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International trade and state security This study shows that trade has a general deterrent effect on attackers when the target is economically integrated with potential defenders through regional trade institutions. When trade is conducted in an institutionalised setting it can have political implications beyond bilateral interdependence. Research shows that economic integration decreases the opportunities to fight and enhances the opportunities to intervene in crisis. Mansfield & Pevehouse (2000, p. 776) present strong evidence that “the combination of PTA membership (preferential trading arrangements) and a high level of trade is quite likely to discourage belligerence.” Many PTAs have become venues for addressing political disputes between participants and fostering cooperation. Observers have widely acknowledged, for example, that ASEAN has helped to manage tensions in Southeast Asia. Mercado Comun del Sur (MERCOSUR) has done likewise, improving political-military relations throughout the southern cone. (Mansfield & Pevehouse, 2000, p. 781). The reciprocal nature of this system helps guarantee that economic concessions made by one state will be repaid, rather than exploited by its counterpart. Another area to add to the existing literature on economic integration is the impact of militarized conflict on foreign investment. Bussman's (2010) contribution to the liberal notion that conflict inhibits foreign investment, complements the liberal peace arguments in conflict studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32101249 | 486,832 |
National Institutes of Health To allocate funds, the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress. This process begins with institute and center (IC) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields. IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects, new research proposals, and new initiatives from the Director. NIH submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget. Many adjustments and appeals occur between NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President's final budget. The President then sends NIH's budget request to Congress in February for the next fiscal year's allocations. The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall, Congress usually appropriates funding. This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds. When a government shutdown occurs, the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials, but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in a clinical trial, except for the most critically ill, as determined by the NIH Director | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46174 | 13,229 |
Eden Project The ETFE technology was supplied and installed by the firm Vector Foiltec, which is also responsible for ongoing maintenance of the cladding. The steel spaceframe and cladding package (with Vector Foiltec as ETFE subcontractor) was designed, supplied and installed by MERO (UK) PLC, who also jointly developed the overall scheme geometry with the architect, Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners. The entire build project was managed by McAlpine Joint Venture. The Core is the latest addition to the site and opened in September 2005. It provides the with an education facility, incorporating classrooms and exhibition spaces designed to help communicate Eden's central message about the relationship between people and plants. Accordingly, the building has taken its inspiration from plants, most noticeable in the form of the soaring timber roof, which gives the building its distinctive shape. Grimshaw developed the geometry of the copper-clad roof in collaboration with a sculptor, Peter Randall-Page, and Mike Purvis of structural engineers SKM Anthony Hunts. It is derived from phyllotaxis, which is the mathematical basis for nearly all plant growth; the "opposing spirals" found in many plants such as the seeds in a sunflower's head, pine cones and pineapples. The copper was obtained from traceable sources, and the is working with Rio Tinto Group to explore the possibility of encouraging further traceable supply routes for metals, which would enable users to avoid metals mined unethically | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9971 | 360,018 |
Beyond Culture is a 1976 book by the American anthropologist Edward T. Hall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16909782 | 497,757 |
Protein–lipid interaction 13C-NMR spectrum also gives information on specific lipid-protein interactions of biomembranes Recent results using non labeled optical methods such as Dual Polarisation Interferometry which measure the birefringence(or order) within lipid bilayers have been used to show how peptide and protein interactions can influence bilayer order, specifically demonstrating the real time association to bilayer and critical peptide concentration after which the peptides penetrate and disrupt the bilayer order. Solid-state NMR techniques have the potential to yield detailed information about the dynamics of individual amino acid residues within a membrane protein. However, the techniques can require large amounts (100–200 mg) of isotopically labeled proteins and are most informative when applied to small proteins where spectroscopic assignments are possible. Many peripheral membrane proteins bind to the membrane primarily through interactions with integral membrane proteins. But there is a diverse group of proteins which interact directly with the surface of the lipid bilayer. Some, such as myelin basic protein, and spectrin have mainly structural roles. A number of water-soluble proteins can bind to the bilayer surface transiently or under specific conditions. Misfolding processes, typically exposing hydrophobic regions of proteins, often are associated with binding to lipid membranes and subsequent aggregation, for example, during neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal stress and apoptosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17890418 | 43,699 |
VAG-COM In general, there are two ways to use this software, either as a package (software "and" hardware) distributed by the manufacturer or their agents, or, by building your own interface hardware and using it with the publicly available but limited shareware version of the software. VCDS is also capable of interfacing vehicles which use the generic OBD-II/EOBD protocols. However, the OBD-II and EOBD standards only allow for limited diagnostics, and no adjustments to any of the ECUs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7865896 | 103,394 |
The 2030 °Challenge Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) "Target Finder Tool" to identify energy information from the database, standardizing for building typology, climate, size, use etc. "Target Finder", in turn, accessed energy use data set from Commercial Buildings energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) to set the target EUI. In respond to EPA's latest news on updating its tools from 2003 CBECS to 2012, stemming to a change in all the benchmark EUIs, Architecture 2030 organization introduced their new "Zero Tool," which keeps the designers and owners moving from their baselines as those of CBECS 2012. Architecture 2030's Zero Tool expands on the Target Finder's features, offering a graphic display of baselines, targets, and existing building performance, allowing users to compare data normalized by climate, building size, occupancy and schedule. These target EUIs are achieved by using a set of energy-efficient design strategies which includes low cost or no cost passive design and use of renewable sources for on-site construction activities. A list of key ideas integrating all the principles, required to create low-carbon and adaptable built-environments worldwide can be found in the 2030 Palette. In addition to this guide, Architecture 2030 also provides an educational program; AIA+2030 Online Series, with a goal to provide design professionals high-performance building knowledge necessary to meet the 2030 Challenge targets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10310675 | 358,525 |
Japanese M-1 cipher machine The was a mechanical device the Japanese used for performing cryptography sometime during the 1930s. More specifically it was used by naval attaches. The US called it the "ORANGE machine". Cryptographically it is similar to the Red cipher; it was broken by Agnes Driscoll (Madame X). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43063354 | 105,780 |
Silver nanoparticle Conversely post-consumer silver nanoparticles in waste water may adversely impact biological agents used in waste water treatment. There are instances in which silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver are used in consumer goods. Samsung for example claimed that the use of silver nanoparticles in washing machines would help to sterilize clothes and water during the washing and rinsing functions, and allow clothes to be cleaned without the need for hot water. The nanoparticles in these appliances are synthesized using electrolysis. Through electrolysis, silver is extracted from metal plates and then turned into silver nanoparticles by a reduction agent. This method avoids the drying, cleaning, and re-dispersion processes, which are generally required with alternative colloidal synthesis methods. Importantly, the electrolysis strategy also decreases the production cost of Ag nanoparticles, making these washing machines more affordable to manufacture. Samsung has described the system: [A] grapefruit-sized device alongside the [washer] tub uses electrical currents to nanoshave two silver plates the size of large chewing gum sticks. Resulting in positively charged silver atoms-silver ions (Ag)-are injected into the tub during the wash cycle. Samsung's description of the Ag nanoparticle generating process seems to contradict its advertisement of silver nanoparticles. Instead, the statement indicates that laundry cycles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23891367 | 29,836 |
Fargo-Moorhead Area Diversion Project After further study, it was found the project would impact structures downstream all the way to Canada. The plan was revised and a storage area upstream and in-town levees were added to the plan. The plan was recommended to the Corps and was federally authorized through the Water Resources Reform and Development Act in 2016. The FM Area Diversion Project includes three components: A 30-mile diversion channel, in-town levees, and a southern embankment with upstream staging. The Diversion channel is 1,500 feet wide and can move 20,000 cubic feet of water per second. The upstream staging area is 32,500 acres that will only be used during times of extreme flooding with more than 35 feet in Fargo (10-year-event). The three components combined reduce the river level during a 100-year flood from 42.4 feet to 35 feet, thus saving the metropolitan area from damage. Although it’s not designed to prevent damages from a 500-year flood event, the FM area Diversion Project would reduce the river level in Fargo from 46.7 feet to 40 feet during a 500-year event, making larger flood events fightable. The Diversion channel has an aqueduct and spillway for the Sheyenne River and the Maple River. The channel also crosses the Lower Rush River and the Rush River. The channel begins at the diversion inlet south of Horace, ND. The channel ends northeast of Argusville, ND, just across the river from Georgetown, MN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52784904 | 336,454 |
Imperial Wireless Chain The government also commissioned the "Imperial Wireless Telegraphy Committee" chaired by Sir Henry Norman (the Norman Committee), which reported in 1920. The Norman Report recommended that transmitters should have a range of 2,000 miles, which required relay stations, and that Britain should be connected to Canada, Australia, South Africa, Egypt, India, East Africa, Singapore, and Hong Kong. However, the report was not acted upon. While British politicians procrastinated, Marconi constructed stations for other nations, linking North and South America, as well as China and Japan, in 1922. In January 1922 the British Chambers of Commerce added their voice to the demands for action, adopting a resolution urging the government to urgently resolve the matter, as did other organisations such as the Empire Press Union, which claimed that the Empire was suffering "incalculable loss" in its absence. Under this pressure, after the 1922 General Election, the Conservative government commissioned the Empire Wireless Committee, chaired by Sir Robert Donald, to "consider and advise upon the policy to be adopted as regards an Imperial wireless service so as to protect and facilitate public interest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29466325 | 205,822 |
List of refrigerants Chemical refrigerants are assigned an R number which is determined systematically according to molecular structure. Common refrigerants are frequently referred to as Freon (a registered trademark of Chemours). The following is a list of refrigerants with their Type/Prefix, ASHRAE designated numbers, IUPAC chemical name, molecular formula, CAS registry number / Blend Name, Atmospheric Lifetime in years, Semi-Empirical Ozone depletion potential, net Global warming potential over a 100-year time horizon, Occupational exposure limit/Permissible exposure limit in parts per million (volume per volume) over a time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for a normal eight-hour work day and a 40-hour work week, ASHRAE 34 Safety Group in Toxicity & Flammability (in Air @ 60 °C & 101.3 kPa) classing, Refrigerant Concentration Limit / Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health in parts per million (volume per volume) & grams per cubic meter, Molecular mass in Atomic mass units, Normal Boiling Point (or Bubble & Dew Points for the Zeotrope(400)-series)(or Normal Boiling Point & Azeotropic Temperature for the Azeotrope(500)-series) at 101,325 Pa (1 atmosphere) in degrees Celsius, Critical Temperature in degrees Celsius and Critical Pressure (absolute) in kiloPascals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5302267 | 78,595 |
Cactus graph In graph theory, a cactus (sometimes called a cactus tree) is a connected graph in which any two simple cycles have at most one vertex in common. Equivalently, it is a connected graph in which every edge belongs to at most one simple cycle, or (for nontrivial cactus) in which every block (maximal subgraph without a cut-vertex) is an edge or a cycle. Cacti are outerplanar graphs. Every pseudotree is a cactus. A nontrivial graph is a cactus if and only if every block is either a simple cycle or a single edge. The family of graphs in which each component is a cactus is downwardly closed under graph minor operations. This graph family may be characterized by a single forbidden minor, the four-vertex diamond graph formed by removing an edge from the complete graph "K". A triangular cactus is a special type of cactus graph such that each cycle has length three. For instance, the friendship graphs, graphs formed from a collection of triangles joined together at a single shared vertex, are triangular cacti. As well as being cactus graphs the triangular cacti are also block graphs. The largest triangular cactus in any graph may be found in polynomial time using an algorithm for the matroid parity problem. Since triangular cactus graphs are planar graphs, the largest triangular cactus can be used as an approximation to the largest planar subgraph, an important subproblem in planarization. As an approximation algorithm, this method has approximation ratio 4/9, the best known for the maximum planar subgraph problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9944209 | 388,495 |
