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Roof In areas with an abundance of timber, wooden shingles and boards are used, while in some countries the bark of certain trees can be peeled off in thick, heavy sheets and used for roofing. The 20th century saw the manufacture of composition asphalt shingles which can last from a thin 20-year shingle to the thickest which are limited lifetime shingles, the cost depending on the thickness and durability of the shingle. When a layer of shingles wears out, they are usually stripped, along with the underlay and roofing nails, allowing a new layer to be installed. An alternative method is to install another layer directly over the worn layer. While this method is faster, it does not allow the roof sheathing to be inspected and water damage, often associated with worn shingles, to be repaired. Having multiple layers of old shingles under a new layer causes roofing nails to be located further from the sheathing, weakening their hold. The greatest concern with this method is that the weight of the extra material could exceed the dead load capacity of the roof structure and cause collapse. Because of this, jurisdictions which use the International Building Code prohibit the installation of new roofing on top of an existing roof that has two or more applications of any type of roof covering; the existing roofing material must be removed before installing a new roof. Slate is an ideal, and durable material, while in the Swiss Alps roofs are made from huge slabs of stone, several inches thick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26118 | 330,513 |
Monster Study The was a stuttering experiment performed on 22 orphan children in Davenport, Iowa in 1939. It was conducted by Wendell Johnson at the University of Iowa. Graduate student Mary Tudor conducted the experiment under Johnson's supervision. Half of the children received positive speech therapy, praising the fluency of their speech, and the other half, negative speech therapy, belittling the children for speech imperfections. Many of the normal speaking orphan children who received negative therapy in the experiment suffered negative psychological effects, and some retained speech problems for the rest of their lives. It was dubbed the "Monster Study" as some of Johnson's peers were horrified that he would experiment on orphan children to confirm a hypothesis. The experiment was kept hidden for fear Johnson's reputation would be tarnished in the wake of human experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II. Because the results of the study were never published in any peer-reviewed journal, Tudor's thesis is the only official record of the details of the experiment. The University of Iowa publicly apologized for the in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12817220 | 490,932 |
Nuclear matrix In biology, the nuclear matrix is the network of fibres found throughout the inside of a cell nucleus and is somewhat analogous to the cell cytoskeleton. In contrast to the cytoskeleton, however, the nuclear matrix has been proposed to be a dynamic structure. Along with the nuclear lamina, it aids in organizing the genetic information within the cell. The exact function of this matrix is still disputed, and its very existence has been called into question. Evidence for such a structure was recognised as long ago as 1948 (Zbarskii and Debov), and consequently many proteins associated with the matrix have been discovered. The presence of intra-cellular proteins is common ground, and it is agreed that proteins such as the Scaffold, or Matrix Associated Proteins (SAR or MAR) have some role in the organisation of chromatins. There is evidence that the nuclear matrix is involved in regulation of gene expression in "Arabidopsis thaliana". For a long time the question whether a polymer meshwork, a “nuclear matrix” or “nuclear-scaffold” or "NuMat" is an essential component of the in vivo nuclear architecture has remained a matter of debate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2004719 | 169,506 |
Old quantum theory The Sommerfeld model predicted that the magnetic moment of an atom measured along an axis will only take on discrete values, a result which seems to contradict rotational invariance but which was confirmed by the Stern–Gerlach experiment. This Bohr–Sommerfeld theory is a significant step in the development of quantum mechanics. It also describes the possibility of atomic energy levels being split by a magnetic field (called the Zeeman effect). Arnold Sommerfeld derived the relativistic solution of atomic energy levels. We will start this derivation with the relativistic equation for energy in the electric potential After substitution formula_53 we get For momentum formula_55, formula_56 and their ratio formula_57 the equation of motion is (see Binet equation) with solution The angular shift of periapsis per revolution is given by With the quantum conditions and we will obtain energies where formula_64 is the fine-structure constant. This solution (using substitutions for quantum numbers) is equivalent to the solution of the Dirac equation. Nevertheless, both solutions fail to predict the Lamb shifts. In 1905, Einstein noted that the entropy of the quantized electromagnetic field oscillators in a box is, for short wavelength, equal to the entropy of a gas of point particles in the same box. The number of point particles is equal to the number of quanta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1188104 | 442,478 |
Neuroplasticity Musical training is a form of experience dependent plasticity. This is when changes in the brain occur based on experiences that are unique to an individual. Examples of this are learning multiple languages, playing a sport, doing theatre, etc. A study done by Hyde in 2009, showed that changes in the brain of children could be seen in as little as 15 months of musical training. Ker and Nelson suggest this degree of plasticity in the brain's of children can "help provide a form of intervention for children... with developmental disorders and neurological diseases." In a single lifespan, individuals of an animal species may encounter various changes in brain morphology. Many of these differences are caused by the release of hormones in the brain; others are the product of evolutionary factors or developmental stages. Some changes occur seasonally in species to enhance or generate response behaviors. Changing brain behavior and morphology to suit other seasonal behaviors is relatively common in animals. These changes can improve the chances of mating during breeding season. Examples of seasonal brain morphology change can be found within many classes and species. Within the class Aves, black-capped chickadees experience an increase in the volume of their hippocampus and strength of neural connections to the hippocampus during fall months. These morphological changes within the hippocampus which are related to spatial memory are not limited to birds, as they can also be observed in rodents and amphibians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1948637 | 169,322 |
Housing (engineering) Interchangeable faceplates provide a method to update the cosmetics of the housing without replacing the entire enclosure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55321544 | 194,403 |
Self-tapping screw Winged self-drilling have thin wings wider than the thread formed just behind the self drilling head. These cut a clearance hole in soft materials (such as wood or plastic), but are destroyed by more robust materials (such as metal). Thus, to clamp some material to metal, the clearance drilling, tap drilling, thread tapping, and fixing itself can happen in a single operation from one side, with the materials in their final position. Self-tapping screws are used in a variety of applications ranging from DIY carpentry to surgery. Dental implants and orthopedic bone screws are both examples of self-tapping screws used in surgery. Different thread profiles are used for either denser cortical bone or the spongy cancellous bone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1118055 | 442,248 |
Communications blackout For the Apollo 13 mission, the blackout was much longer than normal because the flight path of the spacecraft was unexpectedly at a much shallower angle than normal. According to the mission log maintained by Gene Kranz, the Apollo 13 re-entry blackout lasted around 6 minutes, beginning at 142:39 and ending at 142:45, and was 1 minute 27 seconds longer than had been predicted. Communications blackouts for re-entry are not solely confined to entry into Earth's atmosphere. They apply to entry into any atmosphere where such ionization occurs around a craft. The Mars Pathfinder endured a 30-second communications blackout as it entered Mars' atmosphere, for example. The Huygens probe endured a communications blackout as it entered the atmosphere of Titan. Until the creation of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), the Space Shuttle endured a 30-minute blackout. The TDRSS allowed the Shuttle to communicate by relay with a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite during re-entry, through a "hole" in the ionized air envelope at the tail end of the craft, created by the Shuttle's shape. Radio blackouts on Earth caused by space weather are measured by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on a scale that goes from 1 (minor) to 5 (extreme). Communications can also be lost when the Sun is blocking or behind one station in the same line of sight; Sun outages periodically interrupt communications with geosynchronous satellites. It is also a common problem for interplanetary space missions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40915 | 379,238 |
Bicycle transportation planning and engineering are the disciplines related to transportation engineering and transportation planning concerning bicycles as a mode of transport and the concomitant study, design and implementation of cycling infrastructure. It includes the study and design of dedicated transport facilities for cyclists (e.g. cyclist-only paths) as well as mixed-mode environments (i.e. where cyclists share roads and paths with vehicular and foot traffic) and how both of these examples can be made to work safely. In jurisdictions such as the United States it is often practiced in conjunction with planning for pedestrians as a part of active transportation planning. In 1970 in the United Kingdom, the Milton Keynes Development Corporation produced the . Cycle networks of routes can be developed in co-ordination with maps. Co-ordination can be local or national. Some examples of the types of bikeways under the purview of bicycle transportation engineers include partially segregated infrastructure in-road such as bike lanes, buffered bike lanes; physically segregated in-road such as cycle tracks; bike paths with their own right-of-way; and shared facilities such as bicycle boulevards, shared lane markings, advisory bike lane, road shoulders, wide outside lanes, shared street schemes, and any roadways with legal access for cycling. NACTO guidelines state "desired width for a cycle track should be 5 feet (1.5m). In areas with high bicyclist volumes or uphill sections, the desired width should be 7 feet (2.1m)" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1811969 | 345,203 |
Professor Pyg Co-creator Grant Morrison envisioned him as "one of the weirdest, most insane characters that's ever been in Batman [comics]" and said, "we hear a lot about Batman facing crazy villains but we tried to make this guy seem genuinely disturbed and disconnected ... isn't from another world; he's from here, but he's very, very sick". Taking inspiration from the works of David Lynch, Morrison wanted the visuals in "Batman Reborn", illustrated by Frank Quitely, to feel like a real world crossing over with a world of schizophrenia, paranoia, and the use of narcotics. He stated when Batman and Robin are facing Pyg and his Dollotrons, they are dealing with "the eerie, creepy, mentally-ill dark corners of life". The character uses drugs, lobotomy, and doll masks permanently molded onto people's faces to turn them into genderless Dollotrons, which he believes are perfected human beings. The name Pyg is a shortening of "Pygmalion", George Bernard Shaw's play that was adapted into the musical "My Fair Lady" starring Rex Harrison, which tells the story of a professor's attempt to convert a street urchin into an educated, high-society woman. According to Morrison, "Movie enthusiasts will know that Rex Harrison also played Doctor Doolittle, who by strange coincidence was famed for teaching barnyard animals to speak proper, so our mixes all these characteristics and influences together to create a monster who wants to make everything and everyone 'perfect,' as he sees it" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23122647 | 19,451 |
