of these devices and corrosion control professionals find they do not work. The rate at which vehicles corrode is dependent upon: Stainless steel, also known as "inox steel" does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel. Pierre Berthier, a Frenchman, was the first to notice the rust-resistant properties of mixing chromium with alloys in 1821, which led to new metal treating and metallurgy processes and eventually the creation of usable stainless steel. DeLorean cars had innovative fiberglass body structure with a steel backbone chassis, along with external brushed stainless-steel body panels. Some cars have been made from aluminum, which may be more corrosion resistant than steel when exposed to water, but not salt or certain other chemicals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3813953 | 310,933 |
Framing (construction) A strip of polyethylene is often placed between the interior walls and the exterior wall, and above the first top plate of interior walls before the second top plate is applied to attain continuity of the air barrier when polyethylene is serving this function. A second top plate, with joints offset at least one stud space away from the joints in the plate beneath, is then added. This second top plate usually laps the first plate at the corners and partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides an additional tie to the framed walls. Where the second top plate does not lap the plate immediately underneath at corner and partition intersections, these may be tied with galvanized steel plates at least wide and long, nailed with at least three nails to each wall. Balloon framing is a method of wood construction also known as "Chicago construction" in the 19th century used primarily in areas rich in softwood forests: Scandinavia, Canada, the United States up until the mid-1950s, and around Thetford Forest in Norfolk, England. It uses long continuous framing members (studs) that run from the sill plate to the top plate, with intermediate floor structures let into and nailed to them. Here the heights of window sills, headers and next floor height would be marked out on the studs with a story pole. Once popular when long lumber was plentiful, balloon framing has been largely replaced by "platform framing". It is not certain who introduced balloon framing in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2071443 | 340,976 |
Edward Teller (; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb" (see the Teller–Ulam design), although he did not care for the title, and was only part of a team who developed the technology. Throughout his life, Teller was known both for his scientific ability and for his difficult interpersonal relations and volatile personality. Teller was born in Hungary in 1908, and emigrated to the United States in the 1930s, one of the many so-called "Martians", a group of prominent Hungarian scientist émigrés. He made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy (in particular the Jahn–Teller and Renner–Teller effects), and surface physics. His extension of Enrico Fermi's theory of beta decay, in the form of Gamow–Teller transitions, provided an important stepping stone in its application, while the Jahn–Teller effect and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory have retained their original formulation and are still mainstays in physics and chemistry. Teller also made contributions to Thomas–Fermi theory, the precursor of density functional theory, a standard modern tool in the quantum mechanical treatment of complex molecules. In 1953, along with Nicholas Metropolis, Arianna Rosenbluth, Marshall Rosenbluth, and his wife Augusta Teller, Teller co-authored a paper that is a standard starting point for the applications of the Monte Carlo method to statistical mechanics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37782 | 295,213 |
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket New problems also emerge with VASIMR, such as interaction with strong magnetic fields and thermal management. The inefficiency with which VASIMR operates generates substantial waste heat that needs to be channeled away without creating thermal overload and thermal stress. The superconducting electromagnets necessary to contain hot plasma generate tesla-range magnetic fields that can cause problems with other onboard devices and produce unwanted torque by interaction with the magnetosphere. To counter this latter effect, two thruster units can be packaged with magnetic fields oriented in opposite directions, making a net zero-torque magnetic quadrupole. The required power generation technology for fast interplanetary travel does not currently exist and is not feasible with current state-of-the-art technology. The first VASIMR experiment was conducted at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983. Important refinements were introduced in the 1990s, including the use of the helicon plasma source, which replaced the plasma gun originally envisioned and its electrodes, adding to durability and long life. In 1995, the Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory (ASPL) was founded at NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, in the Sonny Carter Training Facility, with the equipment from MIT. The first plasma experiment in Houston was conducted with a microwave plasma source | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40248 | 295,482 |
Indium tin oxide This can be attributed to the fact that sITOs have larger diameter and smaller surface area, and that this change after the sintering process can cause cytotoxicity. Because of these issues, alternatives to ITO have been found. The etching water used in the process of sintering ITO can only be used for a limited numbers of times before disposed. After degradation, the waste water should still contain valuable metals such as In, Cu as secondary resource as well as Mo, Cu, Al, Sn and In which can pose a health hazard to human beings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=362598 | 417,667 |
K-d tree The canonical method of "k"-d tree construction has the following constraints: This method leads to a balanced "k"-d tree, in which each leaf node is approximately the same distance from the root. However, balanced trees are not necessarily optimal for all applications. Note that it is not "required" to select the median point. In the case where median points are not selected, there is no guarantee that the tree will be balanced. To avoid coding a complex median-finding algorithm or using an sort such as heapsort or mergesort to sort all "n" points, a popular practice is to sort a "fixed" number of "randomly" "selected" points, and use the median of those points to serve as the splitting plane. In practice, this technique often results in nicely balanced trees. Given a list of "n" points, the following algorithm uses a median-finding sort to construct a balanced "k"-d tree containing those points. It is common that points "after" the median include only the ones that are strictly greater than the median. For points that lie on the median, it is possible to define a "superkey" function that compares the points in all dimensions. In some cases, it is acceptable to let points equal to the median lie on one side of the median, for example, by splitting the points into a "lesser than" subset and a "greater than or equal to" subset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1676725 | 104,246 |
Asbestos and the law The following year, Quebec's government announced a halt to asbestos mining and the federal government announced that it would end its opposition to adding chrysotile asbestos to the list of hazardous substances under the international Rotterdam Convention. In 2018, the Canadian federal government posted proposed regulations planned for implementation later that year, which would prohibit use, sale, import, and export of all forms of asbestos. France banned the use of asbestos in 1997, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) upheld France's right to the ban in 2000. In addition, France has called for a worldwide ban. The import, shipment, supply of, and use of all forms of asbestos is banned in Hong Kong under the Air Pollution Control (Amendment) Ordinance 2014. Before the 1980s, use of the material was common in construction, manufacturing, and shipping. The government banned the use of "most asbestos products" in public areas in 1978. The Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Asbestos) Special Regulation (Cap. 59X), which came into force in 1986, and the subsequent Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Asbestos) Regulation (Cap. 59AD) implemented controls on the use of asbestos in the workplace and banned the use of amphibole asbestos completely. The import of amosite or crocidolite to Hong Kong was banned in 1996 by the Air Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 311) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1298976 | 457,008 |
Lago di Bientina In the dry season, however, the only trace of the lake is found in the canals of the region and a small hill in the center of the plain, which was previously an island called Isola di San Benedetto. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21917269 | 349,300 |
Particle image velocimetry At these particle densities it was further noticed that it was easier to study the flows if they were split into many very small 'interrogation' areas, that could be analyzed individually to generate one velocity for each area. The images were usually recorded using analog cameras and needed immense amount of computing power to be analyzed. With the increasing power of computers and widespread use of CCD cameras, digital PIV has become increasingly common, to the point that it is the primary technique today. The seeding particles are an inherently critical component of the PIV system. Depending on the fluid under investigation, the particles must be able to match the fluid properties reasonably well. Otherwise they will not follow the flow satisfactorily enough for the PIV analysis to be considered accurate. Ideal particles will have the same density as the fluid system being used, and are spherical (these particles are called microspheres). While the actual particle choice is dependent on the nature of the fluid, generally for macro PIV investigations they are glass beads, polystyrene, polyethylene, aluminum flakes or oil droplets (if the fluid under investigation is a gas). Refractive index for the seeding particles should be different from the fluid which they are seeding, so that the laser sheet incident on the fluid flow will reflect off of the particles and be scattered towards the camera. The particles are typically of a diameter in the order of 10 to 100 micrometers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1058299 | 312,876 |