Corporatism Unlike some other types of corporatism, liberal corporatism does not reject capitalism or individualism, but believes that the capitalist companies are social institutions that should require their managers to do more than maximize net income by recognizing the needs of their employees. This liberal corporatist ethic is similar to Taylorism, but endorses democratization of capitalist companies. Liberal corporatists believe that inclusion of all members in the election of management in effect reconciles "ethics and efficiency, freedom and order, liberty and rationality". Liberal corporatism began to gain disciples in the United States during the late 19th century. Liberal corporatism was an influential component of the progressivism in the United States that has been referred to as "interest group liberalism". In the United States, economic corporatism involving capital-labour cooperation was influential in the New Deal economic program of the United States in the 1930s as well as in Keynesianism and even Fordism. Fascism's theory of economic corporatism involved management of sectors of the economy by government or privately-controlled organizations (corporations). Each trade union or employer corporation would theoretically represent its professional concerns, especially by negotiation of labour contracts and the like. It was theorized that this method could result in harmony amongst social classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27619138 | 510,828 |
C24H30O8 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24201209 | 30,636 |
Gross substitutes The term gross substitutes is used in two slightly different meanings: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45543186 | 504,492 |
Ouabain The poisons derived from this genus of plants were used throughout eastern Africa, typically as arrow poisons for hunting and warfare. "Acokanthera schimperi", in particular, exhibits a very large amount of ouabain, which the Kenyans, Tanzanians, Rwandans, Ethiopians, and Somalis would use as an arrow poison. The poison was extracted from the branches and leaves of the plant by boiling them over a fire. Arrows would then be dipped into the concentrated black tar-like juice that formed. Often, certain magical additives were also mixed in with the ouabain extract in order to make the poison work according to the hunter's wishes. In Kenya, the Giriama and Langulu poison makers would add an elephant shrew to the poison mixture in order to facilitate the pursuit of their prey. They had observed that an elephant shrew would always run straight ahead or follow a direct path and thought that these properties would be transferred to the poison. A poisonous arrow made with this shrew was thought to cause the hunted animal to behave like the shrew and run in a straight path. In Rwanda, the poison makers would harvest the plants according to how many dead insects they found. If the plant was potent, many dead insects would be found around it. Although ouabain was used as an arrow poison primarily for hunting, it was also used during battle. One example of this occurred during a battle against the Portuguese, who had stormed Mombasa in 1505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=777293 | 96,105 |
Osmosis A "draw" solution of higher osmotic pressure than the feed solution is used to induce a net flow of water through a semi-permeable membrane, such that the feed solution becomes concentrated as the draw solution becomes dilute. The diluted draw solution may then be used directly (as with an ingestible solute like glucose), or sent to a secondary separation process for the removal of the draw solute. This secondary separation can be more efficient than a reverse osmosis process would be alone, depending on the draw solute used and the feedwater treated. Forward osmosis is an area of ongoing research, focusing on applications in desalination, water purification, water treatment, food processing, and other areas of study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18600440 | 290,087 |
MIMO-OFDM This arrangement makes it possible to eliminate the biggest obstacle to reliable broadband communications, intersymbol interference (ISI). ISI occurs when the overlap between consecutive symbols is large compared to the symbols’ duration. Normally, high data rates require shorter duration symbols, increasing the risk of ISI. By dividing a high-rate data stream into numerous low-rate data streams, OFDM enables longer duration symbols. A cyclic prefix (CP) may be inserted to create a (time) guard interval that prevents ISI entirely. If the guard interval is longer than the delay spread—the difference in delays experienced by symbols transmitted over the channel—then there will be no overlap between adjacent symbols and consequently no intersymbol interference. Though the CP slightly reduces spectral capacity by consuming a small percentage of the available bandwidth, the elimination of ISI makes it an exceedingly worthwhile tradeoff. A key advantage of OFDM is that fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) may be used to simplify implementation. Fourier transforms convert signals back and forth between the time domain and frequency domain. Consequently, Fourier transforms can exploit the fact that any complex waveform may be decomposed into a series of simple sinusoids. In signal processing applications, discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) are used to operate on real-time signal samples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41824003 | 400,264 |
Algal Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on emerging technologies in algae biology, biomass production, cultivation, harvesting, extraction, bioproducts, and econometrics that was established in 2012. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is J. A. Olivares (Los Alamos National Laboratory). The journal is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 5.014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50652693 | 181,201 |
Bremermann's limit However, it has been shown that access to quantum memory in principle allows computational algorithms that require arbitrarily small amount of energy/time per one elementary computation step. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1824836 | 2,909 |
McDonald's Cycle Center The Millennium Park bicycle center was designed by David Steele of the architectural firm Muller & Muller, which won a $120,000 contract to design the station by Memorial Day 2004, and commenced the design in August 2003. This was at a time when bike stations were in place or being planned in several U.S. cities, such as Denver, and, in California, Los Angeles, Berkeley, Long Beach and Palo Alto. Developed at the time of "Bike 2010 Plan" discussions, the station was part of Mayor Daley's vision of Chicago as the most bicycle-friendly city in the United States. From the outset the plan was to have separate operators for the Cycle Center's rental and repair services, as well as its coffee and juice bar. The bike station had originally been planned to occupy and cost $2 million, but when completed, the Cycle Center was and located on a larger exterior plaza. The final two-floor design cost $3.2 million, and a federal grant from the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration for projects that lessen traffic congestion and improve air quality funded its construction. The Cycle Center was completed in June 2004 and the official opening occurred on July 19, 2004, the Monday following the Millennium Park's grand opening gala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17835922 | 313,933 |
Messenger RNA There are other ways by which messages can be degraded, including non-stop decay and silencing by Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), among others. Full length mRNA molecules have been proposed as therapeutics since the beginning of the biotech era but there was little traction until the 2010s, when Moderna Therapeutics was founded and managed to raise almost a billion dollars in venture funding in its first three years. Theoretically, the administered mRNA sequence can cause a cell to make a protein, which in turn could directly treat a disease or could function as a vaccine; more indirectly the protein could drive an endogenous stem cell to differentiate in a desired way. The primary challenges of RNA therapy center on delivering the RNA to directed cells, more even than determining what sequence to deliver. Naked RNA sequences will naturally degrade after preparation; they may trigger the body's immune system to attack them as an invader; and they are impermeable to the cell membrane. Once within the cell, they must then leave the cell's transport mechanism to take action within the cytoplasm, which houses the ribosomes that direct manufacture of proteins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20232 | 95,461 |
Jet fuel Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), or avtur, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Furthermore, the range of molecular mass between hydrocarbons (or different carbon numbers) is defined by the requirements for the product, such as the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1, JP-5, and JP-8) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B and JP-4), between about 5 and 15. Fuel for piston-engine powered aircraft (usually a high-octane gasoline known as avgas) has a high volatility to improve its carburetion characteristics and high autoignition temperature to prevent preignition in high compression aircraft engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1205435 | 462,118 |
MusicXML is an XML-based file format for representing Western musical notation. The format is open, fully documented, and can be freely used under the W3C Community Final Specification Agreement. was invented by Michael Good and initially developed by Recordare LLC. It derived several key concepts from existing academic formats (such as Walter Hewlett's MuseData and David Huron's Humdrum). It is designed for the interchange of scores, particularly between different scorewriters. development was managed by MakeMusic following the company's acquisition of Recordare in 2011. development was transferred to the W3C Music Notation Community Group in July 2015. Version 1.0 was released in January 2004. Version 1.1 was released in May 2005 with improved formatting support. Version 2.0 was released in June 2007 and included a standard compressed format. All of these versions were defined by a series of document type definitions (DTDs). An XML Schema Definition (XSD) implementation of Version 2.0 was released in September 2008. Version 3.0 was released in August 2011 with improved virtual instrument support, in both DTD and XSD versions. Version 3.1 was released in December 2017 with improved support for the Standard Music Font Layout (SMuFL). The DTDs and XSDs are each freely redistributable under the W3C Community Final Specification Agreement. As of February 2019, is supported to varying degrees by over 240 notation programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=863937 | 453,539 |
Process safety management system is a regulation promulgated by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). A process is any activity or combination of activities including any use, storage, manufacturing, handling or the on-site movement of highly hazardous chemicals (HHCs) as defined by OSHA and the Environmental Protection Agency. system is an analytical tool focused on preventing releases of any substance defined as a "highly hazardous chemical" by the EPA or OSHA. Process Safety Management (PSMS) refers to a set of interrelated approaches to managing hazards associated with the process industries and is intended to reduce the frequency and severity of incidents resulting from releases of chemicals and other energy sources (US OSHA 1999). These standards are composed of organizational and operational procedures, design guidance, audit programs, and a host of other methods. The process safety management system program is divided into 14 elements. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1910.119 define all 14 elements of the process safety management system plan. All of those elements mentioned above are interlinked and interdependent. There is a tremendous interdependency of the various elements of PSM. All elements are related and are necessary to make up the entire PSM picture. Every element either contributes information to other elements for the completion or utilizes information from other elements in order to be completed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1376386 | 39,793 |
Freifunk The project fights secondary liability: Secondary liability is the legal situation that makes the owners of open / non-encrypted wireless access points liable for what other users do over their internet connection, as outlined in the Störerhaftung law (). The owners can thus be forced to pay for copyright infringements of third persons just because they opened their network to the public. This legal practice led to fear and uncertainty and made many people close their access points, e.g. in cafés or in public locations. The "Freedom Fighter Box" was a preconfigured access point that sent all data from the public network to Sweden over a VPN connection. In Sweden (as in most other countries), there is no secondary liability. In 2013, the Hamburg community set up a network of more than 300 nodes, using VPN tunnels to the Netherlands. Many new communities emerged. In Berlin, the community is building a backbone network based on microwave transmission over longer distances. This project is funded by the local broadcasting corporation "Medienanstalt Berlin-Brandenburg" and is still on-going in Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1953470 | 375,790 |
Nanyo Kohatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Sugar Mill The Nan'yō Kōhatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Sugar Mill is a former industrial facility in the village of Songsong on the island of Rota in the Northern Mariana Islands. Its ruins are a significant reminder of the South Seas Mandate period, when Imperial Japan engaged in large-scale sugar cane farming in the Northern Marianas, and are the only brick structure in the Northern Marianas. The sugar mill on Rota was one of the major installations of the Nan'yō Kōhatsu Kabushiki Kaisha, the Japanese company responsible for economic development of the mandate area. The remnants of this sugar mill, all that survived the Allied capture of Rota during World War II, are located on the north side of the peninsula that projects southwest from Songsong, and consist of fragments of brick and concrete structures. The most impressive single element is a brick and concrete tunnel long, from which openings lead to the locations of other parts of the once-extensive complex. The mill site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46645798 | 354,033 |
Tannin Idioblasts are isolated plant cells which differ from neighboring tissues and contain non-living substances. They have various functions such as storage of reserves, excretory materials, pigments, and minerals. They could contain oil, latex, gum, resin or pigments etc. They also can contain tannins. In Japanese persimmon ("Diospyros kaki") fruits, tannin is accumulated in the vacuole of tannin cells, which are idioblasts of parenchyma cells in the flesh. The convergent evolution of tannin-rich plant communities has occurred on nutrient-poor acidic soils throughout the world. Tannins were once believed to function as anti-herbivore defenses, but more and more ecologists now recognize them as important controllers of decomposition and nitrogen cycling processes. As concern grows about global warming, there is great interest to better understand the role of polyphenols as regulators of carbon cycling, in particular in northern boreal forests. Leaf litter and other decaying parts of kauri ("Agathis australis"), a tree species found in New Zealand, decompose much more slowly than those of most other species. Besides its acidity, the plant also bears substances such as waxes and phenols, most notably tannins, that are harmful to microorganisms. The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61983 | 184,866 |
