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Disturbance (ecology) As an example, many shade-intolerant plant species rely on disturbances for successful establishment and to limit competition. Without this perpetual thinning, diversity of forest flora can decline, affecting animals dependent on those plants as well. A good example of this role of disturbance is in ponderosa pine ("Pinus ponderosa") forests in the western United States, where surface fires frequently thin existing vegetation allowing for new growth. If fire is suppressed, douglas fir ("Pesudotsuga menziesii"), a shade tolerant species, eventually replaces the pines. Douglas firs, having dense crowns, severely limit the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floor. Without sufficient light new growth is severely limited. As the diversity of surface plants decreases, animal species that rely on them diminish as well. Fire, in this case, is important not only to the species directly affected but also to many other organisms whose survival depends on those key plants. Diversity is low in harsh environments because of the intolerance of all but opportunistic and highly resistant species to such conditions. The interplay between disturbance and these biological processes seems to account for a major portion of the organization and spatial patterning of natural communities. Disturbance variability and species diversity are heavily linked, and as a result require adaptations that help increase plant fitness necessary for survival. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3968480 | 150,984 |
Laptop theft A number of computer security measures have emerged that aim at protecting data. The Kensington Security Slot along with a locking cable provides physical security against thefts of opportunity. This is a cord that is attached to something heavy that cannot be moved, and is then locked into the case of the laptop, but this is not 100% secure. The Noble security lock slot is a different way to attach a security cable. STOP Security Plates and STOPLock Kits offer additional physical security measures, along with a secure online registry and 24/7 toll-free Recovery Hotline service.] Another possible approach to limiting the consequences of laptop theft is to issue thin client devices to field employees instead of conventional laptops, so that all data will reside on the server and therefore may be less liable to loss or compromise. If a thin client is lost or stolen, it can easily and inexpensively be replaced. However, a thin client depends on network access to the server, which is not available aboard airliners or any other location without network access. This approach can be coupled with strong authentication as such single sign-on (SSO). In 2006 a laptop in custody of a data analyst was stolen that contained personal and health data of about 26.5 million active duty troops and veterans. The agency has estimated that it will cost between $100 million to $500 million to prevent and cover possible losses from the data theft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=602014 | 347,460 |
Evolutionary models of food sharing An example of this would be sharing food among kin during a period of surplus. The implications of kin-selection is that natural selection will also favor the development of ways of determining kin from non-kin and close kin from distant kin. When Hamilton's rule is applied to food-sharing behavior, a simple expectation of the model is that close kin should receive food shares either more frequently or in larger quantities than distant relatives and non-kin. Additionally, greater imbalances in the quantities shared between close kin are expected than those shared with non-kin or distantly related individuals However, if reciprocal altruism is an important factor, then this may not be the case among close kin who are also reciprocity partners (see subsection below). Based on Feinman's extension of Hamilton's model, cheating such as recipients not sharing food with their donors, is more likely to take place between unrelated (or distantly related) individuals than closely related individuals. In addition to expanding the ideas of Hamilton and kin-based altruism, Saul Feinman also theorized food-sharing based on Robert Trivers' model of reciprocal altruism. Following Trivers' ideas, reciprocal altruism models of food-sharing generate expectations of when and how a recipient of food from a donor will share food in a future interaction with that donor. Like the kin selection model, food will be shared when the benefit towards the recipient is greater than the costs to the donor, such as a period of surplus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53855904 | 187,247 |
Deep content inspection Because of the availability of the complete payload's objects, and these schemes of inspection, Deep Content Inspection Systems are typically deployed where high-grade Security and Compliance is required or where end-point security solutions are not possible such as in bring your own device, or Cloud installations. This third generation approach of Deep Content Inspection was developed within the defence and intelligence community, first appearing in guard products such as SyBard, and later by Wedge Networks Inc.. Key-implementation highlights of this Company's approach can be deduced from their patent USPTO# 7,630,379 The main differentiators of Deep Content Inspection are: Deep Content Inspection is Content-focused instead of analyzing packets or classifying traffic based on application types such as in Next Generation Firewalls. "Understanding" content and its intent is the highest level of intelligence to be gained from network traffic. This is important as information flow is moving away from Packet, towards Application, and ultimately to Content. Example inspection levels: Because of the availability of the complete objects of that payload to a Deep Content Inspection system, some of the services/inspection examples can include: DCI is currently being adopted by enterprises, service providers and governments as a reaction to increasingly complex internet traffic with the benefits of understanding complete file types and their intent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32403275 | 128,159 |
Stabilizer (chemistry) In industrial chemistry, a stabilizer is a chemical that is used to prevent degradation. Heat and light stabilizers are added to plastics and elastomers because they ensure safe processing and protect products against aging and weathering. The trend is towards fluid systems, pellets, and increased use of masterbatches. There are monofunctional, bifunctional, and polyfunctional stabilizers. In economic terms the most important product groups on the market for stabilizers are compounds based on calcium (calcium-zinc and organo-calcium), lead, and tin stabilizers as well as liquid and light stabilizers (HALS, benzophenone, benzotriazole). Cadmium-based stabilizers largely vanished in the last years due to health and environmental concerns. Some kinds of stabilizers are: In foods, stabilizers prevent spoilage. Classes of food stabilizers include "emulsifiers, thickeners and gelling agents, foam stabilizers, humectants, anticaking agents, and coating agents." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3164945 | 72,306 |
Cage aerial A cage antenna (British cage aerial) is a radio antenna that consists of the top portion of a tower or mast and of several parallel wires, which are radially arranged around the lower part of the mast. One advantage of the cage aerial is that the supporting tower can be grounded, allowing it to be used for other radio services, such as a support for VHF or UHF antennas. A grounded tower also simplifies the installation of aircraft warning lamps. Cage aerials have been built in different variants for broadcasting stations in the longwave and mediumwave bands. The cage is electrically one-quarter of the operating wavelength. It is connected to the mast at its upper end. That way it isolates the lower part of the mast (λ/4 stub) and makes the upper part of the mast the radiator. Very often the typical height of such an antenna is no problem as the height of the mast is selected for the TV or FM antennas on top. Example: At 1000 kHz the wavelength is 300 m. Therefore, the minimum length of the cage antenna is a bit more than 150 m; 75 m for the radiator, 75 m for the cage and a few metres to make the lower end of the cage inaccessible from the ground, as the lower end of the cage carries a very high RF voltage. This type of antenna is known in America as a "folded unipole", which has been extensively studied by John H. Mullaney. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1739097 | 196,324 |
Neutralization (chemistry) In a titration of an acid with a base, the point of neutralization can also be called the equivalence point. The quantitative nature of the neutralization reaction is most conveniently expressed in terms of the concentrations of acid and alkali. At the equivalence point: In general, for an acid AH at concentration "c" reacting with a base B(OH) at concentration "c" the volumes are related by: An example of a base being neutralized by an acid is as follows. The same equation relating the concentrations of acid and base applies. The concept of neutralization is not limited to reactions in solution. For example, the reaction of limestone with acid such as sulfuric acid is also a neutralization reaction. Such reactions are important in soil chemistry. A strong acid is one that is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. For example, hydrochloric acid, HCl, is a strong acid. A strong base is one that is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. For example, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a strong base. Therefore, when a strong acid reacts with a strong base the neutralization reaction can be written as For example, in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide the sodium and chloride ions, Na and Cl take no part in the reaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=531014 | 34,638 |
Automatic picture transmission Maximum subcarrier modulation is 87% (±5%), and overall RF bandwidth is 34 kHz. On NOAA POES vehicles, the signal is broadcast at approximately 37dBm (5 watts) effective radiated power. An APT signal is continuously broadcast, with reception beginning at the start of the next line when the receiver is within radio range. Images can be received in real-time by relatively unsophisticated, inexpensive receivers during the time the satellite is within radio range, which typically lasts 8 to 15 minutes. The bandwidth required to receive APT transmissions is approximately 34 kHz. Most older scanners (police and fire type receivers) are the standard 15 kHz bandwidth which were designed to support voice transmissions. Newer VHF general coverage receivers are equipped with multiple IF bandpasses; some are, but not limited to: 6 kHz, 15 kHz 50 kHz & 230 kHz(broadcast FM). Use of a receiver with too narrow a bandwidth will produce pictures that are saturated in the blacks and whites, as well as possible inversion. Too wide, and the noise floor of the receiver will be too high to acquire a good picture. For the amateur enthusiast, a computer controller receiver is the best option to allow the software to automatically tune and set the required modes for proper reception. There are also dedicated APT receivers made specifically for computer control and APT reception. Specifically, ICOM PCR1000, PCR1500 & PCR2500 will produce excellent results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1237523 | 218,100 |
Justason Market Intelligence The firm reported relatively high satisfaction among Vancouver residents, despite concerns about homelessness and housing affordability. The firm completed a larger scale quality-of-life study among Metro Vancouver residents in October 2011, which found 77% of residents satisfied with their local economy. The poll also found majorities of citizens satisfied with green space, schools and tap-water quality. In May 2011, completed a survey of Maple Ridge and Pitt Meadows residents about this region's parks and leisure services. The objectives of this research were to measure usage of and satisfaction with the parks and recreation programs and facilities provided by Maple Ridge and Pitt Meadows Department of Parks and Leisure Services. The research found that usage overall and overall performance assessments had remained stable since 2008; that volunteerism in the communities had increased. The firm has completed other studies of leisure and recreation services in Metro Vancouver, including the North Vancouver Recreation Commission in 2004 and 2007. Barb Justason, the firm's principal, began evaluating public opinion regarding B.C.'s offshore oil and gas potential in 2001, when the provincial government, under Premier Gordon Campbell, began exploring this opportunity. In March 2012, released a poll demonstrating public opposition to tanker traffic through B.C.'s inside coastal waters, as proposed in the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35464324 | 475,791 |
Three photon microscopy However, three photon microscopy differs from Two-photon excitation microscopy in their Point spread function, resolution, penetration depth, resistance to out-of-focus light and strength of photobleaching. In three-photon excitation, the fluorophore absorbs three photons almost simultaneously. The wavelength of excitation laser is about 1200nm or more in three photon microscopy with the emission wavelength less than one-third of the excitation wavelength. has deeper penetration since the lowest optical absorption band of the tissue is 1050 to 1100 nm which is within the range of 400 to 2400 nm. However, Three-photon microscope needs the laser with higher power due to relatively smaller cross-section of the dyes for three photon excitation, which is on the order of formula_2, which is much smaller than the typical two-photon excitation cross-sections of formula_3. The Ultrashort pulses are usually around 100 fs. For three photon fluorescence scanning microscopy, the three dimensional intensity point-spread function(IPSF) can be denoted as, where formula_5denotes the 3-D convolution operation, formula_6 denotes the intensity sensitivity of an incoherent detector, and formula_7, formula_8 denotes the 3-D IPSF for the objective lens and collector lens in single-photon fluorescence, respectively. The 3-D IPSF formula_7 can be expressed in where formula_11 is a Bessel function of the first kind of order zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59263836 | 158,209 |
Flow line The stinger line usually will run parallel to the flow line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18082975 | 226,248 |
Kew Rule Still less will they be inclined to allow that a writer is at liberty, as M. de Candolle thinks, to reject the specific appellations made by an author whose genera are accepted, in favour of older ones in other genera. It will appear to such that to do this is to needlessly create in each case another synonym. The first botanical code of nomenclature that declared itself to be binding was the 1906 "Règles internationales de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congres International de Botanique de Vienne 1905" that followed from the 1905 International Botanical Congress. The was outlawed by this code. The end of the brought about considerable upheaval in botanical nomenclature. Many new species names were coined to resurrect older epithets, for example, in 1917 Willis Jepson wrote: ""The plant so long known as "Brodiaea grandiflora" Smith ... [was] first published as "Hookera coronaria" Salisbury (1806). The correct name, then, is "Brodiaea coronaria" Jepson, "n. comb."" Names that had previously been conserved to improve the stability of well-known plant names often now no longer required conservation, and other names that had been formed using the and had become well known, were illegitimate. The entire previous list of conserved and rejected names was consequently replaced in 1959 with a reworked list. Previously overlooked botanical literature has continued to yield new examples of forgotten older names for more than 100 years since the was banished from the International Code of Nomenclature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40547081 | 156,665 |
Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca (Belo Horizonte, February 23, 1957) is a Brazilian economist and author, educated at the University of São Paulo, with specialization in Social Science, Economics, Administration, and Accounting. He received his doctorate in economics from the University of Cambridge, where he was also a professor from 1984 to 1987. From 1988 to 2001 he taught at the FEA/USP (School of Economics, Business and Accounting of the University of São Paulo). He is currently a full-time professor at Insper, São Paulo. Giannetti is the author of numerous books and articles. He has twice won the prestigious Jabuti Prize, in 1994 for his book "Vícios privados, benefícios públicos?" ("Private vices, public benefits?"), and in 1995 for his book "As partes & o todo" ("The parts and the whole"). His other books are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22280789 | 513,504 |
Band V (meaning "Band 5") is the name of a radio frequency range within the ultra high frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is not to be confused with the "V band" in the extremely high frequency part of the spectrum. Sources differ on the exact frequency range of "UHF Band V". For example, the "Broadcast engineer's reference book" and the BBC define the range as 614 to 854 MHz. The "IPTV India Forum" define the range as 582 to 806 MHz and the "DVB Worldwide" website refers to the range as 585 to 806 MHz. is primarily used for analogue and digital (DVB-T & ATSC) television broadcasting, as well as radio microphones and services intended for mobile devices such as DVB-H. With the close-down of analog television services most countries have auctioned off frequencies from 694 MHz and up to 4G cellular network providers. In Australia UHF channel allocations are 7 MHz wide. includes channels 36 to 69, with base frequencies of 585.5 MHz to 816.5 MHz. More details are available on the television frequencies page. In New Zealand UHF channel allocations are 8 MHz wide. includes digital channels 36 to 49, with base frequencies of 594.0 MHz to 698.0 MHz. More details are available on the television frequencies page. In the UK, allocations for television are 8 MHz wide, traditionally consisting of 30 channels from UHF 39 to 68 inclusive. There is also a channel 69, but in the UK, this is allocated to radio microphones. Semi-wideband aerials of the "group E" type cover this entire band | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22863648 | 392,828 |
Traveston Powder Magazine About £496 was spent on construction, and an August 1878 plan shows a timber building set on stumps, with internal dimensions of , sited within a cutting into a hillside and surrounded by a fence. JG Glover was appointed as magazine keeper in 1880, and in early 1885 James Nash, who had lost most of his money in poor business dealings, was appointed as the magazine keeper at a salary of £100 per annum. His daughter, Miss Amy Nash, eventually became the effective keeper of the magazine on behalf of her father. A dynamite magazine of a similar design to the powder magazine was added to the site at a cost of £217 over 1885-86. An additional powder magazine was built at a cost of £402 over 1887-88, tenders being invited in September 1887. This third magazine was made of brick, with internal dimensions of with thick walls. There were three narrow windows on each side, with a door at one end, and the roof ridge was capped with a round ventilator, on which sat a lightning conductor which was earthed by copper straps which dropped from the hipped roof to the ground and trailed away from the building. Despite these precautions, the magazine's location was still not distant enough from the town for some people, and agitation to move it accelerated after a loud explosion in November 1897, when some old explosives from the magazine were destroyed in an amateurish manner by an explosives company representative, some from the magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48445918 | 328,456 |
Pre-Marxist communism While Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels defined communism as a political movement, there were already similar ideas in the past which one could call communist experiments. Marx himself saw primitive communism as the original hunter-gatherer state of humankind. For Marx, only after humanity was capable of producing surplus did private property develop. The idea of a classless and stateless society based on communal ownership of property and wealth also stretches far back in Western thought long before "The Communist Manifesto". There are scholars who have traced communist ideas back to ancient times, particularly in the work of Pythagoras and Plato. Followers of Pythagoras, for instance, lived in one building and held their property in common because the philosopher taught the absolute equality of property with all worldly possessions being brought into a common store. It is argued that Plato's "Republic" described in great detail a communist-dominated society wherein power is delegated in the hands of intelligent philosopher or military guardian class and rejected the concept of family and private property. In a social order divided into warrior-kings and the Homeric "demos" of craftsmen and peasants, Plato conceived an ideal Greek city-state without any form of capitalism and commercialism with business enterprise, political plurality, and working-class unrest considered as evils that must be abolished | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24601516 | 510,474 |
EPIA VIA ("VIA Embedded Platform Innovative Architecture") is a series of mini-ITX, em-ITX, nano-ITX, pico-ITX and pico-ITXe motherboards with integrated VIA processors. They are small in size and consume less power than computers of comparable capabilities. The VIA motherboards have the following designators: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=946264 | 389,623 |
Thomas Glanville Taylor Taylor began the publication of the "Madras General Catalogue of Stars" which was praised by Sir George Airy. His catalogues were of importance in navigation and in the Trigonometrical Survey for determining longitude as well as latitude. Taylor married Eliza Baratty, daughter of Colonel Eley, on 4 July 1832. They had three sons and a daughter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53345171 | 8,556 |
Extinction From these patterns, Cuvier inferred historic cycles of catastrophic flooding, extinction, and repopulation of the earth with new species. Cuvier's fossil evidence showed that very different life forms existed in the past than those that exist today, a fact that was accepted by most scientists. The primary debate focused on whether this turnover caused by extinction was gradual or abrupt in nature. Cuvier understood extinction to be the result of cataclysmic events that wipe out huge numbers of species, as opposed to the gradual decline of a species over time. His catastrophic view of the nature of extinction garnered him many opponents in the newly emerging school of uniformitarianism. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a gradualist and colleague of Cuvier, saw the fossils of different life forms as evidence of the mutable character of species. While Lamarck did not deny the possibility of extinction, he believed that it was exceptional and rare and that most of the change in species over time was due to gradual change. Unlike Cuvier, Lamarck was skeptical that catastrophic events of a scale large enough to cause total extinction were possible. In his geological history of the earth titled Hydrogeologie, Lamarck instead argued that the surface of the earth was shaped by gradual erosion and deposition by water, and that species changed over time in response to the changing environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49417 | 191,195 |
Volta Laboratory and Bureau The new bureau building was constructed across the street from his father's home, where its carriage house had been its original headquarters. On May 8, 1893, Bell's 13-year-old prodigy, Helen Keller, performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Volta Bureau building. The 'Volta Bureau' was so named in 1887 at the suggestion of John Hitz, its first superintendent, and Bell's prior researcher. Hitz remained its first superintendent until his death in 1908. Bell's former trust, the Volta Fund, was also renamed the Volta Bureau Fund when the Bureau was established, except for US$25,000 that Bell diverted to the AAPTSD, one of several organizations for the deaf that Bell ultimately donated some $450,000 (approximately $ in current dollars) to starting in the 1880s. The building, a neoclassical Corinthian "templum in antis" structure of closely matching golden yellow sandstone and Roman brick with architectural terracotta details, was built in 1893 to a design by Peabody and Stearns of Boston. Its design is unique in the Georgetown area of Washington, due to its Academic Revival style. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. While the Volta Bureau's assigned mission was to conduct research into deafness as well as its related pedagogical strategies, Bell would continue with his other scientific, engineering and inventive works for the remainder of his life, conducted mainly at the newer and larger laboratory he built on his Nova Scotia estate, Beinn Breagh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17363244 | 226,033 |
Sputnik 1 On 27 August, the TASS issued a statement on the successful launch of a long-distance multistage ICBM. The launch of the fifth R-7 rocket (8K71 No.9), on 7 September, was also successful, but the dummy was also destroyed on atmospheric re-entry, and hence needed a redesign to completely fulfill its military purpose. The rocket, however, was deemed suitable for satellite launches, and Korolev was able to convince the State Commission to allow the use of the next R-7 to launch PS-1, allowing the delay in the rocket's military exploitation to launch the PS-1 and PS-2 satellites. On 22 September a modified R-7 rocket, named Sputnik and indexed as 8K71PS, arrived at the proving ground and preparations for the launch of PS-1 began. Compared to the military R-7 test vehicles, the mass of 8K71PS was reduced from 280 tonnes to 272 tonnes; its length with PS-1 was and the thrust at liftoff was . PS-1 was not designed to be controlled; it could only be observed. Initial data at the launch site would be collected at six separate observatories and telegraphed to NII-4. Located back in Moscow (at Bolshevo), NII-4 was a scientific research arm of the Ministry of Defence that was dedicated to missile development. The six observatories were clustered around the launch site, with the closest situated from the launch pad. A second, nationwide observation complex was established to track the satellite after its separation from the rocket | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28484 | 209,110 |
Zhongguancun (), or Zhong Guan Cun, is a technology hub in Haidian District, Beijing, China. It is geographically situated in the northwestern part of Beijing city, in a band between the northwestern Third Ring Road and the northwestern Fourth Ring Road. is very well known in China, and is often referred to as "China's Silicon Valley". has only existed since the 1950s and only became a household name in the early 1980s. The first person who envisioned the future for was Chen Chunxian, a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), who came up with the idea for a Silicon Valley in China after he visited the U.S. as part of a government-sponsored trip. The location of the Chinese Academy of Sciences within reinforced, and perhaps was in part responsible for the technological growth in this area. Throughout the 1980s and still today, was known as "electronics avenue" (), because of its connections to information technology and the preponderance of stores along a central, crowded street. was officially recognized by the central government of China in 1988. It was given the name "Beijing High-Technology Industry Development Experimental Zone." The current designation refers commonly to the original site. However, officially (as of 1999) has become the "Science & Technology Zone." It is a zone with seven parks, including Haidian Park, Fengtai Park, Changping Park, Electronics City (in Chaoyang), Yizhuang Park, Desheng Park, and Jianxiang Park. The original is now known as the Haidian Park of the Zone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1717878 | 250,219 |
ASME B5 3 on the Standardization of Machine Tapers was appointed in August, 1926, and held its organization meeting in September, 1926, in New Haven, Conn. Three American tapers then in use, the Brown & Sharpe (1860), Morse (1862), and Jarno (1889), and the taper series adopted by William Sellers & Co.(1862) were combined into a compromise standard series which contained twenty-two (22) self-holding taper sizes. The first edition of the Spindle Noses and Tool Shanks for Milling Machines standard, known as B5.18-1943, resulted from intensive effort dating back to 1926 by a special group of milling machine manufacturers. The effort to establish an American standard for Ball Screws began in July 1971 out of a need to obtain a consensus opinion relative to proposals for standardization of ball screw assemblies within the ISO/TC39 sub-committee Working Group 7. Out of this, the subcommittee TC43 was organized with members representing manufacturers, users of ball screws, and others of general interest. TC43 produced ANSI B5.48, which was approved as an American National Standard and published in 1977. The charter of the Machine Tool Standards committee is "The standardization of machine tools, cutting tools and of the elements of machine tool construction and operation relating primarily to their use in manufacturing operations, including: Technical subcommittees under address the formulation and maintenance of standards in particular disciplines within the scope of the B5 charter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45233209 | 431,979 |
Organ gifting This is the reason why not all organ gifting is visualized in the same form and individuals make distinctions between cadaveric donations, kin donations, and anonymous donations. Furthermore, organ gifting raises additional concerns regarding the biographies of objects because the object that is given is actually a part of another person. The interest over the life of the object includes an interest over the life of the individual who provided it as well. This has been documented by researchers examining the processes through which organ procurers select donors. As Sharp has indicated, "through organ procurement, human bodies are commodified and codified following a relatively strict hierarchy of medical value and social worth". Age, race and ethnicity all play a role in the identification of ideal candidates. Organ receivers are also interested in obtaining information about donors. As Lock has mentioned, "organ recipients worry about the gender, ethnicity, skin color, personality and social status of their donors, and many believe that their mode of being-in-the-world is radically changed after a transplant, thanks to the power of diffusing form the organ they have received". Altruism is constantly referenced by proponents of organ gifting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27271298 | 480,632 |
Licensed production The United States not only supplied European factories with the necessary blueprints and licenses, but also sourced American-made tooling equipment accordingly, which allowed the automobile companies to optimize their production lines. By the 1960s it was not uncommon for an entire specialized industry—such as the manufacture of helicopters in the United Kingdom—to be dependent wholly on licensed components. A number of countries began improving products manufactured under license, and were even able to re-export them successfully. This trend resulted in some technology suppliers imposing additional conditions on the licensee. The United States began inserting "pro forma" statements into licensing agreements known as ""side letters"", which required the free sharing of any improvements made to American technology. Other attempts were also made to control the destination of licensed products, particularly with regards to the arms industry. For instance, France stipulated that Eland armoured vehicles manufactured in South Africa under a French license were not to be exported to other foreign powers without its express approval. Yet another form of common licensing restriction related solely to the licensing activity, regulating whether the specified product was fully produced or partly assembled, and whether entire products or their individual components were manufactured | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30644931 | 502,702 |