Alexander Tropsha is a chemist and professor at the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill. Tropsha is Associate Dean for Pharmacoinformatics and Data Science at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy. His primary fields of research are cheminformatics and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling in the context of drug discovery. As of 2015, Tropsha has been an associate editor of the American Chemical Society’s "Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling". In 1982, Tropsha earned his master's degree chemistry from Moscow State University. Tropsha continued his studies under Lev S. Yaguzhinski earning his PhD in biochemistry and pharmacology in 1986. Tropsha immigrated to the USA in 1989 where he began his career in academics as an assistant professor and director of the Laboratory for Molecular Modeling at the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill in 1991. Tropsha became a professor in 2004, and, in 2008, he became the K.H. Lee Distinguished Professor at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy. Research in his laboratory includes the development and application of "k"-nearest neighbor pattern recognition methods to the field of QSARs and application of the Delaunay tessellation technique to protein structure analysis. His recent work focuses on methods of rigorous validation of QSAR models and the development of best-practice QSAR workflows. Tropsha's group has also raised concerns over the utility of structural alerts in toxicology and for PAINS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3136342 | 72,178 |
Fluorescent glucose biosensor Fluorescence is not the only type of luminescence achievable in biological systems: Chemiluminescence, the generation of light by means of chemical reactions, is produced by some proteins, such as Aqueorin from symbiont in jellyfish and luciferase from symbiont in fireflies. These have been used to make glucose sensors: Daunert makes a -split aqueorin sensor and in 2009 Koji Sode made -luciferase with Asp459Asn (Glc not Gal). In addition to small-molecule dyes, fluorescent proteins have been used: One group made a near-infrared (NIR) sensor detected by means of time-resolved/nanotomography allophycocyanin-ConA/malachite green-Dextran, regarding with Allophycocyanin, which MacColl has reviewed. In addition to protein as the glucose-binding moiety, boronic acid functionalized molecules have been used. Boronic acid binds to vicinal groups, preferably hydroxyl; therefore, it has a high affinity for carbohydrates. The use of the boronic acid group for the recognition of saccharide has been widely studied by Shinkai, James and their collaborators. To take advantage of this several approaches have been taken. One approach is by quenching, in which the system can work through the modulation of the quenching of a dye by a boronic acid functionalized viologen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29221300 | 1,313 |
Hacking Democracy " Even though no one from Diebold Election Systems admitted to having seen the film, Diebold President David Byrd suggested that "Hacking Democracy" was "replete with material examples of inaccurate reporting", and demanded that it not be aired. His criticism was based on an earlier film made by the same three filmmakers. However, HBO refused to remove it from their schedules. In addition Diebold wrote a letter to HBO referring to the famous vote changing 'Hursti Hack' featured in the film, claiming that "Harri Hursti is shown attacking a Diebold machine in Florida. But his attack proved later to be a complete sham." This statement by Diebold was proven to be wholly wrong by independent computer scientists at UC Berkeley who investigated the Hursti Hack. California's Secretary of State commissioned a Special Report by scientists at UC Berkeley to investigate the Hursti Hack. Page 2 of their report states: Harri Hursti's attack does work: Mr. Hursti's attack on the AV-OS is definitely real. He was indeed able to change the election results by doing nothing more than modifying the contents of a memory card. He needed no passwords, no cryptographic keys, and no access to any other part of the voting system, including the GEMS election management server. One of Diebold's objections to the film was that it failed to mention that Avi Rubin, a Johns Hopkins computer science professor and vocal Diebold critic, may have a conflict of interest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7750899 | 288,164 |
Phase-space formulation Additional differential relations allow this to be written in terms of a change in the arguments of "f" and "g": It is also possible to define the -product in a convolution integral form, essentially through the Fourier transform: (Thus, e.g., Gaussians compose hyperbolically, or etc.) The energy eigenstate distributions are known as "stargenstates", -"genstates", "stargenfunctions", or -"genfunctions", and the associated energies are known as "stargenvalues" or -"genvalues". These are solved, analogously to the time-independent Schrödinger equation, by the -genvalue equation, where is the Hamiltonian, a plain phase-space function, most often identical to the classical Hamiltonian. The time evolution of the phase space distribution is given by a quantum modification of Liouville flow. This formula results from applying the Wigner transformation to the density matrix version of the quantum Liouville equation, the von Neumann equation. In any representation of the phase space distribution with its associated star product, this is or, for the Wigner function in particular, where <nowiki></nowiki> is the Moyal bracket, the Wigner transform of the quantum commutator, while <nowiki>{ , }</nowiki> is the classical Poisson bracket. This yields a concise illustration of the correspondence principle: this equation manifestly reduces to the classical Liouville equation in the limit "ħ" → 0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36053570 | 436,257 |
List of moments of inertia Moment of inertia, denoted by , measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis, and is the rotational analogue to mass. Mass moments of inertia have units of dimension ML([mass] × [length]). It should not be confused with the second moment of area, which is used in beam calculations. The mass moment of inertia is often also known as the rotational inertia, and sometimes as the angular mass. For simple objects with geometric symmetry, one can often determine the moment of inertia in an exact closed-form expression. Typically this occurs when the mass density is constant, but in some cases the density can vary throughout the object as well. In general, it may not be straightforward to symbolically express the moment of inertia of shapes with more complicated mass distributions and lacking symmetry. When calculating moments of inertia, it is useful to remember that it is an additive function and exploit the parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorems. This article mainly considers symmetric mass distributions, with constant density throughout the object, and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass unless otherwise specified. Following are scalar moments of inertia. In general, the moment of inertia is a tensor, see below. \right)</math> This list of moment of inertia tensors is given for principal axes of each object | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=468843 | 204,886 |
Planar straight-line graph There exist three well-known data structures for representing PSLGs, these are the Winged-edge data structure, Halfedge, and Quadedge. The winged-edge data structure is the oldest of the three, but manipulating it often requires complicated case distinctions. This is because edge references do not store the edge direction, and the directions of edges around a face need not be consistent. The halfedge data structure stores both orientations of an edge and links them properly, simplifying operations and the storage scheme. The Quadedge data structure stores both the planar subdivision and its dual simultaneously. Its records consist explicitly only of edge records, four for each edge, and in a simplified form it is suitable for storing PSLGs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12015517 | 102,198 |
Plasmonic metamaterial Potential applications of graphene plasmonics involve terahertz to midinfrared frequencies, in devices such as optical modulators, photodetectors and biosensors. A hyperbolic metamaterial made from titanium nitride (metal) and aluminum scandium nitride (dielectric) have compatible crystal structures and can form a superlattice, a crystal that combines two (or more) materials. The material is compatible with existing CMOS technology (unlike traditional gold and silver), mechanically strong and thermally stable at higher temperatures. The material exhibits higher photonic densities of states than Au or Ag. The material is an efficient light absorber. The material was created using epitaxy inside a vacuum chamber with a technique known as magnetron sputtering. The material featured ultra-thin and ultra-smooth layers with sharp interfaces. Possible applications include a “planar hyperlens” that could make optical microscopes able to see objects as small as DNA, advanced sensors, more efficient solar collectors, nano-resonators, quantum computing and diffraction free focusing and imaging. The material works across a broad spectrum from near-infrared to visible light. Near-infrared is essential for telecommunications and optical communications, and visible light is important for sensors, microscopes and efficient solid-state light sources. One potential application is microscopy beyond the diffraction limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30869356 | 19,086 |
Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular "resonant frequency" when the impedances or admittances of circuit elements cancel each other. In some circuits, this happens when the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function is close to one. Resonant circuits exhibit ringing and can generate higher voltages and currents than are fed into them. They are widely used in wireless (radio) transmission for both transmission and reception. Resonance of a circuit involving capacitors and inductors occurs because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings that charges the capacitor, and then the discharging capacitor provides an electric current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor. This process is repeated continually. An analogy is a mechanical pendulum, and both are a form of simple harmonic oscillator. At resonance, the series impedance of the two elements is at a minimum and the parallel impedance is at maximum. Resonance is used for tuning and filtering, because it occurs at a particular frequency for given values of inductance and capacitance. It can be detrimental to the operation of communications circuits by causing unwanted sustained and transient oscillations that may cause noise, signal distortion, and damage to circuit elements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3574564 | 124,939 |
Fusion bonded epoxy coating Today, various types of FBE coatings, which are tailor-made to meet various requirements are available. FBEs are available as stand-alone coatings as well as a part in multi-layers. FBE coatings with different properties are available to suit coating application on the main body of pipe, internal surfaces, girth welds as well as on fittings. Essential components of a powder coating are The resin and hardener part together is known as the "Binder". As the name indicates, in Fusion bonded epoxy coatings the resin part is an "epoxy" type resin. “Epoxy” or “Oxirane” structure contains a three membered cyclic ring — one oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms – in the resin molecule. This part is the most reactive group in the epoxy resins. Most commonly used FBE resins are derivatives of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. However, other types of resins (for example bisphenol F type) are also commonly used in FBE formulations to achieve various properties, combinations or additions. Resins are also available in various molecular lengths, to provide unique properties to the final coating. The second most important part of FBE coatings is the curing agent or hardener. Curing agents react either with the epoxy ring or with the hydroxyl groups, along the epoxy molecular chain. Various types of curing agents, used in FBE manufacture, include dicyandiamide, aromatic amines, aliphatic diamines, etc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3181969 | 72,406 |
Trace heating Hot water service piping can also be traced, so that a circulating system is not needed to provide hot water at outlets. The combination of trace heating and the correct thermal insulation for the operating ambient temperature maintains a thermal balance where the heat output from the trace heating matches the heat loss from the pipe. Self-limiting or regulating heating tapes have been developed and are very successful in this application. A similar principle can be applied to process piping carrying fluids which may congeal at low temperatures, for example, tars or molten sulfur. Hit-temperature trace heating elements can prevent blockage of pipes. Industrial applications for trace heating range from chemical industry, oil refineries, nuclear power plants, food factories. For example, wax is a material which starts to solidify below 70 °C which is usually far above the temperature of the surrounding air. Therefore, the pipeline must be provided with an external source of heat to prevent the pipe and the material inside it from cooling down. can also be done with steam, but this requires a source of steam and may be inconvenient to install and operate. In laboratories, researchers working in the field of materials science use trace heating to heat a sample isotropically. They may use trace heating in conjunction with a variac, so as to control the heat energy delivered. This is an effective means of slowly heating an object to measure thermodynamic properties such as thermal expansion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527535 | 27,619 |