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens. Neutrophils are the immune system's first line of defense against infection and have conventionally been thought to kill invading pathogens through two strategies: engulfment of microbes and secretion of anti-microbials. In 2004, a novel third function was identified: formation of NETs. NETs allow neutrophils to kill extracellular pathogens while minimizing damage to the host cells. Upon "in vitro" activation with the pharmacological agent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), Interleukin 8 (IL-8) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin to form an extracellular fibril matrix known as NET through an active process. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy has shown that NETs consist of stretches of DNA and globular protein domains with diameters of 15-17 nm and 25 nm, respectively. These aggregate into larger threads with a diameter of 50 nm. However, under flow conditions, NETs can form much larger structures, reaching hundreds of nanometers in length and width. Analysis by immunofluorescence corroborated that NETs contain proteins from azurophilic granules (neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and myeloperoxidase), specific granules (lactoferrin), tertiary granules (gelatinase), and the cytoplasm; however, CD63, actin, tubulin and various other cytoplasmatic proteins are not present in NETs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9806247 | 153,704 |
Two Temple Place "Rip Van Winkle" and characters from "The Last of the Mohicans" and "The Scarlet Letter" are depicted in a frieze in the main hall. This frieze was also executed by Thomas Nicholls. Two of the figures are from the Leatherstocking novels of James Fenimore Cooper, the first being "The Last of the Mohicans" the nickname of Uncas, a leading character in the book. The second statue is that of "The Pathfinder", one of the names given to Leatherstocking (otherwise Natty Bumppo). Next Nathaniel Hawthorne’s "Scarlet Letter" is represented by Hester Prynne and the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. The two remaining characters are Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle and his daughter. At the feet of Rip Van Winkle is his dog and at those of his daughter is the gnomes’ keg of liquor, the drinking of which had sent Van Winkle into his long slumber and freedom from his bothersome wife for 20 years! The staircase hall is overlooked by a gallery that features statues made by Nicholls, having American literary associations, and a frieze in relief which features 82 characters from Shakespeare’s "Othello", "Henry VIII", "Antony and Cleopatra" and "Macbeth". Around this gallery are ten pillars of solid ebony. The statues are positioned on six of the carved oak panels which surmount these pillars. The ceiling of the staircase Hall and Gallery is in stained glass, coved and panelled. Astor's study, located off the gallery and overlooking the Thames, held his vast collection of collectible books and art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31733423 | 362,922 |
Jaffe reaction The 1980s saw several new technologies that promised to change the way creatinine testing was done. Enzymatic and ion-exchange methods provided better accuracy but had other drawbacks. Enzymatic methods reduced some interferences but other new ones were discovered. High-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC, was more sensitive and specific, and had become the new reference method endorsed by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry. HPLC addressed the shortcomings of Jaffe-based methods, but was labor-intensive, expensive, and therefore impractical for routine analysis of the most frequently ordered renal analyte in medical labs. Simple, easily automated and cost-effective, Jaffe-based methods have persisted into the 21st century, despite their imperfections. By 2006, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) became the reference method. To improve the accuracy in creatinine testing, new standards were developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP) collaborated with NIST to develop a new control reference called "standard reference material 967" (SRM 967). SRM 967 aims to standardize calibration of creatinine testing, including Jaffe methods. Use of both IDMS and SRM 967 are currently recommended by the National Institutes of Health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37425225 | 188,878 |
Dioxide Materials was founded in 2009 in Champaign, Illinois, and is now headquartered in Boca Raton, Florida. Its main business is to develop technology to lower the world's carbon footprint. is developing technology to convert carbon dioxide, water and renewable energy into carbon-neutral gasoline (petrol) or jet fuel. Applications include CO recycling, sustainable fuels production and reducing curtailment of renewable energy(i.e. renewable energy that could not be used by the grid). Carbon Dioxide electrolyzers are a major part of Dioxide Materials' business. The work started in response to a Department of Energy challenge to find better catalysts for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. At the time the overpotential (i.e. wasted voltage) was too high, and the rate too low for practical applications. Workers at theorized that a bifunctional catalyst consisting of a metal and an ionic liquid might lower the overpotential for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. Indeed, it was found that the combination of two catalysts, silver nanoparticles and an ionic liquid solution containing equal volumes of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4) and water, reduced the overpotential for CO conversion to carbon monoxide (CO) from about 1 volt to only 0.17 volts. Workers from other laboratories have subsequently reproduced the findings on many metals, and with several ionic liquids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56391106 | 87,816 |
Silent Spring cranberries were found to contain high levels of the herbicide aminotriazole and the sale of all cranberry products was halted. Carson attended the ensuing FDA hearings on revising pesticide regulations; she was discouraged by the aggressive tactics of the chemical industry representatives, which included expert testimony that was firmly contradicted by the bulk of the scientific literature she had been studying. She also wondered about the possible "financial inducements behind certain pesticide programs". Research at the Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health brought Carson into contact with medical researchers investigating the gamut of cancer-causing chemicals. Of particular significance was the work of National Cancer Institute researcher and founding director of the environmental cancer section Wilhelm Hueper, who classified many pesticides as carcinogens. Carson and her research assistant Jeanne Davis, with the help of NIH librarian Dorothy Algire, found evidence to support the pesticide-cancer connection; to Carson the evidence for the toxicity of a wide array of synthetic pesticides was clear-cut, though such conclusions were very controversial beyond the small community of scientists studying pesticide carcinogenesis. By 1960, Carson had sufficient research material and the writing was progressing rapidly. She had investigated hundreds of individual incidents of pesticide exposure and the resulting human sickness and ecological damage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=81283 | 185,362 |
Engineering economics " This definition almost perfectly explains capital and its general relation to engineering, though some special cases may not lend themselves to such a concise explanation. The actual acquisition of that capital has many different routes, from equity to bonds to retained profits, each having unique strengths and weakness, especially when in relation to income taxation. Factors such as risk of capital loss, along with possible or expected returns must also be considered when capital budgeting is underway. For example, if a company has $20,000 to invest in a number of high, moderate, and low risk projects, the decision would depend upon how much risk the company is willing to take on, and if the returns offered by each category offset this perceived risk. Continuing with this example, if the high risk offered only 20% return, while the moderate offered 19% return, engineers and managers would most likely choose the moderate risk project, as its return is far more favorable for its category. The high risk project failed to offer proper returns to warrant its risk status. A more difficult decision may be between a moderate risk offering 15% while a low risk offering 11% return. The decision here would be much more subject to factors such as company policy, extra available capital, and possible investors. "In general, the firm should estimate the project opportunities, including investment requirements and prospective rates of return for each, expected to be available for the coming period | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7977203 | 356,628 |
Clipper (electronics) The clipping action can be made to happen at an arbitrary level by using a biasing element (potential source) in series with the diode. In the following diagrams the green plot is the input voltage, the orange plot is the output voltage, and the blue plot is the clipping level voltage. The signal can be clipped to between two levels by using both types of diode clippers in combination. A clamper circuit is not a clipper, but the simple diode version has a similar topology to a clipper with the exception that the resistor is replaced with a capacitor. The clamper circuit fixes either the positive or negative peaks at a fixed voltage (determined by the biasing voltage) rather than clipping them off. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3937246 | 410,787 |
Stripline Hence striplines have higher effective permittivity in comparison to microstrip lines, which in turn reduces wave propagation speed (see also velocity factor) according to "Stripline", now used as a generic term, was originally a proprietary brand of Airborne Instruments Laboratory Inc. (AIL). The version as produced by AIL was essentially air insulated (air stripline) with just a thin layer of dielectric material - just enough to support the conducting strip. The conductor was printed on both sides of the dielectric. The more familiar version with the space between the two plates completely filled with dielectric was originally produced by Sanders Associates who marketed it under the brand name of "triplate". was initially preferred to its rival, microstrip, made by ITT. Transmission in stripline is purely TEM mode and consequently there is no dispersion (provided that the dielectric of substrate is not itself dispersive). Also, discontinuity elements on the line (gaps, stubs, posts etc) present a purely reactive impedance. This is not the case with microstrip; the differing dielectrics above and below the strip result in longitudinal non-TEM components to the wave. This results in dispersion and discontinuity elements have a resistive component causing them to radiate. In the 1950s Eugene Fubini, at the time working for AIL, jokingly suggested that a microstrip dipole would make a good antenna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4269572 | 410,961 |
Research Triangle The four ACC schools in the state, Duke, North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest University (the last of which was originally located in the town of Wake Forest before moving to Winston-Salem in 1956), are referred to as Tobacco Road by sportscasters, particularly in basketball. All four teams consistently produce high-caliber teams. Each of the Triangle-based universities listed has won at least two NCAA Basketball national championships. Three historically black colleges, including recent Division I arrival North Carolina Central University and Division II members St. Augustine College and Shaw University also boost the popularity of college sports in the region. Other colleges in the Triangle that field intercollegiate teams include Campbell University, Meredith College, and William Peace University. The region has only one professional team of the four major sports, the Carolina Hurricanes of the NHL, based in Raleigh. Since moving to the region from Hartford, Connecticut, they have enjoyed great success, including winning a Stanley Cup. With only one top-level professional sports option, minor league sports are quite popular in the region. The Durham Bulls in downtown Durham are a AAA Minor League baseball affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays, and the Carolina Mudcats, based in Zebulon, 10 miles east of Raleigh, are the Advanced-A affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 | 477,350 |
Skagens Museum The dining room also features the furniture which Maria Krøyer designed for it in 1898. Today the dining room is also used for wedding ceremonies. The museum garden features some of the museum's sculptures. The Garden House is one of the oldest buildings in Skagen and received its name when it was incorporated into what was then the hotel garden. In 1853 it was used as a cholera lazaretto. In 1880, after their wedding, Michael and Anna Ancher took up residency in the building. They used the eastern end as a studio with natural light from a large new window still present in the gable. Their daughter Helga Ancher was born in the house in 1883. The following year the family moved to a new house on Markvej, now known as the Michael and Anna Ancher House, but Michael Ancher continued to use the Garden House as a studio. Later it was used as a summer residence for artists. After the Brøndum family donated the garden house to in 1919, they hosted various exhibitions and established memorial rooms dedicated to P. S. Krøer and Holger Drachman. From 1989 ti 1997, the house served as an administration building. Since 2009, it has been a café. Many of the museum's paintings have been digitized under the Google Art Project. As of August 2013, 105 are accessible online. The museum's director, Lisette Vind Ebbesen, believes it is important for the museum's paintings to be available online as it allows people from around the world to access the works even if they are unable to visit the museum itself | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32833378 | 335,405 |
Rüchardt experiment By properly trimming the gas inlet flux (through a throttling valve) they obtained the following result: during the oscillations the piston is pushed-up by the gas overpressure until it crosses the hole position; then the gas leakage through the hole reduces the pressure, and the piston falls back. The force acting onto the piston varies at a rate that is regulated by the piston oscillation frequency leading to forced oscillation; fine adjustment of the throttle valve allows to achieve maximum amplitude at resonance. In 1958, Christy and Rieser used only a gas-feeding pump to stabilize the gas pressure. A slightly different solution was found in 1964 by Hafner who used a tapered tube (conical: slightly larger at the top). In 1959, Taylor used a column of mercury oscillating inside a U-shaped tube instead of the Rüchardt sphere. In 1964, Donnally and Jensen used a variable load attached to the Rüchardt sphere in order to allows frequency measurements with different oscillating mass. In 1967, Lerner suggested a modified version of the Taylor method (with mercury replaced by water). In 1979, Smith reported a simplified version of the complex Rüchardt-resonance method, originally invented by Clark and Katz, in which an oscillating magnetic piston is driven into resonance by an external coil. In 1988, Connolly suggested the use of a photogate to measure more precisely the frequency of the Rüchardt sphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40956474 | 28,677 |