Bowley's law More specifically, recent research strongly suggests that in most major economies, including the U.S., the wage share has substantially and significantly declined since the 1980s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28924919 | 502,457 |
Journalism ethics and standards Non-free media are often prohibited from criticizing the national government, and in many cases are required to distribute propaganda as if it were news. Various other forms of censorship may restrict reporting on issues the government deems sensitive. In the United States, freedom of the press is protected under the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights. Under the First Amendment, the government is not allowed to censor the press. The government does not have the right to try to control what is published and cannot prevent certain things from being published by the press. Prior constraint is an attempt by the government to prevent the expression of ideas before they are published. Some countries that have freedom of the press are the U.S., Canada, Western Europe and Scandinavia, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Taiwan and a handful of countries in South America. There are a number of finer points of journalistic procedure that foster disagreements in principle and variation in practice among "mainstream" journalists in the free press. Laws concerning libel and slander vary from country to country, and local journalistic standards may be tailored to fit. For example, the United Kingdom has a broader definition of libel than does the United States. Accuracy is important as a core value and to maintain credibility, but especially in broadcast media, audience share often gravitates toward outlets that are reporting new information first. Different organizations may balance speed and accuracy in different ways | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1550016 | 460,474 |
Mathematical optimization While a local minimum is at least as good as any nearby elements, a global minimum is at least as good as every feasible element. Generally, unless the objective function is convex in a minimization problem, there may be several local minima. In a convex problem, if there is a local minimum that is interior (not on the edge of the set of feasible elements), it is also the global minimum, but a nonconvex problem may have more than one local minimum not all of which need be global minima. A large number of algorithms proposed for solving the nonconvex problems – including the majority of commercially available solvers – are not capable of making a distinction between locally optimal solutions and globally optimal solutions, and will treat the former as actual solutions to the original problem. Global optimization is the branch of applied mathematics and numerical analysis that is concerned with the development of deterministic algorithms that are capable of guaranteeing convergence in finite time to the actual optimal solution of a nonconvex problem. Optimization problems are often expressed with special notation. Here are some examples: Consider the following notation: This denotes the minimum value of the objective function , when choosing from the set of real numbers . The minimum value in this case is 1, occurring at . Similarly, the notation asks for the maximum value of the objective function , where may be any real number | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52033 | 466,191 |
Evolution However, this new approach was slow to take root in the biological sciences, the last bastion of the concept of fixed natural types. John Ray applied one of the previously more general terms for fixed natural types, "species", to plant and animal types, but he strictly identified each type of living thing as a species and proposed that each species could be defined by the features that perpetuated themselves generation after generation. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 explicitly recognised the hierarchical nature of species relationships, but still viewed species as fixed according to a divine plan. Other naturalists of this time speculated on the evolutionary change of species over time according to natural laws. In 1751, Pierre Louis Maupertuis wrote of natural modifications occurring during reproduction and accumulating over many generations to produce new species. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon suggested that species could degenerate into different organisms, and Erasmus Darwin proposed that all warm-blooded animals could have descended from a single microorganism (or "filament") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9236 | 189,755 |
History of bitcoin The US-based exchange Cryptsy declared bankruptcy in January 2016, ostensibly because of a 2014 hacking incident; the court-appointed receiver later alleged that Cryptsy's CEO had stolen $3.3 million. In August 2016, hackers stole some $72 million in customer bitcoin from the Hong Kong–based exchange Bitfinex. In December 2017, hackers stole 4,700 bitcoins from NiceHash a platform that allowed users to sell hashing power. The value of the stolen bitcoins totaled about $80M. On 19 December 2017, Yapian, a company that owns the Youbit cryptocurrency exchange in South Korea, filed for bankruptcy following a hack, the second in eight months. In 2012, the Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group (CLAG) stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has experienced a "realization event": when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided." In August 2013, the German Finance Ministry characterized bitcoin as a unit of account, usable in multilateral clearing circles and subject to capital gains tax if held less than one year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40956538 | 224,440 |
Electronic paper When the particles are located at the rear side of the display, it appears dark, because the incident light is absorbed by the colored dye. If the rear electrode is divided into a number of small picture elements (pixels), then an image can be formed by applying the appropriate voltage to each region of the display to create a pattern of reflecting and absorbing regions. An electrophoretic display is also known as an EPD. They are typically addressed using MOSFET-based thin-film transistor (TFT) technology. TFTs are required to form a high-density image in an EPD. A common application for TFT-based EPDs are e-readers. Electrophoretic displays are considered prime examples of the electronic paper category, because of their paper-like appearance and low power consumption. Examples of commercial electrophoretic displays include the high-resolution active matrix displays used in the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, Sony Reader, Kobo eReader, and iRex iLiad e-readers. These displays are constructed from an electrophoretic imaging film manufactured by E Ink Corporation. A mobile phone that used the technology is the Motorola Fone. Electrophoretic Display technology has also been developed by SiPix and Bridgestone/Delta. SiPix is now part of E Ink Corporation. The SiPix design uses a flexible 0.15 mm Microcup architecture, instead of E Ink's 0.04 mm diameter microcapsules. Bridgestone Corp.'s Advanced Materials Division cooperated with Delta Optoelectronics Inc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9225 | 395,513 |
Check dam Such consolidation check dams, built in terraces, attempt to prevent both headward and downward cutting into channel beds while also stabilizing adjacent hill slopes. They are further used to mitigate flood and debris flow hazards. Before installing a check dam, engineers inspect the site. Standard practices call for the drainage area to be ten acres or less. The waterway should be on a slope of no more than 50% and should have a minimum depth to bedrock of 2 ft. Check dams are often used in natural or constructed channels or swales. They should never be placed in live streams unless approved by appropriate local, state and/or federal authorities. Check dams are made of a variety of materials. Because they are typically used as temporary structures, they are often made of cheap and accessible materials such as rocks, gravel, logs, hay bales, and sandbags. Of these, logs and rock check dams are usually permanent or semi-permanent; and the sandbag check dam is implemented primarily for temporary purposes. Also, there are check dams that are constructed with rockfill or wooden boards. These dams are usually implemented only in small, open channels that drain or less; and usually do not exceed high. Woven-wire can be used to construct check dams in order to hold fine material in a gully. They are typically utilized in environments where the gully has a moderate slope (less than 10%), small drainage area, and in regions where flood flows do not typically carry large rocks or boulders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21950720 | 254,225 |
Green Sheet (filmmaking) It is reasonable to suppose that the United States Film Production Code revisions of 1966, which created the label "SMA - Suggested for Mature Audiences," had the mature audience concept inspired by the application of the Green Sheet category MY (often expressed as MY-A). In addition, the original M rating (replaced by GP at the end of January, 1970) bore a resemblance to the green sheet category. The MPAA effectively operated under a two-category classification system (either labeled SMA or containing no such label) from 1966 until Nov. 1, 1968 (when the official 4 category rating system was begun with the designations G, M, R, and X). The Green Sheet advisory panel was not a part of the MPAA ratings board. Members could disagree on ratings, and the dissenting view could be listed in the bulletin. One instance included the film "Support Your Local Sheriff", in which the appropriateness of "the cannon sequence" was at issue in provoking disagreement. Some examples of late 1960s Green Sheet ratings include: The recommendations were not necessarily made purely on the basis of the presence or basis of objectionable content, as a film such as "2001: A Space Odyssey" could be designated as MY-A despite not having as much violent intensity as films such as "Ice Station Zebra" (Y-MY-A). There is not a clear match between MPAA ratings applied by CARA and the Green Sheet classifications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6003567 | 252,166 |
Butler–Volmer equation For the simple reaction, the change in Gibbs energy is: where "a" and "a" are the activities at equilibrium. The activities "a" are related to the concentrations "c" by "a=γc" where γ is the activity coefficient. The equilibrium potential is given by the Nernst equation: where formula_63 is the standard potential Defining the "formal potential": the equilibrium potential is then: Substituting this equilibrium potential into the Butler-Volmer equation yields: which may also be written in terms of the "standard rate constant" "k" as: The standard rate constant is an important descriptor of electrode behavior, independent of concentrations. It is a measure of the rate at which the system will approach equilibrium. In the limit as formula_69, the electrode becomes an ideal polarizable electrode and will behave electrically as an open circuit (neglecting capacitance). For nearly ideal electrodes with small "k", large changes in the overpotential are required to generate a significant current. In the limit as formula_70, the electrode becomes an ideal non-polarizable electrode and will behave as an electrical short. For a nearly ideal electrodes with large "k", small changes in the overpotential will generate large changes in current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15878680 | 51,257 |
Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act fishing industry's optimal exploitation of coastal fisheries by "consolidating control over territorial waters" and establishing eight regional councils to manage fish stocks. The act has been amended several times in response to continued overfishing of major stocks. The most recent version, authorized in 2007, includes seven purposes: Additionally, the law calls for reducing bycatch and establishing fishery information monitoring systems. Regional Fishery Management Councils are charged with developing and recommending fishery management plans, both to restore depleted stocks and manage healthy stocks. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) aids the Secretary of Commerce, who evaluates, approves, and implements the Councils' FMPs. Regional Fishery Management Council members are nominated by the governors of their respective states, and appointed by the Secretary of Commerce. A FMP must specify the criteria which determine when a stock is overfished and the measures needed to rebuild it. Regional councils regulate fishers with mechanisms, including annual catch limits, individual catch limits, community development quotas, and others | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1483598 | 460,182 |
Corruption As of 2012, the implementation of the "Advocacy and Legal Advice Centres (ALACs)” in Europe had led to a significant increase in the number of citizen complaints against acts of corruption received and documented and also to the development of strategies for good governance by involving citizens willing to fight against corruption. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA, USA 1977) was an early paradigmatic law for many western countries i.e. industrial countries of the OECD. There, for the first time the old principal-agent approach was moved back where mainly the victim (a society, private or public) and a passive corrupt member (an individual) were considered, whereas the active corrupt part was not in the focus of legal prosecution. Unprecedented, the law of an industrial country directly condemned active corruption, particularly in international business transactions, which was at that time in contradiction to anti-bribery activities of the World Bank and its spin-off organization Transparency International. As early as 1989 the OECD had established an ad hoc Working Group in order to explore "...the concepts fundamental to the offense of corruption, and the exercise of national jurisdiction over offenses committed wholly or partially abroad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3608404 | 459,388 |
Mathematical economics Economic equilibrium is studied in optimization theory as a key ingredient of economic theorems that in principle could be tested against empirical data. Newer developments have occurred in dynamic programming and modeling optimization with risk and uncertainty, including applications to portfolio theory, the economics of information, and search theory. Optimality properties for an entire market system may be stated in mathematical terms, as in formulation of the two fundamental theorems of welfare economics and in the Arrow–Debreu model of general equilibrium (also discussed below). More concretely, many problems are amenable to analytical (formulaic) solution. Many others may be sufficiently complex to require numerical methods of solution, aided by software. Still others are complex but tractable enough to allow computable methods of solution, in particular computable general equilibrium models for the entire economy. Linear and nonlinear programming have profoundly affected microeconomics, which had earlier considered only equality constraints. Many of the mathematical economists who received Nobel Prizes in Economics had conducted notable research using linear programming: Leonid Kantorovich, Leonid Hurwicz, Tjalling Koopmans, Kenneth J. Arrow, Robert Dorfman, Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow. Both Kantorovich and Koopmans acknowledged that George B. Dantzig deserved to share their Nobel Prize for linear programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18967255 | 512,952 |
