text stringlengths 17 3.36M | source stringlengths 3 333 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 518k |
|---|---|---|
Offshore Technology Conference In 2018, to attend the full conference as a professional who was a member of one of the 13 sponsoring organizations the registration fee was $180 which included full access to the technical sessions and massive exhibition. The annual Spotlight on New Technology Awards showcases the latest and most advanced hardware and software technologies that are leading the industry into the future. Technologies are awarded based on the following criteria: new and innovative, proven, broad interest for the industry and significant impact beyond existing technologies. OTC Brasil has been held in 2011, 2013, and 2017. In 2017, OTC Brasil was held in Rio de Janeiro and 150 technical papers were presented in 29 technical sessions. OTC Asia was held in 2014, 2016, and 2018. The 2018 OTC Asia was held in March in Kuala Lumpur. More than 290 technical papers were presented at OTC Asia in 2018. The Arctic Technology Conference has been held in 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, and will be held in fall 2018. In 2011-2012 and 2014, the conference was held in Houston. The 2015 edition was held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The 2016th edition was held in St. John's, Canada and 135 technical papers were presented. The 2018th edition will be the first time the show returns to Houston in a couple years. The Arctic Technology Conference is an OTC event that covers the technical challenges that come along with exploration and production of petroleum and natural gas in the arctic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22695542 | 205,473 |
Planted motif search Those algorithms that may not return the optimal answer(s) are referred to as approximation algorithms (or heuristic algorithms) and those that always return the optimal answer(s) are called exact algorithms. Examples of approximation (or heuristic) algorithms include Random Projection, PatternBranching, MULTIPROFILER, CONSENSUS, and ProfileBranching. These algorithms have been experimentally demonstrated to perform well. The algorithm is based on random projections. Let the motif "M" of interest be an "l"-mer and "C" be the collection of all the "l"-mers from all the "n" input strings. The algorithm projects these "l"-mers along "k" randomly chosen positions (for some appropriate value of "k"). The projection of each "l"-mer may be thought of as an integer. The projected values (which are "k"-mers) are grouped according to their integer values. In other words, hash all the "l"-mers using the "k"-mer of any "l"-mer as its hash value. All the "l"-mers that have the same hash value fall into the same hash bucket. Since the instances of any ("l", "d") motif are similar to each other, many of these instances will fall into the same bucket. Note that the Hamming distance between any two instances of an ("l", "d") motif is no more than 2"d". The key idea of this algorithm is to examine those buckets that have a large number of "l"-mers in them. For each such bucket, an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is used to check if an ("l", "d") motif can be found using the "l"-mers in the bucket | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40190528 | 156,444 |
Size effect on structural strength 8 is applicable in general, and that the dependence of its parameters on the structure geometry has approximately the following form: where formula_103 half of the FPZ length, formula_104 = relative initial crack length (which is constant for geometrically similar scaling); formula_105 = dimensionless energy release function of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), which brings about the effect of structure geometry; formula_106, and formula_107 = stress intensity factor. Fitting Eq. 8 to formula_8 data from tests of geometrically similar notched specimens of very different sizes is a good way to identify the formula_91 and formula_110 of the material. Numerical simulations of failure by finite element codes can capture the energetic (or deterministic) size effect only if the material law relating the stress to deformation possesses a characteristic length. This was not the case for the classical finite element codes with a material characterized solely by stress-strain relations. One simple enough computational method is the cohesive (or fictitious) crack model, in which it is assumed that the stress formula_111 transmitted across a partially opened crack is a decreasing function of the crack opening formula_112, i.e., formula_113. The area under this function is formula_91, and is the material characteristic length giving rise to the deterministic size effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33984856 | 431,312 |
Corporate governance In private for-profit corporations, shareholders elect the board of directors to represent their interests. In the case of nonprofits, stakeholders may have some role in recommending or selecting board members, but typically the board itself decides who will serve on the board as a 'self-perpetuating' board. The degree of leadership that the board has over the organization varies; in practice at large organizations, the executive management, principally the CEO, drives major initiatives with the oversight and approval of the board. Former Chairman of the Board of General Motors John G. Smale wrote in 1995: "The board is responsible for the successful perpetuation of the corporation. That responsibility cannot be relegated to management." A board of directors is expected to play a key role in corporate governance. The board has responsibility for: CEO selection and succession; providing feedback to management on the organization's strategy; compensating senior executives; monitoring financial health, performance and risk; and ensuring accountability of the organization to its investors and authorities. Boards typically have several committees (e.g., Compensation, Nominating and Audit) to perform their work. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (2004) describe the responsibilities of the board; some of these are summarized below: All parties to corporate governance have an interest, whether direct or indirect, in the financial performance of the corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 | 500,536 |
Remote broadcast Later, frequency extenders were developed that used additional lines, shifting higher treble audio frequencies down on one end and back up on the other, providing a reasonable reproduction of the original sound. Currently, digital lines, such as ISDN or DSL, are used to send compressed digital audio back to the studio. In addition, modern remote pickup units have become extremely portable and can transmit single-channel monophonic FM-quality audio over regular telephone lines using built-in modems and advanced compression algorithms (MPEG-4, etc.). See POTS codec. In TV, live television remotes are an almost daily part of television news broadcasts in the U.S. As a part of electronic news gathering (ENG), remotes are meant to bring the audience to the scene of the action. To get to the scene quickly, a live remote may be done from a helicopter. Live television remotes may often be used in a manner similar to radio remotes (and vice versa) as well. Late night talk shows commonly used remotes for recurring segments. They are mostly unscripted comedic routines and interviews in public areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=978035 | 217,358 |
AUTOSAR The work of can be divided into three phases: In 2013, the consortium entered a continuous working mode for its Classic Platform to maintain the standard and provide selected improvements, including releases R4.2, and 1.0 of Acceptance Tests. In 2016, work on the Adaptive Platform began. A first release (17-03) was published in early 2017, followed by release 17-10 in October 2017 and release 18-03 in March 2018. With release 18-10 in October 2018, the major development activities were finally published in a joint release of Classic, Adaptive, and Foundation. provides a set of specifications that describes basic software modules, defines application interfaces and builds a common development methodology based on standardized exchange format. Basic software modules made available by the layered software architecture can be used in vehicles of different manufacturers and electronic components of different suppliers, thereby reducing expenditures for research and development and mastering the growing complexity of automotive electronic and software architectures. Based on this guiding principle, has been devised to pave the way for innovative electronic systems that further improve performance, safety, and environmental friendliness and to facilitate the exchange and update of software and hardware over the service life of the vehicle. It aims to be prepared for the upcoming technologies and to improve cost-efficiency without compromising quality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2595431 | 280,900 |
Ristocetin is an antibiotic, obtained from "Amycolatopsis lurida", previously used to treat staphylococcal infections. It is no longer used clinically because it caused thrombocytopenia and platelet agglutination. It is now used solely to assay those functions "in vitro" in the diagnosis of conditions such as von Willebrand disease (vWD) and Bernard–Soulier syndrome. Platelet agglutination caused by ristocetin can occur only in the presence of von Willebrand factor multimers, so if ristocetin is added to blood lacking the factor (or its receptor—see below), the platelets will not clump. Through an unknown mechanism, the antibiotic ristocetin causes von Willebrand factor to bind the platelet receptor glycoprotein Ib (GpIb), so when ristocetin is added to normal blood, it causes agglutination. In some types of vWD (types 2B and platelet-type), even very small amounts of ristocetin cause platelet aggregation when the patient's platelet-rich plasma is used. This paradox is explained by these types having gain-of-function mutations which cause the vWD high molecular-weight multimers to bind more tightly to their receptors on platelets (the alpha chains of glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) receptors). In the case of type 2B vWD, the gain-of-function mutation involves von Willebrand's factor (VWF gene), and in platelet-type vWD, the receptor is the object of the mutation (GPIb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4323503 | 142,913 |
Quarter minus is a type of construction aggregate that is usually made from crushed basalt (but can be made of other rock types) from which the crushed rock product is not any bigger than 1/4" in diameter. The quarter minus rock size can consist of rock in diameter as big as 1/4" in size and "fines" (anything smaller than the maximum allowable rock size (which in this case is 1/4), even as small as stone dust). Any aggregate with the name "minus" can contain up to 80% fines. is mostly used as filler aggregate for bigger aggregate, empty space between two different sized aggregate, vehicle parking grade, and landscape surfaces. A positive of using quarter minus as a landscape aggregate is that it does not provide a home for pests and does not decompose like other landscape aggregates like wood-chips, for example. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62964007 | 352,059 |
Carbon nanothread The extremely high specific strength predicted for them by modeling has attracted attention for applications such as space elevators and would be useful in other applications related to transportation, aerospace, and sports equipment. They may uniquely combine extreme strength, flexibility, and resilience. Chemically substituted nanothreads may facilitate load transfer between neighbors through covalent bonding to transfer their mechanical strength to a surrounding matrix. Modeling also suggests that the kinks associated with Stone-Wales transformations in nanothreads may facilitate interfacial load transfer to a surrounding matrix, making them useful for high strength composites. In contrast to carbon nanotubes, bonds to the exterior of nanothreads need not disrupt their carbon core because only three of the four tetrahedral bonds are needed form it. The “extra” bond usually formed to hydrogen could be instead be linked to another nanothread or another molecule or atom. Nanothreads may thus be thought of as "hybrids" that are both hydrocarbon molecules and carbon nanomaterials. Bonds to carbon nanotubes require their carbon to change from near planar sp-bonding to tetrahedral sp-bonding, thus disrupting their tubular geometry and possibly weakening them. Nanothreads may be less susceptible to loss of strength through defects than carbon nanotubes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44111579 | 229,352 |
Nodal analysis The direction of the currents in calculations is chosen to be away from the node. With Kirchhoff's current law, we get: formula_1 This equation can be solved with respect to V: formula_2 Finally, the unknown voltage can be solved by substituting numerical values for the symbols. Any unknown currents are easy to calculate after all the voltages in the circuit are known. formula_3 In this circuit, we initially have two unknown voltages, V and V. The voltage at V is already known to be V because the other terminal of the voltage source is at ground potential. The current going through voltage source V cannot be directly calculated. Therefore, we cannot write the current equations for either V or V. However, we know that the same current leaving node V must enter node V. Even though the nodes cannot be individually solved, we know that the combined current of these two nodes is zero. This combining of the two nodes is called the supernode technique, and it requires one additional equation: V = V + V. The complete set of equations for this circuit is: formula_4 By substituting V to the first equation and solving in respect to V, we get: formula_5 In general, for a circuit with formula_6 nodes, the node-voltage equations obtained by nodal analysis can be written in a matrix form as derived in the following. For any node formula_7, KCL states formula_8 where formula_9 is the negative of the sum of the conductances between nodes formula_7 and formula_11, and formula_12 is the voltage of node formula_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2329101 | 199,032 |
Digital lollipop A digital lollipop is an electronic device that synthesizes virtual tastes by stimulating the human tongue with electric currents. The device is capable of producing four of the primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty and bitter. Digital lollipops were developed through research led by Nimesha Ranasinghe at the National University of Singapore. According to Ranasinghe, "The system is capable of manipulating the properties of electric currents (magnitude, frequency, and polarity: inverse current) to formulate different stimuli. Currently, we are conducting experiments to analyze regional differences of the human tongue for electrical stimulation." The devices generate alternating current signals through a sliver electrode, stimulating the tongue's taste receptors to emulate the major taste components. It also produces small, varying amounts of heat to simulate food. Eventually, the digital lollipop could aid Alzheimer's patients by helping them "either enhance or suppress certain senses" and may also allow people with diabetes to experience sweetness without increasing their blood sugar levels. The National University of Singapore research team is developing Taste Over Internet Protocol (TOIP) that would allow taste information to be communicated between locations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41228442 | 400,103 |