English Braille The comma prefixed to a letter indicates that it is to be read as non-Latin, so that for example would be if Greek symbols were being used. Apart from words using the various abbreviations signs, covered in the next section, utilizes a number of unmarked contractions. These are similar to the contractions found in shorthand and stenoscript. As a rule, they are not used where they would obscure the text. The single-letter contractions are: Note irregular for "it", for "as", and for "were". All 26 basic Latin letters are used apart from , which already form words of their own. These contractions are either independent words or (in the cases of "con-, com-, dis-, -self") affixes, as in "oneself". They cannot be treated as simple letters. For example, while the letter stands for the pronoun "it", it cannot substitute for the sequence "it" in the word "bite". They cannot be pluralized: * is no good for "(tin) cans". This is true even of "child" not being usable for *"grandchild", nor "out" in *"without". (These must be spelled "g-r-and-ch-i-l-d" and "with-ou-t".) However, a following apostrophe is acceptable: "people's", "can't", "it'll"; as are hyphenated words like "so-and-so". This behavior is distinct from ligatures such as and , which are used when the equivalent sequences are found in printed English, as in "red" and "need". There is no semantic restriction: "can" may be either the verb "can" or a tin "can", and capitalized and are names "Will" and "More" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26737961 | 228,449 |
Vibration In the case of the spring–mass–damper model, the system is linear if the spring force is proportional to the displacement and the damping is proportional to the velocity over the range of motion of interest. Hence, the solution to the problem with a square wave is summing the predicted vibration from each one of the harmonic forces found in the frequency spectrum of the square wave. The solution of a vibration problem can be viewed as an input/output relation – where the force is the input and the output is the vibration. Representing the force and vibration in the frequency domain (magnitude and phase) allows the following relation: formula_31 is called the frequency response function (also referred to as the transfer function, but not technically as accurate) and has both a magnitude and phase component (if represented as a complex number, a real and imaginary component). The magnitude of the frequency response function (FRF) was presented earlier for the mass–spring–damper system. The phase of the FRF was also presented earlier as: For example, calculating the FRF for a mass–spring–damper system with a mass of 1 kg, spring stiffness of 1.93 N/mm and a damping ratio of 0.1. The values of the spring and mass give a natural frequency of 7 Hz for this specific system. Applying the 1 Hz square wave from earlier allows the calculation of the predicted vibration of the mass. The figure illustrates the resulting vibration. It happens in this example that the fourth harmonic of the square wave falls at 7 Hz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20646772 | 343,823 |
Hatfield War Memorial The is a war memorial beside the Great North Road in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. It was one of 24 war memorials in England designed by Sir Herbert Baker, that were designated as a national collection by Historic England in 2017. The memorial is located near the gates of Hatfield House, and close to Hatfield railway station. It was unveiled in 1921, to commemorate 139 men from Hatfield killed on service during the First World War. A brick pavilion records the names of the dead, with further names added after the Second World War. The memorial comprises a Portland stone memorial cross, standing within a garden surrounded by brick walls to the north, west and south sides, and a yew hedge to the east, with an entrance gate in the wall to the south. Portland stone tablets with dedications listing the names of the dead are located in a brick shelter pavilion to the north side of the garden. The memorial cross is a typical Baker design, with an octagonal cross section, standing on an octagonal base. Baker had proposed a similar design of memorial cross to the Imperial War Graves Commission (now Commonwealth War Graves Commission), but a different design by Sir Reginald Blomfield was selected instead: the Cross of Sacrifice familiar at many CWGC cemeteries. Baker used versions of his cross in many of the municipal war memorials that he was commissioned to design after the First World War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54209084 | 342,163 |
Akciju sabiedrība When a joint stock company decides to trade its stocks on a regulated market, it is bound by the Financial Instruments Market law, which regulates the order in the regulated market. This law is overseen by the Financial and Capital Market Commission The liability of "Akciju sabiedrība" is limited. "Akciju sabiedrība" shall be liable for its obligations with the whole of its property. The company shall not be liable for the obligations of its stockeholders. Stockholders shall not be liable for the obligations of the company. "Akciju sabiedrība" may be founded as the company with supplemental liability, in which at least one of the stockholders is liable personally with the whole of their property for the obligations of the company. The founder of "Akciju sabiedrība" may be any natural or legal person. Minimum number of founders - 1. Stockholder registration (register keeping) is done by the Board of the company. Therefore, the Register of Stockholders of the company is not kept by the Register of Enterprises of Latvia and changes in the composition of the Register of Stockholders are not to be submitted to the Register of Enterprises. "Akciju sabiedrība" has a mandatory three-step management – the meeting of stockholders, supervisory board and management board. The meeting of stockholders is the highest management body of the stock company, which has the right to decide on any issue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61676965 | 494,694 |
History of robots When the Greeks controlled Egypt a succession of engineers who could construct automata established themselves in Alexandria. Starting with the polymath Ctesibius (285-222 BC), Alexandrian engineers left behind texts detailing workable automata powered by hydraulics or steam. Ctesibius built human like automata, often these were used in religious ceremonies and the worship of deities. One of the last great Alexandrian engineers, Hero of Alexandria (10-70 BC) constructed an automata puppet theater, were the figurines and the stage sets moved by mechanical means. He described the construction of such automata in his treatise on pneumatics. Alexandrian engineers constructed automata as reverence for humans' apparent command over nature and as tools for priests, but also started a tradition where automata were constructed for anyone who was wealthy enough and primarily for the entertainment of the rich. The first post-classical society known to construct automata were the Byzantines. They inherented the knowledge on automata from the Alexandrians and developed it further to build water clocks with gear mechanisms, such as for example described by Procopius about 510. The knowledge on how to construct automata was passed on to the Arabs. Harun al-Rashid built water clocks with complicated hydraulic jacks and moving human figures. One such clock was gifted to Charlemagne, King of the Franks, in 807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13946920 | 254,365 |
Motion graphics Quantel workstations such as the Hal, Henry, Harry, Mirage, and Paintbox were the broadcast graphics standard of the time. Many other real-time graphics systems were used such as Ampex ADO, Abekas and K-Scope for live Digital video effects. Early proprietary 3D computer systems were also developed specifically for broadcast design such as the Bosch FGS-4000 which was used in the music video for Dire Straits' Money for Nothing. The advent of more powerful desktop computers running Photoshop in the mid-90s drastically lowered the costs for producing digital graphics. With the reduced cost of producing motion graphics on a computer, the discipline has seen more widespread use. With the availability of desktop programs such as Adobe After Effects, Discreet Combustion, and Apple Motion, motion graphics have become increasingly accessible. Modern character generators (CG) from Aston Broadcast Systems and Chyron Corporation's incorporate motion graphics. The term "motion graphics" was popularized by Trish and Chris Meyer's book about the use of Adobe After Effects, titled "Creating Motion Graphics". This was the beginning of desktop applications which specialized in video production but were not editing or 3D programs. These new programs collected together special effects, compositing, and color correction toolsets, and primarily came between edit and 3D in the production process. This "in-between" notion of motion graphics and the resulting style of animation is why sometimes it is referred to as 2.5D | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5010353 | 215,573 |
Air-operated valve An air-operated valve is a type of power operated valve that uses air pressure against a piston or diaphragm to produce linear or circular movement to operate a valve. Types are 2-way, 3-way and 4-way. The 2 way air-operated valves can be either normally closed or normally opened. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2182188 | 428,539 |
Core electron In atoms with more than one electron, the energy of an electron depends not only on the properties of the orbital it resides in, but also on its interactions with the other electrons in other orbitals. This requires consideration of the l quantum number. Higher values of l are associated with higher values of energy; for instance, the 2p state is higher than the 2s state. When l = 2, the increase in energy of the orbital becomes large enough to push the energy of orbital above the energy of the s-orbital in the next higher shell; when l = 3 the energy is pushed into the shell two steps higher. The filling of the 3d orbitals does not occur until the 4s orbitals have been filled. The increase in energy for subshells of increasing angular momentum in larger atoms is due to electron–electron interaction effects, and it is specifically related to the ability of low angular momentum electrons to penetrate more effectively toward the nucleus, where they are subject to less screening from the charge of intervening electrons. Thus, in atoms of higher atomic number, the l of electrons becomes more and more of a determining factor in their energy, and the principal quantum numbers n of electrons becomes less and less important in their energy placement. The energy sequence of the first 35 subshells (e.g., 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc.) is given in the following table [not shown?]. Each cell represents a subshell with n and l given by its row and column indices, respectively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5129473 | 78,299 |