Paper chromatography Because of the different chemical structures of each kind of molecule, the chances are very high that each molecule will have at least a slightly different polarity, giving each molecule a different solubility in the solvent. The unequal solubility causes the various color molecules to leave solution at different places as the solvent continues to move up the paper. The more soluble a molecule is, the higher it will migrate up the paper. If a chemical is very non-polar it will not dissolve at all in a very polar solvent. This is the same for a very polar chemical and a very non-polar solvent. It is very important to note that when using water (a very polar substance) as a solvent, the more polar the color, the higher it will rise on the papers. Development of the chromatogram is done by allowing the solvent to travel down the paper. Here, mobile phase is placed in solvent holder at the top. The spot is kept at the top and solvent flows down the paper from above. Here the solvent travels up the chromatographic paper. Both descending and ascending paper chromatography are used for the separation of organic and inorganic substances. The sample and solvent move upward. This is the hybrid of both of the above techniques. The upper part of ascending chromatography can be folded over a rod in order to allow the paper to become descending after crossing the rod. A circular filter paper is taken and the sample is deposited at the center of the paper | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1250552 | 50,109 |
S-PULSE The challenge in SE is to achieve superconducting electronic circuit performance beyond the possibilities of semiconductor circuit technologies, and to make SE technologies ready to benefit to other technologies in the world markets. This support action, developed in the 2008-2010 period, is focused to prepare a Technology Roadmap and a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) to enable the transition from the present scientific oriented network for SE towards an industrially guided European Technology Platform (ETP). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26253227 | 244,203 |
Ana Maria Rey is a Colombian theoretical physicist, professor at University of Colorado at Boulder and a JILA fellow. Rey was the first Hispanic woman to win the Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists in 2019. Rey earned a bachelor's degree in physics at Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá in 1999. On July 29, 2000, Rey got married. Two days later, she immigrated to the United States. She got her Ph.D. in physics at University of Maryland in 2004. She went on to work as a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University. Rey is a theoretical quantum physicist who works on ultra-cold atoms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42508883 | 6,601 |
NICE (computer system) NICE (NSC Intelligence Collaboration Environment) is a computer system operated by the United States National Security Council's Directorate for Intelligence Programs. It was created to enable staff to produce and store documents, such as presidential findings or decision memos, on top secret codeword activities. Due to the extreme sensitivity of the material held on it, only about 20 percent of NSC staff can reportedly access the system. The documents held on the system are tightly controlled and only specific named staff are able to access files. The system became the subject of controversy during the Trump–Ukraine scandal, when a whistleblower complaint to the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community revealed that NICE had been used to store transcripts of calls between President Donald Trump and foreign leaders, apparently to restrict access to them. The system was reportedly used for this purpose from 2017 after leaks of conversations with foreign leaders. It was said to have been upgraded in the spring of 2018 to log who had accessed particular files, as a deterrent against possible leaks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62039979 | 291,873 |
Observable The irreversible nature of measurement operations in quantum physics is sometimes referred to as the measurement problem and is described mathematically by quantum operations. By the structure of quantum operations, this description is mathematically equivalent to that offered by relative state interpretation where the original system is regarded as a subsystem of a larger system and the state of the original system is given by the partial trace of the state of the larger system. In quantum mechanics, dynamical variables formula_3 such as position, translational (linear) momentum, orbital angular momentum, spin, and total angular momentum are each associated with a Hermitian operator formula_4 that acts on the state of the quantum system. The eigenvalues of operator formula_4 correspond to the possible values that the dynamical variable can be observed as having. For example, suppose formula_6 is an eigenket (eigenvector) of the observable formula_7, with eigenvalue formula_8, and exists in a d-dimensional Hilbert space. Then This eigenket equation says that if a measurement of the observable formula_7 is made while the system of interest is in the state formula_11, then the observed value of that particular measurement must return the eigenvalue formula_8 with certainty. However, if the system of interest is in the general state formula_13, then the eigenvalue formula_8 is returned with probability formula_15, by the Born rule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=294248 | 449,604 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve " According to the Congressional Research Service: According to the web site for the Federal Reserve System, the individual Federal Reserve Banks "are the operating arms of the central banking system, and they combine both public and private elements in their makeup and organization." Each bank has a nine-member board of directors: three elected by the commercial banks in the Bank's region, and six chosen – three each by the member banks and the Board of Governors – "to represent the public with due consideration to the interests of agriculture, commerce, industry, services, labor and consumers." These regional banks are in turn controlled by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, whose members are appointed by the President of the United States. Member banks ("[a]bout 38 percent of the nation's more than 8,000 banks") are required to own capital stock in their regional banks, and the regional banks pay a set 6% dividend on the member banks' paid-in capital stock (not the regional banks' profits) each year, returning the rest to the US Treasury Department. The Fed has noted that this has created "some confusion about 'ownership'": In his textbook, "Monetary Policy and the Financial System", Paul M. Horvitz, the former Director of Research for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, stated, In the "American Political Science Review", Michael D. Reagan wrote, One critique is that the Federal Open Market Committee, which is part of the Federal Reserve System, lacks transparency and is not sufficiently audited | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 | 514,560 |
In vitro compartmentalization The second strategy is to use monomeric mutant of VirD2 enzyme. When a protein/peptide is expressed in fusion with Agrobacterium protein VirD2, it will bind to its DNA coding sequence that has a single-stranded overhang comprising VirD2 T-border recognition sequences. The third method is to link phenotype and genotype via beads. The beads used will be coated with streptavidin to allow for the binding of biotinylated DNA, in addition, the beads will also display cognate binding partner to the affinity tag that will be expressed in fusion with the protein/peptide. Depending on the phenotype to be selected, difference selection strategies will be used. Selection strategy can be divided into three major categories: selection for binding, selection for catalysis and selection for regulation. The phenotype to be selected can range from RNA to peptide to protein. By selecting for binding, the most commonly evolved phenotypes are peptide/proteins that have selective affinity to a specific antibody or DNA molecule. An example is the selection of proteins that have affinity to zinc finger DNA by Sepp et al. By selecting for catalytic proteins/RNAs, new variants with novel or improved enzymatic property are usually isolated. For example, new ribozyme variants with trans-ligase activity were selected and exhibited multiple turnovers. By selecting for regulation, inhibitors of DNA nucleases can be selected, such as protein inhibitors of the Colicin E7 DNase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15991162 | 297,010 |
Strongback (girder) A strongback is a beam or girder which acts as a secondary support member to existing structure. A strongback in a staircase is usually ordinary two-by dimensional lumber attached to the staircase stringers to stiffen the assembly. In shipbuilding, a strongback is oriented lengthwise along a ship to brace across several frames in the case of hull damage. Some rockets like the Antares (rocket), the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy use a strongback to restrain the rocket prior to launch. This structure reclines several degrees away from the rocket to clear the launch, either at the moment of launch or in some case a few minutes before. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51496520 | 326,717 |
Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial Brin (1884–1961) was an activist for women's rights, Jewish welfare, and world peace. She served as president of the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW) from 1932–1938, and was appointed by Eleanor Roosevelt to serve on a national committee to study humanitarian needs during the Great Depression. Cain (1894–1980) served as president of the Women's Trade Union of Minneapolis and was one of the first women in the Minnesota House of Representatives. Colburn (1811–1901) was born in 1811 in Newburyport, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard University in the 1840s, with a degree in medicine. She married Samuel Colburn, and they moved to Moline, Illinois, and then to Champlin, Minnesota. Mary practiced medicine in both locations. Colburn became active in the suffrage movement and, in 1858, delivered what is thought to be the first public lecture on the subject in Minnesota. It was titled "Rights and Wrongs of Woman". In 1964, Colburn won a state-sponsored essay competition on the theme "Minnesota as a Home for Emigrants"; the letter notifying her of her prize addressed her as "sir". Shortly afterward, Colburn wrote to a friend, "I am doing but little now on the suffrage question, for I will not stoop longer to ask of any congress or legislature for that which I know to be mine by the divine law of nature" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49759789 | 333,197 |
XFL (2001) The first night of play brought higher television viewership than NBC had projected, but ratings exponentially plummeted for subsequent games, with criticism directed toward its overall quality of play, on-air presentation, and connection to the WWF. NBC and the WWF both lost $35 million on their $100 million investment in the inaugural season, prompting NBC to pull out of the venture after one season. While plans were made to continue without NBC (with plans for expansion teams as well), UPN allegedly made untenable demands of the league, which hastened its demise. The league ceased operations entirely in May 2001. Its closure was announced just a few weeks after the league's season championship game, in which the Los Angeles Xtreme defeated the San Francisco Demons, on April 21, 2001, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Despite its shortcomings, the XFL did pioneer several on-air technologies that would later become commonplace in football telecasts, such as aerial skycams, and on-player microphones WWF owner Vince McMahon maintained control of the XFL brand after the league ceased operations, despite many, including McMahon himself, considering the original league to be a "colossal failure." However, McMahon did not give up on the idea of a professional spring football league, and launched a new iteration of the league in 2020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34137 | 465,546 |