Telecommunications in the Comoros In large part thanks to international aid programs, Moroni has international telecommunications service. Telephone service, however, is largely limited to the islands' few towns. Telephones - main lines in use: 5,000 (1995) Telephones - mobile cellular: 0 (1995) Telephone system: sparse system of microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communication stations <br>"domestic:" HF radiotelephone communications and microwave radio relay<br> CMDA mobile network (Huri, operated by Comores Telecom) <br>"international:" HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Réunion Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998) Radios: 90,000 (1997) Television broadcast stations: 0 (1998) Televisions: 1,000 (1997) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (1999) Country code (Top-level domain): KM In October 2011 the State of Qatar launched a special program for the construction of a wireless network to interconnect the three islands of the archipelago, by means of low cost, repeatable technology. The project has been developed by Qatar University and Politecnico di Torino, under the supervision of prof. Mazen Hasna and prof. Daniele Trinchero, with a major participation of local actors (Comorian Government, NRTIC, University of the Comoros). The project has been referred as an example of technology transfer and Sustainable Inclusion in developing countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6005 | 300,900 |
Separator (oil production) Pressure is maintained on the separator by use of a gas backpressure valve on each separator or with one master backpressure valve that controls the pressure on a battery of two or more separators. The optimum pressure to maintain on a separator is the pressure that will result in the highest economic yield from the sale of the liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. To maintain pressure on a separator, a liquid seal must be effected in the lower portion of the vessel. This liquid seal prevents loss of gas with the oil and requires the use of a liquid-level controller and a valve. Effective oil-gas separation is important not only to ensure that the required export quality is achieved but also to prevent problems in downstream process equipment and compressors. Once the bulk liquid has been knocked out, which can be achieved in many ways, the remaining liquid droplets are separated from by a demisting device. Until recently the main technologies used for this application were reverse-flow cyclones, mesh pads and vane packs. More recently new devices with higher gas-handling have been developed which have enabled potential reduction in the scrubber vessel size. There are several new concepts currently under development in which the fluids are degassed upstream of the primary separator. These systems are based on centrifugal and turbine technology and have additional advantages in that they are compact and motion insensitive, hence ideal for floating production facilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10980696 | 201,072 |
Paid content The increased accessibility and interactivity of online journalism has also created new opportunity in the guise of crowdsourcing, enabling people to get investigative journalists working on stories that they themselves have suggested and funded. Some success in new models for paid content is being found in the use of paywalls, especially "soft" paywalls, which blend into freemium models. Newspapers, in particular, have been implementing paywalls in an attempt to increase revenue, which has been diminishing due to a decline in print subscriptions and advertising revenue. The approaches to paywall implementation range. For example, "The New York Times" experimented with a metered paywall, on which they spent a reported $40 million to code and took 14 months to implement. Other publications have turned to providers to implement a solution for them, such as Weekly World News, which announced in January 2013 that they would be utilizing a pay model. Use of pay what you want has also proven successful, at least for special promotions. Pay After Reading (PAR) is a new business model and the principle for paid Internet content. This principle was applied for the first time by Slydoo on their Travel guides generator and means that the end users has access to information available in the database, not public, not free of charge, however, payment for the information occurs only after downloading / reading this information | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2308577 | 482,649 |
Quadruplex videotape )) However, it was capable of producing extremely high-quality images containing about 400 horizontal lines of video resolution, and remained the "de facto" industry standard for television broadcasting from its inception in 1956 to the mid-1980s, when newer, smaller, and lower-maintenance videotape formats superseded it. There were three different variations of 2-inch quad: Most quad machines made later in the 1960s and 1970s by Ampex can play back both low and high-band 2-inch quad tape. Time-shifting of television programming for the West Coast of the United States by the networks in the 1950s (in order to broadcast their programming at the same local time on the East and West Coasts) using kinescope films was quite a rushed and perilous ordeal. This was because there were only three hours for the West Coast branches of the TV networks to receive video for the programming from the East Coast (live via leased microwave relay or coaxial cable circuits provided by the phone company (AT&T) at the time), and then to record such to kinescope films, and finally to develop the film to be aired three hours later on the West Coast. This usually meant the kinescope was aired almost immediately after it came straight out of the developing equipment, still warm from the film dryer. These were referred to by the networks as "hot kines". By 1954, the networks used more raw film stock for kinescopes than all of the Hollywood film studios combined, spending up to $4,000 per half hour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2351529 | 301,873 |
Physical Internet In order to deal adequately with privacy and competitiveness concerns within the Physical Internet, the smart tag of a π-container strictly restricts information access by pertinent parties. Only the information necessary for the routing of π-containers through the are accessible for everyone. "ICONET has been established" to explore and create innovative PI network services that optimise cargo flows against throughput, cost and environmental performance, based on Governance policies and SLAs, constantly and fully aware of network operations and status. ICONET’s main research and innovation focus is on Collaborative planning of flexible logistic chains, through the implementation of four PI-based services: PI Hub, PI Corridor, Warehousing and e-Commerce Fulfilment; and Technology and knowledge transfer, as the potential means to achieving key T&L industry goals, by projecting focal Digital Internet topics such as e.g. network protocols, services and Blockchain, to the domain, adopting both, a business and an evidence driven approach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38501388 | 488,223 |
Replay attack When Alice wants to send Bob a message, she includes her best estimate of the time on his clock in her message, which is also authenticated. Bob only accepts messages for which the timestamp is within a reasonable tolerance. The advantages of this scheme is that Bob does not need to generate (pseudo-) random numbers, and that Alice doesn't need to ask Bob for a random number. In networks that are unidirectional or near unidirectional, it can be an advantage. The trade-off being that replay attacks, if they are performed quickly enough i.e. within that 'reasonable' limit, could succeed. The Kerberos authentication protocol includes some countermeasures. In the classical case of a replay attack, a message is captured by an adversary and then replayed at a later date in order to produce an effect. For example, if a banking scheme were to be vulnerable to this attack, a message which results in the transfer of funds could be replayed over and over to transfer more funds than originally intended. However, the Kerberos protocol, as implemented in Microsoft Windows Active Directory, includes the use of a scheme involving time stamps to severely limit the effectiveness of replay attacks. Messages which are past the "time to live (TTL)" are considered old and are discarded. There have been improvements proposed, including the using a triple password scheme. These three passwords are used with the authentication server, ticket granting server, and TGS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=614094 | 347,610 |
Celgene In April 2015, announced a collaboration with AstraZeneca, worth $450 million, to study their Phase III immuno-oncology drug candidate MEDI4736. That same month, announced it would acquire Quanticel for up to $485 million in order to enhance its cancer drug pipeline. had invested in Quanticel in April 2011. In June 2015, announced it had licensed Lyceras RORgamma agonist portfolio for up to $105 million to develop its Phase I lead compound LYC-30937 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. The licensing opportunity gave the option to acquire Lycera. In July 2015, the company announced it would acquire Receptos for $7.2 billion in a move to strengthen the company's inflammation and immunology areas. In May 2016, the company announced it would launch partnership with Agios Pharmaceuticals, developing metabolic immuno-oncology therapies. In October 2016, the company acquired EngMab AG for $600 million. In January 2017, the company announced it would acquire Delinia for $775 million, increasing the company's autoimmune disease therapy offerings. In January 2018, announced it would acquire Impact Biomedicines for $7 billion, adding fedratinib, a kinase inhibitor with potential to treat myelofibrosis. Also in January 2018, the company announced it would acquire Juno Therapeutics for $9 billion. In January 2019, the company announced it would be acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb for $74 billion ($95 billion including debt), a deal that would become the largest pharmaceutical company acquisition ever | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2887610 | 147,736 |
Homeobox The two domains are linked by a flexible loop that is long enough to stretch around the DNA helix, allowing the two domains to bind on opposite sides of the target DNA, collectively covering an eight-base segment with consensus sequence 5'-ATGCAAAT-3'. The individual domains of POU proteins bind DNA only weakly, but have strong sequence-specific affinity when linked. The POU domain itself has significant structural similarity with repressors expressed in bacteriophages, particularly lambda phage. As in animals, the plant homeobox genes code for the typical 60 amino acid long DNA-binding homeodomain or in case of the TALE (three amino acid loop extension) homeobox genes for an "atypical" homeodomain consisting of 63 amino acids. According to their conserved intron–exon structure and to unique codomain architectures they have been grouped into 14 distinct classes: HD-ZIP I to IV, BEL, KNOX, PLINC, WOX, PHD, DDT, NDX, LD, SAWADEE and PINTOX. Conservation of codomains suggests a common eukaryotic ancestry for TALE and non-TALE homeodomain proteins. The Hox genes in humans are organized in four chromosomal clusters: ParaHox genes are analogously found in four areas. They include CDX1, CDX2, CDX4; GSX1, GSX2; and PDX1. Other genes considered Hox-like include EVX1, EVX2; GBX1, GBX2; MEOX1, MEOX2; and MNX1. The NK-like (NKL) genes, some of which are considered "MetaHox", are grouped with Hox-like genes into a large ANTP-like group. Humans have a "distal-less homeobox" family: DLX1, DLX2, DLX3, DLX4, DLX5, and DLX6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60289 | 184,837 |
Penetration depth is a measure of how deep light or any electromagnetic radiation can penetrate into a material. It is defined as the depth at which the intensity of the radiation inside the material falls to 1/e (about 37%) of its original value at (or more properly, just beneath) the surface. When electromagnetic radiation is incident on the surface of a material, it may be (partly) reflected from that surface and there will be a field containing energy transmitted into the material. This electromagnetic field interacts with the atoms and electrons inside the material. Depending on the nature of the material, the electromagnetic field might travel very far into the material, or may die out very quickly. For a given material, penetration depth will generally be a function of wavelength. According to Beer-Lambert law, the intensity of an electromagnetic wave inside a material falls off exponentially from the surface as If formula_2 denotes the penetration depth, we have is one term that describes the decay of electromagnetic waves inside of a material. The above definition refers to the depth formula_4 at which the intensity or power of the field decays to 1/e of its surface value. In many contexts one is concentrating on the field quantities themselves: the electric and magnetic fields in the case of electromagnetic waves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5589335 | 77,454 |
Neuronal self-avoidance Pcdhs diversity is essential for self-recognition Furthermore, Lefebvre and colleagues assessed the requirement for isoform diversity in Pcdh-γ-dependent self-avoidance. They demonstrated that single arbitrarily chosen isoforms rescued self-avoidance defects of Pcdh-γ mutant and that expression of the same isoform in neighboring SACs reduced the overlap between them. Their results indicate that diversity appears to underlie self/non-self discrimination, presumably because neighboring neurons are unlikely to express the same isoforms and are therefore free to interact. Therefore, isoform diversity enables SACs to distinguish isoneuronal from heteroneuronal dendrites. As with "Dscam1", self-avoidance in SACs does not rely on a specific isoform, but rather requires that isoform usage differs among neighboring cells. Thus, two phyla appear to have recruited different molecules to mediate similar, complex strategies for self-recognition, thereby promoting self-avoidance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42073672 | 164,065 |
Block transform Let formula_53 be an orthonormal basis of formula_10 and formula_29. We denote formula_56. The family formula_57 is an orthonormal basis of formula_58. For discrete images,we define discrete windows that cover each rectangle formula_59. If formula_41 is an orthogonal basis of formula_39 for any formula_40, then formula_63 is a block basis of formula_64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48972185 | 396,882 |
Calcareous Generally speaking, the farther from land sediments fall, the less calcareous they are. Some areas can have interbedded calcareous sediments due to storms, or changes in ocean currents. ooze is a form of calcium carbonate derived from planktonic organisms that accumulates on the sea floor. This can only occur if the ocean is shallower than the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Below this depth, calcium carbonate begins to dissolve in the ocean, and only non-calcareous sediments are stable, such as siliceous ooze or pelagic red clay. soils are relatively alkaline, in other words they have a high pH. This is because of the very weak acidity of carbonic acid. Note that this is not the only reason for a high soil pH. They are characterized by the presence of calcium carbonate in the parent material and may have a calcic horizon, a layer of secondary accumulation of carbonates (usually calcium or Mg) in excess of 15% calcium carbonate equivalent and at least 5% more carbonate than an underlying layer. deposits can form in water carrying pipes. An example of this is Sunday stone. coatings, or calcareous deposits, are mixtures of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide that are deposited on cathodically protected surfaces because of the increased pH adjacent to the surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2889134 | 65,878 |