Tariq Ali Khan (; born 21 October 1943) is a British political activist, writer, journalist, historian, filmmaker, and public intellectual. He is a member of the editorial committee of the "New Left Review" and "Sin Permiso", and contributes to "The Guardian", "CounterPunch", and the "London Review of Books". He read PPE at Exeter College, Oxford. He is the author of many books, including "Pakistan: Military Rule or People's Power" (1970), "Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State" (1983), "Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity" (2002), "Bush in Babylon" (2003), "Conversations with Edward Said" (2005), "Pirates Of The Caribbean: Axis Of Hope" (2006), "A Banker for All Seasons" (2007), "The Duel" (2008), "The Obama Syndrome" (2010), and "" (2015). Ali was born and raised in Lahore, Punjab in British India (later part of Pakistan). He is the son of journalist Mazhar Ali Khan and activist mother Tahira Mazhar Ali Khan, who was the daughter of Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan, who led the Unionist Muslim League and was later Prime Minister of the Punjab from 1937 to 1942. Ali's father, Mazhar, had been "mobilising peasants in his family’s fiefdom" when he was invited to join the "Pakistan Times" by Mian Iftikharuddin, later becoming sympathetic to the Communist cause, although he never joined the party. Ali's father and mother, who were cousins, eloped; his mother later said: "Mazhar left for the Middle East on military service. I was very pregnant by then. We didn’t see each other for two years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38860895 | 506,152 |
Π-calculus In theoretical computer science, the -calculus (or pi-calculus) is a process calculus. The -calculus allows channel names to be communicated along the channels themselves, and in this way it is able to describe concurrent computations whose network configuration may change during the computation. The -calculus is simple, it has few terms and so is a small, yet expressive language . Functional programs can be encoded into the -calculus, and the encoding emphasises the dialogue nature of computation, drawing connections with game semantics. Extensions of the -calculus, such as the spi calculus and applied , have been successful in reasoning about cryptographic protocols. Beside the original use in describing concurrent systems, the -calculus has also been used to reason about business processes and molecular biology. The -calculus belongs to the family of process calculi, mathematical formalisms for describing and analyzing properties of concurrent computation. In fact, the -calculus, like the λ-calculus, is so minimal that it does not contain primitives such as numbers, booleans, data structures, variables, functions, or even the usual control flow statements (such as codice_1, codice_2). Central to the -calculus is the notion of "name". The simplicity of the calculus lies in the dual role that names play as "communication channels" and "variables" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=420373 | 100,242 |
Loudspeaker enclosure For the purposes of this type of analysis, each enclosure must be classified according to a specific topology. The designer must balance low bass extension, linear frequency response, efficiency, distortion, loudness and enclosure size, while simultaneously addressing issues higher in the audible frequency range such as diffraction from enclosure edges, the baffle step effect when wavelengths approach enclosure dimensions, crossovers, and driver blending. The loudspeaker driver's moving mass and compliance (slackness or reciprocal stiffness of the suspension) determines the driver's resonant frequency ("F"). In combination with the damping properties of the system (both mechanical and electrical) all these factors affect the low-frequency response of sealed-box systems. Output falls below the system's resonant frequency ("F"), defined as the frequency of peak impedance. In a closed-box, the air inside the box acts as a spring, returning the cone to the 'zero' position in the absence of a signal. A significant increase in the effective volume of a sealed-box loudspeaker can be achieved by a filling of fibrous material, typically fiberglass, bonded acetate fiber (BAF) or long-fiber wool. The effective volume increase can be as much as 40% and is due primarily to a reduction in the speed of sound propagation through the filler material as compared to air | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4335254 | 375,041 |
Lighthouse Labs is a coding bootcamp for web and mobile software development in multiple cities across Canada. They also organize an annual free learn-to-code event, The HTML500, in partnership with Telus. Opened in 2013, Lighthouse Labs' first immersive bootcamp facility started out of Launch Academy, an incubator in the heart of the city's Gastown neighborhood, before moving to new premises in the heart of downtown Vancouver in 2018. Students learn front and back-end development through the bootcamp's web development full-time program, and learn data science with a 12-week Data Science Bootcamp. The iOS program, launched in July 2014, was arguably Canada's first immersive iOS immersive program, and ran until summer 2019. As part of a national partnership with Highline, a seed stage investment platform, announced the launch of its Toronto operations during The HTML500 in February 2015. Located in Devhub in downtown Toronto, joins existing Toronto-based bootcamps such as Bitmaker Labs, BrainStation, HackerYou, and Red Academy as one of several developer bootcamps that offer in-person learning opportunities to individuals in the Greater Toronto Area. Operating out of the beautiful Spaces Mile End, Montreal currently offers a: 12-week Data Science Bootcamp, 12-week Web Development Bootcamp, and three part-time courses in web development, as well as in data analytics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46827997 | 123,080 |
Biosynthesis There are numerous codons within an mRNA transcript, and it is very common for an amino acid to be specified by more than one codon; this phenomenon is called degeneracy. In all, there are 64 codons, 61 of each code for one of the 20 amino acids, while the remaining codons specify chain termination. As previously mentioned, translation occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. The completion of the initiation phase is dependent on the following three events: 1. The recruitment of the ribosome to mRNA 2. The binding of a charged initiator tRNA into the P site of the ribosome 3. The proper alignment of the ribosome with mRNA's start codon Following initiation, the polypeptide chain is extended via anticodon:codon interactions, with the ribosome adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain one at a time. The following steps must occur to ensure the correct addition of amino acids: 1. The binding of the correct tRNA into the A site of the ribosome 2. The formation of a peptide bond between the tRNA in the A site and the polypeptide chain attached to the tRNA in the P site 3. Translocation or advancement of the tRNA-mRNA complex by three nucleotides Translocation "kicks off" the tRNA at the E site and shifts the tRNA from the A site into the P site, leaving the A site free for an incoming tRNA to add another amino acid. The last stage of translation occurs when a stop codon enters the A site. Then, the following steps occur: 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1123902 | 50,380 |
Technological determinism In his article "Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power and Democracy with Technology," Andrew Feenberg argues that technological determinism is not a very well founded concept by illustrating that two of the founding theses of determinism are easily questionable and in doing so calls for what he calls democratic rationalization (Feenberg 210–212). Prominent opposition to technologically determinist thinking has emerged within work on the social construction of technology (SCOT). SCOT research, such as that of Mackenzie and Wajcman (1997) argues that the path of innovation and its social consequences are strongly, if not entirely shaped by society itself through the influence of culture, politics, economic arrangements, regulatory mechanisms and the like. In its strongest form, verging on social determinism, "What matters is not the technology itself, but the social or economic system in which it is embedded" (Langdon Winner). In his influential but contested (see Woolgar and Cooper, 1999) article "Do Artifacts Have Politics?", Langdon Winner illustrates not a form of determinism but the various sources of the politics of technologies. Those politics can stem from the intentions of the designer and the culture of the society in which a technology emerges or can stem from the technology itself, a "practical necessity" for it to function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40626873 | 274,533 |
Asphalt Colloquially, various forms of asphalt are sometimes referred to as "tar", as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pits, although tar is a different material. Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sands, which cover , an area larger than England. properties change with temperature, which means that there is a specific range where viscosity permits adequate compaction by providing lubrication between particles during the compaction process. Low temperature prevents aggregate particles from moving, and the required density is not possible to achieve. The word "asphalt" is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French "asphalte", based on Late Latin "asphalton", "asphaltum", which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος ("ásphaltos", "ásphalton"), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω ("sfallō"), "make fall". The first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically, Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=657 | 359,439 |
Lukens Main Office Building is a historic office building located at Coatesville, Chester County, Pennsylvania, USA. The original section was designed by the architectural firm of Cope & Stewardson and built in 1902, for the Lukens Steel Company. It is a 2½-story, seven bay, brick "T"-shaped building in a Colonial Revival / Georgian Revival style. It has a hipped roof with dormers and flanking two-story, three bay wings. A duplicate of the original structure was added to it in 1916, making it an "H"-shaped building. The addition was designed by the successor firm of Page & Stewardson. Today the building is home to the National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum and other local businesses and organizations. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37639946 | 334,337 |
International real estate The development of public equity and debt real estate market makes it much easier for investors to allocate significant amount of money outside their home market. The overall growth of the global property share market is helped by the proliferation of tax pass-through structures all over the world. The success of the U.S. REIT market has prompted regulators in many countries to introduce similar-but different named structures. REITs are an important development in the internationalization of property markets. Most international residential real estate transactions are generated by individuals purchasing lots or built units (including family homes, apartments, and condominium units). These purchases form the bulk of what is sometimes referred to as the vacation/second home market or residential tourism market. If a person wishes to initiate international real estate investment for the individual’s or the institution’s portfolio, the person or financial manager may consider multiple avenues. The indirect method of entering international real estate investment may involve passive investment in securities that are based on international real estate collateral or passive investment in international real estate service firms and offices. The direct method of entering international real estate investment may involve total acquisition or partial acquisition of the foreign property | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14599502 | 492,169 |
Shreveport Fire Station No. 8 The Shreveport Fire Station #8, at 3406 Velva St. in Shreveport, Louisiana, was built in 1925. Also known as the Velva Street Station, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is a two-story stuccoed Spanish Colonial Revival-style building, and has a red tile roof. It was designed by architect Clarence King. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58834092 | 306,077 |
Michael S. Longuet-Higgins Michael Selwyn Longuet-Higgins FRS (8 December 1925 – 26 February 2016) was a mathematician and oceanographer at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Cambridge University, England and Institute for Nonlinear Science, University of California, San Diego, USA. He was the younger brother of H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins. Longuet-Higgins introduced the theory of the origin of microseisms and is the inventor of "rhombo blocks", a mathematical toy consisting of blocks whose faces are rhombuses. was a scientist and mathematician, who discovered and mathematically described many of the theoretical and physical models of ocean waves, currents and natural physical phenomena. He left a legacy of scientific and mathematical publications for the world of oceanography and mathematics, useful for describing the effects of the oceans on climate, sediment and water transport, structural engineering and natural phenomenon such as microseisms, sonoluminescence and underwater sound. Educated at The Pilgrims' School, Winchester, and Winchester College from 1937 to 1941 together with Freeman Dyson, his brother Christopher, and James Lighthill from 1937 to 1943, he won a scholarship in mathematics at the age of 17 to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he qualified after just two years for a BA in mathematics in 1945. He was awarded a PhD in geophysics in 1951. From 1969 to 1989 he served as a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Cambridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19382961 | 343,068 |
Computer ethics In 1950, Wiener's second book, "The Human Use of Human Beings", delved deeper into the ethical issues surrounding information technology and laid out the basic foundations of computer ethics. A bit later during the same year, the world's first computer crime was committed. A programmer was able to use a bit of computer code to stop his banking account from being flagged as overdrawn. However, there were no laws in place at that time to stop him, and as a result he was not charged. To make sure another person did not follow suit, an ethics code for computers was needed. In 1973, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) adopted its first code of ethics. SRI International's Donn Parker, an author on computer crimes, led the committee that developed the code. In 1976, medical teacher and researcher Walter Maner noticed that ethical decisions are much harder to make when computers are added. He noticed a need for a different branch of ethics for when it came to dealing with computers. The term "computer ethics" was thus invented. In 1976 Joseph Weizenbaum made his second significant addition to the field of computer ethics. He published a book titled "Computer Power and Human Reason", which talked about how artificial intelligence is good for the world; however it should never be allowed to make the most important decisions as it does not have human qualities such as wisdom. By far the most important point he makes in the book is the distinction between choosing and deciding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1408956 | 459,877 |
Weld quality assurance The "WeldPrint" software received the "Brother business software of the year award" (2001); in 2003, the technology received the A$100,000 inaugural "Australasian Peter Doherty Prize for Innovation"; and WTi, the University of Sydney's original spin-off company, received an AusIndustry Certificate of Achievement in recognition of the development. SIP has opened opportunities for researchers to use it as a measurement tool both in welding and in related disciplines, such as structural engineering. Research opportunities have opened up in the application of biomonitoring of external EEGs, where SIP offers advantages in interpreting the complex signals Weld mapping is the process of assigning information to a weld joint to enable easy identification of its design (WPS), production (welders, their qualifications, date welded), quality (visual inspection, NDT) and traceability (heat numbers of materials joined & welding consumables). Weld mapping should also incorporate a pictorial identification to represent the weld number on the fabrication drawing, in case the designer does not nominate a weld number. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13182827 | 441,347 |