Turning radius The name wall or wall-to-wall turning circle denotes how far apart the two walls would have to be to allow a U-turn without scraping the walls. One can find these two ways of measuring the turning circle used in auto specifications, for example, a van might be listed as having a turning circle (in meters) of 12.1(C)/12.4(W). A notable exception in this description is of vehicles that are capable of spinning around their central axis, such as certain lawnmowers and wheelchairs as they do not follow a circular path as they turn. In this case the vehicle is referred to as a "zero turning radius" vehicle. Some camera dollies used in the film industry have a "round" mode which allows them to spin around their z axis by allowing synchronized inverse rotation of their front and rear wheel sets, effectively giving them "zero" turning radius. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7125851 | 299,464 |
Spectre (security vulnerability) Several procedures to help protect home computers and related devices from the vulnerability have been published. Initial mitigation efforts were not entirely without incident. At first, Spectre patches were reported to significantly slow down performance, especially on older computers. On the newer eighth generation Core platforms, benchmark performance drops of 2–14 percent were measured. On 18 January 2018, unwanted reboots were reported even for newer Intel chips. Since exploitation of Spectre through JavaScript embedded in websites is possible, it was planned to include mitigations against the attack by default in Chrome 64. Chrome 63 users could manually mitigate the attack by enabling the Site Isolation feature (codice_2). As of Firefox 57.0.4, Mozilla was reducing the resolution of JavaScript timers to help prevent timing attacks, with additional work on time-fuzzing techniques planned for future releases. On 4 January 2018, Google detailed a new technique on their security blog called "Retpoline" (return trampoline) which can overcome the Spectre vulnerability with a negligible amount of processor overhead. It involves compiler-level steering of indirect branches towards a different target that does not result in a vulnerable speculative out-of-order execution taking place. While it was developed for the x86 instruction set, Google engineers believe the technique is transferable to other processors as well | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56209204 | 129,669 |
Pulmonary surfactant Only the liquid phase can freely spread on the surface to form a monolayer. Nevertheless, it has been observed that if a lung region is abruptly expanded the floating crystals crack like "icebergs". Then the SP proteins selectively attract more DPPC to the interface than other phospholipids or cholesterol, whose surfactant properties are worse than DPPC's. The SP also fastens the DPPC on the interface to prevent the DPPC from being squeezed out when the surface area decreases This also reduces the interface compressibility. There are a number of types of pulmonary surfactants available. Synthetic pulmonary surfactants Animal derived surfactants Even though the surface tension can be greatly reduced by pulmonary surfactant, this effect will depend on the surfactant's concentration on the interface. The interface concentration has a saturation limit, which depends on temperature and mixture composition. Because during ventilation there is a variation of the lung surface area, the surfactant's interface concentration is not usually at the level of saturation. The surface increases during inspiration, which consequently opens space for new surfactant molecules to be recruited to the interface. Meanwhile, at the expiration the surface area decreases, the layer of surfactant is squeezed, bringing the surfactant molecules closer to each other and further decreasing the surface tension | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2020401 | 71,216 |
Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War However, the retractions happened in front of military cameras after the United States government threatened to charge the POWs with treason for cooperating with their captors. When one of the POWs who retracted his confession was tracked down in 2010, he denied being ill-treated or indoctrinated by the North Korean or Chinese guards. When the International Red Cross and the World Health Organization ruled out biological warfare, the Chinese government denounced them as being biased by the influence of US, and arranged an investigation by the Soviet-affiliated World Peace Council. The World Peace Council set up the International Scientific Commission for the Facts Concerning Bacterial Warfare in China and Korea (ISC). This commission had several distinguished scientists and doctors from France, Italy, Sweden, Brazil and Soviet Union, including renowned British biochemist and sinologist Joseph Needham. The commission's findings included dozens of eyewitnesses, testimonies from doctors, medical samples from the deceased, bomb casings as well as four American Korean War prisoners who confirmed the US use of biological warfare. On 15 September 1952, the final report was signed, confirming that the allegations were true, that the US was indeed experimenting with biological weapons in Korea. The full ISC report, including all appendices, was posted for the first time online in downloadable PDF format in February 2018 by Jeffrey Kaye of INSURGE Intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29603647 | 155,601 |
FLARM devices can issue spoken warnings similar to TCAS. A typical system consists of the following hardware components: The radio protocol has always been encrypted, which is reasoned by the manufacturer to ensure the integrity of the system and also because of privacy and security considerations. Version 4 used in 2008 and Version 6 used in 2015 were reverse engineered despite its encryption. However, changes the protocol on a regular basis . The decryption of the radio protocol might be illegal, especially in EU countries. The radio protocol has been criticised for its proprietary encryption, including a petition encouraging a change to an open protocol. It has been argued that encryption increases processing time and contradicts the goal to increase aviation safety due to a closed monopoly market, because an open protocol could enable third party manufacturers to develop compatible devices, spreading the use of interoperable traffic advisory systems. Technology opposed these claims as published on the petition page and published a white paper explaining the design of the system. They offer the technology to third parties, which requires the implementation of the OEM circuit board in compatible devices. Radio protocol specifications and crypto keys are not shared to third party manufacturers. While the serial data protocol is public, the prediction engine of is patented by Onera (France) and proprietary. It is licensed to manufacturers by Technology in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6748786 | 106,815 |
SM4All (Smart hoMes for All) is an international scientific research project funded by the European Community. It started on September 1, 2008 and will end on August 31, 2011. The project aims at studying and developing an innovative middleware platform for inter-working of smart embedded services in immersive and personcentric environments, through the use of composability and semantic techniques, in order to guarantee dynamicity, dependability and scalability, while preserving the privacy and security of the platform and its users. This is applied to the challenging scenario of private/home/building in presence of users with different abilities and needs (e.g., young able bodied aged and disabled). SAPIENZA Universita di Roma Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Elsag Datamat Technische Universitaet Wien Fondazione Santa Lucia Guger Technologies University of Groningen Thuiszorg Het Friese Land Telefonica Investigacion y Desarrollo Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan In the design of the platform, there will be a specific focus on ontologies for describing service capabilities, to be used for obtaining the dynamic configuration and composition of the services, while preserving the privacy of the users. Within this project an innovative middleware platform for inter-working of smart embedded services by leveraging on peer-to-peer (P2P) technologies will be investigated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24352961 | 283,991 |
Action potential , bundles of neurons) and demonstrated that nervous tissue was made up of cells, instead of an interconnected network of tubes (a "reticulum"). Carlo Matteucci followed up Galvani's studies and demonstrated that cell membranes had a voltage across them and could produce direct current. Matteucci's work inspired the German physiologist, Emil du Bois-Reymond, who discovered the action potential in 1843. The conduction velocity of action potentials was first measured in 1850 by du Bois-Reymond's friend, Hermann von Helmholtz. To establish that nervous tissue is made up of discrete cells, the Spanish physician Santiago Ramón y Cajal and his students used a stain developed by Camillo Golgi to reveal the myriad shapes of neurons, which they rendered painstakingly. For their discoveries, Golgi and Ramón y Cajal were awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology. Their work resolved a long-standing controversy in the neuroanatomy of the 19th century; Golgi himself had argued for the network model of the nervous system. The 20th century was a significant era for electrophysiology. In 1902 and again in 1912, Julius Bernstein advanced the hypothesis that the action potential resulted from a change in the permeability of the axonal membrane to ions. Bernstein's hypothesis was confirmed by Ken Cole and Howard Curtis, who showed that membrane conductance increases during an action potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=156998 | 397,657 |
Supersonic flow over a flat plate is a classical fluid dynamics problem. There is no exact solution to it. When a fluid flow at the speed of sound over a thin sharp flat plate over the leading edge at low incident angle at low Reynolds Number. Then a laminar boundary layer will be developed at the leading edge of the plate. And as there are viscous boundary layer, the plate will have a fictitious boundary layer so that a curved induced shock wave will be generated at the leading edge of the plate. The shock layer is the region between the plate surface and the boundary layer. This shock layer be further subdivided into layer of viscid and inviscid flow, according to the values of Mach number, Reynolds Number and Surface Temperature. However, if the entire layer is viscous, it is called as merged shock layer. This Fluid dynamics problem can be solved by different Numerical Methods. However, to solve it with Numerical Methods several assumptions have to be considered. And as a result shock layer properties and shock location is determined. Results vary with one or more than one of viscosity of the fluid, Mach number and angle of incidence changes. Generally for large angles of incidences, the variation of Reynold’s Number has significant effects on the change of the flow variables, whereas the viscous effects are dominant on the upper surface of the plate as well as behind the trailing edge of the plate. Different experimenters get different result as per the assumptions they have made to solve the problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44321440 | 431,807 |
Goldsworthy Gurney Gurney is by no means the only pioneering inventor in the history of steam road vehicles – Luke Herbert, in his 1837 "Practical Treatise on Rail-Roads and Locomotive Engines", rebuts in scathing fashion claims made for Gurney in preference to Trevithick as inventor of the steam carriage: One of his vehicles was sufficiently robust to make a journey in July 1829, two months before the Rainhill Trials, from London to Bath and back, at an average speed for the return journey of 14 miles per hour—including time spend in refuelling and taking on water. His daughter Anna, in a letter to "The Times" newspaper in December 1875, notes that "I never heard of any accident or injury to anyone with it, except in the fray at Melksham, on the noted journey to Bath, when the fair people set upon it, burnt their fingers, threw stones, and wounded poor Martyn the stoker". The vehicle had to be escorted under guard to Bath to prevent further luddism. The steam carriage was not a commercial success. There was an understandable apprehension on the part of the public to a conveyance atop a dangerous steam boiler; seeking to overcome this objection, Gurney designed an articulated vehicle, termed the "Gurney steam drag", in which a passenger carriage was tethered to and pulled by an engine. At least two of these were built and shipped to Glasgow around 1830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6488863 | 440,207 |
Strand jack A strand jack (also known as strandjack) is a jack used to lift very heavy (e.g. thousands of tons or more with multiple jacks) loads for construction and engineering purposes. Strandjacking was invented by VSL Australia's Patrick Kilkeary & Bruce Ramsay in 1969 for concrete post tensioning systems, and is now widely used for heavy lifting, to erect bridges, offshore structures, refineries, power stations, major buildings and other structures where the use of conventional cranes is either impractical or too expensive. Strand jacks can be used horizontally for pulling objects and structures, and are widely used in the oil and gas industry for skidded loadouts. Oil rigs of 38,000 t have been moved in this way from the place of construction on to a barge. Since multiple jacks can be operated simultaneously by hydraulic controllers, they can be used in tandem to lift very large loads of thousands of tons. Even the tandem use of two cranes is a very difficult operation. A strand jack is a hollow hydraulic cylinder with a set of steel cables (the "strands") passing through the open centre, each one passing through two clamps - one mounted to either end of the cylinder. The jack operates in the manner of a caterpillar's walk: climbing (or descending) along the strands by releasing the clamp at one end, expanding the cylinder, clamping there, releasing the trailing end, contracting, and clamping the trailing end before starting over again. The real significance of this device lies in the facility for precision control | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3986309 | 275,952 |
Duopoly (broadcasting) In the Maritime Provinces, Bell Media operates both the over-the-air CTV Atlantic group of stations and the cable-only CTV Two Atlantic, which have been jointly owned (under various parent companies) since the latter's launch in 1983. Canwest operated the CIII/CHCH twinstick in Toronto-Hamilton and the CHAN/CHEK twinstick in Vancouver-Victoria until 2009, under the Global and E! brands. These two sets of twinsticks were separated as a result of E!'s demise in August 2009, with Canwest retaining the Global O&Os (CIII and CHAN) and selling off the E! stations (CHCH and CHEK). Additionally, Canwest previously owned the now-defunct CHCA in Red Deer, which was available on cable and via rebroadcast transmitters in both Calgary and Edmonton, where Canwest respectively already owned CICT and CITV. This was not considered a true twinstick as CHCA was not based in the larger markets, and did not have permission to solicit local advertising in those markets. It did, however, have simultaneous substitution rights. CHUM Television operated the CITY/CKVR twinstick in Toronto-Barrie and the CKVU/CIVI twinstick in Vancouver-Victoria under the Citytv and A-Channel brands prior to its acquisition by CTVglobemedia in 2006. Following this acquisition, Rogers Media briefly held twinsticks in Vancouver (CKVU and CHNU) and Winnipeg (CHMI and CIIT), formed from its newly acquired Citytv stations and its Omni-branded religious stations; these two sets of twinsticks were dissolved in 2008 following the sales of CHNU and CIIT to S-VOX | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217474 | 481,827 |