Paul Stein (entomologist) Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist . He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species. Stein worked with Theodor Becker, Mario Bezzi and Kálmán Kertész on "Katalog der Paläarktischen dipteren" (1903 onwards) published in Budapest from 1903.His collection is in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5491363 | 4,956 |
Ancient Egyptian architecture The western section consists of 6 rooms, whereas the southern area given its size (19.5 by 17.2 m) suggests it might have served as another open court. In many of these rooms were found blue ceramic tiles inlaid with gold around their edge. The Northern part of the temple proper consists of ten rooms, similar in style to those of the southern. The temple itself seems to have been dedicated to the Egyptian deity Amun, given the number of bricks stamped with various inscriptions, such as "the temple of Amun in the house of Rejoicing" or "Nebmaarta in the Temple of Amun in the house of Rejoicing". Overall the temple of Malakata shares many with other cult temples of the New Kingdom, with magnificent halls and religiously oriented rooms with many others more closely resemble store rooms. Fortifications within Ancient Egypt were built in times of conflict between rival principalities. Out of all fortresses analyzed within this time frame, most (if not all) were built of the same materials. The only exception to the rule were some fortresses from the Old Kingdom as fortresses such as the fort of Buhen utilized stone with the creation of its walls. The main walls were mainly built with mud brick but were reinforced with other materials such as timber. Rocks were also utilized to not only preserve them from erosion as well as paving. Secondary walls would be built outside of fortresses main walls and were relatively close to one another | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2672171 | 281,200 |
Thomas H. Lee (power engineer) Thomas H. Lee (; May 11, 1923 – February 4, 2001) was a Chinese-American electrical engineer and writer. He worked for General Electric for 30 years, where he developed the first practical vacuum interrupter and the silicon rectifier in the 1960s. In the 1980s he served as the Philip Sporn Professor of Energy Processing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and co-chaired the MIT Sloan School's Management of Technology program. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1975 and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2000. He was an IEEE Fellow and received the IEEE Haraden Pratt Award in 1983. Lee was born May 11, 1923 in Shanghai, Republic of China (ROC). He graduated from National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiao Tong University) in 1946 with a B.S. in mechanical engineering. While in college, he won the doubles gold medal in the Pan-Asia Table Tennis Championship. He enlisted in the Republic of China Army and later joined General Electric in Shanghai. Lee went to the United States to further his training, and when the Chinese Communist Revolution overthrew the ROC in 1949, he and his wife chose to stay in the U.S. He received his M.S. in electrical engineering from Union College (1950) and his Ph.D. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1954). Lee worked for General Electric for 30 years. In the early 1960s, he developed a new copper-bismuth alloy which led to his successful development of practical vacuum interrupters, for which he was granted U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62889605 | 200,190 |
ThaiBev In 2006, the company launched Chang Light, 4.2 percent ABV and Chang Draught in bottles at five percent ABV. They were discontinued in 2015. In 2015, celebrated its "20th anniversary Chang Beer". For this occasion, consolidated all Chang brands in Chang Classic. stopped production of Chang Light, Chang Draught, and Chang Export. In addition, the new bottle was introduced in emerald green. Production of Chang Classic is shared between ThaiBev's three breweries. The recipe was changed to include rice, previously only used in the domestic 6.4 percent version. Its ABV in Thailand is 5.0 (Currently 2018). ThaiBev's flagship brand Chang Beer won a gold quality award three times in the beers, water, and soft drinks category at the World Quality Selections 2018, organized each year by Monde Selection. In 2004, the company introduced Archa ( 'horse') beer, at 5.4 percent . Archa won a gold medal at the 2007 Australian International Beer Awards (AIBA). The ABV was lowered to five percent in 2014. The first market outside Thailand to distribute Archa Beer was Singapore, where it was successfully launched in 2012 by InterBev (Singapore) Ltd. Federbräu is a German-inspired quality beer brewed using the imported German malt. Using only a single source of German malt in the brewing process. Federbräu is five percent alcohol by volume. In December 2000, Carlsberg and Chang established a 50–50 joint venture, Carlsberg Asia, to create a significant brewing company in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183654 | 493,032 |
Steering law Let "W(s)" be the variable width of the tunnel. The tunnel can be approximated as a sequence of "N" straight tunnels, numbered 1 through "N", each located at "s" where "i" = 1 to "N", and each of length "s" − "s" and of width "W"("s"). We can let "N" grow arbitrarily large, making the length of successive straight tunnels become infinitesimal. The total time to navigative through the curved tunnel is yielding the general form of the steering law. has been extended to predict movement time for steering in layers of thickness "t" (Kattinakere et al., 2007). The relation is given by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1277015 | 101,122 |
Enediyne Enediynes are organic compounds containing two triple bonds and one double bond. Enediynes are most notable for their limited use as antitumor antibiotics (known as enediyne anticancer antibiotics). They are efficient at inducing apoptosis in cells, but cannot differentiate cancerous cells from healthy cells. Consequently, research is being conducted to increase the specificity of enediyne toxicity. A nine- or ten-membered ring containing a double bond between two triple bonds is termed the warhead of the enediyne. In this state, the warhead is inactive. Enediynes are triggered into a chemically active state via Bergman or Myers-Saito cyclization. The triggering mechanism can be attributed to an intramolecular nucleophilic attack initiated by one of the variable regions of the molecule. Triggering can also occur via attack by an external nucleophile. Bergman cyclization restructures the enediyne ring into two smaller rings. One electron from each of the enediyne triple bonds is pushed to the adjacent single bonds, generating two new double bonds. Meanwhile, another pair of electrons (one from each alkyne) is used form a new covalent bond. The resulting formation is a 1,4-benzenoid diradical fused to a ring composed of the leftover atoms from the original enediyne.Some enediynes have an epoxide group attached to their ring, making Bergman cyclization unfavorable due to steric hindrance. For Bergman cyclization to occur, the epoxide must be removed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21032939 | 146,516 |
Switched mesh A switched mesh is a wireless mesh network that uses multiple radios to communicate via dedicated mesh backhaul links to each neighboring node in the mesh. Here all of the available bandwidth of each separate radio channel is dedicated to the link to the neighboring node. The total available bandwidth is the sum of the bandwidth of each of the links. Each dedicated mesh link is on a separate channel, ensuring that forwarded traffic does not use any bandwidth from any other link in the mesh. As a result, a switched mesh is capable of much higher capacities and transmission rates than a shared mesh and grows in capacity as nodes are added to the mesh. A switched mesh node uses separate access and multiple mesh backhaul radios. There are three distinct types of configuration of wireless mesh networking products in the market today: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9596122 | 110,252 |
Low-noise block downconverter Note: In the US, an LNB with two outputs is termed a "dual LNB" but in the UK, the term "dual LNB" historically described an LNB with two outputs, each producing one polarisation only, for connection to a multiswitch (the term and the LNBs fell out of use with the introduction of the Universal LNB and the multiswitch equivalent, the quattro LNB – see below) and today "dual LNB" (and "dual feed") describes antennas for reception from two satellite positions, using either two separate LNBs or a single Monoblock LNB with two feedhorns. In the UK, the term "twin-output LNB", or simply "twin LNB", is usually used for an LNB with a single feedhorn but two independent outputs. A special type of LNB (not to be confused with Quad LNB) intended for use in a shared dish installation to deliver signals to any number of tuners. A quattro LNB has a single feedhorn and four outputs, which each supply just one of the K sub-bands (low band/horizontal polarization, high band/vertical polarization, low/vertical and high/horizontal) to a multiswitch or an array of multiswitches, which then delivers to each connected tuner whichever sub-band is required by that tuner. Although a quattro LNB typically looks similar to a quad LNB, it cannot (sensibly) be connected to receivers directly. Note again the difference between a quad and a quattro LNB: A quad LNB can drive four tuners directly, with each output providing signals from the entire K band | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=231350 | 409,678 |
Shock and vibration data logger A shock data logger or vibration data logger is a measurement instrument that is capable of autonomously recording shocks or vibrations over a defined period of time. Digital data is usually in the form of acceleration and time. The shock and vibration data can be retrieved (or transmitted), viewed and evaluated after it has been recorded. In contrast with a shock data logger, a shock detector or impact monitor is used to indicate whether or not the threshold of specified shock has occurred. A logger comprises sensors such as accelerometers, storage media, a processor and power supply. The sensors measure and store shocks either as the entire waveform, summary data, or an indication of whether a threshold value was observed . Some devices have accelerometers built into the unit while others can use external accelerometers. The processor processes the measured data and saves it on the storage media together with the associated measurement times. This allows the measurement data to be retrieved after the measurements have been completed, either directly on the logger or via an interface to a computer. Some have an RFID interface. Software is used to present the measured data in the form of tables or graphs and provides functions for the evaluation of the measurement data. The shock and vibration data is either recorded continuously over a defined time period or on an event-driven basis where the recording of data is determined by certain criteria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34945721 | 220,578 |
Food and diet in ancient medicine Hippocrates also believed gout to be a result from sexual excess or too rich a diet as alluded to in three of his aphorisms “Eunuchs do not take the gout nor become bald”, “A woman does not take the gout unless her menses has stopped”, and “A young man does not take the gout until he indulges coitus”. As with other diseases, physicians in antiquity believed that diet was the best way to manage gout. Hippocrates recommended high doses of white hellebore because he believed that the best and most natural relief for gout was dysentery. However, purging with white hellebore was probably for the more chronic cases due to the fact that wine and barleywater drinks were very strongly recommended. The importance of legumes in ancient Greek diet and medical practice is often disregarded. However, legumes improved the quality of the soil and were considered very important to the agriculturalists of the time. Additionally, legumes contain a high amount of albumen, which led them to be a critical dietary supplement in countries where meat was in short supply and difficult to store. Such was the case with Greece. People in the Graeco-Roman world consumed less meat than we do today and therefore, legumes were a necessary source of protein. Of all legumes, the lentil appears most frequently in Greek and Roman literature. Medicinally, Hippocrates recommends lentils as a remedy for ulcers and hemorrhoids. Bitter vetch, or Vicia ervilia, was also an important legume in ancient Greek medicine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48369072 | 157,402 |