Amasa Stone , which erected a large number of Howe truss bridges throughout New England. Stone was named construction superintendent of the newly formed New Haven, Hartford & Springfield Railroad (NHH&S) in 1845. The demands of his construction business forced him to resign his railroad position in 1846. But later that same year, the NHH&S's bridge over the Connecticut River at Enfield Falls (near Springfield) washed out. This bridge carried much of the railroad's traffic, and its quick reconstruction was urgent. The railroad contracted with Stone to rebuild the bridge, which was long. Stone completed the work in just 40 days, much less time than most engineers believed possible. He later considered this remarkable feat the major accomplishment of his construction career. The railroad gave him $1,000 ($ in dollars) as a bonus in gratitude. Stone dissolved Boody, Stone & Co. in late 1846 or early 1847. With Howe's business partner, Daniel L. Harris, he purchased the Howe Bridge Works (founded in 1840 by William Howe). This firm continued to construct bridges in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island until 1849. By the time he resettled in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1850, Stone was known as the most eminent bridge builder and railroad contractor in New England. The Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad (CC&C) was chartered in 1836. After several false starts at construction, in November 1848 the company finally issued a request for proposals to build the first leg of the line from Cleveland to Columbus, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2704541 | 199,624 |
Self-driving car The data and communications infrastructure needed to support these vehicles may also be capable of surveillance, especially if coupled to other data sets and advanced analytics. The implementation of automated vehicles to the mass market might cost up to 5 million jobs in the US alone, making up almost 3% of the workforce. Those jobs include drivers of taxis, buses, vans, trucks, and e-hailing vehicles. Many industries, such as the auto insurance industry are indirectly affected. This industry alone generates an annual revenue of about US$220 billion, supporting 277,000 jobs. To put this into perspective–this is about the number of mechanical engineering jobs. The potential loss of a majority of those jobs will have a tremendous impact on those individuals involved. Both India and China have placed bans on automated cars with the former citing protection of jobs. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has animated the trolley problem in the context of autonomous cars in a website called The Moral Machine. The Moral Machine generates random scenarios in which autonomous cars malfunction and forces the user to choose between two harmful courses of action. MIT's Moral Machine experiment has collected data involving over 40 million decisions from people in 233 countries to ascertain peoples' moral preferences. The MIT study illuminates that ethical preferences vary among cultures and demographics and likely correlate with modern institutions and geographic traits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245926 | 130,516 |
Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards Program Authorization and Accountability Act of 2014 The () is a bill that would make permanent the United States Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) authority to regulate security at certain chemical facilities in the United States. Under the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) program, DHS collects and reviews information from chemical facilities in the United States to determine which facilities present security risks and then requires them to write and enact security plans. The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS), also known as 6 CFR, Part 27, are a set of US government security regulations for high-risk chemical facilities such as chemical plants, electrical generating facilities, refineries, and universities. The US Department of Homeland Security promulgated the Final Rule on April 9, 2007. The regulations came into effect on June 8, 2007, apart from material covered in Appendix A, which took effect upon its publication in the Federal Register on November 20, 2007. The response from the US chemical community to the initial legislation was rather critical, but the revisions introduced in November appear to have addressed many of the concerns of both industry and academia. For example, certain routine chemicals of low toxicity, such as acetone or urea, have been removed from the list, since record-keeping for such common compounds was considered an excessive burden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43142928 | 90,416 |
Chemotherapy Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced. When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7172 | 494,269 |
Autonomism In the 1980s, the autonomist movement underwent a deep crisis in Italy because of effective prosecution by the State, and was stronger in Germany than in France. It remained present in Parisian squats and in some riots (for example in 1980 near the Jussieu Campus in Paris, or in 1982 in the Ardennes department during anti-nuclear demonstrations). From 1986 to 1994 the French group occupied several buildings of the French national social housing authority to denounce the cruel lack of lodging for workers, they were several hundred and took their decisions in democratic assembly, with support from all autonomous groups of Paris, many of them were worked on the anti prison . In the 1980s, the French autonomists published the periodicals "CAT Pages" (1981–82), "Rebelles" (1981–93), "Tout !" (1982–85), "Molotov et Confetti" (1984), "Les Fossoyeurs du Vieux Monde", "La Chôme" (1984–85), and "Contre" (1987–89). In the 1990s, the French autonomist movement was present in struggles led by unemployed people, with Travailleurs, Chômeurs, et Précaires en colère (TCP, "Angry Workers, Unemployed, and Marginalised people") and l'Assemblée générale des chômeurs de Jussieu ("General Assembly of Jussieu's unemployed people"). It was also involved in the alter-globalisation movement and above all in the solidarity with illegal foreigners (Collective Des Papiers pour tous ("Permits for all", 1996) and Collectif Anti-Expulsion (1998–2005)) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4685264 | 506,535 |
Vasile M. Popov In 1958/59 he obtained, through a very original approach, the first frequency stability criterion for a class of nonlinear feedback control systems. He continued this work and obtained the equivalence between the state space (Lyapunov function based) approach and the frequency domain approach for stability and obtained a very perceptive characterization of passive systems, nowadays known as the celebrated Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov lemma. In the early 1960s, Popov also conceived the notion of hyperstability, a concept that he viewed as generalization of absolute stability. This introduced a new and a very fruitful point of view for the analysis and synthesis of nonlinear feedback systems. This research work was published in the first half of the sixties and led to the book "Hyperstability of Dynamic Systems", first published in Romania in 1966, and subsequently translated into French and English (Springer-Verlag, 1973). Popov was also the first to discover the geometric invariants of linear systems with respect to certain "transformation groups" and he introduced a "canonical" form for uniquely describing the multivariable systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3719568 | 125,109 |
List of investigational sleep drugs This is a list of investigational sleep drugs, or drugs for the treatment of sleep disorders that are currently under development for clinical use but are not yet approved. "Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54203260 | 82,421 |
Francis Claude Blake was a British engineer, known for his pioneering work designing and manufacturing cars, boats and railway locomotives. He was a member of the Institution of Automobile Engineers. Blake was born in Putney in 1867. In 1896, Blake started an engineering company in Dalling Road, Hammersmith called Blake Motors. The company produced a design of an “oil motor carriage… being given with a view to the construction of such a carriage by amateurs”. In 1901, the company had outgrown its original site and moved to a site next to Kew Station. The company was by now supplying components, including complete engines, to London car manufacturers such as Pritchett and Gold and A. E. Farrow. In 1902, Blake undertook the construction of a locomotive for the nearby Richmond Main Sewerage Board. His design was based on cars of the time, but adapted for the gauge railway at the sewage works. It used a 7hp Blake engine. This was second successful petrol locomotive built, preceded by an 80hp petrol-mechanical built by the Maudslay Motor Company earlier in 1902 for the Deptford Cattle Market in London. Blake built at least one more locomotive, supplied to the Port Elizabeth Municipality for use on construction of a dam and associated pumping station on the Van Stadens River. These may be the only locomotives that Blake produced. Blake was particularly interested in marine engines and in 1905, he received a patent for a reversing gear for boats. The company focused on creating motors for use in boats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60187342 | 451,093 |
Humanitarian use licenses The holder of a legal Intellectual Property Right is generally entitled to exclude others for a period of time. This gives the owner a comparative advantage over others for a limited time. Thus, innovative activity is rewarded, which stimulates research and development. But many developing countries are characterized by a weak research and development sector. Of the 400,000 inventions for which patent applications are submitted annually, developing countries take part in 1 percent whereas the United States, the USSR, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan participate in 73 percent. (Vestry Besarovic) This makes the industrial sector of developing countries largely dependent on imitation. Universally imposed minimum standards of patent protection, as the TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) requires, are not likely to contribute to economic growth unless a particular level of development has been achieved (Thompson and Rushing). When developing countries have to purchase expensive technology because of a protective regime to comply with TRIPS, it can lead to the breakup of industries and thus reduce economic growth. Transaction costs hinder development on whether there is a sufficient resource commitment from industry. This factor influences the relative price of a patent and its relative utility. In economies that have to rely on imitation yet clear laws are unlikely to stimulate innovation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7146282 | 491,641 |
Eco pickled surface Slurry blasting is a method for removing rust/scale, for blast cleaning and shot peening. Cleaning agents can be introduced into the carrier liquid to reduce smut and aid in rust prevention. An EPS slurry blasting cell is composed of eight of the slurry discharge heads shown in Figure 3 – four for the top surface and four for the bottom surface of the strip. Inside the slurry blasting cell, jets of water cleanse the steel strip of both the abrasive particles and the dislodged mill scale. An EPS production system may use multiple EPS slurry blasting cells arranged in tandem, so the steel strip passes from one cell into the next, then into the next, and so on. Multiple cells increase the exposure of the steel strip to the slurry blast streams, thereby allowing the strip to move faster, yet still achieve the necessary level of scale removal. The strip speed and, therefore, system output increases in rough proportion to the number of EPS slurry blasting cells used. The strip emerges from the final blasting cell and is dried using high-velocity air blowers. At this point the strip passes beneath a real-time oxide detector camera, which provides feedback to the line control to assure full oxide removal is accomplished. To conclude the process, the strip may, optionally, have an oil film or lubricant applied, then it is recoiled. Of note is that tension created by the force of the recoiler pulling the strip through the scale breaker/leveler serves to flatten the strip, removing bow, edge wave and minor coil breaks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22298596 | 17,046 |
List of Dutch discoveries Most of the energy distribution theorems and extremum principles in network theory can be derived from it. It was published in 1952 by Bernard Tellegen. Fundamentally, Tellegen's theorem gives a simple relation between magnitudes that satisfy Kirchhoff's laws of electrical circuit theory. In the early 1970s Simon van der Meer, a Dutch particle physicist at CERN, discovered this technique to concentrate proton and anti-proton beams, leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles. He won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Carlo Rubbia. In 1971, Gerardus 't Hooft, who was completing his PhD under the supervision of Dutch theoretical physicist Martinus Veltman, renormalized Yang–Mills theory. They showed that if the symmetries of Yang–Mills theory were to be realized in the spontaneously broken mode, referred to as the Higgs mechanism, then Yang–Mills theory can be renormalized. Renormalization of Yang–Mills theory is considered as a major achievement of twentieth century physics. The holographic principle is a property of string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a boundary to the region – preferably a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon. In 1993, Dutch theoretical physicist Gerard 't Hooft proposed what is now known as the holographic principle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59732566 | 291,188 |
Alan Harris (engineer) Sir Alan James Harris CBE (8 July 1916 – 26 December 2000) was a British civil and structural engineer. Harris was born in 1916 in Plymouth, and started working at the age of 16 taking evening classes in engineering at Northampton Engineering College now City, University of London. From 1940 to 1946 Harris served with the Royal Engineers as an officer in a Port Construction and Repair Company, landing at Port-en-Bessin in Normandy on D-Day + 1. He was officer in command of diving on Mulberry B at Arromanches, working from a small fleet of French fishing boats, as a result of which he was awarded the Croix de Guerre. He later joined the Royal Engineers in the Territorial Army where he attained the rank of Colonel. After World War II Harris went to Paris to work for Eugène Freyssinet, the pioneer of prestressed and reinforced concrete and in 1949 became Freyssinet‘s representative in England. In 1955 Harris, his brother John, and James Sutherland set up the consulting business of Harris & Sutherland. Among other things, they designed aircraft hangars for Heathrow and Gatwick airports. Later, they expanded their work to infrastructure projects and had branches in Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Harris & Sutherland was acquired by Babtie, Shaw and Morton in 1997, and since 2004 has been part of Jacobs Engineering. Harris was a vice president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1978-9 and was awarded its Gold Medal in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60026140 | 199,675 |