Ultimate tensile strength For some non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled components) it can be reported just as a force or as a force per unit width. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit is the pascal (Pa) (or a multiple thereof, often megapascals (MPa), using the SI prefix "mega"); or, equivalently to pascals, newtons per square metre (N/m²). A United States customary unit is pounds per square inch (lb/in² or psi), or kilo-pounds per square inch (ksi, or sometimes kpsi), which is equal to 1000 psi; kilo-pounds per square inch are commonly used in one country (US), when measuring tensile strengths. Many materials can display linear elastic behavior, defined by a linear stress–strain relationship, as shown in figure 1 up to point 3. The elastic behavior of materials often extends into a non-linear region, represented in figure 1 by point 2 (the "yield point"), up to which deformations are completely recoverable upon removal of the load; that is, a specimen loaded elastically in tension will elongate, but will return to its original shape and size when unloaded. Beyond this elastic region, for ductile materials, such as steel, deformations are plastic. A plastically deformed specimen does not completely return to its original size and shape when unloaded. For many applications, plastic deformation is unacceptable, and is used as the design limitation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=237207 | 25,253 |
655th Engineer Topographic Battalion By the end of June productive work was being turned out again after a lapse of four months. Mapping work included work on Berlin and Frankfort town plans, and various GSGS projects in Bavaria and Germany. Both the Photomapping and Reproduction platoons continued in production through the end of September 1946, however, there were no assigned projects for the Survey platoon, so they continued on with their training program. During the period from October 1, 1946 to November 30, 1946, the unit experienced increasing rumors of inactivation. The Battalion continued to supply personnel for the Casey Jones Project (post-hostilities aerial mapping of Europe) and other assignments, even though the overall amount of work accomplished by the Battalion during this time was greatly lessened due to the lack of trained personnel. Most of the existing troops' time continued to be spent in training. Shortages of diesel oil and coal caused slow-downs in the technical work areas. Spare parts for the vehicles were not available, and as a consequence many of the vehicles were sidelined. The rapid turn-over of enlisted personnel was felt to be responsible for causing large amounts of loss and damage of government property. Lower moral and efficiency was observed among the remaining regular army men awaiting return to the United States. On November 26, 1946, Col. Unverferth was relieved from assignment with the Battalion and assigned to the 1681st Engineer Survey Team | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59330734 | 306,393 |
Dolium Excavation remains slow and tedious as the shipwreck lies under a meter of lime, but archeologists are hoping that this discovery will provide valuable information and details about the layout and cargo of the ship, as well as cargo ships like it. Doing so will help historians better understand and study the shipping routes of the Mediterranean in antiquity. ProMare, a non-profit organization that promotes marine discovery and archeology around the globe, is currently heading up the excavation process. It began on September 2, 2008 and represents current attempts to use modern technology in the excavation process. So far, it has been discovered that the ship was carrying ten dolia with a capacity of 400-450 gallons each. The project plans to continue excavating the site in 2009 with the use of a custom-built remotely operated vehicle. Study and analysis of shipboard use of dolia on Roman merchant ships indicates a strong similarity to how dolia were used on land. “It seems that dolia were made in a shape that allowed them to fit perfectly inside a ship in order to leave minimal empty space. The central row was composed of the highest cylindrical dolia, while the two other lines, laid on both sides of the central one, were composed of shorter and more rounded vases. The very tight disposition of the dolia has led to the deduction that these containers were never removed from their places on board ship and that when they carried wine, it had to be poured in and out at the ports-of-call | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17693625 | 298,302 |
Anti-submarine drone Anti-submarine drones are unmanned surface vehicles designed to stalk and hunt submarines. They are an emerging technology with a prototype ACTUV being designed by DARPA as a potentially smaller, more efficient Anti-submarine warfare capability for the United States Navy. Unmanned aerial vehicle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44701137 | 229,672 |
Lost film Swanson lamented the loss of this and other films in her 1980 memoirs, but optimistically concluded: ‘I do not believe these films are gone forever.’ In 2000, a print was found in the Netherlands and restored by the Nederlands Filmmuseum and the Haghefilm Conservation. It turned up among about two thousand rusty film canisters donated by an eccentric Dutch collector, Joop van Liempd, of Haarlem. It was given its first modern screening in 2005, and has since been aired on Turner Classic Movies. In the early 2000s, the German film "Metropolis" — which had been distributed in many different edits over the years — was restored to as close to the original version as possible, by reinstating edited footage and using computer technology to repair damaged footage. However, at that point, approximately a quarter of the original film footage was considered lost, according to the Kino Video DVD release of the restored film. On July 1, 2008, Berlin film experts announced that a copy of the film had been discovered in the archives of the film museum Museo del Cine in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which contained almost all of the scenes still missing from the 2002 restoration. The film now has been restored very close to its premiere version. The restoration process is featured in the documentary "Metropolis refundada" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2044294 | 305,257 |
Marconi Myriad The was an early computer designed by the Marconi Company in the 1960s. Myriad was a 24-bit machine largely built using integrated circuits from Ferranti which were packaged in small "TO-5" type cans. The architecture was "conventional", and was developed largely by the in-house Marconi team that designed similar, but physically larger computers based on SB345 discrete surface-barrier transistors. These machines were used successfully by the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE) and the Road Research Laboratory in the UK. In Sweden they were used by the Government in their "Fur Hat" defence system and in the Air Force where two computers were used for the meteorological service from the late 1960s to early 1990s. They also provided flight data for UK military air traffic control for 15 years. In Australia, two Myriads were used as part of each of the AF/TPS-802 "HUBCAP" air-defence systems from 1967–97. The Myriads were used in a coupled mode with one providing a radar data extractor and data quantiser role, and the other driving display overlays and tactical display information on radar and tactical screens. The Myriad 1 computer was mounted in a small desk format and weighed . Eight bit paper tape was (somewhat) standard input (the software could handle data input in either the ASCII or the rather idiosyncratic KDF9 character codes) – but a high speed 1000-characters per second electrostatic reader made by Facit was capable of projecting paper tape across a room in spectacular fashion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21312232 | 112,620 |
Building information modeling By hosting contributions from Autodesk, Bentley Systems and Graphisoft, plus other industry observers, in 2003, Jerry Laiserin helped popularize and standardize the term as a common name for the digital representation of the building process. Facilitating exchange and interoperability of information in digital format had previously been offered under differing terminology by Graphisoft as "Virtual Building", Bentley Systems as "Integrated Project Models", and by Autodesk or Vectorworks as "Building Information Modeling". The pioneering role of applications such as RUCAPS, Sonata and Reflex has been recognized by Laiserin as well as the UK's Royal Academy of Engineering. As Graphisoft had been developing such solutions for longer than its competitors, Laiserin regarded its ArchiCAD application as then "one of the most mature BIM solutions on the market." Following its launch in 1987, ArchiCAD became regarded by some as the first implementation of BIM, as it was the first CAD product on a personal computer able to create both 2D and 3D geometry, as well as the first commercial BIM product for personal computers. The US National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee has the following definition: Traditional building design was largely reliant upon two-dimensional technical drawings (plans, elevations, sections, etc). extends this beyond 3D, augmenting the three primary spatial dimensions (width, height and depth) with time as the fourth dimension or use (4D) and cost as the fifth (5D) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3978080 | 366,038 |
International Society for Computational Biology Student Council The Student Council is well recognized by members of the scientific community and its members are also recognized as outstanding members of their community The Student Council also assists in efforts to improve the quality of public reference material Finally, highlights from all major symposia from both the Student Council and from the Regional Student Groups have been periodically published over the years (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 Since its conception, the ISCB Student Council has not only advocated for the students in the ISCB and beyond but, also, the SC has made lots of efforts to help educate new students. In 2014, the ISCB Student Council began publishing a collection of articles in the "PLOS" journals that covers details about the development of the SC and how to advance in the field. As a collective effort because of reaching a decade of story, different Student Council leaders from different regions in the world, came together and published 12 articles as part of the "Stories from the road: ISCB Student Council Collection" that summarize the experience and lessons that were learned through those years. These articles range in topic from starting and expanding your scientific network, dealing with the frustration of failure, to disseminating science to the public | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32144185 | 273,355 |
Mathematical model An example of such criticism is the argument that the mathematical models of optimal foraging theory do not offer insight that goes beyond the common-sense conclusions of evolution and other basic principles of ecology. Mathematical models are of great importance in the natural sciences, particularly in physics. Physical theories are almost invariably expressed using mathematical models. Throughout history, more and more accurate mathematical models have been developed. Newton's laws accurately describe many everyday phenomena, but at certain limits theory of relativity and quantum mechanics must be used. It is common to use idealized models in physics to simplify things. Massless ropes, point particles, ideal gases and the particle in a box are among the many simplified models used in physics. The laws of physics are represented with simple equations such as Newton's laws, Maxwell's equations and the Schrödinger equation. These laws are a basis for making mathematical models of real situations. Many real situations are very complex and thus modeled approximate on a computer, a model that is computationally feasible to compute is made from the basic laws or from approximate models made from the basic laws. For example, molecules can be modeled by molecular orbital models that are approximate solutions to the Schrödinger equation. In engineering, physics models are often made by mathematical methods such as finite element analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20590 | 516,330 |
Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) Rebel forces expanded into the countryside south of Aleppo to control sections of the M4 and M5 highways, effectively blocking ground reinforcements for the Syrian Army. Before the end of 2012, the Syrian Army in Aleppo was receiving sporadic supplies and ammunition replenishment by air or via backroads. The fall of Base 46, a large complex that reinforced and supplied government troops, was seen by experts as "a tactical turning point that may lead to a strategic shift" in the battle for Aleppo. In a November 2012, intelligence report, American publisher Strategic Forecasting, Inc. described the strategic position of government forces in Aleppo as "dire", and said the Free Syrian Army had them "essentially surrounded". On 26 November 2012, rebels captured Tishrin Dam, further isolating government forces in Aleppo and leaving only one route into Aleppo. By late January 2013 Deputy Prime Minister Qadri Jamil said all supply routes to Aleppo had been cut off by opposition forces, comparing the situation to the Siege of Leningrad. By late February 2013, Aleppo International Airport was almost surrounded by rebel forces. Later, the Syrian Army regained control of the strategic town Tel Sheigeb, allowing them to approach the airport. In November 2013, the Syrian Army retook the town of al-Safira. This opened a road for the government to support the besieged Kuweires Military Airbase and Aleppo Power Plant. In February 2014, it was reported that the army planned to encircle Aleppo and impose blockades and truces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36494808 | 73,068 |
Geobiology Ecohydrology is an interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystems. Stable isotopes of water are sometimes used as tracers of water sources and flow paths between the physical environment and the biosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1962246 | 169,370 |
Application enablement In this model, the network provider establishes a platform for their large enterprise customers who want to blend custom software with enhanced abilities, and will provide standardized processes around mobilizing enterprise applications, and exposing core back-office abilities to allow for dynamic customer interaction. Examples of this model include: In this model, the network provider builds one-on-one relationships with trusted third-party developers by exposing customized network abilities, bringing a greater variety of brands to the network provider’s portfolio. Network providers using this model tend to only have a few partners (in contrast to the operator led model). Under this scenario, network providers benefit from a pre-established customer base and the developer’s marketing resources. Examples of this model include: "Operator led model" "Aggregator model" "Mass wholesale model" "Enterprise customer model" Videos Whitepapers Additional URLs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27478316 | 383,049 |