Series LLC " This clarification is important because the definition of "person" is also incorporated in the Texas Uniform Commerce Code's definition of "debtor." This incorporation means that if an individual series of a Texas series LLC owns assets secured by a debt, then the individual series can be named on the UCC-1 financing statement that is required to perfect a lender's security interest. Before this update to the Business & Commerce Code, lenders often listed the series LLC instead of the individual series on UCC-1 financing statements, which exposed the series LLC to the debts of the individual series. There is uncertainty as to whether the liability shield between LLC series is fully effective in states that do not have series LLC laws. In the 2013 case of "Alphonse v. Arch Bay Holdings, LLC", the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit interpreted the application of the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act to alleged violations by a Delaware series LLC. The court held that Louisiana law (which does not recognize the series LLC concept) would apply to determine whether a particular series of an LLC or the entire LLC would be the proper party to the litigation. The series LLC is becoming more widely used as a liability segregation technique as its tax treatment becomes clearer and its use spreads. To date, the inter-jurisdictional efficacy of portfolio segregation has not been widely tested and the lack of precedent in federal bankruptcy court in particular is a significant source of uncertainty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7440406 | 491,861 |
Guatemala Stove Project The (GSP), is a registered Canadian charity (#871977617 RR0001) that raises funds and provides volunteers for the building of masonry cookstoves in Guatemala's Altiplano (Western Highlands). The works in partnership with CEDEC (Centro De Estudios Para El Desarrollo Y La Cooperacion), a non profit indigenous group from Quetzaltenango (Xela) Guatemala. CEDEC and the work with local women's groups to identify the families who are in need of a stove. Since 1999 the has built over 3000 stoves. <br> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12061068 | 511,481 |
Retinoblastoma protein This explains why sufferers of sporadic retinoblastoma are not at increased risk of cancers later in life, as both alleles are functional in all their other cells. Future cancer incidence in sporadic Rb cases is observed with polynomial kinetics, not exactly quadratic as expected because the first mutation must arise through normal mechanisms, and then can be duplicated by LOH to result in a tumour progenitor. "RB1" orthologs have also been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data are available. "RB"/"E2F"-family proteins repress transcription. Rb is a multifunctional protein with many binding and phosphorylation sites. Although its common function is seen as binding and repressing "E2F" targets, Rb is likely a multifunctional protein as it binds to at least 100 other proteins. Rb has three major structural components: a carboxy-terminus, a "pocket" subunit, and an amino-terminus. Within each subunit, there are a variety of protein binding sites, as well as a total of 15 possible phosphorylation sites. Generally, phosphorylation causes interdomain locking, which changes Rb's conformation and prevents binding to target proteins. Different sites may be phosphorylated at different times, giving rise to many possible conformations and likely many functions/activity levels. Rb restricts the cell's ability to replicate DNA by preventing its progression from the G1 (first gap phase) to S (synthesis phase) phase of the cell division cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 | 18,960 |
Green roof Some kinds of green roofs also place higher demands on the waterproofing system of the structure, both because water is retained on the roof and due to the possibility of roots penetrating the waterproof membrane. Another disadvantage is that the wildlife they attract may include pest insects which could easily infiltrate a residential building through open windows. The additional mass of the soil substrate and retained water places a large strain on the structural support of a building. This makes it unlikely for intensive green roofs to become widely implemented due to a lack of buildings that are able to support such a large amount of added weight as well as the added cost of reinforcing buildings to be able to support such weight. Some types of green roofs do have more demanding structural standards especially in seismic regions of the world. Some existing buildings cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roofs because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading. The weight of a green roof caused the collapse of a large sports hall roof in Hong Kong in 2016. In the wake of the disaster numerous other green roofs around the territory were removed. Green roofs require significantly more maintenance and maintenance energy compared to a standard roof. Standard maintenance include removing debris, controlling weeds, deadhead trimming, checking moisture levels, and fertilizing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192025 | 27,000 |
Orphan drug Before the United States Congress enacted the ODA in 1983, only 38 drugs were approved in the USA specifically to treat orphan diseases. In the USA, from January 1983 to June 2004, the Office of Orphan Products Development 249 orphan drugs received marketing authorization and granted 1,129 different orphan drug designations, compared to fewer than ten such products in the decade prior to 1983. From 1983 until May 2010, the FDA approved 353 orphan drugs and granted orphan designations to 2,116 compounds. As of 2010, 200 of the roughly 7,000 officially designated orphan diseases have become treatable. Critics have questioned whether orphan drug legislation was the real cause of this increase, claiming that many of the new drugs were for disorders which were already being researched anyway, and would have had drugs developed regardless of the legislation, and whether the ODA has truly stimulated the production of non-profitable drugs; the act also has been criticised for allowing some pharmaceutical companies to make a large profit of drugs which have a small market but sell for a high price. While the European Medicines Agency grants orphan drugs market access to all member states, in practice, they only reach the market when a member state decides that its national health system will reimburse for the drug. For example, in 2008, 44 orphan drugs reached the market in the Netherlands, 35 in Belgium, and 28 in Sweden, while in 2007, 35 such drugs reached the market in France and 23 in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395889 | 174,399 |
Sonochemistry <nowiki></nowiki> Another issue was the ratio of the amount of time it took for the lower frequency waves to penetrate the bubbles walls and access the water around the bubble, compared to the time from that point to the point on the other end of the body of water. But despite the revolutionary ideas of this article it was left mostly unnoticed. experienced a renaissance in the 1980s with the advent of inexpensive and reliable generators of high-intensity ultrasound, most based around piezoelectric elements. Sound waves propagating through a liquid at ultrasonic frequencies have wavelengths many times longer than the molecular dimensions or the bond length between atoms in the molecule. Therefore, the sound wave cannot directly affect the vibrational energy of the bond, and can therefore not directly increase the internal energy of a molecule. Instead, sonochemistry arises from acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. The collapse of these bubbles is an almost adiabatic process, thereby resulting in the massive build-up of energy inside the bubble, resulting in extremely high temperatures and pressures in a microscopic region of the sonicated liquid. The high temperatures and pressures result in the chemical excitation of any matter within or very near the bubble as it rapidly implodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3173180 | 426,911 |
Sam460ex Reviewing AmigaOne 500, "Amiga Future" magazine highlighted supplied 2 GB RAM and overall system performance comparable to older Pegasos II computer, but criticized weak built in graphics chip recommending customers to buy dedicated graphics card. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26803719 | 414,070 |
Knapping Historically, flint knappers commonly suffered from silicosis, due to the inhalation of flint dust. This has been called "the world's first industrial disease". When gun flint knapping was a large-scale industry in Brandon, silicosis was widely known as "knappers' rot". It has been claimed silicosis was responsible for the early death of three-quarters of Brandon gun flint makers. In one workshop, seven of the eight workmen died of the condition before the age of fifty. Modern knappers are advised to work in the open air to reduce the dust hazard, and to wear eye and hand protection. Some modern knappers wear a respirator to guard against dust. Modern American interest in knapping can be traced back to the study of a California Native American called Ishi who lived in the early twentieth century. Ishi taught scholars and academics traditional methods of making stone tools and how to use them for survival in the wild. Early European explorers to the New world were also exposed to flint knapping techniques. Additionally, several pioneering nineteenth-century European experimental knappers are also known and in the late 1960s and early 1970s experimental archaeologist Don Crabtree published texts such as "Experiments in Flintworking". François Bordes was an early writer on Old World knapping; he experimented with ways to replicate stone tools found across Western Europe. These authors helped to ignite a small craze in knapping among archaeologists and prehistorians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=144551 | 279,418 |
Technetium The effect disappears rapidly if the concentration of pertechnetate falls below the minimum concentration or if too high a concentration of other ions is added. As noted, the radioactive nature of technetium (3 MBq/L at the concentrations required) makes this corrosion protection impractical in almost all situations. Nevertheless, corrosion protection by pertechnetate ions was proposed (but never adopted) for use in boiling water reactors. plays no natural biological role and is not normally found in the human body. is produced in quantity by nuclear fission, and spreads more readily than many radionuclides. It appears to have low chemical toxicity. For example, no significant change in blood formula, body and organ weights, and food consumption could be detected for rats which ingested up to 15 µg of technetium-99 per gram of food for several weeks. The radiological toxicity of technetium (per unit of mass) is a function of compound, type of radiation for the isotope in question, and the isotope's half-life. All isotopes of technetium must be handled carefully. The most common isotope, technetium-99, is a weak beta emitter; such radiation is stopped by the walls of laboratory glassware. The primary hazard when working with technetium is inhalation of dust; such radioactive contamination in the lungs can pose a significant cancer risk. For most work, careful handling in a fume hood is sufficient, and a glove box is not needed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30041 | 83,364 |