Da Vinci Systems da Vinci Systems was an American digital cinema company founded in 1984, based in Coral Springs, Florida and wholly owned by JDSU. It was known for hardware-based color correction products, such as 888, 2K and 2K Plus; GPU-based color grading and digital mastering systems, such as TLC and Resolve (now known as DaVinci Resolve); and film restoration and remastering systems, such as Revival. The company's innovations include the color control panel, based on trackballs, and other discrete controls that enable colorists to control the software that manipulates motion picture images. As one of the earliest pioneers in post production products, da Vinci Systems introduced several innovative products and was considered a significant player in the post production industry during its 25 years of operation. da Vinci Systems equipment was initially developed by Video Tape Associates (VTA) in 1982 for use by the Hollywood, Florida, USA-based production/post production facility to alter and enhance colors from scanned film and video tape. The Wiz system, as it was later known, was marketed to other post production facilities, laying the foundation for the creation of the colorist and the post production color suite. In September 2009, after the liquidation of the company, the assets of da Vinci Systems were acquired by Blackmagic Design, an Australian digital cinema company and manufacturer known for its products based in digital cinema and cameras | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10626981 | 388,736 |
Method of continued fractions This function is solution of modified Lippmann-Schwinger equation with formula_10 The remainder potential term formula_11 is transparent for incoming wave i. e. it is weaker operator than the original one. The new problem thus obtained for formula_13 is of the same form as the original one and we can repeat the procedure. This lreads to recurrent relations It is possible to show that the T-matrix of the original problem can be expressed in the form of chain fraction where we defined In practical calculation the infinite chain fraction is replaced by finite one assuming that This is equivalent to assuming that the remainder solution is negligible. This is plausible assumption, since the remainder potential formula_20 has all vectors formula_21 in its null space and it can be shown that this potential converges to zero and the chain fraction converges to the exact T-matrix. The second variant of the method construct the approximations to the Green's operator now with vectors The chain fraction for T-matrix now also holds, with little bit different definition of coefficients formula_24. The expressions for the T-matrix resulting from both methods can be related to certain class of variational principles. In the case of first iteration of MCFV method we get the same result as from Schwinger variational principle with trial function formula_25. The higher iterations with N-terms in the continuous fraction reproduce exactly 2N terms (2N+1) of Born series for the MCFV (or MCFG) method respectively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45347901 | 80,107 |
Competition law Trusts first appeared in the US railroads, where the capital requirement of railroad construction precluded competitive services in then scarcely settled territories. This trust allowed railroads to discriminate on rates imposed and services provided to consumers and businesses and to destroy potential competitors. Different trusts could be dominant in different industries. The Standard Oil Company trust in the 1880s controlled several markets, including the market in fuel oil, lead and whiskey. Vast numbers of citizens became sufficiently aware and publicly concerned about how the trusts negatively impacted them that the Act became a priority for both major parties. A primary concern of this act is that competitive markets themselves should provide the primary regulation of prices, outputs, interests and profits. Instead, the Act outlawed anticompetitive practices, codifying the common law restraint of trade doctrine. Prof Rudolph Peritz has argued that competition law in the United States has evolved around two sometimes conflicting concepts of competition: first that of individual liberty, free of government intervention, and second a fair competitive environment free of excessive economic power. Since the enactment of the Sherman Act enforcement of competition law has been based on various economic theories adopted by Government | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=666256 | 484,871 |
Matrix difference equation A matrix difference equation is a difference equation in which the value of a vector (or sometimes, a matrix) of variables at one point in time is related to its own value at one or more previous points in time, using matrices. The order of the equation is the maximum time gap between any two indicated values of the variable vector. For example, is an example of a second-order matrix difference equation, in which is an vector of variables and and are matrices. This equation is homogeneous because there is no vector constant term added to the end of the equation. The same equation might also be written as or as The most commonly encountered matrix difference equations are first-order. An example of a nonhomogeneous first-order matrix difference equation is with additive constant vector . The steady state of this system is a value of the vector which, if reached, would not be deviated from subsequently. is found by setting in the difference equation and solving for to obtain where is the "n×n" identity matrix, and where it is assumed that is invertible. Then the nonhomogeneous equation can be rewritten in homogeneous form in terms of deviations from the steady state: The first-order matrix difference equation is stable—that is, converges asymptotically to the steady state —if and only if all eigenvalues of the transition matrix (whether real or complex) have an absolute value which is less than 1. Assume that the equation has been put in the homogeneous form | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27567102 | 449,205 |
Crystal oscillator Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal. When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in an electric field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known as electrostriction or inverse piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz generates an electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like an RLC circuit, composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant frequency. Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its crystallographic axes). Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its size, does not change much. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator remains accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical vibrations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40979 | 410,297 |
Industrial fermentation Primary metabolites are compounds made during the ordinary metabolism of the organism during the growth phase. A common example is ethanol or lactic acid, produced during glycolysis. Citric acid is produced by some strains of "Aspergillus niger" as part of the citric acid cycle to acidify their environment and prevent competitors from taking over. Glutamate is produced by some " Micrococcus " species, and some " Corynebacterium " species produce lysine, threonine, tryptophan and other amino acids. All of these compounds are produced during the normal "business" of the cell and released into the environment. There is therefore no need to rupture the cells for product recovery. Secondary metabolites are compounds made in the stationary phase; penicillin, for instance, prevents the growth of bacteria which could compete with "Penicillium" molds for resources. Some bacteria, such as "Lactobacillus" species, are able to produce bacteriocins which prevent the growth of bacterial competitors as well. These compounds are of obvious value to humans wishing to prevent the growth of bacteria, either as antibiotics or as antiseptics (such as gramicidin S). Fungicides, such as griseofulvin are also produced as secondary metabolites. Typically secondary metabolites are not produced in the presence of glucose or other carbon sources which would encourage growth, and like primary metabolites are released into the surrounding medium without rupture of the cell membrane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2723752 | 3,732 |
Fine chemical Most of these parameters cannot be determined quantitatively, at least during the early phases of a project. The best way to take advantage of a project portfolio is to develop and use it in an iterative way. By comparing the entries at regular intervals, for instance, every 3 months, the directions that the projects take can be visualized. If a negative trend persists with one particular project, the project should be put on the watch list. R&D has to manage the following functions in order to deliver the requested services: "Literature and Patent Research". Provisions have to be made for a periodic examination of all acquired research results to safeguard Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and to determine whether patent applications are indicated. Patent research is particularly important for evaluation of the feasibility of taking up R&D for new APIs-for-generics. "Process Research" has to design new synthetic routes and sequences. Two approaches are feasible. For simple molecules, the “bottom-up” approach is the method of choice. The researcher converts a commercially available starting material and sequentially adds more reagents until the target molecule is synthesized. For more complex molecules, a “top-down” approach, also known as retro synthesis, or de-construction, is chosen. Key fragments of the target molecule are first identified, then synthesized individually, and finally combined to form the desired molecule through convergent synthesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845 | 4,271 |
Nakam Dina Porat is the first academic historian to systematically study the group, meeting with many of the survivors and gaining access to their private documents. She hypothesizes that the failure of the attack may have been deliberate, as Kovner and other leaders began to realize that it could have greatly harmed the Jewish people. She struggled to reconcile the personality of Nakam's members with the actions that they tried to carry out. Asked how he could plan an attack in which many innocent people would have been killed, one survivor explained that "If you had been there with me, at the end of the war, you wouldn’t talk that way". Her 2019 book on is titled "Vengeance and Retribution are Mine" (), a phrase from the Psalms, in order to express her belief that vengeance is best left to God. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10789602 | 44,485 |
Flashlight LEDs maintain nearly constant color temperature regardless of input voltage or current, while the color temperature of an incandescent bulb rapidly declines as the battery discharges, becoming redder and less visible. Regulated LED flashlights may also have user-selectable levels of output appropriate to a task, for example, low light for reading a map and high output for checking a road sign. This would be difficult to do with a single incandescent bulb since efficacy of the lamp drops rapidly at low output. LED flashlights may consume 1 watt or much more from the battery, producing heat as well as light. In contrast to tungsten filaments, which must be hot to produce light, both the light output and the life of an LED decrease with temperature. Heat dissipation for the LED often dictates that small high-power LED flashlights have aluminium or other high heat conductivity bodies, reflectors and other parts, to dissipate heat; they can become warm during use. Light output from LED flashlights varies even more widely than for incandescent lights. "Keychain" type lamps operating on button batteries, or lights using a single 5 mm LED, may only produce a couple of lumens. Even a small LED flashlight operating on an AA cell but equipped with a LED can emit 100 lumens. The most powerful LED flashlights produce more than 100,000 lumens and may use multiple LEDs. LEDs are highly efficient at producing colored light compared with incandescent lamps and filters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243718 | 237,970 |
Nanoclusters The un-deflected cluster ions are selected with appropriately positioned collimators. Quadrupole mass filter. The quadrupole mass filter operates on the principle that ion trajectories in a two-dimensional quadrupole field are stable if the field has an AC component superimposed on a DC component with appropriate amplitudes and frequencies. It is responsible for filtering sample ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Time of flight mass spectroscopy. Time-of-flight spectroscopy consists of an ion gun, a field-free drift space and an ion cluster source. The neutral clusters are ionized, typically using pulsed laser or an electron beam. The ion gun accelerates the ions that pass through the field-free drift space (flight tube) and ultimately impinge on an ion detector. Usually an oscilloscope records the arrival time of the ions. The mass is calculated from the measured time of flight. Molecular beam chromatography. In this method, cluster ions produced in a laser vaporized cluster source are mass selected and introduced in a long inert-gas-filled drift tube with an entrance and exit aperture. Since cluster mobility depends upon the collision rate with the inert gas, they are sensitive to the cluster shape and size. In general, metal nanoclusters in an aqueous medium are synthesized in two steps: reduction of metal ions to zero-valent state and stabilization of nanoclusters. Without stabilization, metal nanoclusters would strongly interact with each other and aggregate irreversibly to form larger particles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44466572 | 91,110 |