Virtual firewall A virtual firewall (VF) is a network firewall service or appliance running entirely within a virtualized environment and which provides the usual packet filtering and monitoring provided via a physical network firewall. The VF can be realized as a traditional software firewall on a guest virtual machine already running, a purpose-built virtual security appliance designed with virtual network security in mind, a virtual switch with additional security capabilities, or a managed kernel process running within the host hypervisor. So long as a computer network runs entirely over physical hardware and cabling, it is a physical network. As such it can be protected by physical "firewalls and fire walls alike"; the first and most important protection for a physical computer network always was and remains a physical, locked, flame-resistant door. Since the inception of the Internet this was the case, and structural fire walls and network firewalls were for a long time both necessary and sufficient. Since about 1998 there has been an explosive increase in the use of virtual machines (VM) in addition to — sometimes instead of — physical machines to offer many kinds of computer and communications services on local area networks and over the broader Internet. The advantages of virtual machines are well explored elsewhere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25787329 | 378,065 |
Chan's algorithm In computational geometry, Chan's algorithm, named after Timothy M. Chan, is an optimal output-sensitive algorithm to compute the convex hull of a set formula_1 of formula_2 points, in 2- or 3-dimensional space. The algorithm takes formula_3 time, where formula_4 is the number of vertices of the output (the convex hull). In the planar case, the algorithm combines an formula_5 algorithm (Graham scan, for example) with Jarvis march (formula_6), in order to obtain an optimal formula_3 time. is notable because it is much simpler than the Kirkpatrick–Seidel algorithm, and it naturally extends to 3-dimensional space. This paradigm has been independently developed by Frank Nielsen in his Ph.D. thesis. A single pass of the algorithm requires a parameter formula_8 to successfully terminate. Assume such a value is fixed (in practice, formula_4 is not known beforehand and multiple passes with increasing values of formula_10 will be used, see below). The algorithm starts by arbitrarily partitioning the set of points formula_1 into formula_12 subsets formula_13 with at most formula_10 points each; notice that formula_15. For each subset formula_16, it computes the convex hull, formula_17, using an formula_18 algorithm (for example, Graham scan), where formula_19 is the number of points in the subset. As there are formula_20 subsets of formula_21 points each, this phase takes formula_22 time. During the second phase, Jarvis's march is executed, making use of the precomputed (mini) convex hulls, formula_23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8320430 | 103,686 |
Horatio Earle The League fought for the privilege of carrying bicycles in baggage cars on railroads. The League fought for equal privileges with horse-drawn vehicles. All these battles were won and the bicyclist was accorded equal rights with other users of highways and streets." A plaque honoring Earle's efforts is located in a government building complex in Lansing, Michigan, directly west from the Capitol along the "mall" that corresponds with Michigan Ave. The plaque is located northwest of the footbridge that crosses Walnut. HORATIO EARLE -- In 1905, the year the State Highway Department was created, Michigan roads were quagmires of sand, mud, and clay that trapped horse-drawn vehicles and early automobiles alike. Bicycle clubs, such as the Leagues of American Wheelmen, led the effort to "reform" roads nationwide. In Michigan, the first state highway commissioner, Horatio "Good Roads" Earle (1855-1935), a bicyclist himself, vowed to conquer "the Mighty Monarch Mud." A former state senator, Earle served as state highway commissioner until 1909. Known as "the Father of Good Roads," Earle helped open the state to commerce and tourism. Monuments were erected in Cass City and Mackinaw City in his honor. Although appreciative, Earle stated "the monument I prize most is not measured by its height, but its length in miles". Registered state site No. 688, 2005 Erected by Employees and Friends of MDOT in its Centennial Year, 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2055178 | 340,911 |
DNA-binding protein The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors, which are proteins that regulate transcription. Each transcription factor binds to one specific set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences near their promoters. The transcription factors do this in two ways. Firstly, they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription, either directly or through other mediator proteins; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription. Alternatively, transcription factors can bind enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter. This alters the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase. These DNA targets can occur throughout an organism's genome. Thus, changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes. Thus, these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development. The specificity of these transcription factors' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases, allowing them to "read" the DNA sequence. Most of these base-interactions are made in the major groove, where the bases are most accessible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=966654 | 145,593 |
StarChase is the trade name of a less-than-lethal vehicle tagging system developed early in 2006 to tag, track and locate a fleeing vehicle of interest to police. Its components consist of an electronic tag in the form of a small, cylindrical projectile with the end covered in a viscous, industrial strength adhesive, which contains a battery-operated GPS tracker and Quad-Band transmitter (powered by a 1300 mAh dry cell), fired by compressed air from a small launcher on the front grille of a police car. In 2013, the system was available in four US states — Iowa, Florida, Arizona and Colorado — and cost $5,000 to install, each bullet costing $500. The system was developed to reduce the need for, and the inherent danger of high speed pursuits. Upon deployment to a target vehicle, the tag begins broadcasting its position to the dispatch center. Catching the vehicle, even without air support, now becomes a matter of strategic interdiction, rather than mere pursuit and interception. The system, as of mid-2013 was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety, Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, Austin Police Department, and numerous other agencies all over the world, such as the Ontario Provincial Police. http://www.nij.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/operations/pursuit/technology-developments.htm#remotetracking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3994890 | 275,963 |
Darcy friction factor formulae Early approximations for smooth pipes by Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius in terms of the Moody friction factor are given in one article of 1913: Johann Nikuradse in 1932 proposed that this corresponds to a power law correlation for the fluid velocity profile. Mishra and Gupta in 1979 proposed a correction for curved or helically coiled tubes, taking into account the equivalent curve radius, R: with, where "f" is a function of: valid for: The following table lists historical approximations to the Colebrook–White relation for pressure-driven flow. Churchill equation (1977), Cheng (2008) and Bellos et al. (2018) equations return an approximately correct value for friction factor in the laminar flow region (Reynolds number < 2300). All of the others are for transitional and turbulent flow only. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13733769 | 441,486 |
Jargon File Some of the changes made under his watch were controversial; early critics accused Raymond of unfairly changing the file's focus to the Unix hacker culture instead of the older hacker cultures where the originated. Raymond has responded by saying that the nature of hacking had changed and the should report on hacker culture, and not attempt to enshrine it. After the second edition of "NHD" (MIT Press, 1993; hereafter Raymond-1993), Raymond was accused of adding terms reflecting his own politics and vocabulary, even though he says that entries to be added are checked to make sure that they are in live use, not "just the private coinage of one or two people". The Raymond version was revised again, to include terminology from the nascent subculture of the public Internet and the World Wide Web, and published by MIT Press as "The New Hacker's Dictionary", Third Edition, in 1996. , no updates have been made to the official since 2003. A volunteer editor produced two updates, reflecting later influences (mostly excoriated) from text messaging language, LOLspeak, and Internet slang in general; the last was produced in January 2012. Despite its tongue-in-cheek approach, multiple other style guides and similar works have cited "The New Hacker's Dictionary" as a reference, and even recommended following some of its "hackish" best practices. The Oxford English Dictionary has used the "NHD" as a source for computer-related neologisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25523630 | 243,732 |
Shaft voltage occurs in electric motors and generators due to leakage, induction, or capacitive coupling with the windings of the motor. It can occur in motors powered by variable-frequency drives, as often used in heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. DC machines may have leakage current from the armature windings that energizes the shaft. Currents due to shaft voltage causes deterioration of motor bearings, but can be prevented with a grounding brush on the shaft, grounding of the motor frame, insulation of the bearing supports, or shielding. can be induced by non-symmetrical magnetic fields of the motor (or generator) itself. External sources of shaft voltage include other coupled machines, and electrostatic charging due to rubber belts rubbing on drive pulleys. Every rotor has some degree of capacitive coupling to the motor's electrical windings, but the effective inline capacitor acts as a high-pass filter, so the coupling is often weak at 50–60 Hz line frequency. But many Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) induce significant voltage onto the shaft of the driven motor, because of the kilohertz switching of the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), which produce the pulse width modulation used to control the motor. The presence of high frequency ground currents can cause sparks, arcing and electrical shocks and can damage bearings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31857185 | 363,061 |
National Infrastructure Protection Center The (NIPC) was a unit of the United States federal government charged with protecting computer systems and information systems critical to the United States' infrastructure. It was founded in 1998 by President Bill Clinton's Presidential Decision Directive 63. It was originally created as a branch of the FBI. In 2003, the NIPC was transferred to the Department of Homeland Security. The NIPC was eventually (2002) disbanded, with other federal government organizations taking on its responsibilities. [Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-296)] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38463439 | 286,795 |
Two-dimensional liquid A two-dimensional liquid (2D liquid) is a collection of objects constrained to move in a planar or other two-dimensional space in a liquid state. The movement of the particles in a 2D liquid is similar to 3D, but with limited degrees of freedom. E.g. rotational motion can be limited to rotation about only one axis, in contrast to a 3D liquid, where rotation of molecules about two or three axis would be possible. The same is true for the translational motion. The particles in 2D liquids can move in a 2D plane, whereas the particles is a 3D liquid can move in three directions inside the 3D volume. Vibrational motion is in most cases not constrained in comparison to 3D. The relations with other states of aggregation (see below) are also analogously in 2D and 3D. 2D liquids are related to 2D gases. If the density of a 2D liquid is decreased, a 2D gas is formed. This was observed by scanning tunnelling microscopy under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions for molecular adsorbates. 2D liquids are related to 2D solids. If the density of a 2D liquid is increased, the rotational degree of freedom is frozen and a 2D solid is created. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47093634 | 432,200 |
Falca Lines In the 1880s, the British began to fortify the area once more with the construction of the Victoria Lines (then known as the North West Front). The inclusion of the into the new fortifications was considered, but was eventually discarded since the position was unfavourable. Instead, the British built the Dwejra Lines further south of the Falca Lines. Today, the entrenchment lies in ruins. Only one demi-bastion still exists more or less intact, but its general outline is still visible. Part of the lines are breached by Triq Sir Temi Zammit, the road leading to Mġarr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46983692 | 354,246 |
Inductive output tube The initial design difficulties of MSDCIOTs were overcome through the use of recirculating high dielectric transformer oil as a combined coolant and insulation medium to prevent arcing and erosion between the closely spaced collector stages and to provide reliable low-maintenance collector cooling for the life of the tube. Earlier MSDC versions had to be air cooled (limited power) or used de-inonized water that had to be filtered, regularly exchanged and provided no freezing or corrosion protection. Thermal radiation from the cathode heats the grid. As a result, low-work-function cathode material evaporates and condenses on the grid. This eventually leads to a short between cathode and grid, as the material accreting on the grid narrows the gap between it and the cathode. In addition, the emissive cathode material on the grid causes a negative grid current (reverse electron flow from the grid to the cathode). This can swamp the grid power supply if this reverse current gets too high, changing the grid (bias) voltage and, consequently, the operating point of the tube. Today's IOTs are equipped with coated cathodes that work at relatively low operating temperatures, and hence have slower evaporation rates, minimizing this effect. Like most linear beam tubes having external tuning cavities, IOTs are vulnerable to arcing, and must be protected with arc detectors located in the output cavities that trigger a crowbar circuit based on a hydrogen thyratron or a triggered spark gap in the high-voltage supply | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15952810 | 376,332 |