Forestar Group Inc. is a real estate, oil and gas, and other natural resources company based in Austin, Texas. The company owns directly or through ventures almost of real estate located in ten states and 13 markets, approximately 590,000 acres of oil and gas mineral interests and approximately 358,000 net acres of leasehold oil and gas interests. The company operates three business segments: Real Estate, Oil and Gas, and Other Natural Resources. The real estate segment secures entitlements and develops infrastructure on its lands, primarily for single-family residential and mixed-use communities, and develops multi-family apartments. Forestar invests in new projects in strategic growth corridors, which represent markets with significant growth characteristics for population, employment and household formation that make them attractive for long-term real estate investment. The real estate segment has 11 real estate projects representing approximately 24,400 acres currently in the entitlement process, and 73 projects entitled, developed, or under development in eight states and 13 markets. The company sells land for commercial uses to national retailers and local commercial developers. In addition, the company will sell its undeveloped land, principally in Georgia, when it has reached its highest and best use. The company markets land for sale on its web site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21491693 | 451,599 |
4K resolution Some cinematographers record at 4K with the Super 35 film format to offset any resolution loss that may occur during video processing. With Axiom devices there is some open source hardware available that uses a 4K image sensor. <section begin=ExternalLinks/> <section end=ExternalLinks /><section begin=ExternalLinksLinkTemplates/> <section end=ExternalLinksLinkTemplates /> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 | 414,141 |
Protein purification Sucrose gradient centrifugation — a linear concentration gradient of sugar (typically sucrose, glycerol, or a silica based density gradient media, like Percoll) is generated in a tube such that the highest concentration is on the bottom and lowest on top. Percoll is a trademark owned by GE Healthcare companies. A protein sample is then layered on top of the gradient and spun at high speeds in an ultracentrifuge. This causes heavy macromolecules to migrate towards the bottom of the tube faster than lighter material. During centrifugation in the absence of sucrose, as particles move farther and farther from the center of rotation, they experience more and more centrifugal force (the further they move, the faster they move). The problem with this is that the useful separation range of within the vessel is restricted to a small observable window. Spinning a sample twice as long doesn't mean the particle of interest will go twice as far, in fact, it will go significantly further. However, when the proteins are moving through a sucrose gradient, they encounter liquid of increasing density and viscosity. A properly designed sucrose gradient will counteract the increasing centrifugal force so the particles move in close proportion to the time they have been in the centrifugal field. Samples separated by these gradients are referred to as "rate zonal" centrifugations. After separating the protein/particles, the gradient is then fractionated and collected | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542744 | 5,422 |
Income trust According to his analysis, had Bell Canada Enterprises converted to a trust it would have paid $2.6 to 3.17 billion in the next four years versus no taxes as a corporation. Subsequent to the October 31 announcement by Flaherty, the TSX Capped Energy Trust Index lost 21.8% in market value and the TSX Capped Income Trust Index lost 17.6% in market value by mid-November 2006. In contrast, the TSX Capped REIT Index, which is exempt from the 'Tax Fairness Plan', gained 3.2% in market value. According to the Canadian Association of Income Funds, this translates into a permanent loss in savings of $30 billion to Canadian income trust investors. In the month following the tax announcement, the unit price for all 250 income trusts and REITs on the TSX dropped by a median of almost 13% according to the iTrust Report published by TrustInvestor.com and its iTrust Index. Studies by Leslie Hayman, publisher of the report, indicated that the tax news at the end of 2006 was the second most significant volatility event in the market following only the suspension of advance tax rulings by the Minister of Finance, Ralph Goodale in 2005. In Hayman's report entitled "Breach of Trust", published as the 2006 year-end market review in "Forum" magazine by Advocis, the Financial Advisors Association of Canada, detailed analysis showed the substantial value to investors of the income trust structure and Canadian market being erased through new taxation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1460452 | 460,100 |
Elektronika VM-12 was the first Soviet VHS-compatible videocassette recorder. It was capable to record SECAM-IIIB D/K (OIRT), PAL and black-and-white video on a 12,65-mm wide magnetic tape. was 480х367х136 mm in size and weighted 10 kg. PAL SP - 2,339±0,5% | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41215364 | 274,911 |
Women in Military Service for America Memorial In November 2016, the said its financial situation was so poor, it may have to close. An online fundraiser begun in 2016 with a goal of $1.5 million raised just $110,000 as of October 2017. Construction of the also generated a precedent-setting lawsuit. Kalos Construction was digging a trench on the south side of Memorial Avenue. In this trench, utility lines would be laid which would serve the memorial. On July 10, 1996, one of the tall granite pylons next to the cemetery gate toppled over. The pylon landed on top of a mound of soft earth, which left it largely undamaged. But the granite urn on top of the pylon fell onto the asphalt, and was destroyed. Engineering officials were surprised to discover that the pylon had no foundation, and no anchor in the soil. Although Kalos workers had taken due care to not disturb the pylon, the lack of a foundation (which they assumed was there) caused the accident. Damage was estimated at $1 million. A dispute broke out over whose insurance company would pay to repair the pylon. Clark Construction was insured by The Hartford Fire Insurance Co. and Kalos Construction by Montgomery Mutual Insurance Co. The Hartford argued that the pylons were not mentioned in the insurance policy and it never agreed to insure them. Montgomery Mutual paid the claim, reserving its right to litigate the issue. It then sued to recover damages from the Foundation. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ruled in favor of The Hartford's argument | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2385979 | 345,554 |
Lincoln Tomb Stanton at the time of Lincoln's death, is inscribed in the wall above a stained glass window. Along the south wall of the burial room are four crypts containing the remains of Mrs. Lincoln and three of Lincoln's four sons, Edward, Willie, and Tad (the eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, alongside his wife and son). The tomb was built with additional crypts for members of Lincoln's family in addition to the four spaces already used. However, as the remaining members of Lincoln's family chose to be buried elsewhere, the other crypts remain empty. Also part of the site overseen by the State of Illinois, and a short distance from the tomb, three war memorials have been erected: 1. The World War II Illinois Veterans Memorial was dedicated in December 2004. This memorial honors the 987,000 Illinois men and women who served in World War II and the 22,000 who gave their lives. Its focal point is a white 22-ton concrete globe flanked on two sides by black granite walls. Stainless steel buttons on the globe identify major battles, and quotations from military leaders, and Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman are engraved on the wall. 2. The Korean War Memorial honors 1,748 Illinoisans killed during the 1950-53 Korean War. This memorial was dedicated on June 16, 1996. The memorial consists of a twelve-foot-tall bronze bell, with a diameter of twelve feet, mounted on a granite base | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1135572 | 313,355 |
Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme The Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme, a recycled water project, is located in the South East region of Queensland in Australia. The scheme that is managed by WaterSecure is a key part of the SEQ Water Grid constructed by the Queensland Government in response to population growth, climate change and severe drought. The 2.5 billion project is reported as the largest recycled water project in Australia. The Western Corridor is the area from Brisbane's south west suburbs towards the city of Ipswich. For many years the corridor has experienced significant population growth with the development of the suburb of Springfield and the resultante extension of the Centenary Highway and the upgrade to the Ipswich Motorway. The scheme involved the construction of three advanced water treatment plants constructed at Bundamba, Luggage Point and Gibson Island, which draw water from six existing wastewater treatment plants in the region to produce up to of purified recycled water daily. The water is distributed via a network of pipelines measuring more than in length. Construction began on the Recycled Water Project in 2006 and completed in late 2008. 408 million of funding was provided by the Australian Government via its Water Smart Australia Program. In Stage 1 of the project the scheme has provided an alternative water source for Swanbank Power Station and both Tarong Power Station and Tarong North Power Station. Supplies to Swanbank started in 2007 and supplies to Tarong and Tarong North started in June 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17393733 | 313,621 |