Center for Applied Genomics The Center is one of the world's largest genetics research programs, and the lead center at a pediatric hospital to have large-scale access to state-of-the-art high-throughput genotyping technology. Although highly heritable, genetic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been difficult to pinpoint. In 2009, researchers identified copy number variants as a potential cause of the disorder. CNVs are relatively large segments of chromosomes where the DNA has been deleted, duplicated, or rearranged. The group found 222 CNVs that were more common in individuals with ADHD than in unrelated healthy individuals. These CNVs tended to concentrate in areas that had previously been associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome. They also tended to occur at or near genes known to be important for learning, synapse transmission, and nervous system development. This paper was one of the first to pinpoint CNVs as a genetic cause of ADHD and was important in identifying previously unassociated genes. Asthma is a complex disease with genetic and environmental causes. It affects more than 6% of children in the developed world (Fanta, 2009). Because of its complexity, candidate genes for asthma have been difficult to determine. In 2010, the Center published a genome-wide association study of 3,377 children with asthma and 5,579 healthy children | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27989492 | 133,257 |
Brickwork This fact has no bearing on the appearance of the wall; the choice of brick appears to the spectator like any ordinary header: For a more substantial wall, a header may be laid directly behind the face header, a further two headers laid at 90° behind the face stretcher, and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these two headers. This pattern generates brickwork a full two bricks thick: For a still more substantial wall, "two" headers may be laid directly behind the face header, a further two "pairs" of headers laid at 90° behind the face stretcher, and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these four headers. This pattern generates brickwork a full three bricks thick: This bond has two stretchers between every header with the headers centred over the perpend between the two stretchers in the course below in the bond's most symmetric form. The great variety of monk bond patterns allow for many possible layouts at the quoins, and many possible arrangements for generating a lap. A quoin brick may be a stretcher, a three-quarter bat, or a header. Queen closers may be used next to the quoins, but the practice is not mandatory. Monk bond may however take any of a number of arrangements for course staggering. The disposal of bricks in these often highly irregular raking patterns can be a challenging task for the bricklayer to correctly maintain while constructing a wall whose courses are partially obscured by scaffold, and interrupted by door or window openings, or other bond-disrupting obstacles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=366273 | 309,082 |
Colonnade In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or curved. The space enclosed may be covered or open. In St. Peter's Square in Rome, Bernini's great colonnade encloses a vast open elliptical space. When in front of a building, screening the door (Latin "porta"), it is called a portico, when enclosing an open court, a peristyle. A portico may be more than one rank of columns deep, as at the Pantheon in Rome or the stoae of Ancient Greece. When the intercolumniation is alternately wide and narrow, a colonnade may be termed araeosystyle (Gr. αραιος, "widely spaced", and συστυλος, "with columns set close together"), as in the case of the western porch of St Paul's Cathedral and the east front of the Louvre. Colonnades have been built since ancient times and interpretations of the classical model have continued through to modern times, and Neoclassical styles remained popular for centuries. At the British Museum, for example, porticos are continued along the front as a colonnade. The porch of columns that surrounds the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. (in style a "peripteral" classical temple) can be termed a colonnade. As well as the traditional use in buildings and monuments, colonnades are used in sports stadiums such as the Harvard Stadium in Boston, where the entire horseshoe-shaped stadium is topped by a colonnade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=440704 | 339,186 |
The New New Thing The New New Thing: A Silicon Valley Story is a book by Michael M. Lewis published in 1999 by W. W. Norton & Company. The book is written with a comedic touch similar to that of the Lewis's earlier book "Liar's Poker". The book focuses on the founder of several Silicon Valley companies, James H. Clark, and the entrepreneurial culture that dominated the area during the height of the Internet boom. It was named one of the best books of 1999 by "BusinessWeek", "Christian Science Monitor", "St. Louis Post-Dispatch", and "The Industry Standard". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10709971 | 472,093 |
Oncolytic adenovirus Onyx-015 has been extensively tested in clinical trials, with the data indicating that it is safe and selective for cancer. However, limited therapeutic effect has been demonstrated following injection and systemic spread of the virus was not detected. "ONYX-015" when combined with chemotherapy, however, proved reasonably effective in a proportion of cases. During these trials a plethora of reports emerged challenging the underlying p53-selectivity, with some reports showing that in some cancers with a wild-type p53 ONYX-015 actually did better than in their mutant p53 counterparts. These reports slowed the advancement through Phase III trials in the US, however recently China licensed "ONYX-015" for therapeutic use as "H101". Further development of Onyx-015 was abandoned in the early 2000s, the exclusive rights being licensed to the Chinese company, Shanghai Sunway Biotech. On November 17, 2005, the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration approved H101, an oncolytic adenovirus similar to Onyx-015 (E1B-55K/E3B-deleted), for use in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of late-stage refractory nasopharyngeal cancer. Outside of China, the push to the clinic for "ONYX-015" has been largely been discontinued for financial reasons and until a "real" mechanism can be found. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39032553 | 271,879 |
Cheomseongdae However, various historical documents have reported different numbers of stones. Song (1983) cites a 1962 survey of the site by Gyeongju National Museum director Hong Sa-jun, who found 366 blocks. This discrepancy in stone count may be attributed to some researchers including or omitting a stone slab inside the top of the tower and not visible from the outside. The stones are fashioned as annular sectors, meaning each stone takes the shape of a curved or bent rectangle. Its construction style parallels that used at the Bunhwangsa Temple in Gyeongju. The number and placement of the stones in have been theorized to represent various historical and astronomical figures. The central hole or window separates the body into 12 layers of stones both above and below, symbolizing the 12 months in a year and the 24 solar terms. Additionally, the 12 stones which comprise the stylobate may also reference the 12 months. Cheomseongdae's original appearance and shape has remained unchanged for over 1300 years; however the structure now tilts slightly to the north-east. In 2007, a system was installed to measure the state of every hour. Of particular concern are cracks and structural displacements, and movements of the foundation stones. is additionally susceptible to wear due to aging and weathering, particularly from air pollution and structural imbalance caused by ground subsidence. The exterior of the structure is regularly washed down to remove moss | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=426093 | 339,031 |
Endocochlear potential The endocochlear potential (EP; also called endolymphatic potential) is the positive voltage of 80-100mV seen in the cochlear endolymphatic spaces. Within the cochlea the EP varies in the magnitude all along its length. When a sound is presented, the endocochlear potential changes either positive or negative in the endolymph, depending on the stimulus. The change in the potential is called the summating potential. With the movement of the basilar membrane, a shear force is created and a small potential is generated due to a difference in potential between the endolymph (scala media- +80 mV) and the perilymph (vestibular and tympanic ducts- -70 mV). EP is highest in the basal turn of the Cochlea and decreases in the magnitude towards the apex. EP is highly dependent on the metabolism and ionic transport. An acoustic stimulus produces a simultaneous change in conductance at the membrane of the receptor cell. Because there is a steep gradient (150 mV, changes in membrane conductance are accompanied by rapid influx and efflux of ions which in turn produce the receptor potential. This is known as the Battery Hypothesis. The receptor potential for each hair cell causes a release of neurotransmitter at its basal pole, which elicits excitation of the afferent nerve fibres. Research conducted by Salt et al. in 1987 revealed that the EP was generated by the basal cells of Stria Vascularis. reference: The Endocohlear Potential, Cochlear Fluids Lab, Washington University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27397118 | 177,527 |
SylvaC As with any collectable, there is a vested interest in keeping prices high despite the fact that was never particularly expensive to produce and not in any sense rare and certainly never meant to be high art. The Falconware/brands have passed through many hands since the days of Shaw&Copestake and the notion of a "Golden Era" of is a very modern construct that has had a detrimental effect on all of the great pottery houses, especially those based in Stoke-on-Trent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=365711 | 246,174 |
Universal Product Code The check digit equation is selected to have reasonable error detection properties (see Luhn algorithm). UPC in its most common usage technically refers to UPC-A. Other variants of the UPC exist: As the UPC becomes technologically obsolete, it is expected that UPC-B and UPC-C will disappear from common use by the 2010s. The UPC-D standard may be modified into EAN 2.0 or be phased out entirely. To allow the use of UPC barcodes on smaller packages, where a full 12-digit barcode may not fit, a 'zero-suppressed version of UPC was developed, called UPC-E, in which the number system digit, all trailing zeros in the manufacturer code, and all leading zeros in the product code, are suppressed (omitted). This symbology differs from UPC-A in that it only uses a 6-digit code, does not use M (middle) guard pattern, and the E (end) guard pattern is formed as "space-bar-space-bar-space-bar", i.e. UPC-E barcode follows the pattern SDDDDDDE. The way in which a 6-digit UPC-E relates to a 12-digit UPC-A, is determined by UPC-E numerical pattern and UPC-E parity pattern. It can only correspond to UPC-A number system 0 or 1, the value of which, along with the UPC-A check digit, determines the UPC-E parity pattern of the encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53700 | 509,835 |
Fair Trade USA Fair trade Certified products encompass many different commodities including coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, spices, honey, produce, grains, wine and spirits, flowers, apparel and home goods, and body care. These commodities differ in location and types of labor used. Since 1998, has certified over 1 billion pounds of fair trade coffee. This has helped coffee farmers in developing countries earn over $124 million in Community Development Premiums to date, with $30.8 million in 2013 alone. These additional premiums are reinvested in family and community development, education, and environmental and productivity projects. Although coffee remains the most popular fair trade product, certifies a variety of product categories, including tea, cocoa, sugar, spices, honey, produce, grains, wine and spirits, flowers, apparel and home goods, and body care. There are more than 12,000 individual Fair Trade Certified products available in North America, and the market is growing rapidly. In 2011, Fair Trade Certified sales amounted to approximately US$1.4 billion. And in 2010, data confirmed that mainstream consumers were increasing commitment to Fair Trade Certified products, with a 24% sales increase in grocery stores. According to data from the Natural Marketing Institute (NMI), , 55% of the U.S. population was aware of the Fair Trade Certified label, up from 38% in 2012. Awareness is reaching levels similar to USDA Organic certification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5945825 | 499,285 |