Southern Research Clofarabine, a second-generation nucleoside analogue received accelerated approval from the US FDA at the end of 2004 for the treatment of paediatric patients 1–21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after at least two prior regimens. It is the first such drug to be approved for paediatric leukaemia in more than a decade, and the first to receive approval for paediatric use before adult use. Pralatrexate is another anticancer drug whose discovery was a result of contributions from medicinal chemists at along with chemists from SRI International and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The US FDA announced the approval of pralatrexate in 2009 for the treatment of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Research on drugs of this class began at SRI International in the 1950s. Pralatrexate was first prepared there by Dr. Joseph DeGraw and Dr. William Colwell. Dr. Robert Piper at synthesized the key starting material (a bromomethyl compound) which was used to prepare the intermediates needed to make multigram quantities of high purity final compound. Multiple issued patents on this compound are jointly owned by Southern Research, SRI International and Memorial Sloan Kettering and licensed to Allos Therapeutics. MLP was founded by the NIH to fund research aimed at identifying new chemical probes against biological targets that might be amenable for drug therapy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23262740 | 19,555 |
Computer (job description) The term "human computer" has been recently used by a group of researchers who refer to their work as "human computation". In this usage, "human computer" refers to activities of humans in the context of human-based computation (HBC). This usage is questionable for the following reason. HBC is a computational technique where a machine outsources certain (not necessarily algorithmic) tasks to humans. In fact, most of the time humans in the context of HBC are not provided with a sequence of exact steps that needs to be executed to yield an answer. HBC is agnostic about how humans solve the problem. This is why the term outsourcing is used in the definition. The use of humans as "human computers" in the context of HBC is very rare. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3833695 | 125,293 |
Behavior tree A version of the BRE suited for embedded systems (eBRE) is also available that has reduced functionality to tailor it to small-footprint microcontrollers. modelling can and has been applied to a diverse range of applications over a number of years. Some of the main application areas are described below. Modeling large-scale systems with large sets of natural-language requirements have always been the major focus for trialling behavior trees and the overall behavior engineering process. Conducting these evaluations and trials of the method has involved work with a number of industry partners and government departments in Australia. The systems studied have included a significant number of defense systems, enterprise systems, transportation systems, information systems, health systems and sophisticated control systems with stringent safety requirements. The results of these studies have all been commercial-in-confidence. However the results of the extensive industry trails with Raytheon Australia are presented below in the Industry Section. What all this work has consistently shown is that by translating requirements and creating dynamic and static integrated views of requirements a very significant number of major defects are discovered early, over and above the defects that are found by current industry best-practice. Failure of a design to satisfy a system’s requirements can result in schedule and cost overruns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21292928 | 221,429 |
Astronomical spectroscopy In the early 1800s Joseph von Fraunhofer used his skills as a glass maker to create very pure prisms, which allowed him to observe 574 dark lines in a seemingly continuous spectrum. Soon after this, he combined telescope and prism to observe the spectrum of Venus, the Moon, Mars, and various stars such as Betelgeuse; his company continued to manufacture and sell high-quality refracting telescopes based on his original designs until its closure in 1884. The resolution of a prism is limited by its size; a larger prism will provide a more detailed spectrum, but the increase in mass makes it unsuitable for highly detailed work. This issue was resolved in the early 1900s with the development of high-quality reflection gratings by J.S. Plaskett at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, Canada. Light striking a mirror will reflect at the same angle, however a small portion of the light will be refracted at a different angle; this is dependent upon the indices of refraction of the materials and the wavelength of the light. By creating a "blazed" grating which utilizes a large number of parallel mirrors, the small portion of light can be focused and visualized. These new spectroscopes were more detailed than a prism, required less light, and could be focused on a specific region of the spectrum by tilting the grating. The limitation to a blazed grating is the width of the mirrors, which can only be ground a finite amount before focus is lost; the maximum is around 1000 lines/mm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=273679 | 35,752 |
Stéphane Mangin is a physicist, professor at University of Lorraine, Nancy, France. He is head of the Nanomagnetism and Spintronics team at Institut Jean Lamour., a joint laboratory between French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and University of Lorraine. His research concern the study of nanomagnets and their magnetization dynamic under the influence of different stimulus such as a magnetic field, a current pulse which can generate a spin-transfer torque, or a spin-orbit torque (see spin-orbit interaction), or by ultrashort pulse laser. His works find application for technology concerning magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) or magnetic data storage on hard disk drive, such as Heat Assisted MagnetoRecording (HAMR technology) which is assisted by a laser beam. defended his PhD thesis in 1997 at Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble, France, and was a post-doctoral researcher at Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium. He was an assistant professor at Henri Poincaré University in Nancy, before becoming a full professor in 2008. He has been working in collaboration with many laboratories all around the world. In 2004–2005, he was an invited researcher at Hitachi GST San Jose Research center California and in 2012–2013, an invited professor at Center for magnetic Recording Research in the University of California, San Diego | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62467924 | 16,305 |
Ocarina Networks ECOsystem in most cases is highly effective at achieving results on novel or proprietary file-types, as well as pre-compressed media such as JPEG images and MPEG4 video. Ocarina successfully processed data in over 600 file formats to-date. Two forms of Ocarina's post-processing workflow were available: ECOmax utilized all available compression methods to shrink data, including on-disk structures that maximized utilization of physical blocks. The ECOmax workflow required the use of the ECOreader, which is run-anywhere software that efficiently decodes data for transparent read-back. ECOmax could be applied to any file or data types including specialized files used by various vertical industries. The NFO workflow is designed specifically for web-based media companies. In NFO, media files (for example JPEGs) were stored in their native state, which eliminates the need for decoding, and allows customers to capture data-reduction benefits throughout the workflow, including web distribution (bandwidth savings and better end-user experience), and movement into archival systems. NFO provided "visually identical" compression that tailors image parameters to the sensitivities of the Human Visual System Model, and the intended use of the image, without creating any perceivable quality degradation. Note that many of the features and capabilities of the Ocarina ECOsystem were not included in later Dell products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18564509 | 369,902 |
Hans Bethe During the 1980s and 1990s, Bethe campaigned for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. After the Chernobyl disaster, Bethe was part of a committee of experts that analysed the incident. They concluded that the reactor suffered from a fundamentally faulty design and human error also had significantly contributed to the accident. "My colleagues and I established," he explained "that the Chernobyl disaster tells us about the deficiencies of the Soviet political and administrative system rather than about problems with nuclear power." Throughout his life Bethe remained a strong advocate for electricity from nuclear energy, which he described in 1977 as "a necessity, not merely an option." In the 1980s he and other physicists opposed the Strategic Defense Initiative missile system conceived by the Ronald Reagan administration. In 1995, at the age of 88, Bethe wrote an open letter calling on all scientists to "cease and desist" from working on any aspect of nuclear weapons development and manufacture. In 2004, he joined 47 other Nobel laureates in signing a letter endorsing John Kerry for President of the United States as someone who would "restore science to its appropriate place in government". Historian Gregg Herken wrote: Bethe's hobbies included a passion for stamp-collecting. He loved the outdoors, and was an enthusiastic hiker all his life, exploring the Alps and the Rockies. He died in his home in Ithaca, New York on March 6, 2005 of congestive heart failure. He was survived by his wife Rose and two children | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185853 | 268,373 |
Redbird Reef is an artificial reef located in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Slaughter Beach, Delaware, east of the Indian River Inlet. Established by the Maryland Reef Initiative in 2001, this reef covers 1.3 square nautical miles of ocean floor and is located below the surface. The reef comprises 714 Redbird (R26–R36 World's Fair series) New York City Subway cars, 86 retired tanks and armored personnel carriers, eight tugboats and barges, and 3,000 tons of ballasted truck tires. The amount of marine food has increased 400 times over 7 years. The site is the most visited reef site off Delaware's coast, receiving more than 10,000 fishing parties annually, and is home to numerous marine species, including black sea bass, flounder, blue mussels, sponges, barnacles and coral. Also, tuna and mackerel hunt at the reef. The site has become so popular that fishermen steal from each other, and other states apply for the next subway cars to be dumped in their waters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30826416 | 352,482 |
Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 (GaHV-3) is a species of virus in the genus "Mardivirus", subfamily "Alphaherpesvirinae", family "Herpesviridae", and order "Herpesvirales". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61594496 | 10,125 |
Personal computer Computer hardware is a comprehensive term for all physical and tangible parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks. Some sub-systems of a personal computer may contain processors that run a fixed program, or firmware, such as a keyboard controller. Firmware usually is not changed by the end user of the personal computer. Most 2010s-era computers only require users to plug in the power supply, monitor, and other cables. A typical desktop computer consists of a computer case (or "tower"), a metal chassis that holds the power supply, motherboard, hard disk drive, and often an optical disc drive. Most towers have empty space where users can add additional components. External devices such as a computer monitor or visual display unit, keyboard, and a pointing device (mouse) are usually found in a personal computer. The motherboard connects all processor, memory and peripheral devices together. The RAM, graphics card and processor are in most cases mounted directly onto the motherboard. The central processing unit (microprocessor chip) plugs into a CPU socket, while the memory modules plug into corresponding memory sockets. Some motherboards have the video display adapter, sound and other peripherals integrated onto the motherboard, while others use expansion slots for graphics cards, network cards, or other I/O devices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18457137 | 424,528 |
John Gray (philosopher) " Postel also claimed that too much of "Straw Dogs" rested on "blanket assertion", and criticised Gray's use of the term "plague of people" as an outdated "neo-Malthusian persiflage about overpopulation". Postel strongly condemned Gray for outlining "complete political passivity. There is no point whatsoever in our attempting to make the world a less cruel or more livable place." John Gray has made several broadcasts for BBC Radio 4's programme "A Point of View". In August and September 2011, he made six broadcasts: He presented a second sequence from November 2014, sharing his "Point of View" on: Other programmes include: Asteroid 91199 Johngray, discovered by astronomer Eric Walter Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1998, was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 June 2008 (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1053576 | 517,333 |
Bacteriophage The virus remains dormant until host conditions deteriorate, perhaps due to depletion of nutrients, then, the endogenous phages (known as prophages) become active. At this point they initiate the reproductive cycle, resulting in lysis of the host cell. As the lysogenic cycle allows the host cell to continue to survive and reproduce, the virus is replicated in all offspring of the cell. An example of a bacteriophage known to follow the lysogenic cycle and the lytic cycle is the phage lambda of "E. coli." Sometimes prophages may provide benefits to the host bacterium while they are dormant by adding new functions to the bacterial genome, in a phenomenon called lysogenic conversion. Examples are the conversion of harmless strains of "Corynebacterium diphtheriae" or "Vibrio cholerae" by bacteriophages, to highly virulent ones that cause diphtheria or cholera, respectively. Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these toxin-encoding prophages have been proposed. Bacterial cells are protected by a cell wall of polysaccharides, which are important virulence factors protecting bacterial cells against both immune host defenses and antibiotics. To enter a host cell, bacteriophages attach to specific receptors on the surface of bacteria, including lipopolysaccharides, teichoic acids, proteins, or even flagella. This specificity means a bacteriophage can infect only certain bacteria bearing receptors to which they can bind, which in turn, determines the phage's host range | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4185 | 185,786 |
Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation This number included general employees, and special employees such as attorneys, doctoral researchers, conservators, bankruptcy estate trustees, examiners, etc. The KDIC implements deposit insurance policies and manages funds. The funds in the KDIC are divided into the Deposit Insurance Fund Bond Redemption Fund and the (New) Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF). The Redemption Fund was established to complete the financial restructuring and recover public funds injected during the first and second rounds of financial assistance following the 1997 East Asian financial crisis. The new DIF could start with a clean state from then. The annual premium revenue of the DIF in 2009 was KRW 1.24 trillion. The KDIC identifies troubled financial institutions through on and off-site monitoring and requests financial institutions or supervisory authorities to take appropriate actions to prevent failure. The KDIC supports an insolvent financial institution in accordance with the following four principles: Least Cost Principle, Loss-Sharing Principle, Self-Help Effort Principle and Transparency/Objectivity Principle. And the KDIC usually uses one of two methods: deposit payoff and financial assistance. Financial assistance includes loan extension and fund deposit, purchase of assets and assumption of liabilities, equity investment and contributions. The KDIC resolves a failed financial institution in the least costly manner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9072530 | 472,632 |