Pressure exchanger Efficiency is a function of the pressure differentials and the volumetric losses (leakage) through the device computed with the following equation: formula_1 where Q is flow, P is pressure, L is leakage flow, HDP is high pressure differential, LDP is low pressure differential, the subscript B refers to the low pressure feed to the device and the subscript G refers to the high pressure feed to the device. Mixing is a function of the concentrations of the species in the inlet streams and the ratio of flow volumes to the device. One application in which pressure exchangers are widely used is reverse osmosis (RO). In an RO system, pressure exchangers are used as energy recovery devices (ERDs). As illustrated, high-pressure concentrate from the membranes [C] is directed [3] to the ERD [D]. The ERD uses this high-pressure concentrate stream to pressurize the low-pressure seawater stream (stream [1] becomes stream [4]), which it then merges (with the aid of a circulation pump [B]) into the highest-pressure seawater stream created by the high-pressure pump [A]. This combined stream feeds the membranes [C]. The concentrate leaves the ERD at low pressure [5], expelled by the incoming feedwater flow [1]. Pressure exchangers save energy in these systems by reducing the load on the high pressure pump. In a seawater RO system operating at a 40% membrane water recovery rate, the ERD supplies 60% of the membrane feed flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16672559 | 197,177 |
Clip (compiler) Clip compiler is a compiler for the Clipper programming language with additional features and libraries (for gtk, fivewin, netto, MySQL, ODBC, cti, tcp, gzip, Interbase, Oracle, Postgres), which is quite fast, has support for Hyper-Six and FoxPro RDD's, and can compile existing Clipper source code with very minor changes. It has support for all the features in the original compiler, can access multiple types of databases such as Oracle, Informix, Interbase, MySQL, Postgres, all Xbase dialects (tables: Foxpro, Visual FoxPro, COMIX, indexes: NDX,NTX,CDX). It supports object-oriented programming, preprocessor, dynamic and static libraries, several functions for math, string management, arrays or vectors. Clip is licensed under a "GPL type" License and uses the GNU CC compiler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1882816 | 104,680 |
5G According to officials, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority allotted Jazz with a trial spectrum of 100 MHz from 2600 MHz band for its network for six months which is extendable. As a result, the company successfully integrated a site to its network, where the live testing of the equipment was showcased to the media. Currently, Jazz is authorized to conduct public trials of its network at five locations in Islamabad: F8, G7, E7, and some areas of Blue Area. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority hopes will be available in Pakistan by 2021. The commercial launch of in Pakistan is currently dependent on Pakistan Telecommunication Authority agreeing a regulatory and policy framework, which has yet to be finalized. But trials conducted by Jazz, and Zong indicate that operators have done their part. However, due to recent economic recession, 4G services haven't been able to scale at a reasonable rate by operators who feel financially squeezed. This could delay the commercial launch of in Pakistan. Currently, PTA has granted permission to PMCL (Jazz) and CMPak (Zong) for six months to conduct test and trial of technology under limited environment. in the Philippines started in 2016 when Smart Communications tested and recorded a speed of 2.5 Gbit/s and 14.97 Gbit/s in its Technolab test in 2018, laying the groundwork for infrastructure in the country | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 | 273,815 |
Word (computer architecture) Since it is efficient in time and space to have the word size be a multiple of the character size, word sizes in this period were usually multiples of 6 bits (in binary machines). A common choice then was the 36-bit word, which is also a good size for the numeric properties of a floating point format. After the introduction of the IBM System/360 design, which used eight-bit characters and supported lower-case letters, the standard size of a character (or more accurately, a byte) became eight bits. Word sizes thereafter were naturally multiples of eight bits, with 16, 32, and 64 bits being commonly used. Early machine designs included some that used what is often termed a "variable word length". In this type of organization, a numeric operand had no fixed length but rather its end was detected when a character with a special marking, often called word mark, was encountered. Such machines often used binary-coded decimal for numbers. This class of machines included the IBM 702, IBM 705, IBM 7080, IBM 7010, UNIVAC 1050, IBM 1401, and IBM 1620. Most of these machines work on one unit of memory at a time and since each instruction or datum is several units long, each instruction takes several cycles just to access memory. These machines are often quite slow because of this. For example, instruction fetches on an IBM 1620 Model I take 8 cycles just to read the 12 digits of the instruction (the Model II reduced this to 6 cycles, or 4 cycles if the instruction did not need both address fields) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1613344 | 109,803 |
Host switch When HIV sufficiently diminishes the immune system, it causes a condition known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS characterised by severe weight loss, fever, swollen lymph nodes and susceptibility to other severe infections . HIV is a type of lentivirus of which two types are known to cause AIDS: HIV-1 and HIV-2 , both of which jumped into the human population from numerous cross-species transmission events by the equivalent disease in primates known as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). SIVs are found in many different primate species, including chimpanzees and mandrills found in sub-Saharan Africa, and for the most part are largely non pathogenic . HIV-1 and HIV-2 having similar features but are antigenically different and so are classed as different types of HIV. Most transmission events are unsuccessful in switching its host, however in the context of HIV-1, four distinct forms emerged categorised as groups M, N, O and P of which group M is associated with pandemic HIV-1 and accounts for the majority of global cases. Each type is proposed to have emerged through bush-meat hunting and the exposure to the body fluids of infected primates , including blood. Host-specific selection pressures would bring about a change in the viral proteome of HIVs to suit the new host and therefore these regions would not be conserved when compared to SIVs. Through these viral proteomic comparisons, the viral matrix protein Gag-30 was identified as having differing amino acids at position 30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50796942 | 181,342 |
Massachusetts Route 128 More studies will need to be completed before projects will begin. As designated in 1927, the original Route 128, called the "Circumferential Highway," followed existing roadways from Gloucester to Hull through Boston's suburbs. The first (northernmost) segment of the present controlled-access highway, which is still just four lanes wide, opened in 1951. Construction progressed southward. The final (southernmost) segment, originally built as the present eight-lane highway that spliced into the John Fitzgerald Expressway (then Route 3 for its entire length, and popularly also known as the Southeast Expressway) at a wye junction now known as the Braintree Split in Braintree. This segment, which opened in 1960, replaced a two-lane undivided road to complete the first circumferential highway around any major city. Upon completion of the final segment of the Yankee Division Highway, the agency then known as the Massachusetts Highway Department (subsequently reorganized the Highway Division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation) assigned the concurrent designation of Route 128 to the segment of the Southeast Expressway (Route 3) from Exit 14 to the Braintree Split (Exit 19), linking to the segment of the original Route 128 from the intersection with Route 53 at Queen Anne's Corner at the Hingham-Norwell line to the southern terminus in Hull | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=79707 | 234,768 |
School Tycoon is a video game developed by Cat Daddy Games and published by Global Star Software in 2004. The game was designed to appeal to a younger audience as it is easier and less complicated than other business simulation games by removing the spreadsheets and statistics of game management. The game has an overhead view of a farm, city lot, or beach-side lot where a school is to be built. The player places buildings and paths to create the layout of the school. The objectives in the game increase in difficulty as the player progress; an easy objective might be to get a certain number of students into school while a more difficult objective would be to earn a certain amount of money within a time limit. There is also a sandbox game mode without specific objectives, giving the player the freedom to build any type of school they desire. The game view can zoom in to select individual students, or zoom out to look at the whole school. The game also has speed controls, to accelerate the pace of events, and has variable difficulty settings. Students in the school can learn ten different subjects. When starting off a school, the player can only afford small classrooms. As money is earned, better and larger classrooms can be built, helping the students to learn more. The player can build academic buildings, sports facilities, entertainment buildings, and an assortment of other structures such as statues, fountains, and food areas. It is also possible to hire teachers and coaches with a variety of different skills. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5617116 | 454,960 |
Edwin Goldmann (12 November 1862 – 13 August 1913) was a biomedical researcher and surgeon most famous for his contributions in first characterizing the blood–brain barrier. Goldmann's mentor, Paul Ehrlich, was studying staining in his bacteriological studies by injecting aniline dyes in several species of animal. While most of the anatomy stained equally well, the brain tissue exhibited less staining in many species. Goldmann discovered that when the dye (namely, trypan blue) was injected directly into the central nervous system instead of into the other organs, the brain would stain equally well as other organs — but the stain would not travel to the rest of the body. This suggested the presence of a compartmentalization between the cerebrospinal fluid and the vasculature of the rest of the body. This barrier was first hypothesized by a Berlin physician, Max Lewandowsky, in 1900 (prior to Goldmann's empirical evidence). died from liver cancer in Freiburg on 13 August 1913. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59620996 | 9,741 |
Tantalum telluride (TaTe) is a chemical compound of tantalum and tellurium. Tantalum also forms a tantalum rich telluride with the approximate formula TaTe that is unusual in that it forms dodecagonal chalcogenide quasicrystals, a formation that cannot occur in a normal crystal because it does not result in a periodic crystal lattice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4341146 | 57,250 |