Golden Gate Bridge Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacific's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy. The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito Ferry Terminal in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost $1.00 per vehicle, a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge. The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes. Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average. Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the strait, which had strong, swirling tides and currents, with water deep at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation. Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 "San Francisco Bulletin" article by former engineering student James Wilkins. San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million (equivalent to $ billion today), and impractical for the time. He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12103 | 223,825 |
Stephen Bernard Dorsey is a serial entrepreneur who founded several companies, two of which he built into international leaders among manufacturers of word processors. He currently is the CEO of babyTEL, an Internet Telephony Service Provider. Dorsey was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on July 10, 1937 and is a Massachusetts Institute of Technology-trained engineer. His son Dan Dorsey, as part of his preparation to film a video about his father, made a March 2017 visit to an exhibit at The Personal Computer Museum by curator Syd Bolton that focused on MICOM. In 1967, Dorsey founded AES Data Inc. in Montreal, developing industrial remote-control applications. In 1972, AES launched the AES 90 computer, years before Microsoft and Apple were companies. Marketed as a "word processing system," the AES 90 was really the world's first general-purpose personal computer. AES went on to grow to more than $200 million in annual sales. The Word Processor was the precursor to Microsoft Word, Apple and other software based business applications. Dorsey launched his next venture, Micom Co., after selling his stake in AES in 1975, again selling word processing and office automation systems, but adding telecommunications equipment. Having directed Micom to $200 million in revenue, Dorsey sold it to Philips NV in 1984 and founded Voice & Data Systems in 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43298828 | 224,981 |
Interrupter The faster the interrupter switches, the more frequently an electric shock is delivered to the patient and the aim is to make this as high as possible. A rather more cumbersome interrupter was constructed by the American Charles Page slightly earlier in 1838 but Bird's work was entirely independent. Although there is little in common between the two interrupter designs, Page takes the credit for being the first to use permanent magnets in an automatic interrupter circuit. Bird's (and Page's) interrupter had the medically disadvantageous feature that current was supplied in opposite directions during the make and break operations, although the current was substantially less during the make operation than the break (current is only supplied at all while the switch is dynamically changing). Treatment often required that current was supplied in one specified direction only. A modified version of the interrupter was produced by Henry Letheby which could output only the make, or only the break currents by a mechanism consisting of two spoked wheels. Bird also produced a uni-directional interrupter using a mechanism we would now call split-rings. The date of Bird's design is uncertain but may predate Letheby's. Both designs suffered from the disadvantage that automatic operation was lost and the interrupter had to once again be hand-cranked. Nevertheless, this arrangement remained a cheaper option than electromagnetic generators for some time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15624602 | 376,268 |
Museum of Transport and Technology ) patrol cars and patrol motorbikes, the road policing duties of which were combined into the New Zealand Police in the early 1990s. The NZ Police Collection of 40 plus vehicles were housed at MOTAT for a number of years until 2011. Trams are displayed at MOTAT 1 and operate daily between MOTAT 1's Great North Road Site, via Western Springs Park and Auckland Zoo to MOTAT 2. The extended line was opened by Helen Clark on Friday 27 April 2007. MOTAT 2's NZ$15 million extended aviation pavilion housing the "Sir Keith Park Memorial Aviation Collection" opened Friday 9 September 2011. Also known in the past as the 'Sir Keith Park Memorial Airfield', named after Keith Park, the Battle of Britain and Battle of Malta hero, MOTAT's aviation collection is on a separate site, neighbouring the Waitematā Harbour and Auckland Zoo. It contains memorials to Fleet Air Arm and RAF Bomber Command pilots, radar and other aviation related material, as well as workshops for work on other vehicles, but the main feature is the collection of New Zealand's civil and some Royal New Zealand Air Force aircraft. A Grumman Avenger TBF-1 NZ2527 1943 torpedo bomber was completed in December 2013 and is due to go on display in early 2014, it is a RNZAF Pacific combat veteran and representative of Avengers operated by the RN Fleet Air Arm. In November 2011 a Douglas A4K Skyhawk jetfighter was permanently loaned to MOTAT followed by a De Havilland Devon and Aermacchi MB-339 jet trainer in 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2425087 | 302,135 |
McIver Women's Baths The integrity of this site derives, in part, from its natural origins on the rock platform. However, the fabric of the baths and the adjoining facilities has been compromised by the unrelenting coastal environmental factors that surround the site. These effects have seen the fabric repaired, renewed or replaced on a number of occasions. The primary objective of listing the is not to conserve the original or in situ fabric. The replacement or repair (where appropriate) of the in situ fabric will allow the site to continue to be used by the community and it will serve to protect the inherent privacy of the location. The strong conditions of the coastal environment has seen the adjoining fabric (the railings, fences and amenities buildings) already repaired and replaced on a number of occasions. The intention of the listing is not to conserve the current fabric but to see it replaced (when necessary) to ensure thebaths continue to be used. As at 5 July 2011, The are of State heritage significance as, reportedly, the only remaining swimming venue (specifically reserved for women) in continuous use in NSW (and, perhaps, Australia). Formally recognised in 1876, but in use since the 1830s, the have been well frequented by the female community as, initially, a safe and naturally secluded place to bathe and, later, as a private venue to swim and learn water safety skills. The baths also have a historical association with the rise of competitive swimming in NSW | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58489753 | 305,752 |
Project Coast The South African chemical weapons program investigated all the standard CW agents such as irritant riot control agents, lethal nerve agents and anticholinergic deliriants, which have been researched by virtually all countries that have carried out CW research. The South African program differed in its aims from the CBW programmes of many countries in that a major focus of the program was to develop non-lethal agents to help suppress internal dissent. This led to the investigation of unusual non-lethal agents, including illicit recreational drugs such as phencyclidine, MDMA, methaqualone and cocaine, as well as medicinal drugs such as diazepam, ketamine, suxamethonium and tubocurarine, as potential incapacitating agents. According to the testimony given by Wouter Basson to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, analogues of these compounds were prepared and studied, and both methaqualone and MDMA (along with the deliriant BZ) were manufactured in large quantities and successfully weaponised into a fine dust or aerosol form that could be released over a crowd as a potential riot control agent. Basson was later found to have also been selling large quantities of MDMA and methaqualone as tablets on the black market, but the amount manufactured was far larger than what was sold and the court accepted that at least some genuine weaponisation and testing of these agents had been done | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=213571 | 151,960 |
Electric friction brake The first brake shoe then tries to follow the rotation while asserting friction and thereby propagate the movement onto the second brake shoe through the adjuster which also pushes against the drum. The friction force is then caught by the stopper (Black trapezoid) mounted on the brake shield. The braking force asserted is caused by the friction between the electromagnet and the face of the drum which depends on the current through the electromagnet (as stated before). The force applied on the brake shoes is counteracted by one of the reactor springs (which one depends on the direction of the rotation) so that when the current through the electromagnet is withdrawn the spring ensures that the actuating arm is returned to its resting position and the brake shoes are retracted from the drum. The electric current controlling the brake force is supplied by a trailer brake controller. The electric current controlling the brake through the electromagnet is provided from a brake controller which provides the control current from the towing vehicle. There are different types of brake controllers on the market, each with their own advantages and disadvantages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40655356 | 435,705 |
Sphere packing There are other, subtler relationships between Euclidean sphere packing and error-correcting codes. For example, the binary Golay code is closely related to the 24-dimensional Leech lattice. For further details on these connections, see the book "Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups" by Conway and Sloane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=368621 | 60,439 |
Ecological urbanism Tom Turner welcomes landscape and ecological urbanism as 'the most significant contributions to landscape design theory since the landscape architecture profession was launched in the mid-nineteenth century' but is 'unpersuaded by the change of name' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30155658 | 155,863 |
Learning pathway Another well known definition of a learning path is defined by the Learning Paths methodology for employee training developed by Jim Williams and Steve Rosenbaum, which uses a performance improvement approach to learning and defines a Learning Path as the ideal sequence of learning activities that drives employees to reach proficiency in their job in the shortest possible time. In the Learning Paths methodology a Learning Path is created for the entire job done by an employee. By looking at learning as a complete process rather than a single event, a Learning Path enables employers and employees to find new ways to drive out time, waste and variability in training which leads to improved results and reduced costs . Learning Paths have been proven to reduce time to proficiency by 30-50%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12576962 | 258,141 |
Trans fat The first considers ratios of two types of cholesterol, the other the amount of a cell-signalling cytokine called C-reactive protein. The ratio test is more accepted, while the cytokine test may be more powerful but is still being studied. The effect of trans fat consumption has been documented on each as follows: There are suggestions that the negative consequences of trans fat consumption go beyond the cardiovascular risk. In general, there is much less scientific consensus asserting that eating trans fat specifically increases the risk of other chronic health problems: The international trade in food is standardized in the Codex Alimentarius. Hydrogenated oils and fats come under the scope of Codex Stan 19. Non-dairy fat spreads are covered by Codex Stan 256-2007. In the Codex Alimentarius, trans fat to be labelled as such is defined as the geometrical isomers of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids having non-conjugated [interrupted by at least one methylene group (−CH−)] carbon-carbon double bonds in the trans configuration. This definition excludes specifically the trans fats (vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid) that are present especially in human milk, dairy products, and beef. in 2018 the World Health Organization launched a plan to eliminate trans fat from the global food supply. They estimate that trans fat leads to more than 500,000 deaths from cardiovascular disease yearly. Since August 2006, food products should be labelled with the amount of trans fat in them | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=263487 | 35,586 |