Industrial history of Monterrey These new railways also helped to present the city of Monterrey in a national and international context. People from outside the city came, especially from the United States, for vacations or business trips. The telegraph was the one of the first communication development in the city, before the railways. The first line of telegraph was built 12 years before the first railway track in the city. The telegraph created a communication line between Monterrey and the center of Mexico. Also, the cities of Matamoros, Saltillo, San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Victoria, Nuevo Laredo, etc. These new lines of telegraph communications followed almost the same lines as the routes of railways. One of the first urban transportation mean was the trams. The first tram was built in 1882 by the government of the state. Later, permissions to build more tram routes around the city were delivered to private companies. By the year of 1891, most of the trams lines were managed by four private companies who had a total of 40 kilometers of tram lines, 58 wagons and 17 loading platforms. All of these track lines connected the urban and rural zones of Monterrey. In 1882, the telephone was installed in the city of Monterrey. The purpose of the first line of telephones was for the use of the government, connecting the house of General Treviño with the headquarters in the city. The use of telephones for public purposes was established in 1883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57277650 | 264,639 |
History of spectroscopy He conducted his own experiments to demonstrate the effect of passing light through a single rectangular slit, two slits, and so forth, eventually developing a means of closely spacing thousands of slits to form a diffraction grating. The interference achieved by a diffraction grating both improves the spectral resolution over a prism and allows for the dispersed wavelengths to be quantified. Fraunhofer's establishment of a quantified wavelength scale paved the way for matching spectra observed in multiple laboratories, from multiple sources (flames and the sun) and with different instruments. Fraunhofer made and published systematic observations of the solar spectrum, and the dark bands he observed and specified the wavelengths of are still known as Fraunhofer lines. Throughout the early 1800s, a number of scientists pushed the techniques and understanding of spectroscopy forward. In the 1820s both John Herschel and William H. F. Talbot made systematic observations of salts using flame spectroscopy. In 1835, Charles Wheatstone reported that different metals could be easily distinguished by the different bright lines in the emission spectra of their sparks, thereby introducing an alternative mechanism to flame spectroscopy. In 1849, J. B. L. Foucault experimentally demonstrated that absorption and emission lines appearing at the same wavelength are both due to the same material, with the difference between the two originating from the temperature of the light source | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35980148 | 436,239 |
Non-contact atomic force microscopy This is either done by driving the sensor with the deflection signal phase shifted by 90°, or by using an advanced phase-locked loop which can lock to a specific phase. The microscope can then use the change in resonant frequency (formula_1f) as the SPM reference channel, either in feedback mode, or it can be recorded directly in constant height mode. While recording frequency-modulated images, an additional feedback loop is normally used to keep the amplitude of resonance constant, by adjusting the drive amplitude. By recording the drive amplitude during the scan (usually referred to as the damping channel as the need for a higher drive amplitude corresponds to more damping in the system) a complementary image is recorded showing only non-conservative forces. This allows conservative and non-conservative forces in the experiment to be separated. Amplitude modulation was one of the original modes of operation introduced by Binnig and Quate in their seminal 1986 AFM paper, in this mode the sensor is excited just off resonance. By exciting the sensor just above its resonant frequency, it is possible to detect forces which change the resonant frequency by monitoring the amplitude of oscillation. An attractive force on the probe causes a decrease in the sensors resonant frequency, thus the driving frequency is further from resonance and the amplitude decreases, the opposite is true for a repulsive force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40476464 | 28,365 |
Sight glass To check that the device is offering a correct reading and the connecting pipes to the boiler are not blocked by scale, the water level needs to be “bobbed” by quickly opening the taps in turn and allowing a brief spurt of water through the drain cock. The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors recommends a daily testing procedure described by the American National Standards Institute, chapter 2 part I-204.3 water level gauge. While not strictly required, this procedure is designed to allow an operator to safely verify that all parts of the sight glass are operating correctly and have free flowing connections to the boiler necessary for proper operation. The gauge glass on a boiler needs to be inspected periodically and replaced if it is seen to have worn thin in the vicinity of the gland nuts, but a failure in service can still occur. Drivers are expected to carry two or three glass tubes, pre-cut to the required length, together with hemp or rubber seals, to replace the tubes on the road. Familiarity with this disquieting occurrence was considered so important that a glass would often be smashed deliberately while a trainee driver was on the footplate, to give him practice in fitting a new tube. Although automatic ball valves are fitted in the mounts to limit the release of steam and scalding water, these can fail through accumulation of limescale | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4160674 | 276,286 |
12AX7 They span a wide range of voltage gain and transconductance. Different versions of each were designed for enhanced ruggedness, low microphonics, stability, lifespan, etc. Those other designs offer lower voltage gain (traded off for higher plate current) than the (which has a voltage gain or formula_1 of 100), and are more suitable for high-frequency applications. Some American designs similar to the 12AX7: Although commonly known in Europe by its Mullard–Philips tube designation of ECC83, other European variations also exist including the low-noise versions 12AX7A, 12AD7, 6681, 7025, and 7729; European versions B339, B759, CV492, CV4004, CV8156, CV8222, ECC803, ECC803S, E2164, and M8137; and the lower-gain low-noise versions 5751 and 6851, intended for avionics equipment. In European usage special-quality valves of some sort were often indicated by exchanging letters and digits in the name: the E83CC was a special-quality ECC83. In the US a "W" in the designation, as in 12AX7WA, designates the tube as complying with military grade, higher reliability specifications. The 'E' in the European designation classifies this as having a 6.3 volt heater, whereas the American designation of classifies it as having a 12.6 volt heater. It can, of course, be wired for operation off either voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=964312 | 389,714 |
Spectral correlation density One method to calculate the spectral correlation density of a discrete-time signal formula_4 with sample period formula_5 is to first calculate the sliding window discrete Fourier transform: formula_6The variable "N′" determines the frequency resolution of the spectral correlation density and the function formula_7 is a window function of choice. Then, the spectral correlation density is calculated: formula_8 A fast-spectral-correlation (FSC) algorithm has recently been introduced. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47801453 | 123,399 |
NGC 350 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52240272 | 8,306 |
Metamaterial antenna When the electric dipole is embedded in a homogeneous DNG medium, the antenna acts inductively rather than capacitively, as it would in free space without the interaction of the DNG material. In addition, the dipole-DNG shell combination increases the real power radiated by more than an order of magnitude over a free space antenna. A notable decrease in the reactance of the dipole antenna corresponds to the increase in radiated power. The reactive power indicates that the DNG shell acts as a natural matching network for the dipole. The DNG material matches the intrinsic reactance of this antenna system to free space, hence the impedance of DNG material matches free space. It provides a natural matching circuit to the antenna. The addition of an SRR-DNG metamaterial increased the radiated power by more than an order of magnitude over a comparable free space antenna. Electrically small antennas, high directivity and tunable operational frequency are produced with negative magnetic permeability. When combining a right-handed material (RHM) with a Veselago-left-handed material (LHM) other novel properties are obtained. A single negative material resonator, obtained with an SRR, can produce an electrically small antenna when operating at microwave frequencies, as follows: The configuration of an SRR assessed was two concentric annular rings with relative opposite gaps in the inner and outer ring. Its geometrical parameters were R = 3.6 mm, r = 2.5 mm, w = 0.2 mm, t = 0.9 mm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24454437 | 31,088 |
Gold glass One of the most famous Alexandrian-style portrait medallions, with an inscription in Egyptian Greek, was later mounted in an Early Medieval crux gemmata in Brescia, in the mistaken belief that it showed the pious empress and Gothic queen Galla Placida (died 450) and her children; in fact the knot in the central figure's dress may mark a devotee of Isis. The portrait in the Brescia medallion also shares clear stylistic features with the Fayum mummy portraits of Roman Egypt, in addition to a Greek inscription in the Alexandrian dialect of Egypt. This is one of a group of 14 pieces dating to the 3rd century AD, all individualized secular portraits of high quality. Yet Jás Elsner (2007) contends that the Brescia medallion, likely depicting a family from Alexandria since the inscription is in the Alexandrian dialect of Greek, has a range of possible dates ranging from the early-3rd to mid-5th century AD, before it found its way to Italy where it adorned a 7th-century Christian cross. It is thought that the tiny detail of pieces such as these can only have been achieved using lenses. Where the refined "Alexandrian" medallions, wherever they were actually produced, mostly have a simple thin gold line framing the subject, the Roman examples have a variety of heavier frames, often using two round borders, the style of which forms part of efforts to group them by workshop. The level of portraiture is rudimentary, with features, hairstyles and clothes all following stereotypical styles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39320626 | 17,829 |
Los Angeles Aqueduct The construction of the Mono extension consisted of an intake at Lee Vining Creek, the Lee Vining conduit to the Grant Reservoir on Rush Creek, which would have a capacity of , the 12.7 mile (20.44 km) Mono Craters Tunnel to the Owens River and a second reservoir, later named Crowley Lake with a capacity of in Long Valley at the head of the Owens River Gorge. Completed in 1940, diversions began in 1941. The Mono Extension has a design capacity of of flow to the aqueduct however the flow was limited to due to the limited downstream capacity of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Full appropriation of the water could not be met until the second aqueduct was completed in 1970. Between 1940 and 1970, water exports through the Mono Extension averaged 57,067 acre-feet per year (afy) and peaked at 135,000 af in 1974. Export licenses granted by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) in 1974 increased exports to 167,000 afy. These export levels severely impacted the region's fish habitat, lake level and air quality, which led to a series of lawsuits. The results of the litigation culminated with a SWRCB Decision to restore fishery protection (stream) flows to specified minimums, and raise Mono Lake to 6,391 feet above sea level. The agreement limited further exports from the Mono Basin to 10,000 afy. In 1956 the State Department of Water Resources reported that Los Angeles was only exporting of water of the available in the Owens Valley and Mono Basin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=425225 | 204,661 |
Hermann Plauson was an Estonian professor, engineer and inventor. Plauson investigated, among other things, the production of power based on atmospheric electricity. Plauson was the director of the Fischer-Tropsch ""Otto Traun Research Laboratories"" in Hamburg, Germany during the Weimar Republic of the 1920s. He built on Nikola Tesla's idea for connecting machinery to the "wheelwork of nature". Plauson's patent no. 1540998 describe methods to convert alternating radiant static electricity into rectified continuous current pulses. His systems mainly involved needle & radium- coated electricity conducting balloons or aerostats which were connected to complex converting systems consisting of coils, capacitors, spark gaps etc. He developed an electrostatic generator called "Plauson's converter". In 1920, Plauson published a research journal on the subject, titled "Production and Utilization of the Atmospheric Electricity" (Gr., "Gewinnung und Verwertung der Atmosphärischen Elektrizität"). A second, expanded edition of his journal was published later the same year. A copy of that edition is in the British Library at shelf mark 8754.b.36. A copy is also available in PDF-format, complete with Optical Character Recognition, through the books2ebooks service, here. It is believed that Plauson was related to "Gertrud Plauson" (the exact relationship is unknown; she may have been his wife). Personal patents<br> "American" "Other" Company patents (Traun's Forschungs laboratorium) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2132949 | 203,201 |
Fitch Cemetery The Fitch Cemetery, near Eureka, Utah, was established in 1920. It is also known as the Eureka Cemetery. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is a private cemetery, which is not typically eligible for National Register listing. But the 1977 nomination asserts that "the Fitch burial area represents a most unique factor in U. S. mining history; namely, the fact that an entrepreneurial family not only lived in the locale of their mine but also are buried there. In fact, in 1975 a member died in New York, and the remains were flown to Utah for at the family cemetery." It includes a headstone for Walter Fitch (1854-1937) and Exilda Fitch (1857-1948). It is located on Utah State Route 36, to its north. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61053037 | 315,481 |
Collaborative innovation network Collaborative innovation is a process in which multiple players (within and outside an organization) contribute towards creating and developing new products, services, policies, processes, or business solutions. It might include the involvement of customers, suppliers and multiple stakeholders such as agencies and consultants Usually, firms that promote open forms of collaboration benefit from having access to different capabilities and knowledge, enhancing their competitiveness and accelerating their innovation process. On one hand, it enables small companies such as start-ups to partner with other players, complementing each other and taking advantage of different perspectives and resources. On the other hand, it helps large companies to speed-up their innovation process and time-to-market, overcoming bureaucracy and inflexible procedures. Collaboration can occur in all aspects of the business cycle, depending on the context: (CoIN) is a type of collaborative innovation practice that makes use of the internet platforms such as email, chat, social networks, blogs, and Wikis to promote communication and innovation within self-organizing virtual teams. The difference is that people that collaborate in CoIN are so intrinsically motivated that might not be paid nor get any advantage. Thus, a CoIN is a social construct with a huge potential for innovation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4985613 | 120,640 |