X-machine The ("XM") is a theoretical model of computation introduced by Samuel Eilenberg in 1974. The "X" in "X-machine" represents the fundamental data type on which the machine operates; for example, a machine that operates on databases (objects of type "database") would be a "database"-machine. The model is structurally the same as the finite state machine, except that the symbols used to label the machine's transitions denote relations of type "X"→"X". Crossing a transition is equivalent to applying the relation that labels it (computing a set of changes to the data type "X"), and traversing a path in the machine corresponds to applying all the associated relations, one after the other. Eilenberg's original was a completely general theoretical model of computation (subsuming the Turing machine, for example), which admitted deterministic, non-deterministic and non-terminating computations. His seminal work published many variants of the basic model, each of which generalized the finite state machine in a slightly different way. In the most general model, an is essentially a "machine for manipulating objects of type X". Suppose that X is some datatype, called the "fundamental datatype", and that Φ is a set of (partial) relations φ: X → X. An is a finite state machine whose arrows are labelled by relations in Φ. In any given state, one or more transitions may be "enabled" if the domain of the associated relation φ accepts (a subset of) the current values stored in X | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1226978 | 100,978 |
Australian Centre for the Moving Image Game Masters – The Exhibition Touring Venues To Date: Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand 15 Dec 2012 – 28 April 2013 Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, Australia 13 Dec 2013 – 25 May 2014 National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland 5 Dec 2014 – 20 April 2015 Halmstad Arena, Sweden 28 May – 31 Aug 2015 Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, Portland, USA 13 Feb – 8 May 2016 Center of Science and Industry, Columbus, USA 11 June – 5 Sept 2016 Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg, Germany 14 Nov 2016 – 23 April 2017 Fleet Science Center, San Diego, USA 01 Jul 2017 – 18 Jan 2018 The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, USA 31 Mar – 03 Sept 2018 Science Museum of Minnesota, St Paul, USA 15 Feb 2019 – 5 May 2019 National Film and Sound Archive, Canberra, Australia 27 September 2019 – 9 March 2020 "DreamWorks Animation: The Exhibition", which includes over 400 works of art, including original hand-drawn character sketches, 3D marquettes of locations and characters, storyboards, interactive displays that allow you to play with DreamWorks animation technology, and a 180 degree film display that takes viewers on a journey from script pages and drawings through to a fully rendered 3D world | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3817828 | 233,867 |
English land law It was also held in "Binions v Evans" that a constructive trust arose out of Mr and Mrs Binion promising the former owners of the Tredegar Estate that Mrs Evans could remain for life in her cottage. The Binions were bound by their promise, even though the promise was not to Mrs Evans. However, a later Court of Appeal in "Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold" denied that constructive trusts should easily be created or that promises to could become binding on successors in title. However, of more contemporary social significance is the lease. Leases are most usually created by a contract. For short leases, under three years, there is no requirement for writing, and under seven years, there is no requirement for registration. Longer leases, even if they do not fulfil formality and registration requirements will also arise in equity under the doctrine of anticipation, formulated in "Walsh v Lonsdale". This means that the interest takes effect under a constructive trust, in turn leading to protection for actual occupants. Formally known under the Law of Property Act 1925 section 205(1)(xxvii) as a "term of years absolute", a lease divides property by time, and with a lease comes a measure of statutory protections for tenants. Under the old Rent Act 1977 and Landlord and Tenant Act 1954, these were much more significant, in particular providing controls on escalating rental prices and granting a right to not have a tenancy ended without a good justification (an equivalent to the right to unfair dismissal in UK labour law) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31761911 | 362,992 |
Acylation In chemistry, acylation (or alkanoylation) is the process of adding an acyl group to a compound. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent. Because they form a strong electrophile when treated with some metal catalysts, acyl halides are commonly used as acylating agents. For example, Friedel-Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride), CHCOCl, as the agent and aluminum chloride (AlCl) as a catalyst to add an ethanoyl (acetyl) group to benzene: The mechanism of this reaction is electrophilic aromatic substitution. Acyl halides and anhydrides of carboxylic acids are also commonly used acylating agents. In some cases, active esters exhibit comparable reactivity. All react with amines to form amides and alcohols to form esters by nucleophilic acyl substitution. can be used to prevent rearrangement reactions that would normally occur in alkylation. To do this an acylation reaction is performed, then the carbonyl is removed by Clemmensen reduction or a similar process. Protein acylation is the post-translational modification of proteins via the attachment of functional groups through acyl linkages. Protein acylation has been observed as a mechanism controlling biological signaling. One prominent type is fatty acylation, the addition of fatty acids to particular amino acids (e.g. myristoylation, palmitoylation or palmitoleoylation). Different types of fatty acids engage in global protein acylation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=612874 | 37,190 |
Anatomical terms of muscle "Reverse motions" need antagonistic pairs located in opposite sides of a joint or bone, including abductor-adductor pairs and flexor-extensor pairs. These consist of an extensor muscle, which "opens" the joint (by increasing the angle between the two bones) and a flexor muscle, which does the opposite by decreasing the angle between two bones. However, muscles don't always work this way; sometimes agonists and antagonists contract at the same time to produce force, as per Lombard's paradox. Also, sometimes during a joint action controlled by an agonist muscle, the antagonist will be slightly activated, naturally. This occurs normally and is not considered to be a problem unless it is excessive or uncontrolled and disturbs the control of the joint action. This is called agonist/antagonist co-activation and serves to mechanically stiffen the joint. Not all muscles are paired in this way. An example of an exception is the deltoid. "Synergist" muscles perform, or help perform, the same set of joint motion as the agonists. Synergists muscles act on movable joints. Synergists are sometimes referred to as "neutralizers" because they help cancel out, or neutralize, extra motion from the agonists to make sure that the force generated works within the desired plane of motion. Muscle fibers can only contract up to 40% of their fully stretched length. Thus the short fibers of pennate muscles are more suitable where power rather than range of contraction is required | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41491826 | 163,676 |
Gamma-glutamyltransferase Human proteins that belong to this family include GGT1, GGT2, GGT6, GGTL3, GGTL4, GGTLA1 and GGTLA4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=352296 | 60,199 |
Die preparation is a step of semiconductor device fabrication during which a wafer is prepared for IC packaging and IC testing. The process of die preparation typically consists of two steps: wafer mounting and wafer dicing. Wafer mounting is a step that is performed during the die preparation of a wafer as part of the process of semiconductor fabrication. During this step, the wafer is mounted on a plastic tape that is attached to a ring. Wafer mounting is performed right before the wafer is cut into separate dies. The adhesive film upon which the wafer is mounted ensures that the individual dies remain firmly in place during 'dicing', as the process of cutting the wafer is called. The picture on the right shows a 300 mm wafer after it was mounted and diced. The blue plastic is the adhesive tape. The wafer is the round disc in the middle. In this case, a large number of dies were already removed. In the manufacturing of micro-electronic devices, die cutting, dicing or singulation is a process of reducing a wafer containing multiple identical integrated circuits to individual dies each containing one of those circuits. During this process, a wafer with up to thousands of circuits is cut into rectangular pieces, each called a die. In between those functional parts of the circuits, a thin non-functional spacing is foreseen where a saw can safely cut the wafer without damaging the circuits. This spacing is called the "scribe line" or "saw street". The width of the scribe is very small, typically around 100 μm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048685 | 303,179 |
Islamic banking and finance He also proposes that short term credit for the production sector of the economy, be estimated by the central banks and the provided by them by manipulating the "refinance ratio" and the "lending ratio". According to economist and Islamic finance critic Feisal Khan, a "true" or strict system of profit and loss sharing (the type supported by Taqi Usmani and the Shariah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan) would severely cripple central banks' ability to fight a credit crunch or liquidity crisis that leads to a severe recession (such as happened in 2007-8). This is because if credit was provided by taking "a direct equity stake in every enterprise" (the PLS approach) it would contract in a credit crunch. But situations like this — when financiers are "less and less sure of the creditworthiness of their financial sector counterparties" and essentially stop lending to even the biggest and most stable borrowers or even other banks — is exactly the time when credit expansion and "flooding" the economy with liquidity is needed to prevent widespread business bankruptcy and unemployment. Banking makes up most of the Islamic finance industry. Banking products are often classified in one of three broad categories, two of which are "investment accounts": Originally these modes were intended by Islamic banking advocates to be "interim" measures, or to be used for situations where participatory financing was not practical, but now account for the great bulk of investments in many Islamic banks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=146740 | 498,450 |