Indoor air quality However, exposure to hazardous levels of mycotoxin via inhalation is not possible in most cases, as toxins are produced by the fungal body and are not at significant levels in the released spores. The primary hazard of mold growth, as it relates to indoor air quality, comes from the allergenic properties of the spore cell wall. More serious than most allergenic properties is the ability of mold to trigger episodes in persons that already have asthma, a serious respiratory disease. One of the most acutely toxic indoor air contaminants is carbon monoxide (CO), a colourless and odourless gas that is a by-product of incomplete combustion. Common sources of carbon monoxide are tobacco smoke, space heaters using fossil fuels, defective central heating furnaces and automobile exhaust. By depriving the brain of oxygen, high levels of carbon monoxide can lead to nausea, unconsciousness and death. According to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), the time-weighted average (TWA) limit for carbon monoxide (630–08–0) is 25 ppm. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products numbering in the thousands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=219736 | 367,186 |
Nortel Avaya won an auction for Nortel's Enterprise Solutions business, including Nortel's stake in Government Solutions and DiamondWare, for $900 million, after having placed a stalking horse bid of $475 million. In November, sold its MEN (Metro Ethernet Networks) unit to Ciena Corporation for US$530 million in cash and US$239 million in convertible notes, and its GSM business at auction to Ericsson and Kapsch for US$103 million. Hitachi purchased the Next Generation Packet Core assets. As insurance against judgments in class action lawsuits filed by former employees, John Roth filed in December 2009 for a US$1 billion indemnification from Nortel, joining the list of U.S. creditors. In February 2010, Ernst & Young, the court-appointed monitor of Nortel's Canadian bankruptcy proceedings, reported that the assets of Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust had a shortfall of $37 million in its net assets as of December 31, 2008. The trust supports pensioners' medical, dental and life insurance benefits, as well as income support for some groups such as long-term disability recipients. Also in February, negotiated a $57-million deal to wind up the health care and other benefits provided to former Canadian employees. Shortly afterwards, proposed spending $92.3M on retention bonuses for 1,475 employees in its Business Services and Corporate groups, with $2.5 million in incentives going to Christopher Ricaute, president of Business Services; $27 million allocated for Canadian employees; and $55 million allocated for U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21243 | 208,840 |
M4V The file format is a video container format developed by Apple and is very similar to the MP4 format. The primary difference is that files may optionally be protected by DRM copy protection. Apple uses to encode video files in its iTunes Store. Unauthorized reproduction of files may be prevented using Apple's FairPlay copy protection. A FairPlay-protected file can only be played on a computer authorized (using iTunes) with the account that was used to purchase the video. In QuickTime, videos using FairPlay DRM are identified as "AVC0 Media". Besides Apple iTunes and the Apple QuickTime Player, files can also be opened and played with Media Player Classic, K-Multimedia Player, RealPlayer, Zoom Player, VLC media player, MPlayer, DivX Plus Player, and Nero Showtime (included with Nero Multimedia Suite). The format without DRM can also be played in the webOS Video Player for use on the Palm Pre, Palm Pixi smartphones. It is also playable by the Android operating system with its video player. It is used as the default video conversion format for HandBrake and Air Video Server on the Macintosh. Some other video players can also recognize and play files if the file extension is changed from ".m4v" to ".mp4". Handbrake-produced files can also be played on the PlayStation 3, with full Dolby Digital 5.1 surround support. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18057426 | 402,178 |
Relationship-based pricing Relationship-Based Pricing (RBP), also known as Relationship based Pricing is a concept in the banking industry. RBP is a pricing and billing framework where pricing is determined based on a customer's overall purchases and circumstances, rather than being delivered on a product-by-product basis. RBP enables banks to use customer-centric parameters to determine pricing, such as the level of overall business the customer does with a bank or the types of services purchased. Financial services industry analysts like Celent and TowerGroup endorse relationship-based pricing to improve profitability. A regional US bank and subsidiary of BNP Paribas, Bank of the West, recently completed an RBP project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10307857 | 511,228 |
University Club of Albany " The club's success brought with it the need to expand its space. By 1913 it had 335 total members. The following year it began construction of what is now the north wing in order to provide space for a restaurant and additional sleeping rooms. As general contractor, the club chose the Hoggson Brothers firm of New York. The Hoggsons, both Yale graduates, had handled the 1914 construction of the north wing. Their firm pioneered the concept of combining design and construction, including many building trades, in one company. Their new wing, with brick surfaces, clean lines, symmetries and flat roof, was a radical change from the asymmetric, angular and irregular building it was attached to. Over the next three years the club modified its membership requirements in response to World War I. A 1915 amendment to its constitution permitted recent graduates to defer half their entrance fees and dues for up to three years after graduation. Another amendment the following year created associate memberships, for those with a business in the city but living outside its boundaries. Finally, in 1917, with U.S. entry into the war, the club voted to excuse any member absent by virtue of military service outside the city from paying dues for the duration of hostilities. In 1923, the main clubhouse was damaged in a fire. It remained standing and structurally sound, but enough of the interior was exposed to the elements during the subsequent winter that the club decided to replace it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34135578 | 336,102 |
Stargate: The Ark of Truth Back on Earth, General Landry and Mitchell meet James Marrick, an IOA representative sent to interrogate Tomin, because the original IOA representative, Richard Woolsey is now working for the Atlantis Expedition. When Daniel Jackson realizes that the Ark is still in the Ori galaxy, Marrick is assigned to accompany them on board the "Odyssey" through the Supergate. In the Ori galaxy, a member of the anti-Ori resistance tells the team that according to legend, the Ark is on Celestis, the Ori capital. When SG-1 beams down to the planet, Marrick activates the Asgard computer core which alerts the Ori to the ship's location. Upon being alerted by Major Kevin Marks of what is going on, Mitchell and Carter beam back to the "Odyssey" and discover that Marrick has used the core to build a Replicator, intending to plant it on an Ori ship and let it spread to their entire fleet. When Mitchell attempts to destroy it with an anti-Replicator Gun, the replicator escapes, and Marrick reveals that the IOA removed that weakness from the design, although conventional weapons are sufficient to destroy individual replicators. Marrick implies that a shutdown code has been included as a failsafe, but claims he does not know what it is. He is placed in the ship's brig and falls victim to the Replicators, when they make their way into the brig, resulting in Merrick becoming a Human/Replicator hybrid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8929212 | 300,287 |
Heroes of Chemistry The is an award given annually by the American Chemical Society. It highlights teams responsible for creation of innovative and impactful products based on chemistry and chemical engineering and is intended to show how human welfare is improved by industrial chemical scientists and their companies. The was first awarded in 1996. Multiple awards are given yearly. The award has recognized products from a variety of companies and a variety of fields. Winners include pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, zeolites, chemical processes, and polymers. The award has evolved over time. In early years, many individuals were named based on a body of work. More recently, the award has been granted to development teams responsible for commercialized products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47571696 | 45,976 |
Bamboo Floating houses use whole bamboo stalks tied together in a big bunch to support the house floating in the water. is also used to make eating utensils such as chopsticks, trays, and tea scoops. The Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD) Chinese scientist and polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) used the evidence of underground petrified bamboo found in the dry northern climate of Yan'an, Shanbei region, Shaanxi province to support his geological theory of gradual climate change. Bamboo's long life makes it a Chinese symbol of uprightness and an Indian symbol of friendship. The rarity of its blossoming has led to the flowers' being regarded as a sign of impending famine. This may be due to rats feeding upon the profusion of flowers, then multiplying and destroying a large part of the local food supply. The most recent flowering began in May 2006 (see Mautam). is said to bloom in this manner only about every 50 years (see 28–60 year examples in FAO: 'gregarious' species table). In Chinese culture, the bamboo, plum blossom, orchid, and chrysanthemum (often known as "méi lán zhú jú" 梅兰竹菊) are collectively referred to as the Four Gentlemen. These four plants also represent the four seasons and, in Confucian ideology, four aspects of the "junzi" ("prince" or "noble one"). The pine ("sōng" 松), the bamboo ("zhú" 竹), and the plum blossom ("méi" 梅) are also admired for their perseverance under harsh conditions, and are together known as the "Three Friends of Winter" (岁寒三友 "suìhán sānyǒu") in Chinese culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39029 | 323,343 |
Copy-number variation For this particular case, once the CAG tri-nucleotide repeats more than 36 times, Huntington's disease will likely develop in the individual and it will likely be inherited by his or her offspring. The number of repeats of the CAG tri-nucleotide is correlated with the age of onset of Huntington's disease. These types of short repeats are often thought to be due to errors in polymerase activity during replication including polymerase slippage, template switching, and fork switching which will be discussed in detail later. The short repeat size of these copy number variations lends itself to errors in the polymerase as these repeated regions are prone to misrecognition by the polymerase and replicated regions may be replicated again, leading to extra copies of the repeat. In addition, if these tri-nucleotide repeats are in the same reading frame in the coding portion of a gene, it may lead to a long chain of the same amino acid, possibly creating protein aggregates in the cell, and if these short repeats fall into the non-coding portion of the gene, it may affect gene expression and regulation. On the other hand, a variable number of repeats of entire genes is less commonly identified in the genome. One example of a whole gene repeat is the alpha-amylase 1 gene (AMY1) that encodes alpha-amylase which has a significant copy number variation between different populations with different diets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3248511 | 148,420 |
National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis NIMBioS organizes a Summer Research Experience for Undergraduates and Teachers program for eight weeks each summer. Participants live on campus and conduct research in teams with UT professors, NIMBioS researchers, and collaborators on projects at the interface of math and biology. NIMBioS also hosts the annual Undergraduate Research Conference at the Interface of Biology and Mathematics each fall, featuring student talks and posters as well as panel discussions. Programs for graduate students include the Visiting Graduate Student Fellowship offering training and research visits for up to several months by graduate students interested in pursuing research with NIMBioS senior personnel, postdoctoral fellows or working group participants. NIMBioS provides varying levels of tutorial workshops designed to enlighten biologists about key quantitative methods, such as optimal control and optimization or high performance computing methods for analyzing biological problems involving large data sets, spatial information, and dynamics. NIMBioS’ director is Louis J. Gross, Professor of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Mathematics at the UT. NIMBioS leadership team also includes associate directors and a deputy director. NIMBioS has an external Board of Advisors from academic institutions from around the world | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24017391 | 131,838 |
BigDFT Because the Daubechies wavelets have a compact support, the Hamiltonian application can be done locally which permits to have a linear scaling in function of the number of atoms instead of a cubic scaling for traditional DFT software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34784308 | 62,277 |
The Singularity Is Near Therefore, he says nonbiological intelligences will claim to have consciousness and "the full range of emotional and spiritual experiences that humans claim to have"; he feels such claims will generally be accepted. Kurzweil says revolutions in genetics, nanotechnology and robotics will usher in the beginning of the Singularity. Kurzweil feels with sufficient genetic technology it should be possible to maintain the body indefinitely, reversing aging while curing cancer, heart disease and other illnesses. Much of this will be possible thanks to nanotechnology, the second revolution, which entails the molecule by molecule construction of tools which themselves can "rebuild the physical world". Finally, the revolution in robotics will really be the development of strong AI, defined as machines which have human-level intelligence or greater. This development will be the most important of the century, "comparable in importance to the development of biology itself". Kurzweil concedes that every technology carries with it the risk of misuse or abuse, from viruses and nanobots to out-of-control AI machines. He believes the only countermeasure is to invest in defensive technologies, for example by allowing new genetics and medical treatments, monitoring for dangerous pathogens, and creating limited moratoriums on certain technologies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=767123 | 237,173 |
PowerCloud Systems Consumers could then better control distribution of bandwidth and monitor activity on their network. marketed the solution primarily to families with children using the Internet, saying that it allows parents to better understand and manage how their kids use the Web. Skydog was originally funded via Kickstarter in Spring 2013. The project was fully funded and received $121,813 in funding from more than 1,000 backers by May 14, 2013. On September 3, 2013, announced that it had shipped Skydog on time to its 1000 Kickstarter backers. made Skydog available to the general public on October 30, 2013. Skydog was positively reviewed as an Internet solution for families by media including PC Magazine and Yahoo. On March 19, 2014 PowerCloud announced WebRover, a free update to the Skydog cloud service, that provided a list of more than 1,000 sitesrated for age-appropriate content and educational quality by Common Sense Media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40901030 | 412,877 |
Water model 1 Å·kcal/(mol·e²) in the units commonly used in molecular modeling; "q" and "q" are the partial charges relative to the charge of the electron; "r" is the distance between two atoms or charged sites; and "A" and "B" are the Lennard-Jones parameters. The charged sites may be on the atoms or on dummy sites (such as lone pairs). In most water models, the Lennard-Jones term applies only to the interaction between the oxygen atoms. The figure below shows the general shape of the 3- to 6-site water models. The exact geometric parameters (the OH distance and the HOH angle) vary depending on the model. A 2-site model of water based on the familiar three-site SPC model (see below) has been shown to predict the dielectric properties of water using site-renormalized molecular fluid theory. Three-site models have three interaction points corresponding to the three atoms of the water molecule. Each site has a point charge, and the site corresponding to the oxygen atom also has the Lennard-Jones parameters. Since 3-site models achieve a high computational efficiency, these are widely used for many applications of molecular dynamics simulations. Most of the models use a rigid geometry matching that of actual water molecules. An exception is the SPC model, which assumes an ideal tetrahedral shape (HOH angle of 109.47°) instead of the observed angle of 104.5°. The table below lists the parameters for some 3-site models | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8337703 | 53,247 |