Reflection coefficient The standing wave ratio (SWR) is determined solely by the "magnitude" of the reflection coefficient: Along a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance "Z", the SWR signifies the ratio of the voltage (or current) maxima to minima (or what it would be if the transmission line were long enough to produce them). The above calculation assumes that formula_3 has been calculated using "Z" as the reference impedance. Since it uses only the "magnitude" of formula_3, the SWR intentionally ignores the specific value of the load impedance "Z" responsible for it, but only the magnitude of the resulting impedance mismatch. That SWR remains the same wherever measured along a transmission line (looking towards the load) since the addition of a transmission line length to a load formula_8 only changes the phase, not magnitude of formula_3. While having a one-to-one correspondence with reflection coefficient, SWR is the most commonly used figure of merit in describing the mismatch affecting a radio antenna or antenna system. It is most often measured at the transmitter side of a transmission line, but having, as explained, the same value as would be measured at the antenna (load) itself. is used in feeder testing for reliability of medium. In optics and electromagnetics in general, "reflection coefficient" can refer to either the amplitude reflection coefficient described here, or the reflectance, depending on context | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41641 | 379,702 |
Primitive ventricle The primitive ventricle or embryonic ventricle of the developing heart, together with the bulbus cordis that lies in front of it, gives rise to the left and right ventricles. The primitive ventricle provides the trabeculated parts of the walls, and the bulbus cordis the smooth parts. The primitive ventricle becomes divided by the septum inferius which develops into the interventricular septum. The septum grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, at a position marked on the heart's surface by a furrow. Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium. For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4928703 | 191,772 |
Edward Woods (engineer) From 1854 onwards his practice was chiefly connected with the railways of South America, including the Central Argentine Railway, the Copiapó extension, Santiago and Valparaiso, and Coquimbo railways in Chile, and the Mollenda-Arequipa and Callao-Oroya lines in Peru. He was responsible not only for surveys and construction, but also for the design of rolling stock to meet the somewhat special conditions. Other engineering work included a wrought-iron pier, 2400 feet long, built in 1851 on screw piles at Pisco on the coast of Peru, and a quay-wall built at Bilbao in 1877. In the 'battle of the gauges' he favoured the Irish gauge (5 feet 3 inches) or the Indian gauge (5 feet 6 inches). He regarded break of gauge as a mistake. In 1877, as president of the mechanical science section of the British Association, he delivered an address on 'Adequate Brake Power for Railway Trains.' Elected a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 7 April 1846, he became a member of its council in December 1869, and was president between November 1886 and November 1887. His presidential address contains much information as to the early history of railways. In 1884 he was president of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. He died at his residence, 45 Onslow Gardens, London, on 14 June 1903, and was buried at Chenies, Buckinghamshire. His portrait in oils, by Miss Porter, is in the possession of the Institution of Civil Engineers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14051322 | 344,490 |
Knowledge spillover The diverse proximity of a Jacobs spillover brings together ideas among individuals with different perspectives to encourage an exchange of ideas and foster innovation in an industrially diverse environment. Developed in 1969 by urbanist Jane Jacobs and John Jackson the concept that Detroit’s shipbuilding industry from the 1830s was the critical antecedent leading to the 1890s development of the auto industry in Detroit since the gasoline engine firms easily transitioned from building gasoline engines for ships to building them for automobiles. has asymmetric directions. The focal entity and receives or outflows know-how to others, creating incoming and outgoing spillovers. Cassiman and Veugelers (2002) use survey data and estimate incoming and outgoing spillover and study the economic impacts. Incoming spillover increases growth opportunity and productivity improvements of receivers, while outgoing spillover leads to free rider problem in the technology competition. Chen et al. (2013) use econometric method to gauge incoming spillover, a way that applies for all companies without survey. They find that incoming spillover explains R&D profits of industrial firms. As information is largely non-rival in nature, certain measures must be taken to ensure that, for the originator, the information remains a private asset. As the market cannot do this efficiently, public regulations have been implemented to facilitate a more appropriate equilibrium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18006982 | 498,402 |
Timeline of global surveillance disclosures (2013–present) The newspaper concluded that nine out of ten account holders whose conversations were recorded by the agency "were not the intended surveillance targets but were caught in a net the agency had cast for somebody else." In its analysis, "The Post" also noted that many of the account holders were Americans. On July 9, a soldier working within Germany's Federal Ministry of Defence (BMVg) fell under suspicion of spying for the United States. As a result of the July 4 case and this one, the German government expelled the CIA station chief in Germany on July 17. On July 18, former State Department official John Tye released an editorial in "The Washington Post", highlighting concerns over data collection under Executive Order 12333. Tye's concerns are rooted in classified material he had access to through the State Department, though he has not publicly released any classified materials. "The Intercept" reported that the NSA is "secretly providing data to nearly two dozen U.S. government agencies with a 'Google-like' search engine" called ICREACH. The database, "The Intercept" reported, is accessible to domestic law enforcement agencies including the FBI and the Drug Enforcement Administration and was built to contain more than 850 billion metadata records about phone calls, emails, cellphone locations, and text messages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41909781 | 283,259 |
House wine In the 21st century, due to a general rise in the availability of high quality wine, house wines have improved in quality in restaurants in the United States, and frequently may be produced by or for a specific restaurant, although house wines will still usually be on the cheaper end of the wine list for any given restaurant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61026863 | 494,570 |
Dijet event In particle physics, a dijet event is a collision between subatomic particles that produces two particle jets. Dijet events are measured at LHC to constrain QCD models, in particular the parton evolution equations and parton distribution functions. This is accomplished by measuring the azimuthal correlations between the two jets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38635705 | 731 |
Apache Subversion (often abbreviated SVN, after its command name "svn") is a software versioning and revision control system distributed as open source under the Apache License. Software developers use Subversion to maintain current and historical versions of files such as source code, web pages, and documentation. Its goal is to be a mostly compatible successor to the widely used Concurrent Versions System (CVS). The open source community has used Subversion widely: for example, in projects such as Apache Software Foundation, Free Pascal, FreeBSD, SourceForge, and from 2006 to 2019, GCC. CodePlex was previously a common host for Subversion repositories. Subversion was created by CollabNet Inc. in 2000, and is now a top-level Apache project being built and used by a global community of contributors. CollabNet founded the Subversion project in 2000 as an effort to write an open-source version-control system which operated much like CVS but which fixed the bugs and supplied some features missing in CVS. By 2001, Subversion had advanced sufficiently to host its own source code, and in February 2004, version 1.0 was released. In November 2009, Subversion was accepted into Apache Incubator: this marked the beginning of the process to become a standard top-level Apache project. It became a top-level Apache project on February 17, 2010. Release dates are extracted from Apache Subversion's file, which records all release history. Subversion offers two types of repository storage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=144868 | 470,707 |
Impeller There are two types of impellers, depending on the flow regime created (see figure): Radial flow impellers impose essentially shear stress to the fluid, and are used, for example, to mix immiscible liquids or in general when there is a deformable interface to break. Another application of radial flow impellers are the mixing of very viscous fluids. Axial flow impellers impose essentially bulk motion, and are used on homogenization processes, in which increased fluid volumetric flow rate is important. Impellers can be further classified principally into three sub-types Propellers are axial thrust-giving elements. These elements give a very high degree of swirling in the vessel. The flow pattern generated in the fluid resembles a helix. Some constructions of top loading washing machines use impellers to agitate the laundry during washing. Fire services in the United Kingdom and many countries of the Commonwealth use a stylized depiction of an impeller as a rank badge. Officers wear one or more on their epaulettes or the collar of their firefighting uniform as an equivalent to the "pips" worn by the army and police. Air pumps, such as the roots blower, use meshing impellers to move air through a system. Applications include blast furnaces, ventilation systems, and superchargers for internal combustion engines. Impellers are an integral part of axial-flow pumps, used in ventricular assist devices to augment or fully replace cardiac function. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1579816 | 97,884 |
Hoof glue is an adhesive made by boiling down the hooves of ungulates. It is a partially hydrolyzed keratin. It is a type of animal glue. was widely used throughout human history. The oldest known bow was 10,000 years old and made using hoof glue. Hoof glues have been used for things like stiffening bow strings, adhering fabric to wood, stiffening fabric, creating thin lacquers to protect valuable objects , as well as sealing glass into frames, and sealing ceramic containers to name just a few. is still used today in cabinetry and other fine woodworking projects where the joints must be extremely fine if not invisible. The general process is to take the hooves of ungulates and break them into small chunks and then boil them in water until all the hoof material has been liquefied. An acid is then added to create a thick gel. The resultant product is then cooled and allowed to harden. Once melted, it is necessary to heat the glue substance until it is the required consistency – thin hoof glue can be used to stiffen fabrics; thicker glue is used in cabinetry. The storable form of hoof glue is a hard block of resin-like material. To use it one would break off a suitably sized chunk and mix it with hot water and allow it to melt. Once melted it can be simmered to reduce to the appropriate thickness and then applied to the object in question. Very thin glue can be used as a resin coating to stiffen and strengthen cordage, such as chair backs and seats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2685893 | 276,670 |
Distributed hash table DHT research was originally motivated, in part, by peer-to-peer systems such as Freenet, gnutella, BitTorrent, and Napster, which took advantage of resources distributed across the Internet to provide a single useful application. In particular, they took advantage of increased bandwidth and hard disk capacity to provide a file-sharing service. These systems differed in how they located the data offered by their peers. Napster, the first large-scale P2P content delivery system, required a central index server: each node, upon joining, would send a list of locally held files to the server, which would perform searches and refer the queries to the nodes that held the results. This central component left the system vulnerable to attacks and lawsuits. Gnutella and similar networks moved to a flooding query model in essence, each search would result in a message being broadcast to every other machine in the network. While avoiding a single point of failure, this method was significantly less efficient than Napster. Later versions of Gnutella clients moved to a dynamic querying model which vastly improved efficiency. Freenet is fully distributed, but employs a heuristic key-based routing in which each file is associated with a key, and files with similar keys tend to cluster on a similar set of nodes. Queries are likely to be routed through the network to such a cluster without needing to visit many peers. However, Freenet does not guarantee that data will be found | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192141 | 138,388 |
History of artificial intelligence " The approach revived ideas from cybernetics and control theory that had been unpopular since the sixties. Another precursor was David Marr, who had come to MIT in the late 1970s from a successful background in theoretical neuroscience to lead the group studying vision. He rejected all symbolic approaches ("both" McCarthy's logic and Minsky's frames), arguing that AI needed to understand the physical machinery of vision from the bottom up before any symbolic processing took place. (Marr's work would be cut short by leukemia in 1980.) In a 1990 paper, "Elephants Don't Play Chess," robotics researcher Rodney Brooks took direct aim at the physical symbol system hypothesis, arguing that symbols are not always necessary since "the world is its own best model. It is always exactly up to date. It always has every detail there is to be known. The trick is to sense it appropriately and often enough." In the 1980s and 1990s, many cognitive scientists also rejected the symbol processing model of the mind and argued that the body was essential for reasoning, a theory called the embodied mind thesis. The field of AI, now more than a half a century old, finally achieved some of its oldest goals. It began to be used successfully throughout the technology industry, although somewhat behind the scenes. Some of the success was due to increasing computer power and some was achieved by focusing on specific isolated problems and pursuing them with the highest standards of scientific accountability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2894560 | 201,347 |