Equivalent impedance transforms Wilhelm Cauer found a transformation that could generate all possible equivalents of a given rational, passive, linear one-port, or in other words, any given two-terminal impedance. Transformations of 4-terminal, especially 2-port, networks are also commonly found and transformations of yet more complex networks are possible. The vast scale of the topic of equivalent circuits is underscored in a story told by Sidney Darlington. According to Darlington, a large number of equivalent circuits were found by Ronald M. Foster, following his and George Campbell's 1920 paper on non-dissipative four-ports. In the course of this work they looked at the ways four ports could be interconnected with ideal transformers and maximum power transfer. They found a number of combinations which might have practical applications and asked the AT&T patent department to have them patented. The patent department replied that it was pointless just patenting some of the circuits if a competitor could use an equivalent circuit to get around the patent; they should patent all of them or not bother. Foster therefore set to work calculating every last one of them. He arrived at an enormous total of 83,539 equivalents (577,722 if different output ratios are included). This was too many to patent, so instead the information was released into the public domain in order to prevent any of AT&T's competitors from patenting them in the future | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19216160 | 402,431 |
Novette laser Novette was a two beam neodymium glass (phosphate glass) testbed laser built at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in about 15 months throughout 1981 and 1982 and was completed in January 1983. Novette was made using recycled parts from the dismantled Shiva and Argus lasers and borrowed parts from the future Nova laser. Its main intended purpose was to validate the proposed design and expected performance of the then planned Nova laser. In addition to being used for the further study of enhanced laser to target plasma energy coupling utilizing frequency tripled light and examining its benefits with respect to inertial confinement fusion, Novette was also used in the world's first laboratory demonstration of an x-ray laser in 1984. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7299171 | 299,758 |
Lanfranco Mignoti (Piode, 16th century – 17th century) was an Italian mathematician. Born in Piode in Valsesia, he gave a relevant contribution to hydraulic engineering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54246232 | 342,185 |
Water resource management An assessment of water resource management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population or not . It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of physical water scarcity, where there is not enough water to meet all their demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. Regarding food production, the World Bank targets agricultural food production and water resource management as an increasingly global issue that is fostering an important and growing debate. The authors of the book "Out of Water: From abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems", which laid down a six-point plan for solving the world's water problems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2497643 | 345,870 |
Protein function prediction This is complicated by certain active sites not being formed – essentially existing – until the protein undergoes conformational changes brought on by the binding of small molecules. Most protein structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography which requires a purified protein crystal. As a result, existing structural models are generally of a purified protein and as such lack the conformational changes that are created when the protein interacts with small molecules. Computational solvent mapping utilizes probes (small organic molecules) that are computationally 'moved' over the surface of the protein searching for sites where they tend to cluster. Multiple different probes are generally applied with the goal being to obtain a large number of different protein-probe conformations. The generated clusters are then ranked based on the cluster's average free energy. After computationally mapping multiple probes, the site of the protein where relatively large numbers of clusters form typically corresponds to an active site on the protein. This technique is a computational adaptation of 'wet lab' work from 1996. It was discovered that ascertaining the structure of a protein while it is suspended in different solvents and then superimposing those structures on one another produces data where the organic solvent molecules (that the proteins were suspended in) typically cluster at the protein's active site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29467449 | 155,535 |
Graham's law Graham measured the rate of diffusion of gases through plaster plugs, through very fine tubes, and through small orifices. In this way he slowed down the process so that it could be studied quantitatively. He first stated in 1831 that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density, and later in 1848 showed that this rate is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass. Graham went on to study the diffusion of substances in solution and in the process made the discovery that some apparent solutions actually are suspensions of particles too large to pass through a parchment filter. He termed these materials colloids, a term that has come to denote an important class of finely divided materials. Around the time Graham did his work, the concept of molecular weight was being established largely through the measurements of gases. Daniel Bernoulli suggested in 1738 in his book Hydrodynamica that heat increases in proportion to the velocity, and thus kinetic energy, of gas particles. Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro also suggested in 1811 that equal volumes of different gases contain equal numbers of molecules. Thus, the relative molecular weights of two gases are equal to the ratio of weights of equal volumes of the gases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=83909 | 70,311 |
List of electric power companies in Greece This is a list of every electric power company producing electrical energy in Greece as of March 2007. The PPC S.A. (ΔΕΗ) is the biggest electric power company in Greece. It owns and operates 34 major thermal and hydroelectric power plants and 3 aeolic parks of the interconnected power grid of the mainland, as well as 60 autonomous power plants located on Crete, Rhodes and other Greek islands (33 thermal, 2 hydroelectric, 18 aeolic and 5 photovoltaic parks). The total installed capacity of PPC's 97 power plants is 12276 MW with a net generation of 52.9 TWh in 2005. Thessaloniki Energy S.A. is a subsidiary of Hellenic Petroleum. So far it owns and operates one thermoelectric power station fueled with natural gas of 390 MW installed capacity in Thessaloniki and aims to build two more of the same size and reach 1200 MW in total. Terna is part of the GEK Terna group. It operates through two subsidiaries in the energy sector. Terna Energy S.A. is actively involved in wind (Aeolian) power generation. It is one of the first private Greek companies ever to be involved in Renewable Energy Sources and has been licensed for more than 600 MW. Terna is involved in power generation from thermal units through its subsidiary Heron S.A., which is licensed for the construction and operation of thermoelectric power stations fuelled with natural gas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10434904 | 388,637 |
History of the periodic table British chemist Henry Cavendish, the discoverer of hydrogen in 1766, discovered that air is composed of more gases than nitrogen and oxygen. He recorded these findings in 1784 and 1785; among them, he found a then-unidentified gas less reactive than nitrogen. Helium was first reported in 1868; the report was based on the new technique of spectroscopy and some spectral lines emitted by the Sun did not match those of any of the known elements. Mendeleev was not convinced by this finding since variance of temperate led to change of intensity of spectral lines and their location on the spectrum; this opinion was held by some other scientists of the day. Others believed the spectral lines could belong to an element that occurred on the Sun but not Earth; some believed it was yet to be found on Earth. In 1894, British chemist William Ramsay and British physicist Lord Rayleigh isolated argon from air and determined that it was a new element. Argon, however, did not engage in any chemical reactions and was—highly unusually for a gas—monatomic; it did not fit into the periodic law and thus challenged the very notion of it. Not all scientists immediately accepted this report; Mendeleev's original response to that was that argon was a triatomic form of nitrogen rather than an element of its own. The next year, Ramsay tested a report of American chemist William Francis Hillebrand, who found a steam of an unreactive gas from a sample of uraninite | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=619795 | 37,308 |
DyNet is the communications network and communications protocol for Dynalite lighting automation and building automation. It is now part of Philips Lighting. The network runs on a 4-twisted-pair cable of 100Ω 100 MHz CAT5E [http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lighting-controls/indoor-lighting-management-systems/dynalite-network-devices/913703041409_EU/product <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] or a flat cable with RS485 serial port, usually with a RJ-12 connector. A daisy-chain serial network topology is strongly recommended with no stubs. The recommended cable colour-coding is: Green/White pair = paralleled for GND Orange/White pair = paralleled for +12V Blue/White pair = blue for DATA+ and white for DATA- Brown/White pair = spare or shield if unshielded cable is used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53305844 | 256,392 |
Bioluminescence imaging Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have shown that bioluminescence imaging can be used to determine the effectiveness of cancer drugs that choke off a tumor's blood supply. The technique requires luciferin to be added to the bloodstream, which carries it to cells throughout the body. When luciferin reaches cells that have been altered to carry the firefly gene, those cells emit light. The BLT inverse problem of 3D reconstruction of the distribution of bioluminescent molecules from data measured on the animal surface is inherently ill-posed. The first small animal study using BLT was conducted by researchers at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA in 2005. Following this development, many research groups in USA and China have built systems that enable BLT. Mustard plants have had the gene that makes firefly's tails glow added to them so that the plants glow when touched. The effect lasts for an hour, but an utra-sensitive camera is needed to see the glow. An "autoluminograph" is a photograph produced by placing a light emitting object directly on a piece of film. A famous example is an autoluminograph published in "Science" magazine in 1986 of a glowing transgenic tobacco plant bearing the luciferase gene of fireflies placed on Kodak Ektachrome 200 film. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5612656 | 183,131 |