Fluorescence A study using mate-choice experiments on budgerigars ("Melopsittacus undulates") found compelling support for fluorescent sexual signaling, with both males and females significantly preferring birds with the fluorescent experimental stimulus. This study suggests that the fluorescent plumage of parrots is not simply a by-product of pigmentation, but instead an adapted sexual signal. Considering the intricacies of the pathways that produce fluorescent pigments, there may be significant costs involved. Therefore, individuals exhibiting strong fluorescence may be honest indicators of high individual quality, since they can deal with the associated costs. Spiders fluoresce under UV light and possess a huge diversity of fluorophores. Remarkably, spiders are the only known group in which fluorescence is “taxonomically widespread, variably expressed, evolutionarily labile, and probably under selection and potentially of ecological importance for intraspecific and interspecific signaling". A study by Andrews et al. (2007) reveals that fluorescence has evolved multiple times across spider taxa, with novel fluorophores evolving during spider diversification. In some spiders, ultraviolet cues are important for predator-prey interactions, intraspecific communication, and camouflaging with matching fluorescent flowers. Differing ecological contexts could favor inhibition or enhancement of fluorescence expression, depending upon whether fluorescence helps spiders be cryptic or makes them more conspicuous to predators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11555 | 160,362 |
Wilhelm Maybach On 8 March 1886, the inventors bought an American model coach built by Wilhelm Wimpff & Sohn, telling the neighbors that it was a birthday gift for Mrs. Daimler. Maybach supervised the installation of an enlarged 1.5 hp Grandfather Clock engine into the coach, and installed a belt drive to the wheels. The vehicle reached when tested on the road to Untertürkheim. Maybach and Daimler went on to prove the engine in many other ways, including: By 1887 they were licensing their first patents abroad, and Maybach represented the company at the great Paris Exposition Universelle (1889). Sales increased, mostly from the Neckar motorboat. In June 1887, Daimler bought land in the Seelberg Hills of Cannstatt. The workshop was some distance from the town on Ludwig Route 67, because Cannstatt's mayor objected to the presence of the workshop in the town. It covered 2,903 square meters and cost 30,200 goldmarks. They initially employed 23 people. Daimler managed the commercial issues and Maybach the design department. In 1889 they built their first automobile to be designed from scratch rather than as an adaptation of a stagecoach. It was publicly launched by both inventors in Paris in October 1889. Daimler's engine licenses began to be taken up throughout the world, starting the modern car industry in: Resources were scant to keep the business going, as neither the engine sales nor the worldwide proceeds from their patents were yielding enough money | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=86585 | 268,936 |
Lock-in amplifier The out-of-phase component of the signal that has the same frequency as the reference signal is also attenuated (because sine functions are orthogonal to the cosine functions of the same frequency), making a lock-in a phase-sensitive detector. For a sine reference signal and an input waveform formula_1, the DC output signal formula_2 can be calculated for an analog lock-in amplifier as where "φ" is a phase that can be set on the lock-in (set to zero by default). If the averaging time "T" is large enough (e.g. much larger than the signal period) to suppress all unwanted parts like noise and the variations at twice the reference frequency, the output is where formula_5 is the signal amplitude at the reference frequency, and formula_6 is the phase difference between the signal and reference. Many applications of the lock-in amplifier only require recovering the signal amplitude rather than relative phase to the reference signal. For a simple so called single-phase lock-in-amplifier the phase difference is adjusted (usually manually) to zero to get the full signal. More advanced, so called two-phase lock-in-amplifiers have a second detector, doing the same calculation as before, but with an additional 90° phase shift. Thus one has two outputs: formula_7 is called the "in-phase" component, and formula_8 the "quadrature" component. These two quantities represent the signal as a vector relative to the lock-in reference oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1859768 | 411,705 |
Cam switch Cam switches are mainly used within the low voltage range. On a shaft, switching cams are made of abrasion-resistant conductive material. By rotating the shaft, the contacts are opened or closed by the cams. Often, a plurality of cams are seated on a shaft, which simultaneously switch or switch several pairs of contacts. Friedrich Natalis (1864–1935), who had been working for the Schuckert-Werke (later Siemens-Schuckertwerke) since 1897, had already developed the cam-switching principle in Germany before 1900. In 1895, however, Johann Sigmund Schuckert founder of the electrical engineering company supplied cam switches with cam rollers and spring-loaded individual switches (DRP 88586). Thus the term cam switch has been used for such and similar devices over the years. Schuckert also supplied the "carbon control switch" designed by Natalis since 1901 with copper-carbon switching devices with spark-blowers (common spark blowers for direct current or single-spark blowers for direct and alternating current). The main current cam switch retained some significance, even when the rifle control pushed it where it was more economical. In miniature machine construction, the cam switch probably did not appear until the early 1930s. In 1931 the American company General Electric GE released their switch SBl, a 20A auxiliary current control switch, basically a miniaturized image of the large main current control switches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52379296 | 444,593 |
Pilot (operating system) However, as the memory and source code of the D-series Xerox processors grew, the time to checkpoint and restore the operating system (known as a "world swap") grew very high. It could take 60-120 seconds to run just one line of code in the inferior operating system environment. Eventually, a co-resident debugger was developed to take the place of Co-Pilot. Pilot was used as the operating system for the Xerox Star workstation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11898409 | 102,130 |
Carbon Thus, the carbon is bonded to five boron atoms and one hydrogen atom. The cation [(PhPAu)C] contains an octahedral carbon bound to six phosphine-gold fragments. This phenomenon has been attributed to the aurophilicity of the gold ligands, which provide additional stabilization of an otherwise labile species. In nature, the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) responsible for microbial nitrogen fixation likewise has an octahedral carbon center (formally a carbide, C(-IV)) bonded to six iron atoms. In 2016, it was confirmed that, in line with earlier theoretical predictions, the hexamethylbenzene dication contains a carbon atom with six bonds. More specifically, the dication could be described structurally by the formulation [MeC(η-CMe)], making it an "organic metallocene" in which a MeC fragment is bonded to a η-CMe fragment through all five of the carbons of the ring. It is important to note that in the cases above, each of the bonds to carbon contain less than two formal electron pairs. Thus, the formal electron count of these species does not exceed an octet. This makes them hypercoordinate but not hypervalent. Even in cases of alleged 10-C-5 species (that is, a carbon with five ligands and a formal electron count of ten), as reported by Akiba and co-workers, electronic structure calculations conclude that the electron population around carbon is still less than eight, as is true for other compounds featuring four-electron three-center bonding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5299 | 94,206 |
CTIA and GTIA Effective use of the GTIA color interpretation feature with text modes requires a carefully constructed character set treating characters as pixels. This method allows display of an apparent GTIA "high resolution" graphics mode that would ordinarily occupy 8K of RAM to instead use only about 2K (1K for the character set, and 1K for the screen RAM and display list.) The GTIA also fixed an error in CTIA that caused graphics to be misaligned by "half a color clock". The side effect of the fix was that programs that relied on color artifacts in high-resolution monochrome modes would show a different pair of colors. Atari owners can determine if their machine is equipped with the CTIA or GTIA by executing the BASIC command codice_4. If the screen blackens after execution, the machine is equipped with the new GTIA chip. If it stays blue, the machine has a CTIA chip instead. The last Atari XE computers made for the Eastern European market were built in China. Many if not all have a buggy PAL GTIA chip. The luma values in Graphics 9 and higher are at fault, appearing as stripes. Replacing the chip fixes the problem. Also, there have been attempts to fix faulty GTIA chips with some external circuitry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=931106 | 417,400 |
Raj Jain (born 17 August 1951) is a professor of Computer Science and Engineering in the Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Dr. Jain obtained a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics (Computer Science) from Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1978, an M.E. in Automation from Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India in 1974, and a B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Awdhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India in 1972. Until 2005 he was the Chief Technology Officer and Co-Founder of Nayna Networks, Inc. – a next generation telecommunications systems company in San Jose, CA. Prior to that he was a professor of Computer and Information Sciences at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio and a Senior Consulting Engineer at Digital Equipment Corporation in Littleton, Massachusetts. He was also a visiting scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983, 1985, and 1987. He has been a professor at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri since 2005. Dr. Jain is the co-inventor of the DEC-bit scheme for congestion avoidance in computer networks which has been adapted for implementation in Frame Relay networks as forward explicit congestion notification (FECN), ATM Networks as Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI), and TCP/IP networks as Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24862951 | 284,297 |
Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought The intellectual roots of supply-side economics have also been traced back to various early economic thinkers such as Ibn Khaldun, Jonathan Swift, David Hume, Adam Smith and Alexander Hamilton. Typical policy recommendations of supply-side economics are lower marginal tax rates and less regulation. Maximum benefits from taxation policy are achieved by optimizing the marginal tax rates to spur growth, although it is a common misunderstanding that supply side economics is concerned only with taxation policy when it is about removing barriers to production more generally. Today, the majority academic research on capitalism in the English-speaking world draws on neoclassical economic thought. It favors extensive market coordination and relatively neutral patterns of governmental market regulation aimed at maintaining property rights; deregulated labor markets; corporate governance dominated by financial owners of firms; and financial systems depending chiefly on capital market-based financing rather than state financing. Milton Friedman took many of the basic principles set forth by Adam Smith and the classical economists and gave them a new twist. One example of this is his article in the September 1970 issue of "The New York Times", where he claims that the social responsibility of business is "to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits…(through) open and free competition without deception or fraud" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29136076 | 485,995 |
Derby Stallion However, the player starts out with a limited amount of money and must sell horses at a profit once they are too old to race anymore. is a horse racing Nintendo 64 game that is also a business simulation game. It released in 2001 exclusively for the Japanese market. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24477105 | 458,192 |
Shorty Awards The Shorty Awards, also known as the "Shortys", is an annual awards show recognizing the people and organizations that produce real-time short form content across Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, Twitch and the rest of the social web. The annual ceremony began in 2008 with awards for achievements on the Twitter platform. Since then, the awards have recognized content creation on other social networking sites, including YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, Vine, Snapchat, YouNow, Periscope and Facebook. The awards ceremony is held each spring and streamed live. Each award recognizes the entire body of work of the content creator for the calendar year, rather than an individual tweet or post. A 2012 "Forbes" magazine article about the awards commented: "The Shortys recognize that social media is about more than who can get the most followers ... we are creating millions of pieces of new writing that will define our generation. ... These writings ... are creating our history of record." The awards were created in 2008 by tech entrepreneurs Greg Galant, Adam Varga, and Lee Semel of Sawhorse Media. They invited Twitter account holders to nominate the best Twitter users in general categories such as humor, news, food, and design. Winners were chosen by more than 30,000 Twitter users during the voting period. The founders of Twitter first heard about the awards after the contest had gotten underway and expressed support for it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21979677 | 451,829 |
Norwich War Memorial (also known as Norwich City War Memorial or Norwich Cenotaph) is a First World War memorial in Norwich in Eastern England. It was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, the last of his eight cenotaphs to be erected in England. Prior to Lutyens' involvement, several abandoned proposals had been made for commemorating Norwich's war dead, and by 1926 the newly elected lord mayor was determined to see the construction of a memorial before he left office. He established an appeal to raise funds for local hospitals in memory of the dead as well as a physical monument. He commissioned Lutyens, who designed an empty tomb (cenotaph) atop a low screen wall from which protrudes a Stone of Remembrance. Bronze flambeaux at either end can burn gas to emit a flame. Lutyens also designed a roll of honour, on which the names of the city's dead are listed, which was installed in Norwich Castle in 1931. A local disabled veteran unveiled the memorial on 9 October 1927. It was moved from its original location to become the centrepiece of a memorial garden between the market and the City Hall in 1938. The structure on which the garden is built was found to be unstable in 2004 and the memorial was closed off pending repairs which began in 2008. The work was completed in 2011, during which time the memorial was restored, having fallen into disrepair while it was closed off, and rotated to face the city hall rather than the market place. It was rededicated on Armistice Day 2011 and is today a grade II* listed building | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49344746 | 332,929 |