Danny Hillis At the time the company produced many of the fastest computers in the world. The Connection Machine was used in demanding computation and data-intensive applications. It was used by the Stanford Exploration Project for oil exploration and for pioneering data mining applications by American Express, as well as many scientific applications at organizations including Schlumberger, Harvard University, University of Tokyo, the Los Alamos National Laboratory, NASA, Sandia National Laboratories, National Center for Supercomputer Applications, Army High Performance Computing Research Center, University of California Berkeley, University of Wisconsin at Madison, and Syracuse University. In addition to designing the company's major products, Hillis worked closely with users of his machine, applying it to problems in astrophysics, aircraft design, financial analysis, genetics, computer graphics, medical imaging, image understanding, neurobiology, materials science, cryptography, and subatomic physics. At Thinking Machines, he built a team of scientists, designers, and engineers, including people in the field as well as those who later became leaders and innovators in multiple industries. The team included Sydney Brenner, Richard Feynman, Brewster Kahle, and Eric Lander. Among the users of Thinking Machines computers was Sergey Brin, who went on later to found Google, and who used the Connection Machine CM-2 to write parallel processing software while an undergraduate at University of Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328908 | 420,447 |
Aircraft maintenance is the performance of tasks required to ensure the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft or aircraft part, including overhaul, inspection, replacement, defect rectification, and the embodiment of modifications, compliance with airworthiness directives and repair. The maintenance of aircraft is highly regulated, in order to ensure safe and correct functioning during flight. In civil aviation national regulations are coordinated under international standards, established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The ICAO standards have to be implemented by local airworthiness authorities to regulate the maintenance tasks, personnel and inspection system. Maintenance staff must be licensed for the tasks they carry out. in civil aviation generally organized using a maintenance checks system, which are periodic inspections that have to be done on an aircraft after a certain amount of time or usage. A "Power by the Hour" program provides budget predictability, avoids installing a loaner during repairs when an aircraft part fails and enrolled aircraft may have a better value and liquidity. This concept of unscheduled maintenance was initially introduced for aircraft engines to mitigate engine failures. The term was coined by Bristol Siddeley in 1962 to support Vipers of the British Aerospace 125 business jets for a fixed sum per flying hour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8917371 | 216,653 |
Underfloor heating Power consumption of an electric system is not based on voltage but rather wattage output produced by the heating element. As defined by ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, thermal comfort is, "that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation." Relating specifically to underfloor heating, thermal comfort is influenced by floor surface temperature and associated elements such as radiant asymmetry, mean radiant temperature and operative temperature. Research by Nevins, Rohles, Gagge, P. Ole Fanger et al. show that humans at rest with clothing typical of light office and home wear, exchange over 50% of their sensible heat via radiation. influences the radiant exchange by warming the interior surfaces. The heating of the surfaces suppresses body heat loss resulting in a perception of heating comfort. This general sensation of comfort is further enhanced through conduction (feet on floor) and through convection by the surface's influence on air density. Underfloor cooling works by absorbing both short wave and long wave radiation resulting in cool interior surfaces. These cool surfaces encourage the loss of body heat resulting in a perception of cooling comfort | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4932518 | 321,715 |
Foundation (engineering) The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. A monopile foundation is a type of deep foundation which uses a single, generally large-diameter, structural element embedded into the earth to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure. Many monopile foundations have been utilized in recent years for economically constructing fixed-bottom offshore wind farms in shallow-water subsea locations. For example, a single wind farm off the coast of England went online in 2008 with over 100 turbines, each mounted on a 4.74-meter-diameter monopile footing in ocean depths up to 16 metres of water. Foundations are designed to have an adequate load capacity depending on the type of subsoil/rock supporting the foundation by a geotechnical engineer, and the footing itself may be designed structurally by a structural engineer. The primary design concerns are settlement and bearing capacity. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the structure which the foundation is supporting. Expansive clay soils can also cause problems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=693334 | 338,441 |
Mod jk mod_jk is an Apache module used to connect the Tomcat servlet container with web servers such as Apache, iPlanet, Sun ONE (formerly Netscape) and even IIS using the Apache JServ Protocol. A web server waits for client HTTP requests. When these requests arrive, the server does what is needed to serve the requests by providing the necessary content. Adding a servlet container alters this behavior. Now the web server needs also to: The adapter needs to know what requests it is going to serve, usually based on some pattern in the request URL, and to where to direct these requests. Things are more complex when the user wants to set a configuration that uses virtual hosts, or when they want multiple developers to work on the same web server but on different servlet container JVMs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2278932 | 482,551 |
Business partner A business partner is becoming more common in HR departments as it represents the employees position, ideally seeing the HR issues from the employers and employees point of view. Small and medium business are often turning to external HR Business Partners to solve any HR disputes. One example of a business partnership is the "Agility Alliance" originated by Electronic Data Systems. Members of this IT-focused alliance include Microsoft, Oracle Corporation, Sun Microsystems and SAP. This highlights two problems with multi-party partnerships: search or business matchmaking is the process/service of finding buyers/customers, distributors, licensees, and/or other business partners. This can be provided as a paid service by a commercial organization, or as a free service by the commercial section of a country's embassy/consulate or an association of businesses in a particular area. Customarily, commercial consideration of this service is a one time fee. The fee for this service depends on the business domain, the volume of business of both partners that will end up in a partnership relation as the end result of this service, etc. In a specific example of a specific domain this fee is found between EUR 1800~2200 depending on the tasks required from the business matchmaker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868104 | 491,381 |
Water testing In March 2013, French consumer magazine 60 Millions de Consommateurs and non-governmental organization Fondation France Libertés conducted an investigation that found traces of pesticides and prescription drugs, including a medicine for breast cancer treatment, in almost one in five French brands of bottled water, which are commonly touted as cleaner, healthier and purer alternatives to French tap water. Out of 47 brands of bottled water commonly available in French supermarkets, 10 brands contained "residues from drugs or pesticides". In March 2013, almost 200 water fountains in Jersey City public schools were found to contain lead above regulatory standards, where one of the water fountains had lead contamination at levels more than 800 times the EPA's standard. The situation warrants concern because exposure to lead in water could lead to mental retardation for children. In March 2013, a defense lawyer asked a federal judge to dismiss charges against the owner of Mississippi Environmental Analytical Laboratories Inc. accused of falsifying records on industrial waste water samples. According to the indictment, Borg Warner Emissions Systems Inc. hired Tennie White, the owner of the laboratory, to test waste water discharge at its car parts plant in Water Valley. White is accused of creating three reports in 2009 that indicated tests were completed when they were not | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13766136 | 80,590 |
Contact mechanics When two bodies with rough surfaces are pressed against each other, the true contact area formed between the two bodies, formula_91, is much smaller than the apparent or nominal contact area formula_92. The mechanics of contacting rough surfaces are discussed in terms of normal contact mechanics and static frictional interactions. Natural and engineering surfaces typically exhibit roughness features, known as asperities, across a broad range of length scales down to the molecular level, with surface structures exhibiting self affinity, also known as surface fractality. It is recognized that the self affine structure of surfaces is the origin of the linear scaling of true contact area with applied pressure. Assuming a model of shearing welded contacts in tribological interactions, this ubiquitously observed linearity between contact area and pressure can also be considered the origin of the linearity of the relationship between static friction and applied normal force. In contact between a "random rough" surface and an elastic half-space, the true contact area is related to the normal force formula_4 by with formula_95 equal to the root mean square (also known as the quadratic mean) of the surface slope and formula_96 . The median pressure in the true contact surface can be reasonably estimated as half of the effective elastic modulus formula_98 multiplied with the root mean square of the surface slope formula_95 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9697733 | 200,572 |
National Microbiology Laboratory NML employs scientists (MD, PhD, and DVM), biologists, and laboratory technicians, but it also includes informatics specialists, biosafety experts, specialized operations and maintenance staff, and administrative staff, among others. In total, there are approximately 600 staff members as of 2016. NML is renowned Some recent examples of the work done by NML include their involvement in the response to the West African Ebola outbreak. For a period of about 18 months, teams from NML travelled to West Africa to aid in the diagnostics during the outbreak. They worked closely with the World Health Organization and Médecins sans frontières to ensure people were properly diagnosed so that they could be properly cared for and isolated from others to stop the spread. Also during this outbreak, a promising vaccine and treatment for Ebola that were developed at NML, in conjunction with collaborators, were fast tracked into clinical trials so that they could get to the people that needed it as soon as possible. Another accomplishment was the response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. In April 2009, the Mexican national lab approached NML for assistance with identifying a respiratory virus that was causing outbreaks in Mexico. NML was able to quickly identify the new virus and recognize that it matched the virus that was beginning to circulate in the U.S. As the lead laboratory in Canada, NML rapidly developed diagnostic tests and equipped provincial labs to be able to test for the new virus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1772649 | 172,818 |
Propeller Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles in water near a moving propeller blade in regions of low pressure due to Bernoulli's principle. It can occur if an attempt is made to transmit too much power through the screw, or if the propeller is operating at a very high speed. Cavitation can waste power, create vibration and wear, and cause damage to the propeller. It can occur in many ways on a propeller. The two most common types of propeller cavitation are suction side surface cavitation and tip vortex cavitation. Suction side surface cavitation forms when the propeller is operating at high rotational speeds or under heavy load (high blade lift coefficient). The pressure on the upstream surface of the blade (the "suction side") can drop below the vapor pressure of the water, resulting in the formation of a vapor pocket. Under such conditions, the change in pressure between the downstream surface of the blade (the "pressure side") and the suction side is limited, and eventually reduced as the extent of cavitation is increased. When most of the blade surface is covered by cavitation, the pressure difference between the pressure side and suction side of the blade drops considerably, as does the thrust produced by the propeller. This condition is called "thrust breakdown". Operating the propeller under these conditions wastes energy, generates considerable noise, and as the vapor bubbles collapse it rapidly erodes the screw's surface due to localized shock waves against the blade surface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23738 | 364,135 |
Murder of Kitty Genovese On October 12, 2016, "The New York Times" appended an Editor's Note to the online version of its 1964 article, stating that "Later reporting by The Times and others has called into question significant elements of this account." NYC's "WNYC", looking back in 2014, reported how "An Iconic Murder Helped Create the 9-1-1 System." Various aspects of an alleged lack of public response existed. A confirming PBS report wrote how "papers and media outlets ran with the story;" they also added "nearly a dozen books" and when it came to film, mentioned "James Solomon’s film "The Witness"" more than once. The report's "The Genesis of 911" section noted that "Up until the late 1960s, there was no centralized number for people to call in case of an emergency." The story of the witnesses who did nothing "is taught in every introduction-to-psychology textbook in the United States and Britain, and in many other countries ... and has been made popularly known through television programs and books," and songs. WNYC, PBS and the "New York Times" lookback articles referenced in particular one film ("The Witness") and have noted the cumulative impact of the murder to the development of the 911 system. Kitty Genovese and “Bystander Apathy,” is an episode of You're Wrong About that discusses how the social attitudes of the time shaped the public's perception of the story. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315269 | 463,655 |
ATVSI ("Asosiasi Televisi Swasta Indonesia", English: "Indonesian Television Broadcasting Association"), the Association of Indonesian Private Televisions is an organization that unites the private TV channels in Indonesia. Its members are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3502736 | 459,223 |
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