Mobile television "Over half of the viewers for streaming TV are between the ages of 18 and 34, so the YouTube generation is evolving from short-form and user-generated content to TV shows and, like YouTube, they can watch where and when they want," said Russ Crupnick, senior vice president of industry analysis at NPD. "Despite the attention lavished on tablets and phones, an astonishing 83 percent of free TV streaming programs are viewed on a computer." Estimated worldwide numbers of mobile TV subscribers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5328527 | 401,280 |
Leonardo da Vinci " While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a "Renaissance Man", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting. Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Andrea del Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of "topographic anatomy", drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre. Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy. Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's "Treatise on painting". During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them. Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18079 | 363,930 |
Artificial general intelligence The failed predictions that have been promised by AI researchers and the lack of a complete understanding of human behaviors have helped diminish the primary idea of human-level AI. Although the progress of AI research has brought both improvement and disappointment, most investigators have established optimism about potentially achieving the goal of AI in the 21st century. Other possible reasons have been proposed for the lengthy research in the progress of strong AI. The intricacy of scientific problems and the need to fully understand the human brain through psychology and neurophysiology have limited many researchers in emulating the function of the human brain in computer hardware. Many researchers tend to underestimate any doubt that is involved with future predictions of AI, but without taking those issues seriously, people can then overlook solutions to problematic questions. Clocksin says that a conceptual limitation that may impede the progress of AI research is that people may be using the wrong techniques for computer programs and implementation of equipment. When AI researchers first began to aim for the goal of artificial intelligence, a main interest was human reasoning. Researchers hoped to establish computational models of human knowledge through reasoning and to find out how to design a computer with a specific cognitive task | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=586357 | 278,245 |
Alexander Graham Bell Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario, Bell sent a tentative telegram to the village of Mount Pleasant distant, indicating that he was ready. He made a telephone call via telegraph wires and faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family with a call between the Bell Homestead and the office of the Dominion Telegraph Company in Brantford along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. The third test on August 10, 1876, was made via the telegraph line between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, distant. This test was said by many sources to be the "world's first long-distance call". The final test certainly proved that the telephone could work over long distances, at least as a one-way call. The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876. During that conversation, Bell was on Kilby Street in Boston and Watson was at the offices of the Walworth Manufacturing Company. Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=852 | 295,951 |
Machine Gun Corps Memorial The Machine Gun Corps Old Comrades' Association holds an annual observance in May and a memorial service on Remembrance Sunday in November each year. Another example of the David statue was erected at Cheyne Walk on Chelsea Embankment. The original by Edward Bainbridge Copnall, based on Wood's version, was stolen in 1969, and a fibreglass replacement was unveiled in 1975. Another bronze example by Wood is held by the National Gallery of Victoria in Australia. The Machine Gun Corps had several branches. The Cavalry Branch has a war memorial in Folkestone, near the Corps' barracks at Shorncliffe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21073267 | 348,704 |
Suspensory behavior Suspensory behaviour is a form of arboreal locomotion or a feeding behavior that involves hanging or suspension of the body below or among tree branches. This behavior enables faster travel while reducing path lengths to cover more ground when travelling, searching for food and avoiding predators. Different types of suspensory behaviour include brachiation, climbing, and bridging. These mechanisms allow larger species to distribute their weight among smaller branches rather than balancing above these weak supports. Primates and sloths are most commonly seen using these behaviours, however, other animals such as bats may be seen hanging below surfaces to obtain food or when resting. Animals who exhibit suspensory behaviour have similar mechanisms to perform this action and often involve many different parts of their body like the trunk, shoulders and many other features of their upper body. Typically, these animals have an overall dorso-ventral flattening, a shortened lumbar region and a mediolateral expansion of the rib cage causing the scapula to be repositioned dorsally and humeral articulation to be oriented more cranially than the usual lateral placement shown in quadrupedal animals. The scapula is also longer, giving these animals a particular arm and shoulder shape. Combined, these morphologies allow for the infraspinatus muscle to be repositioned creating more resistance to trans articular tensile stress for suspending below a branch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19263206 | 146,991 |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek It is suspected that van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality. The single-lens microscopes of van Leeuwenhoek were relatively small devices, the largest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample. Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction ""which I only keep for myself"", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no one was able to reconstruct van Leeuwenhoek's design techniques, but in 1957, C. L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a van Leeuwenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute. Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42001 | 13,171 |
Stein Brothers Building The is a historic building in Hastings, Nebraska. It was built in 1906 for Charles Henry Dietrich, who served as the 11th Governor of Nebraska in 1901 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1901 to 1905. Dietrich rented the building to Herman and Edmund Stein, two brothers who managed a dry goods and hardware store. The building was designed in the Prairie School architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 1, 1979. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60211009 | 306,911 |
Jacqueline Evans (conservationist) Jacqueline (Jacqui) Evans (born c.1971) is a marine conservationist from the Cook Islands. Her efforts to protect the marine environment surrounding the islands came to fruition in July 2017 when the government created the Marae Moana marine park. It provided for the sustainable management of 763,000 square miles (1.98 million sq km) of ocean territory, including 15 more highly protected exclusion zones covering 125,000 (324,000 sq km). In recognition of her efforts, in April 2019 Evans was one of six environmentalists to be awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize. Born in the early 1970s, Jacqueline Evans was the daughter of Mereana Henry from the Cook Islands and Roger Evans from England. She was raised in Masterton, New Zealand, together with her six elder siblings. When she was 15, she moved to the Cook Islands with her parents. They settled in Tupapa on the island of Rarotonga where she completed her school education at Tereora College. From 1993, she attended the University of the South Pacific in Fiji, graduating with a BSc in environmental studies in 1995. Later, she earned an MA in geography from the University of Hawaii at Manoa (2001–2004). Evans' interest in marine life began when she went on school trips to the nearly lagoon as a 16-year-old. While snorkeling, she was struck by the beauty of the coral and the colourful fish. It was then she decided to become a marine conservationist. After first working as a fisheries surveillance officer, she was employed by the Cook Islands Conservation Service | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60812577 | 158,742 |
Magnetometer It is one of a number of alkali vapours (including rubidium and potassium) that are used in this way. The device broadly consists of a photon emitter, such as a laser, an absorption chamber containing caesium vapour mixed with a "buffer gas" through which the emitted photons pass, and a photon detector, arranged in that order. The buffer gas is usually helium or nitrogen and they are used to reduce collisions between the caesium vapour atoms. The basic principle that allows the device to operate is the fact that a caesium atom can exist in any of nine energy levels, which can be informally thought of as the placement of electron atomic orbitals around the atomic nucleus. When a caesium atom within the chamber encounters a photon from the laser, it is excited to a higher energy state, emits a photon and falls to an indeterminate lower energy state. The caesium atom is "sensitive" to the photons from the laser in three of its nine energy states, and therefore, assuming a closed system, all the atoms eventually fall into a state in which all the photons from the laser pass through unhindered and are measured by the photon detector. The caesium vapour has become transparent. This process happens continuously to maintain as many of the electrons as possible in that state. At this point, the sample (or population) is said to have been optically pumped and ready for measurement to take place | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=83060 | 268,778 |
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