High Efficiency Video Coding HEVC contains technologies covered by patents owned by the organizations that participated in the JCT-VC. Implementing a device or software application that uses HEVC may require a license from HEVC patent holders. The ISO/IEC and ITU require companies that belong to their organizations to offer their patents on reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing (RAND) terms. Patent licenses can be obtained directly from each patent holder, or through patent licensing bodies, such as MPEG LA, HEVC Advance, and Velos Media. The combined licensing fees currently offered by all of the patent licensing bodies are higher than for AVC. The licensing fees are one of the main reasons HEVC adoption has been low on the web and is why some of the largest tech companies (Amazon, AMD, Apple, ARM, Cisco, Google, Intel, Microsoft, Mozilla, Netflix, Nvidia, and more) have joined the Alliance for Open Media, which finalized a royalty-free alternative video coding format AV1 on March 28, 2018.. The HEVC format was jointly developed by more than a dozen organisations from across the world. The majority of active patent contributions towards the development of the HEVC format came from five organizations: Samsung Electronics (4,249 patents), General Electric (1,127 patents), M&K Holdings (907 patents), NTT (878 patents), and JVC Kenwood (628 patents). Other patent holders include Fujitsu, Apple, Canon, Columbia University, KAIST, Kwangwoon University, MIT, Sungkyunkwan University, Funai, Hikvision, KBS, KT and NEC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22163753 | 266,407 |
State observer Applying appropriate lowpass filter to get rid of the high frequency component on can obtain the value of the equivalent control, which contains more information about the state of the estimated system. The observer described above uses this method several times to obtain the state of the nonlinear system ideally in finite time. The modified observation error can be written in the transformed states formula_92. In particular, and so So: So, for sufficiently large formula_112 gains, all observer estimated states reach the actual states in finite time. In fact, increasing formula_112 allows for convergence in any desired finite time so long as each formula_114 function can be bounded with certainty. Hence, the requirement that the map formula_115 is a diffeomorphism (i.e., that its Jacobian linearization is invertible) asserts that convergence of the estimated output implies convergence of the estimated state. That is, the requirement is an observability condition. In the case of the sliding mode observer for the system with the input, additional conditions are needed for the observation error to be independent of the input. For example, that does not depend on time. The observer is then Multi observer extends High Gain Observer structure from single to multi observer, with many models working simultaneously. This has two layers: the first consists of multiple High Gain Observers with different estimation states, and the second determines the importance weights of the first layer observers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 | 514,514 |
Master of Marketing Research It tests a candidate's knowledge of current marketing research practices and understanding of marketing research issues. The certification requires a candidate to pass 100 multiple-choice and true/false questions exam. The certification is required to be renewed every two years through continuing education. The RIVA Master Moderator Certificate is a certification offered by the RIVA Market Research and Training Institute, based in Rockville, MD. The certificate is awarded to those who complete training in a series of courses, workshops, and private work in addition to demonstrating their skills and knowledge before an objective examination panel, through written and practicum examinations as well as personal interview. To qualify, candidates must have conducted a minimum of 200 qualitative research events (QREs) such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, ethnographies/in-home interviews, online bulletin boards/focus groups, etc. and pass the RIVA Master Moderator Certificate written examination and practicum. Started in 1979, MMR program at the University of Georgia is the first marketing research program in the US. It has an 11-month cohort program which starts every summer (June) and ends in May. A total of 39 credit hours are required to complete the program. Being a cohort program it has a lock-step sequence of courses which are enrolled by the whole incoming class at the same time because of which the incoming class starts and graduates at the same time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5784430 | 499,147 |
Recoil operation Muzzle boosters are also used on some recoil-operated firearms' blank-firing attachments to normalize the recoil force of a blank round (with no projectile) with the greater force of a live round, in order to allow the mechanism to cycle properly. Several revolvers use recoil to cock the hammer and advance the cylinder. In these designs, the barrel and cylinder are affixed to an upper frame which recoils atop a sub-frame. As the upper receiver recoils, the cylinder is advanced and hammer cocked, functions that are usually done manually. Notable examples are the Webley–Fosbery and Mateba. Other autoloading systems are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30871279 | 445,318 |
John Reginald Richardson (1912 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada – 25 November 1997 in Fremont, California) was a Canadian-American physicist and one of the dominant figures in cyclotron development. His many achievements include participation in the first demonstration of phase stability, the development of the first synchrocyclotron and the first sector-focused cyclotron. Richardson grew up in Vancouver until his family emigrated to the US in 1922. He studied physics at UCLA and was a doctoral student in nuclear physics of Ernest Orlando Lawrence at the University of California, Berkeley, receiving his PhD in 1937. After a year at the University of Michigan, he became Assistant Professor at the University of Illinois. From 1942 he worked on electromagnetic isotope separation for the Manhattan Project in Berkeley and Oak Ridge (calutron). In 1946, after the discovery of the phase stability and the synchrotron principle by Weksler and Edwin McMillan, he collaborated with a group of physicists consisting of Ed Lofgren, Ken MacKenzie, Bernard Peters, Fred Schmidt and Byron Wright in converting the fixed-frequency 37-inch cyclotron at Berkeley to the first synchrocyclotron. This success not only provided the first demonstration of the phase-stability principle but also confirmed the feasibility of converting the large Berkeley 184-inch cyclotron from a classical cyclotron to a synchrocyclotron. An even bigger sector cyclotron with energies up to 520 MeV was built by Richardson's line at TRIUMF in Vancouver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43973228 | 229,219 |
Flowchart For instance, Kaoru Ishikawa defined the flowchart as one of the seven basic tools of quality control, next to the histogram, Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, and the scatter diagram. Similarly, in UML, a standard concept-modeling notation used in software development, the activity diagram, which is a type of flowchart, is just one of many different diagram types. Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams and Drakon-charts are an alternative notation for process flow. Common alternative names include: flow chart, process flowchart, functional flowchart, process map, process chart, functional process chart, business process model, process model, process flow diagram, work flow diagram, business flow diagram. The terms "flowchart" and "flow chart" are used interchangeably. The underlying graph structure of a flowchart is a flow graph, which abstracts away node types, their contents and other ancillary information. The first structured method for documenting process flow, the "flow process chart", was introduced by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth in the presentation "Process Charts: First Steps in Finding the One Best Way to do Work", to members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in 1921. The Gilbreths' tools quickly found their way into industrial engineering curricula. In the early 1930s, an industrial engineer, Allan H | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=527453 | 269,603 |
Storage area network The web-based version of CIM is called Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) and defines SAN storage device objects and process transactions. Use of these protocols involves a CIM object manager (CIMOM), to manage objects and interactions, and allows for the central management of SAN storage devices. Basic device management for SANs can also be achieved through the Storage Management Interface Specification (SMI-S), were CIM objects and processes are registered in a directory. Software applications and subsystems can then draw on this directory. Management software applications are also available to configure SAN storage devices, allowing, for example, the configuration of zones and logical unit numbers (LUNs). Ultimately SAN networking and storage devices are available from many vendors. Every SAN vendor has its own management and configuration software. Common management in SANs that include devices from different vendors is only possible if vendors make the application programming interface (API) for their devices available to other vendors. In such cases, upper-level SAN management software can manage the SAN devices from other vendors. In a SAN data is transferred, stored and accessed on a block level. As such a SAN does not provide data file abstraction, only block-level storage and operations. But file systems have been developed to work with SAN software to provide file-level access. These are known as shared-disk file system (SAN file system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20444608 | 398,163 |
Microsoft FUSE Labs Microsoft's Future Social Experiences (FUSE) Labs was started by Ray Ozzie and is run by Lili Cheng. The group focuses on real-time and media rich experiences and is located in Bellevue, WA. It used to have offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Cambridge, UK. A similar, earlier initiative was Microsoft Live Labs, a collaboration between Microsoft Research and MSN which ended in 2010. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27416218 | 209,950 |
Printer cable refers to the cable that carries data between a computer and a printer. There are many different types of cables, for example: Parallel port printers have been slowly phased out, and are now difficult to find for the most part, being considered as an obsolete legacy port on most new computers. Those who have printers and scanners with only parallel port may still be able to connect the devices via the use of USB adapters a.k.a. Parallel-to-USB cable, or use a PCI parallel printer port card. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4494842 | 375,160 |
Kurth Kiln There was also a critical shortage of labour to operate the kiln during the war years which was exacerbated by a major timber salvage program underway in the Central Highlands after the deadly 1939 Black Friday bushfires. Although the site at Gembrook had not been severely burnt in either 1926 or 1939. Earth works commenced in late August 1941. A construction contract for the kiln was awarded to builders Stanley and Nance of Middle Park on 17 October and the detailed design work was done by the Forests Commission’s own architect, Mr S. J. B. Hart. Building commenced in November and by 18 December 1941 was nearly completed. The architect reported on 11 February 1942 to the Secretary of the Forests Commission that the kiln was ready for operations after a small trial run. The project cost £1799 17s 2d which included the establishment of the site, construction of the kiln, erection of buildings, purchase of equipment, the connection of telephone and supply of water. It was a sizable investment. The kiln was a rectangular structure 4m x 3.5m x 8m high on a concrete foundation and the red brick walls were reinforced with iron strapping. The kiln held 25 tons of 3-feet-long billets per load which were carried up on a small inclined tramway to be loaded into the top. The initial firing was on 18 March 1942 and after some initial teething problems with the steel doors the kiln was in full production by mid-1942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58740760 | 194,824 |
Green building The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity. Interactions among all the indoor components and the occupants together form the processes that determine the indoor air quality. Extensive investigation of such processes is the subject of indoor air scientific research and is well documented in the journal Indoor Air. No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. O&M staff should aim to establish best practices in energy efficiency, resource conservation, ecologically sensitive products and other sustainable practices. Education of building operators and occupants is key to effective implementation of sustainable strategies in O&M services. Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1344439 | 211,498 |
Combined sewer Six main interceptor sewers, totalling almost 135 miles (217 km) in length, were constructed. The intercepting sewers, constructed between 1859 and 1865, were fed by 450 miles (720 km) of main sewers that, in turn, conveyed the contents of some 13,000 miles (21,000 km) of smaller local sewers. With only minor modifications, Bazalgette's engineering achievement remains the basis for sewerage design up into the present day. In France, the Paris cholera epidemic of 1832 sharpened the public awareness of the necessity for some sort of drainage system to deal with sewage and waster water in a better and healthier way since the Seine received up to 100,000 cubic meters of wastewater per day. Between 1865 and 1920 Eugene Belgrand led the development of a large scale system for water supply and wastewater management. By 1894 laws were passed which made drainage mandatory. The treatment of Paris sewage, though, was left to natural devices as 5,000 hectares of land were used to spread the waste out to be naturally purified. The image of the sewer recurs in European culture as they were often used as hiding places or routes of escape by the scorned or the hunted, including partisans and resistance fighters in World War II. Fighting erupted in the sewers during the Battle of Stalingrad. The only survivors from the Warsaw Uprising and Warsaw Ghetto made their final escape through city sewers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3012047 | 312,186 |
History of the petroleum industry at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856. Abraham Pineo Gesner, a Canadian geologist developed a process to refine a liquid fuel from coal, bitumen and oil shale. His new discovery, which he named kerosene, burned more cleanly and was less expensive than competing products, such as whale oil. In 1850, Gesner created the Kerosene Gaslight Company and began installing lighting in the streets in Halifax and other cities. By 1854, he had expanded to the United States where he created the North American Kerosene Gas Light Company at Long Island, New York. Demand grew to where his company's capacity to produce became a problem, but the discovery of petroleum, from which kerosene could be more easily produced, solved the supply problem. In 1846, what some consider the first modern oil well in the world was drilled in the South Caucasus region of Russian Empire, on the Aspheron Peninsula north-east of Baku (in settlement Bibi-Heybat), by Russian Major Alekseev based on data of Russian scientist N. Voskoboynikov | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9963332 | 266,048 |