Spatial memory Typically, rats swim around the edge of the pool first before venturing out into the center in a meandering pattern before stumbling upon the hidden platform. However, as time spent in the pool increases experience, the amount of time needed to locate the platform decreases, with veteran rats swimming directly to the platform almost immediately after being placed in the water. The hippocampus provides animals with a spatial map of their environment. It stores information regarding non-egocentric space (egocentric means in reference to one's body position in space) and therefore supports viewpoint independence in spatial memory. This means that it allows for viewpoint manipulation from memory. It is however, important for long-term spatial memory of allocentric space (reference to external cues in space). Maintenance and retrieval of memories are thus relational or context dependent. The hippocampus makes use of reference and working memory and has the important role of processing information about spatial locations. Blocking plasticity in this region results in problems in goal-directed navigation and impairs the ability to remember precise locations. Amnesic patients with damage to the hippocampus cannot learn or remember spatial layouts and patients having undergone hippocampal removal are severely impaired in spatial navigation. Monkeys with lesions to this area cannot learn object-place associations and rats also display spatial deficits by not reacting to spatial change | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=858937 | 150,558 |
Mycoplasma genitalium (MG, commonly known as Mgen), is a sexually transmitted, small and pathogenic bacterium that lives on the skin cells of the urinary and genital tracts in humans. Medical reports published in 2007 and 2015 state Mgen is becoming increasingly common. Resistance to multiple antibiotics is occurring, including azithromycin which until recently was the most reliable treatment. The bacteria was first isolated from urogenital tract of humans in 1981, and was eventually identified as a new species of "Mycoplasma" in 1983. It can cause negative health effects in men and women. It also increases the risk factor for HIV spread with higher occurrences in homosexual men and those previously treated with the azithromycin antibiotics. Specifically, it causes urethritis in both men and women, and also cervicitis and pelvic inflammation in women. It presents clinically similar symptoms to that of "Chlamydia trachomatis" infection and has shown higher incidence rates, compared to both "Chlamydia trachomatis" and "Neisseria gonorrhoeae" infections in some populations. Its complete genome sequence was published in 1995 (size 0.58 Mbp, with 475 genes). It was regarded as a cellular unit with the smallest genome size (in Mbp) until 2003 when a new species of Archaea, namely "Nanoarchaeum equitans", was sequenced (0.49 Mbp, with 540 genes). However, Mgen still has the smallest genome of any known (naturally occurring) self-replicating organism and thus is often the organism of choice in minimal genome research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20219 | 153,997 |
Perceptual mapping Factor analysis, discriminant analysis, cluster analysis and logit analysis can also be used. Some techniques are constructed from perceived differences between products, others from perceived similarities, and still others from cross price elasticity of demand data from electronic scanners. Marketers can reveal shoppers' collective perceptual map with increasing precision and detail by aggregating and analysing their data; this is done, for example, in the smartphone and laptop industries. Furthermore, they can be used in non-commercial applications, such as identifying factors involved in dangerous driving. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=264936 | 490,519 |
Evolutionary game theory This explains behaviours observed in nature. An evolutionary game that turns out to be a children's game is rock paper scissors. The game is simple – rock beats scissors (blunts it), scissors beats paper (cuts it), and paper beats rock (wraps it up). Anyone who has ever played this simple game knows that it is not sensible to have any favoured play – the opponent will soon notice this and switch to the winning counter-play. The best strategy (a Nash equilibrium) is to play a mixed random game with any of the three plays taken a third of the time. This, in evolutionary game theory terms, is a mixed strategy. But many lifeforms are incapable of mixed behavior – they only exhibit one strategy (known as a pure strategy). If the game is played only with the pure Rock, Paper and Scissors strategies the evolutionary game is dynamically unstable: Rock mutants can enter an all scissor population, but then – Paper mutants can take over an all Rock population, but then – Scissor mutants can take over an all Paper population – and on and on... This is easily seen on the game payoff matrix, where if the paths of mutant invasion are noted, it can be seen that the mutant "invasion paths" form into a loop. This in triggers a cyclic invasion pattern. Rock paper scissors incorporated into an evolutionary game has been used for modelling natural processes in the study of ecology. Using experimental economics methods, scientists have used RPS game to test human social evolutionary dynamical behaviors in laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=774572 | 516,892 |
Hubbert peak theory The year of maximum annual production (peak) is: so now the cumulative production formula_3 reaches the half of the total available resource: The Hubbert equation assumes that oil production is symmetrical about the peak. Others have used similar but non-symmetrical equations which may provide better a fit to empirical production data. The sum of multiple Hubbert curves, a technique not developed by Hubbert himself, may be used in order to model more complicated real life scenarios. For example, when new technologies like hydraulic fracturing combined with new formations that were not productive before the new technology, this can create a need for multiple curves. These technologies are limited in number, but make a big impact on production and cause a need for a new curve to be added to the old curve and the entire curve to be reworked. Hubbert, in his 1956 paper, presented two scenarios for US crude oil production: Hubbert's upper-bound estimate, which he regarded as optimistic, accurately predicted that US oil production would peak in 1970, although the actual peak was 17% higher than Hubbert's curve. Production declined, as Hubbert had predicted, and stayed within 10 percent of Hubbert's predicted value from 1974 through 1994; since then, actual production has been significantly greater than the Hubbert curve. The development of new technologies has provided access to large quantities of unconventional resources, and the boost of production has largely discounted Hubbert's prediction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=601621 | 509,210 |
Damping matrix In applied mathematics, a damping matrix is a matrix corresponding to any of certain systems of linear ordinary differential equations. A damping matrix is defined as follows. If the system has "n" degrees of freedom "u" and is under application of "m" damping forces. Each force can be expressed as follows: It yields in matrix form; where C is the damping matrix composed by the damping coefficients: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30638875 | 285,487 |
Bernhard-Theater Zürich The or Bernhard Theater is a theatre in German-speaking Switzerland situated at Sechseläutenplatz in Zürich. It is part of the building complex "Opernhaus Zürich" and also houses the "Restaurant Belcanto". The theater was founded by and named after Rudolf Bernhard in 1941. The Bernhard-Theater is an entertainment theater that housed in its early years guest performances and productions (spoken theater and music theater), initially having an own ensemble to establish a "new workplace for the entertainment theater in Zürich". Rudolf Bernhard, a Swiss actor and comedian, founded at the former "Grand Café Esplanade" (built by J. Pfister Picault in 1925) the "Rudolf-Bernhard-Theater" which premierred on 19/20 December 1941. The ensemle performed farces and comedies in the Swiss German language. The ensemble comprised among others Ernst Bölsterli, Walburga Gmür, Bernard's wife Lisa Lienbach, Peter W. Staub and Willi Stettner; as guests appeared Heinrich Gretler, Emil Hegetschweiler, Alfred Rasser, Schaggi Streuli and Fredy Scheim. From the late 1940s, at the beginning of the season the ensemble went on tour in Switzerland, while the parent company held guest performances. In 1961/63 it also housed the "Zürcher Märchenbühne" which annually produces a fairy tale for children during the winter months, starring among others Vincenzo Biagi, Paul Bühlmann, Inigo Gallo, Walter Andreas Müller, Bella Neri, Margrit Rainer, Jörg Schneider, Peter W. Staub, Schaggi Streuli, Ines Torelli, Erich Vock and Ruedi Walter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47625772 | 354,643 |
Resonance It may cause violent swaying motions and even catastrophic failure in improperly constructed structures including bridges, buildings, trains, and aircraft. When designing objects, engineers must ensure the mechanical resonance frequencies of the component parts do not match driving vibrational frequencies of motors or other oscillating parts, a phenomenon known as resonance disaster. Avoiding resonance disasters is a major concern in every building, tower, and bridge construction project. As a countermeasure, shock mounts can be installed to absorb resonant frequencies and thus dissipate the absorbed energy. The Taipei 101 building relies on a —a tuned mass damper—to cancel resonance. Furthermore, the structure is designed to resonate at a frequency that does not typically occur. Buildings in seismic zones are often constructed to take into account the oscillating frequencies of expected ground motion. In addition, engineers designing objects having engines must ensure that the mechanical resonant frequencies of the component parts do not match driving vibrational frequencies of the motors or other strongly oscillating parts. Clocks keep time by mechanical resonance in a balance wheel, pendulum, or quartz crystal. The cadence of runners has been hypothesized to be energetically favorable due to resonance between the elastic energy stored in the lower limb and the mass of the runner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41660 | 114,482 |
Amount of substance Another important derived quantity is the amount of substance concentration (also called "amount concentration", or "substance concentration" in clinical chemistry; which is defined as the amount of a specific substance in a sample of a solution (or some other mixture), divided by the volume of the sample. The SI unit of this quantity is the mole (of the substance) per liter (of the solution). Thus, for example, the amount concentration of sodium chloride in ocean water is typically about 0.599 mol/L. The denominator is the volume of the solution, not of the solvent. Thus, for example, one liter of standard vodka contains about 0.40 L of ethanol (315 g, 6.85 mol) and 0.60 L of water. The amount concentration of ethanol is therefore (6.85 mol of ethanol)/(1 L of vodka) = 6.85 mol/L, not (6.85 mol of ethanol)/(0.60 L of water), which would be 11.4 mol/L. In chemistry, it is customary to read the unit "mol/L" as molar, and denote it by the symbol "M" (both following the numeric value). Thus, for example, each liter of a "0.5 molar" or "0.5 M" solution of urea () in water contains 0.5 moles of that molecule. By extension, the amount concentration is also commonly called the molarity of the substance of interest in the solution. However, as of May 2007, these terms and symbols are not condoned by IUPAC. This quantity should not be confused with the mass concentration, which is the mass of the substance of interest divided by the volume of the solution (about 35 g/L for sodium chloride in ocean water) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=759264 | 24,984 |
Fill dirt Several massive uses of fill dirt are with improvements to the Port of Seattle Sea-Tac Airport, the addition of a new runway to the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Kansai International Airport off the coast of Osaka, Japan, a project involving the creation of a new man-made island of some five square kilometers. is most often mined from commercial sand and gravel mines then imported to the project site, and must meet specifications for gradation outlined by the Project's Geotechnical Engineer. The logistics and availability of fill dirt material has become a growing concern for the commercial sand and gravel industry in recent years as the need for fill material has surged and the available resources in mines are depleted. This directly impacts the public and end-user as the cost of construction increases due to the logistical challenges of importing material from greater distances as materials grow more scarce. In an effort to combat the costs and increasing logistical challenges related to dwindling sand and gravel stockpiles, some services are offering contractors and the public a way to exchange fill dirt materials in addition to locating operating sand and gravel mines. Internet based services allow consumers and contractors a way to locate free fill dirt by connecting them with another contractor or consumer in need of a dump site on a nearby project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2614524 | 317,020 |
Riparian Plaza The second window washer was stranded with the second rescuer (due to the approaching electrical storm) on the swing stage and the fire department's rope rescue team pulled the remaining window washer and rescuer through the opening where the glass that was removed by the glaziers onsite. A large panel of glass from pool fencing on level 39 crashed to Eagle Street in the early morning hours of 27 August 2009, creating a mess but no injuries. Office tenants include broker Wilson HTM and law firm Clayton Utz and Littles Lawyers. KPMG’s Brisbane office occupies levels 14 to 19. John Pearce, former CEO of the nearby Collection House, paid $6.7 million for the top penthouse. The building has attracted significant investor interest with median capital growth at 24.8% during 2007 and 27% in 2008. The building currently contains only 47 apartments, however there were 52 in the original design. Due to a flexible body corporate apartment amalgamations have been permitted and even encouraged because they enhance the exclusivity and therefore the price of the apartments. The exterior of the building was a filming location for the 2009 science-fiction thriller film Daybreakers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1397709 | 311,522 |
Mobility scooter The front-wheel drive is usually a smaller device and is best used indoors. Rider weight capacity is a minimum of generally upwards to maximum. The rear-wheel drive is used both indoors and outdoors with rider weight capacity of . A heavy duty rear-drive can carry up to , varying by manufacturer. Mobility scooters come in various types: Usually mid-range mobility scooters have a speed of about . Mobility Scooters typically have a seat that is between 16" to 20" but many of them have various seat options available during purchase. Assistive and small sit-down electric mobility scooters provide important advantages to people with mobility problems throughout the world. A scooter is useful for persons without the stamina or arm/shoulder flexibility necessary to use a manual wheelchair. Also, swiveling the seat of an electric scooter is generally easier than moving the foot supports on most conventional wheelchairs. A mobility scooter is very helpful for persons with systemic or whole-body disabling conditions (coronary or lung issues, some forms of arthritis, obesity, etc.) who are still able to stand and walk a few steps, sit upright without torso support, and control the steering tiller. A major selling point of mobility scooters for many users is that they do not look like a wheelchair, disability still being seen by many as shameful. Mobility scooters are in general more affordable than powered wheelchairs, leading to them being procured as a cheaper alternative | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3042527 | 370,644 |