Barber–Layden–Power effect The ("BLP effect" or colloquially "Bleep") is a blast wave phenomenon observed in the immediate aftermath of the successful functioning of air-delivered high-drag ordnance at the target. In common with a typical blast wave, the flow field can be approximated as a lead shock wave, followed by a 'self-similar' subsonic flow field. The phenomenon appears to adhere to the basic principles of the Sedov solution. The phenomenon is so named after the lead researchers from a joint team drawn from NASA Ames Research Center, the Field Artillery Training Center at Fort Sill, Oklahoma and instructors from the USAF Air Weapons School at Nellis AFB in response to a formal request for assistance from United States Central Command, MacDill AFB, Tampa, Florida, framed following events during Operation Anaconda. Instructors from the Royal School of Artillery's Gunnery Training Team also assisted. The effect is caused by extremely localised fluctuations in surface pressure and humidity, which cause the initial shock wave to distort momentarily and refocus on itself, leading to a double shock wave, each of markedly reduced effect. This has distinct utility in the employment of air delivered ordnance in close proximity to key urban structures as part of an ongoing influence campaign. The energy of the blast is so great that the pressure and temperature of the gas outside the shock front is negligible compared to the pressure and temperature inside | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15593113 | 47,233 |
Northern blot Since the gels are fragile and the probes are unable to enter the matrix, the RNA samples, now separated by size, are transferred to a nylon membrane through a capillary or vacuum blotting system. A nylon membrane with a positive charge is the most effective for use in northern blotting since the negatively charged nucleic acids have a high affinity for them. The transfer buffer used for the blotting usually contains formamide because it lowers the annealing temperature of the probe-RNA interaction, thus eliminating the need for high temperatures, which could cause RNA degradation. Once the RNA has been transferred to the membrane, it is immobilized through covalent linkage to the membrane by UV light or heat. After a probe has been labeled, it is hybridized to the RNA on the membrane. Experimental conditions that can affect the efficiency and specificity of hybridization include ionic strength, viscosity, duplex length, mismatched base pairs, and base composition. The membrane is washed to ensure that the probe has bound specifically and to prevent background signals from arising. The hybrid signals are then detected by X-ray film and can be quantified by densitometry. To create controls for comparison in a northern blot, samples not displaying the gene product of interest can be used after determination by microarrays or RT-PCR. The RNA samples are most commonly separated on agarose gels containing formaldehyde as a denaturing agent for the RNA to limit secondary structure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21930 | 154,194 |
HT-29 Though cells can proliferate in cell culture lacking growth factors with a doubling time of around 4 days, the doubling time can be reduced to one day with added fetal bovine serum. The cells have high glucose consumption, and in standard medium containing 25 mM glucose and 10% serum, remain undifferentiated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56270111 | 9,218 |
Termite The structure of the legs is consistent with other insects: the parts of a leg include a coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and the tarsus. The number of tibial spurs on an individual's leg varies. Some species of termite have an arolium, located between the claws, which is present in species that climb on smooth surfaces but is absent in most termites. Unlike in ants, the hind-wings and fore-wings are of equal length. Most of the time, the alates are poor flyers; their technique is to launch themselves in the air and fly in a random direction. Studies show that in comparison to larger termites, smaller termites cannot fly long distances. When a termite is in flight, its wings remain at a right angle, and when the termite is at rest, its wings remain parallel to the body. Worker termites undertake the most labour within the colony, being responsible for foraging, food storage, and brood and nest maintenance. Workers are tasked with the digestion of cellulose in food and are thus the most likely caste to be found in infested wood. The process of worker termites feeding other nestmates is known as trophallaxis. Trophallaxis is an effective nutritional tactic to convert and recycle nitrogenous components. It frees the parents from feeding all but the first generation of offspring, allowing for the group to grow much larger and ensuring that the necessary gut symbionts are transferred from one generation to another. Some termite species may rely on nymphs to perform work without differentiating as a separate caste | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54808 | 432,836 |
Nachrichtentechnische Fachberichte (abbreviated NTF) is a German-language technical journal, published by VDE-Verlag since 1956. It has been referred to as "obscure". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31300053 | 206,383 |
Chemoproteomics is an approach to discovering mechanisms for regulating biological pathways for the purpose of designing new pharmaceutical therapies. It is a chemical proteomic method for pharmacological discovery research. can enable drug discovery. It is a method for identifying protein targets and potential off-target activity. applies mass spectrometry to analyze proteomes and their functions. A linker molecule connects a small molecule chemical probe (or library of chemical probes) with an analytically detectable bead or other agent for detection or separation. This method is being used to assess the molecular mechanisms of enzymes, drugs and other small molecules in order to create Activity-Based protein profiles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48999251 | 157,739 |
Conformon From a biological standpoint, the goal-directed molecular motions inside living cells are carried out by biopolymers acting like molecular machines (e.g. myosin, RNA/DNA polymerase, ion pumps, etc.). These molecular machines are driven by conformons, that is sequence-specific mechanical strains generated by free energy released in chemical reactions or stress induced destabilisations in supercoiled biopolymer chains. Therefore, conformons can be defined as packets of conformational energy generated from substrate binding or chemical reactions and confined within biopolymers. On the other hand, from a physics standpoint, the conformon is a localization of elastic and electronic energy which may propagate in space with or without dissipation. The mechanism which involves dissipationless propagation is a form of molecular superconductivity. On quantum mechanical level both elastic/vibrational and electronic energy can be quantised, therefore the conformon carries a fixed portion of energy. This has led to the definition of quantum of conformation (shape). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53790076 | 8,669 |
Bagnold's fluid Due to the dispersive pressure in grain-inertia fluid, the settlement process is delayed by 20% for the grain-inertia fluid than for the macroviscous fluid. This is meaningful because particles are more agitated due to higher dispersive pressure in grain-inertia fluids than in macroviscous fluids. Once the material comes close to rest, these dispersive forces (induced by the quadratic shear rate), are still active for grain-inertia fluid but macroviscous fluid settles relatively faster because it is less dispersive. This provides a tool to approximate and estimate the final settlement time (the time at which the entire fluid body is at rest). These are mechanically important relationships concerning the settlement time and the settlement lengths between the grain-inertia and the macroviscous fluids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33746323 | 335,822 |
Republic Theater Republic Theater, also known as the Falls Theater, is a historic movie theater located at Great Falls, Chester County, South Carolina. It was built by Republic Cotton Mills in 1921–1922, and is a rectangular, light-colored brick structure on a limestone-colored stucco foundation. The façade has a large segmental arch entrance framed by terra cotta decoration and a molded terra cotta cornice. The theater closed in 1974. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42226547 | 354,855 |
Delitto perfetto The reporter gene allows for the selection of yeast cells that receive the CORE cassette during the first step of the process. The counterselectable marker allows for the selection of yeast cells that lose the CORE cassette by the integration of the mutated oligonucleotide during the second step of the process. There are a variety of CORE cassettes to choose from, which contain a variety of reporter genes, counterselectable makers and additional features. First the CORE cassette is amplified by PCR with primers containing regions of homology to the chromosomal site where it will be inserted. The CORE cassette is integrated via homologous recombination. Cells containing the CORE cassette can be selected for using the reporter gene and can be further confirmed using the counterselectable marker. Integration of the CORE cassette in the correct chromosomal location can be verified via PCR using primers that anneal upstream of the integration site, within the CORE and downstream of the integration size, which are designed to generate 500–1500 bp fragments. CORE-containing yeast cells are transformed with oligonucleotides containing the desired mutation such that they lead to the loss of the CORE cassette during homologous recombination. Transformants are selected using the counterselectable marker and can be further screened using the reporter gene. Sequencing is used to ensure the correct mutation has been generated without additional mutations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21722187 | 141,004 |
Signal Corps Radio This is only a general list, quite a few radios crossed over between branches. Armor Artillery Infantry general use/command Cavalry Coast artillery/AAA Air Liaison (ground) Aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18463689 | 289,963 |
C-AKv coupler In a field test starting in 2004, the trains on the connection from the brown coal strip mine near Wählitz to the Schkopau Power Station were equipped with C-AKv-couplers which showed that regular wheel replacements shrunk below a third due to reduced wear. The solution has been kept and it spawned further investigations. Beginning in late 2009, eighteen DBAG Class 189 electric locomotives owned by DB Schenker were converted to C-AKv couplers, in order to handle 6,000 tonne iron ore trains from Rotterdam to the steel works at Dillingen in the Saarland, replacing the previous German class 151 double units and Dutch class 6400 triple units commonly used on these workings previously. As these locomotives are also capable of operating on both the 15 kV AC and 25 kV AC (and 1.5 kV DC, for a short stretch under reduced power) overhead system on the German and Dutch networks, locomotive changes on the Dutch-German border are no longer required. Loaded trains are commonly operated by two 189s in a multiple unit setup, with the wagons retaining the AK69e type couplers they have been fitted with since the 1980s. Being an evolved version of the UIC AK69e coupler, the has the same basic outline as the SA3 coupler. Unlike the Russian SA-3 coupler, however, connectors for brake air lines and - if required - electric conduits are integrated into the coupler, which are automatically connected while coupling up | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24704251 | 423,348 |
Infanticide (zoology) Female langurs may leave the group with their young alongside the outgoing male, and others may develop a "false estrous" and allow the male to copulate, deceiving him into thinking she is actually sexually receptive. Females may also have sexual liaisons with other males. This promiscuous behavior is adaptive, because males will not know whether it is their own offspring they are killing or not, and may be more reluctant or invest less effort in infanticide attempts. Lionesses cooperatively guard against scouting males, and a pair were seen to violently attack a male after it killed one of their young. Resistance to infanticide is also costly, though: for instance, a female may sustain serious injuries in defending her young. At times it is simply more advantageous to submit than to fight. Infanticide, the destruction of offspring characteristic to many species, has posed so great a threat that there have been observable changes of behavior in respective female mothers; more specifically, these changes exist as preventive measures. A common behavioral mechanism by females to reduce the risk of infanticide of future offspring is through the process of paternity confusion or dilution. In theory, this implies that a female that mates with multiple males will widely spread the assumption of paternity across many males, and therefore make them less likely to kill or attack offspring that could potentially carry their genes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12202186 | 183,972 |
The Biosphere Rules is a framework for implementing closed loop production in business. They emerged from a 2005 research project at IE Business School that identified the principles that facilitate circular processes in nature but interpreted for—and translated to—industrial production systems. The research indicated that adopting the principles allowed businesses to establish economically and environmentally sustainable closed-loop manufacturing systems. The five principles that constitute the Biosphere Rules are briefly: 1. Materials parsimony. Minimize the types of materials used in products with a focus on materials that are life-friendly and economically recyclable. 2. Value cycle. Recover and reincarnate materials from end-of-use goods into new value-added products. 3. Power autonomy. Maximize the power autonomy of products and processes so they can function on renewable energy. 4. Sustainable product platforms. Leverage value cycles as product platforms for profitable scale, scope, and knowledge economies. 5. Function over form. Fulfill customers’ functional needs in ways that sustain the value cycle. This biomimetic framework contends that these principles facilitate the transition of human manufacturing systems business towards a functioning circular economy. emerged from a research program established through a 2005 partnership between the renowned eco-designer William McDonough and the Center for Eco-Intelligent Management at IE Business School, a top-ranked European management institute | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52344552 | 214,917 |
Oligonucleotide synthesis With respect to the chemistry, synthesis of oligonucleotide microarrays is different from the conventional oligonucleotide synthesis in two respects: After the completion of the chain assembly, the solid support-bound oligonucleotide is fully protected: To furnish a functional oligonucleotide, all the protecting groups have to be removed. The N-acyl base protection and the 2-cyanoethyl phosphate protection may be, and is often removed simultaneously by treatment with inorganic bases or amines. However, the applicability of this method is limited by the fact that the cleavage of 2-cyanoethyl phosphate protection gives rise to acrylonitrile as a side product. Under the strong basic conditions required for the removal of N-acyl protection, acrylonitrile is capable of alkylation of nucleic bases, primarily, at the N3-position of thymine and uracil residues to give the respective N3-(2-cyanoethyl) adducts via Michael reaction. The formation of these side products may be avoided by treating the solid support-bound oligonucleotides with solutions of bases in an organic solvent, for instance, with 50% triethylamine in acetonitrile or 10% diethylamine in acetonitrile. This treatment is strongly recommended for medium- and large scale preparations and is optional for syntheses on small scale where the concentration of acrylonitrile generated in the deprotection mixture is low | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10663351 | 44,403 |
Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is a semiconducting material, consisting of indium (In), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O). IGZO thin-film transistor (TFT) is used in the TFT backplane of flat-panel displays (FPDs). IGZO-TFT was developed by Hideo Hosono's group at Tokyo Institute of Technology and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) in 2003 (crystalline IGZO-TFT) and in 2004 (amorphous IGZO-TFT). IGZO-TFT has 20–50 times the electron mobility of amorphous silicon, which has often been used in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) and e-papers. As a result, IGZO-TFT can improve the speed, resolution and size of flat-panel displays. It is currently used as the thin-film transistors for use in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) TV displays. IGZO-TFT and its applications are patented by JST. They have been licensed to Samsung Electronics (in 2011) and Sharp (in 2012). In 2012, Sharp was first to start production of LCD panels incorporating IGZO-TFT. Sharp uses IGZO-TFT for smartphones, tablets, and 32" LCDs. In these, the aperture ratio of the LCD is improved by up to 20%. Power consumption is improved by LCD idling stop technology, which is possible due to the high mobility and low off current of IGZO-TFT. Sharp has started to release high pixel-density panels for notebook applications. IGZO-TFT is also employed in the 14" 3,200x1,800 LCD of an ultrabook PC supplied by Fujitsu, also used in the Razer Blade 14" (Touchscreen Variant) Gaming Laptop and a 55" OLED TV supplied by LG Electronics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19887440 | 402,524 |
Niobium fluoride Niobium forms two stable fluorides: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53827581 | 45,364 |
Stair rod A stair rod, also commonly referred to as a carpet rod, is an ornamental decorative hardware item used to hold carpeting in place on steps. (Such long but narrow strips of carpeting are known as "carpet runners" or "stair runners" or "stair carpet"). Traditionally, stair rods were used to hold a carpet runner in place on stairs, but with superior carpet installation techniques and more rigid safety standards today, stair rods serve primarily a decorative purpose. Stair rods are however still an integral part of many installation techniques. They hide dimples in the carpet runner caused by installation staples or nail heads and they are also often required to conceal a pattern mismatch when the carpet runner is cut during installation at each step where the tread meets the riser. Stair rods consists of a long bar, either solid core or tube (hollow core), and brackets used to hold the bar in place. The brackets are installed on either side the carpet runner directly on the wood of the step. The brackets hold the bar that lies across the carpet runner firmly in place. A decorative finial end is commonly attached or integrated into the ends of the bar or attached to the outside of the brackets to give a more decorative and less industrial look. Materials used in stair rods can be steel, iron, wood, aluminum, or brass. Today brass and brass-plated stair rods are generally considered to strike a perfect balance between strength, appearance, and value. It is sometimes used as a metaphor for heavy rain, e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8099929 | 439,653 |
Transcriptomics technologies Abnormalities may be removed (trimming) or tagged for special treatment during later processes. In order to link sequence read abundance to the expression of a particular gene, transcript sequences are aligned to a reference genome or "de novo" aligned to one another if no reference is available. The key challenges for alignment software include sufficient speed to permit billions of short sequences to be aligned in a meaningful timeframe, flexibility to recognise and deal with intron splicing of eukaryotic mRNA, and correct assignment of reads that map to multiple locations. Software advances have greatly addressed these issues, and increases in sequencing read length reduce the chance of ambiguous read alignments. A list of currently available high-throughput sequence aligners is maintained by the EBI. Alignment of primary transcript mRNA sequences derived from eukaryotes to a reference genome requires specialised handling of intron sequences, which are absent from mature mRNA. Short read aligners perform an additional round of alignments specifically designed to identify splice junctions, informed by canonical splice site sequences and known intron splice site information. Identification of intron splice junctions prevents reads from being misaligned across splice junctions or erroneously discarded, allowing more reads to be aligned to the reference genome and improving the accuracy of gene expression estimates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54112223 | 187,387 |
Olympus Master Once the user has placed the memory card into the camera they wish to update, the camera will install the new firmware directly from the memory card. Both methods have their advantages, as well as their disadvantages. 2, which is an update to the original version, is available free from Olympus via their website. It is included with Olympus cameras since mid-2007, replacing the original version. Since February 2008, the original version of the software has not been able to detect newer digital cameras (such as the E-420 digital SLR). If users of the older version who purchase a new product wish to continue using Olympus software or wish to update the firmware within their new equipment, they must first update from the original to the newer version. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7612858 | 107,453 |
State-building This concern is acute in United Nations peacekeeping missions for there have been instances where peace-builders aspire not only to go a step further and eradicate the causes of violence, which are oftentimes not agree upon by the parties to the conflict, but also to invest 'post-conflict societies with various qualities, including democracy in order to reduce the tendency toward arbitrary power and give voice to all segments of society; the rule of law in order to reduce human rights violations; a market economy free from corruption in order to discourage individuals from believing that the surest path to fortune is by capturing the state; conflict management tools; and a culture of tolerance and respect'. Such ambitious goals are questionable when the United Nations has been seen to struggle in high-profile conflict-ridden situations such as Darfur and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Where it has accomplished a degree of stability such as in Haiti and Liberia, it endures pressure 'to transition from heavy and costly security-oriented peacekeeping operations to lighter, peace-building-oriented missions'. Introducing state-building to mandates is controversial not only because this would entail extra costs and commitments but also because 'the expansion of peacekeeping into these areas has de facto extended the authority of the Security Council, with political, financial, institutional, and bureaucratic implications that have yet to be fully addressed' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3271100 | 483,356 |
Real time Java is a catch-all term for a combination of technologies that enables programmers to write programs that meet the demands of real-time systems in the Java programming language. Java's sophisticated memory management, native support for threading and concurrency, type safety, and relative simplicity have created a demand for its use in many domains. Its capabilities have been enhanced to support real time computational needs: To overcome typical real time difficulties, the Java Community introduced a specification for real-time Java, JSR001. A number of implementations of the resulting "Real-time specification for Java" ("RTSJ") have emerged, including a reference implementation from Timesys, IBM's WebSphere Real Time, Sun Microsystems's Java SE Real-Time Systems, PTC Perc from PTC, Inc., or JamaicaVM from aicas. The RTSJ addressed the critical issues by mandating a minimum specification for the threading model (and allowing other models to be plugged into the VM) and by providing for areas of memory that are not subject to garbage collection, along with threads that are not preemptable by the garbage collector. These areas are instead managed using region-based memory management. The latest specification, 2.0, supports direct device access and deterministic garbage collection as well. The "Real-Time Specification for Java" (RTSJ) is a set of interfaces and behavioral refinements that enable real-time computer programming in the Java programming language. RTSJ 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3176460 | 233,195 |
Karl Marx Marx acknowledges that Hegel "grasps the nature of work and comprehends objective man, authentic because actual, as the result of his ", but characterises Hegelian self-development as unduly "spiritual" and abstract. Marx thus departs from Hegel by insisting that "the fact that man is a corporeal, actual, sentient, objective being with natural capacities means that he has actual, sensuous objects for his nature as objects of his life-expression, or that he can only express his life in actual sensuous objects". Consequently, Marx revises Hegelian "work" into material "labour" and in the context of human capacity to transform nature the term "labour power". Marx had a special concern with how people relate to their own labour power. He wrote extensively about this in terms of the problem of alienation. As with the dialectic, Marx began with a Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a more materialist conception. Capitalism mediates social relationships of production (such as among workers or between workers and capitalists) through commodities, including labour, that are bought and sold on the market. For Marx, the possibility that one may give up ownership of one's own labour – one's capacity to transform the world – is tantamount to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a spiritual loss. Marx described this loss as commodity fetishism, in which the things that people produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement of their own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16743 | 250,846 |
South African insurance law South African law, however, long appeared to favour the view that only material facts within one's actual or personal knowledge were included in the duty of disclosure. In "M&F v Oudtshoorn", however, the court stated in passing that constructive knowledge—that is to say, knowledge which is imputed or presumed—is also included in the duty of disclosure. Knowledge is constructive, and is imputed to an insured, Reinecke considers that "this broad view of the duty of disclosure may arguably extend it unjustifiably and impose an unreasonable burden on the insured." In "Anderson Shipping v Guardian National Insurance", a vehicle owned by Anderson Shipping was involved in an accident with another vehicle, whose owners claimed damages from Anderson Shipping. The driver of Anderson Shipping's vehicle had previously been found guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol. Guardian National Insurance denied liability on the basis that Anderson Shipping had failed to disclose that its procedure for employing drivers did not require applicants to produce their drivers’ licenses for inspection. The question to be answered was whether Anderson Shipping had constructive knowledge of the undisclosed fact | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41108090 | 487,857 |
Frederic Rousseau is a Flemish Belgian molecular biologist and researcher at the KU Leuven (Leuven, Belgium). Together with Joost Schymkowitz he is group leader at the VIB Switch Laboratory, KU Leuven. His research interest is on essential cellular processes where functional regulation is governed by protein conformational switches that have to be actively controlled to ensure cell viability He obtained a PhD at the University of Cambridge (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2001. He did a post-doctorate work at the EMBL in Heidelberg Germany from 2001 until 2003. Rousseau is a VIB Group leader since 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11305204 | 193,549 |
Holstein–Herring method The Holstein–Herring method, also called the surface Integral method, or Smirnov's method is an effective means of getting the exchange energy splittings of asymptotically degenerate energy states in molecular systems. Although the exchange energy becomes elusive at large internuclear systems, it is of prominent importance in theories of molecular binding and magnetism. This splitting results from the symmetry under exchange of identical nuclei (Pauli exclusion principle). The basic idea pioneered by Holstein and Herring approach can be illustrated for the hydrogen molecular ion or more generally, atom-ion systems or "one-active electron" systems, as follows. We consider states that are represented by even or odd functions with respect to behavior under space inversion. This is denoted with the suffixes g and u from the German "gerade" and "ungerade" and are standard practice for the designation of electronic states of diatomic molecules, whereas for atomic states the terms "even" and "odd" are used. The electronic time-independent Schrödinger equation can be written as: where "E" is the (electronic) energy of a given quantum mechanical state (eigenstate), with the electronic state function formula_2 depending on the spatial coordinates of the electron and where formula_3 is the electron-nuclear Coulomb potential energy function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27501362 | 71,627 |
Stairlift Early stair lifts mostly had alternating current (AC) drive motors which ran at full mains voltage (around 115 volts in North America, 230 volts in Europe). An "energy chain" ran alongside or through the rail to carry the power cable from the supply point to the carriage. More recently, domestic stair lifts have been powered from rechargeable batteries and use direct current (DC). One of the selling points is that a DC stair lift will continue to function during a power outage, provided the batteries are sufficiently charged. Most stair lifts have a 'charge point' where the unit will 'park' to charge its batteries. Some straight stair lifts have the ability to charge continuously no matter where they are left along the track. With most DC models the batteries are accommodated within the carriage and travel with it. Some models, however, were designed with three phase motors and the batteries (three in total) were housed in a cabinet mounted near the top or bottom of the rail. An inverter system was used to convert the DC energy to three phase AC. The power rating of drive motors for domestic straight rail stair lifts may be around 250 watts. The power requirement will be greater for heavy loads, very steep inclines, and wheelchair platform stair lifts. Stair lifts are largely operated using a control on the arm of the lift. This is either a switch or a toggle type lever. This larger toggle switch enables users even with limited mobility or painful condition to use stair lifts easily and safely | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4781152 | 357,867 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.