Dry cask storage "CONSTOR" is a cask used for transport and long-term storage of spent fuel and high-level waste also manufactured by GNS. Its inner and outer layers are steel, enclosing a layer of concrete. A 9-meter drop test of the V/TC model was conducted in 2004; the results conformed to expectations. In 2008, officials at the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant announced their intention to use 34 CONSTOR casks at the Kozloduy NPP site before the end of 2010. Spent fuel from the now-closed Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant was placed in CASTOR and CONSTOR storage casks during the 2000s. The Russian dry storage facility for spent nuclear fuel, the HOT-2 at Mining Chemical Combine in Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia, is not a 'cask' facility per se, as it is designed to accommodate the spent nuclear fuel (both VVER and RBMK) in a series of compartments. The structure of the facility is made up of monolithic reinforced concrete walls and top and bottom slabs, with the actual storage compartments formed by reinforced concrete partitions. The fuel is to be cooled by natural convection of air. The design capacity of the facility is 37,785 tonnes of uranium. It is now under construction and commissioning. In Ukraine, a dry storage facility has been accepting spent fuel from the six-unit Zaporozhye Nuclear Power Plant (VVER-1000 reactors) since 2001, making it the longest-serving such facility in the former Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363445 | 246,130 |
Methylhydrazines are hydrazines that have additional methyl groups. Heavily methylated versions exist as hydrazinium salts. Members of this class include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5589433 | 77,458 |
Plant breeding Stresses such as temperature variation, are signalled to the plant via a cascade of signalling molecules which will activate a Transcription factor to regulate Gene expression. Overexpression of particular genes involved in cold acclimation has been shown to become more resistant to freezing, which is one common cause of yield loss Genetic modification of plants that can produce pharmaceuticals (and industrial chemicals), sometimes called "pharming", is a rather radical new area of plant breeding. Modern plant breeding, whether classical or through genetic engineering, comes with issues of concern, particularly with regard to food crops. The question of whether breeding can have a negative effect on nutritional value is central in this respect. Although relatively little direct research in this area has been done, there are scientific indications that, by favoring certain aspects of a plant's development, other aspects may be retarded. A study published in the "Journal of the American College of Nutrition" in 2004, entitled "Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999", compared nutritional analysis of vegetables done in 1950 and in 1999, and found substantial decreases in six of 13 nutrients measured, including 6% of protein and 38% of riboflavin. Reductions in calcium, phosphorus, iron and ascorbic acid were also found | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30876044 | 19,141 |
Clarence Hiskey While en route, Army counter-intelligence officers secretly searched Hiskey's luggage and found seven pages of classified notes taken from the Chicago Metallurgical Lab. When the officers subsequently performed a follow up search, the notes were no longer with Hiskey. In 1948, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) established that Hiskey was an active member of the CPUSA and had attempted to recruit other scientists to pass secret atomic data to Soviet intelligence. Congressional investigators concluded: It became obvious that Hiskey had for some time been supplying Adams with secret information regarding atomic research. Immediately after seeing Adams, Hiskey flew to Cleveland, Ohio, where he contacted John Hitchcock Chapin. Chapin, through the urging of Clarence Hiskey, agreed to take over Hiskey's contacts with Adams. Chapin admitted to investigators that Hiskey had told him that Adams was indeed a Soviet agent. Edward Manning was another Chicago Met Lab employee Hiskey attempted to recruit. In testimony before HUAC and Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Hiskey repeatedly refused to answer questions about his Communist associations and espionage, and in 1950, he was cited for contempt of Congress. Hiskey resigned his position as associate professor of analytical chemistry on the faculty of Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and joined the International Biotechnical Corporation, later becoming director of analytical research for Endo Laboratories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3098243 | 233,010 |
Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci All the problems of perspective are made clear by the five terms of mathematicians, which are:—the point, the line, the angle, the superficies and the solid. The point is unique of its kind. And the point has neither height, breadth, length, nor depth, whence it is to be regarded as indivisible and as having no dimensions in space. Vasari in "The Lives" says of Leonardo: He made designs for mills, fulling machines and engines that could be driven by water-power... In addition he used to make models and plans showing how to excavate and tunnel through mountains without difficulty, so as to pass from one level to another; and he demonstrated how to lift and draw great weights by means of levers, hoists and winches, and ways of cleansing harbours and using pumps to suck up water from great depths. With the same rational and analytical approach that he used in anatomic studies, Leonardo faced the study and design of a bewildering number of machines and devices. He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, include a perfected "exploded view" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects have been collected in his codices and fill more than 5,000 pages. Leonardo was a master of mechanical principles. He utilized leverage and cantilevering, pulleys, cranks, gears, including angle gears and rack and pinion gears; parallel linkage, lubrication systems and bearings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9282401 | 300,653 |
Association of Engineers in Israel The association is also acknowledged by the Ministry of Industry (responsible by the government for the Engineers and Architects law), as the representative organization for engineering and architecture professions in Israel. The association is recognized by the chief justice and the courts administration as the professional and public organization, responsible for appointing experts and arbitrators as a service to the Israeli courthouse. The association also appoints the public's professional representatives in the local building and planning committees, the regional ones, the national council etc. There is a National Congress in the AEAI, chosen by all its members in a proportional representation election. The senior positions, such as the president, the chairman, the professional societies chairmen etc., are voluntary. The AEAI current president is Eng. Yitzhak Raz. The association chairman is Eng. Ehud Noff, who also serves as chairman of the Federation of Engineers (the labor union). Within the Association of Engineers there are professional societies in various technological fields: Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Industrial and Management Engineering, Safety Engineering, Computer Science and Software, Construction and Infrastructure Engineering, Architecture and City planning and Municipal Engineering. The branches within the professional societies operate on specific or multi-disciplinary issues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35898026 | 227,687 |
Alfred O. C. Nier On the day of its receipt (it was sent by US Postal Mail), Dunning's team was able to demonstrate that uranium-235 was the isotope responsible for nuclear fission, rather than the more abundant uranium-238. Confirmation of this suspected fact was a critical step in the development of the atomic bomb. From 1943 to 1945, Nier worked with Kellex Corporation in Manhattan, New York City on the design and development of efficient and effective mass spectrographs for use in the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb in World War II. During the war most of the spectrographs used for monitoring uranium separations were designed by Nier. After the war, he returned to Minnesota where he worked on geochronology, the upper atmosphere, space science and noble gases. Nier designed the miniature mass spectrometers used by the Viking Landers to sample the atmosphere of Mars. Active to the end of his life, he died on May 16, 1994, two weeks after being paralysed in a motor accident. Nier was a member, National Academy of Sciences; and a foreign scientific member of the Max Planck Society. The Martian crater Nier and the mineral nierite (tiny silicon nitride inclusions in meteorites) were named after him. The Nier Prize is awarded annually by the Meteoritical Society and recognizes outstanding research in meteoritics and closely allied fields by young scientists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=891446 | 247,710 |
Personalized medicine The FDA has already started to take initiatives to integrate personalised medicine into their regulatory policies. An FDA report in October 2013 entitled, “"Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine: FDA’s role in a New Era of Medical Product Development",” in which they outlined steps they would have to take to integrate genetic and biomarker information for clinical use and drug development. They determined that they would have to develop specific regulatory science standards, research methods, reference material and other tools in order to incorporate personalised medicine into their current regulatory practices. For example, they are working on a “genomic reference library” for regulatory agencies to compare and test the validity of different sequencing platforms in an effort to uphold reliability. As with any innovation in medicine, investment and interest in personalised medicine is influenced by intellectual property rights. There has been a lot of controversy regarding patent protection for diagnostic tools, genes, and biomarkers. In June 2013, the U.S Supreme Court ruled that natural occurring genes cannot be patented, while “synthetic DNA” that is edited or artificially- created can still be patented. The Patent Office is currently reviewing a number of issues related to patent laws for personalised medicine, such as whether “confirmatory” secondary genetic tests post initial diagnosis, can have full immunity from patent laws | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 | 3,668 |
Protein biosynthesis As a result, disulfide bonds are typically formed in the oxidising environment of the endoplasmic reticulum catalysed by enzymes called protein disulfide isomerases. Disulfide bonds are rarely formed in the cytoplasm as it is a reducing environment . Many diseases are caused by mutations in genes, due to the direct connection between the DNA nucleotide sequence and the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. Changes to the primary structure of the protein can result in the protein mis-folding or malfunctioning. Mutations within a single gene have been identified as a cause of multiple diseases, including sickle cell disease, known as single gene disorders. Sickle cell disease is a group of diseases caused by a mutation in a subunit of haemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen. The most dangerous of the sickle cell diseases is known as sickle cell anaemia. Sickle cell anaemia is the most common homozygous recessive single gene disorder, meaning the sufferer must carry a mutation in both copies of the affected gene (one inherited from each parent) to suffer from the disease. Haemoglobin has a complex quaternary structure and is composed of four polypeptide subunits - two A subunits and two B subunits . Patients suffering from sickle cell anaemia have a missense or substitution mutation in the gene encoding the haemoglobin B subunit polypeptide chain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24553 | 86,880 |
Bridge Undoubtedly ancient peoples would also have used log bridges; that is a timber bridge that fall naturally or are intentionally felled or placed across streams. Some of the first man-made bridges with significant span were probably intentionally felled trees. Among the oldest timber bridges is the Holzbrücke Rapperswil-Hurden crossing upper Lake Zürich in Switzerland; the prehistoric timber piles discovered to the west of the Seedamm date back to 1523 BC. The first wooden footbridge led across Lake Zürich, followed by several reconstructions at least until the late 2nd century AD, when the Roman Empire built a wooden bridge. Between 1358 and 1360, Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, built a 'new' wooden bridge across the lake that has been used to 1878 – measuring approximately in length and wide. On April 6, 2001, the reconstructed wooden footbridge was opened, being the longest wooden bridge in Switzerland. The Arkadiko is one of four Mycenaean corbel arch bridges part of a former network of roads, designed to accommodate chariots, between the fort of Tiryns and town of Epidauros in the Peloponnese, in southern Greece. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age (13th century BC), it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. Several intact arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese. The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans. The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3397 | 223,160 |
Chemistry Chemical reactions usually involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds. Oxidation, reduction, dissociation, acid-base neutralization and molecular rearrangement are some of the commonly used kinds of chemical reactions. A chemical reaction can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation. While in a non-nuclear chemical reaction the number and kind of atoms on both sides of the equation are equal, for a nuclear reaction this holds true only for the nuclear particles viz. protons and neutrons. The sequence of steps in which the reorganization of chemical bonds may be taking place in the course of a chemical reaction is called its mechanism. A chemical reaction can be envisioned to take place in a number of steps, each of which may have a different speed. Many reaction intermediates with variable stability can thus be envisaged during the course of a reaction. Reaction mechanisms are proposed to explain the kinetics and the relative product mix of a reaction. Many physical chemists specialize in exploring and proposing the mechanisms of various chemical reactions. Several empirical rules, like the Woodward–Hoffmann rules often come in handy while proposing a mechanism for a chemical reaction. According to the IUPAC gold book, a chemical reaction is "a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species." Accordingly, a chemical reaction may be an elementary reaction or a stepwise reaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5180 | 12,595 |
Harold Agnew Under his directorship, Los Alamos developed an underground test containment program, completed its Meson Physics Facility, acquired the first Cray supercomputer, and trained the first class of International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors. Agnew managed to get the Los Alamos Laboratory responsibility for the development of the W76, used by the Trident I and Trident II Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles, and the W78 used by the Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missiles. He was proud of the work with insensitive high explosive that made nuclear weapons safer to handle. Support from the Atomic Energy Commission for reactor development dried up, but during the 1970s energy crisis, the laboratory explored other types of alternative fuels. In 1979, Agnew resigned from Los Alamos and became President and Chief Executive Officer of General Atomics, a position he held until 1985. In his letter of resignation to David S. Saxon, the President of the University of California, Agnew wrote that his decision was influenced by "dissatisfaction with University administration policies and a lack of advocacy for the total LASL [Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory] program" and "frustration with what I consider to be a continuing inequitable distribution of defense program funding by the Department of Energy between the LASL and LLL [Lawrence Livermore Laboratory] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34092731 | 275,693 |
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