Automated dispensing cabinet , a 100-bed LTC facility's medication storage needs will differ from a 15-patient hospice facility); type of healthcare facility (e.g., large IDN, medium-size senior care facility, or specialized surgery center). Therefore, ADCs can be countertop-sized for smaller budgets, spaces and patient population needs. They can be a free-standing cabinet for larger storage needs. Or multiple cabinets and refrigerated units can be networked together as one computer controls access to each specific bin, drawer, refrigerator door, or locked cell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27658553 | 210,013 |
Gerrymandering in the United States Packing votes refers to concentrating voters in one voting district by redrawing congressional boundaries so that those in opposition of the party in charge of redistricting are placed into one larger district, therefore reducing the party's congressional representation. Cracking refers to diluting the voting power of opposition voters across many districts by redrawing congressional boundaries so that voting minority populations in each district are reduced, therefore lowering the chance of a district-oriented congressional takeover. Both techniques lead to what the Times describes as "wasted votes," which are votes that don't supply a party with any victory. These can either be a surplus of votes in one district for one party that are above the threshold needed to win, or any vote that has resulted in a loss. A study done by the University of Delaware mentions situations in which an incumbent that is required to live in the district they represent can be "hijacked" or "kidnapped" into a neighboring district due to the redrawing of congressional boundaries, subsequently placing them in districts that are more difficult for them to win in. Partisan gerrymandering oftentimes leads to benefits for a particular political party, or, in some cases, a race. In Pennsylvania, the Republican-dominated state legislature used gerrymandering to help defeat Democratic representative Frank Mascara. Mascara was elected to Congress in 1994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42223515 | 496,323 |
TekWar (TV series) Following the first "TekWar" comic book, Shatner was approached by studios interested in a film. Shatner's own production company, Lemli Productions, took a deal with Atlantis Films. Shortly thereafter, Steven Roloff was hired to develop the series for television. Roloff explained his role by saying "I was just supposed to sit around and think about how we would actually try to create the future for television on a television budget with those restrictions, knowing that we wouldn't be financed like "Star Trek", and to put together a pitch book. So, I did that over a period of a few months and put together a pitch document which included a series of images and a kind of written description of our world. That went out and, after a little bit of wheeling and dealing, Atlantis Films struck a deal with Universal." Shatner began to have second thoughts about the project when both studios insisted that his name be attached for marketing reasons. He thought "How would it be received? If it's a failure, it's awful because my name is right there. In fact, they advertised it as "William Shatner's TekWar". My God, the responsibility!" Universal and Atlantis green-lit production on four two-hour TV movies for the show's first season. If they proved successful, an hour-long series would be commissioned to air in both Canada and the United States. Filming took place at Cinevillage Studios in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and on locations in Toronto including Eaton Centre to Ontario Place | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18084456 | 402,181 |
Directed differentiation This can allow for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and the development of new treatments through drug discovery. Immature PSC-derived cell types can be matured in vitro by various strategies, such as in vitro ageing, to modelize age-related disease in vitro. Major diseases being modelized with PSCs-derived cells are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), fragile X syndrome (FXS), Huntington disease (HD), Down syndrome, Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), muscular dystrophies, cystic fibrosis, Long QT syndrome, and Type I diabetes. The potentially unlimited source of cell and tissues may have direct application for tissue engineering, cell replacement and transplantation following acute injuries and reconstructive surgery. These applications are limited to the cell types that can be differentiated efficiently and safely from human PSCs with the proper organogenesis. Decellularized organs are also being used as tissue scaffold for organogenesis. Source material can be normal healthy cells from another donor (heterologous transplantation) or genetically corrected from the same patient (autologous). Concerns on patient safety have been raised due to the possibility of contaminating undifferentiated cells. The first clinical trial using hESC-derived cells was in 2011. The first clinical trial using hiPSC-derived cells started in 2014 in Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44305878 | 91,006 |
Auxiliary power There are a great many factors such as machinery variables, power schemes, and size and power of vessels, that there are too many factors to take into account in order to portray an accurate representation of the ratio between main power and auxiliary power output. More surveys and studies should be done in order to achieve this more accurate result. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40758 | 509,524 |
Geochemistry This was the beginnings of the field of cosmochemistry and has contributed much of what we know about the formation of the Earth and the Solar System. In the early 20th century, Max von Laue and William L. Bragg showed that X-ray scattering could be used to determine the structures of crystals. In the 1920s and 1930s, Victor Goldschmidt and associates at the University of Oslo applied these methods to many common minerals and formulated a set of rules for how elements are grouped. Goldschmidt published this work in the series "Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente" [Geochemical Laws of the Distribution of Elements]. Some subfields of geochemistry are: The building blocks of materials are the chemical elements. These can be identified by their atomic number Z, which is the number of protons in the nucleus. An element can have more than one value for N, the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The sum of these is the mass number, which is roughly equal to the atomic mass. Atoms with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers are called isotopes. A given isotope is identified by a letter for the element preceded by a superscript for the mass number. For example, two common isotopes of chlorine are Cl and Cl. There are about 1700 known combinations of Z and N, of which only about 260 are stable. However, most of the unstable isotopes do not occur in nature. In geochemistry, stable isotopes are used to trace chemical pathways and reactions, while isotopes are primarily used to date samples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39562 | 38,235 |
Chief compliance officer The chief compliance officer (CCO) of a company is the officer primarily responsible for overseeing and managing regulatory compliance issues within an organization. The CCO typically reports to the chief executive officer. The role has long existed at companies that operate in heavily regulated industries such as financial services and healthcare. For other companies, the rash of 2000s accounting scandals, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the recommendations of the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines have led to additional CCO appointments. Scott Cohen, editor and publisher of "Compliance Week", dates the proliferation of CCOs to a 2002 speech by SEC commissioner Cynthia Glassman, in which she called on companies to designate a "corporate responsibility officer." The responsibilities of the position often include leading enterprise compliance efforts, designing and implementing internal controls, policies and procedures to assure compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations and third party guidelines; managing audits and investigations into regulatory and compliance issues; and responding to requests for information from regulatory bodies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9487780 | 472,911 |
Environmental impact of nuclear power The large-scale release of radioactivity resulted in people being evacuated from a 20 km exclusion zone set up around the power plant, similar to the 30 km radius Chernobyl Exclusion Zone still in effect. But published works suggest that the radioactivity levels have lowered enough to now have only a limited impact on wildlife. In Japan, in July 2016, Fukushima Prefecture announced that the number of evacuees following the Great East Japan earthquake events, had fallen below 90,000, in part following the lifting of evacuation orders issued in some municipalities. Nuclear power has at least three waste streams that may impact the environment: The spent nuclear fuel from uranium-235 and plutonium-239 nuclear fission contains a wide variety of carcinogenic radionuclide isotopes such as strontium-90, iodine-131 and caesium-137, and includes some of the most long-lived transuranic elements such as americium-241 and isotopes of plutonium. The most long-lived radioactive wastes, including spent nuclear fuel, are usually managed to be contained and isolated from the environment for a long period of time. Spent nuclear fuel storage is mostly a problem in the United States, following a 1977 President Jimmy Carter prohibition to nuclear fuel recycling. France, Great Britain and Japan, are some of the countries which rejected the repository solution. Spent nuclear fuel is a valuable asset, not simply waste | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14163295 | 254,589 |
Hacienda In the Philippines, the hacienda system and lifestyles were influenced by the Spanish colonization that occurred via Mexico for more than 300 years. Attempts to break up the hacienda system in the Philippines through land reform laws during the second half of the 1900s have not been successful. There were protests related to the Luisita. Haciendas in Puerto Rico developed during the time of Spanish colonization. An example of these was the 1833 Buena Vista, which dealt primarily with the cultivation, packaging, and exportation of coffee. Today, Buena Vista, which is listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places, is operated as a museum, Museo Buena Vista. The 1861 Mercedita was a sugar plantation that once produced, packaged and sold sugar in the "Snow White" brand name. In the late 19th century, Mercedita became the site of production of Don Q rum. Its profitable rum business is today called Destilería Serrallés. The last of such haciendas decayed considerably starting in the 1950s, with the industrialization of Puerto Rico via "Operation Bootstrap". At the turn of the 20th century, most coffee haciendas had disappeared. The sugar-based haciendas changed into "centrales azucarelas." Yet by the 1990s, and despite significant government fiscal support, the last 13 Puerto Rican "centrales azucares" were forced to shut down. This marked the end of haciendas operating in Puerto Rico. In 2000, the last two sugar mills closed, after having operated for nearly 100 years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=298554 | 463,358 |
Meridian (geography) However, a compass needle will not be steady in the magnetic meridian, because of the longitude from east to west being complete geodesic. The angle between the magnetic and the true meridian is the magnetic declination, which is relevant for navigating with a compass. Navigators were able to use the azimuth (the horizontal angle or direction of a compass bearing) of the rising and setting Sun to measure the magnetic variation (difference between magnetic and true north). The true meridian is the plane that passes through true north poles and true south poles at the spot of the observer. The difference between true meridian and magnetic meridian is that the true meridian is fixed while the magnetic meridian is formed through the movement of the needle. True bearing is the horizontal angle between true meridian and a line. Henry D. Thoreau classified this true meridian versus the magnetic meridian in order to have a more qualitative, intuitive, and abstract function. He used the true meridian since his compass varied by a few degrees. There were some variations. When he noted the sight line for the True Meridian from his family's house to the depot, he could check the declination of his compass before and after surveying throughout the day. He noted this variation down. The meridian passage is the moment when a celestial object passes the meridian of longitude of the observer. At this point, the celestial object is at its highest point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=629028 | 338,002 |
Edmund Burke One of the topics that he first addresses is the fact that Burke creates a definitive separation between happiness and virtue and explains that "Burke, therefore, seeks the foundation of government 'in a conformity to our duties' and not in 'imaginary rights of man" Strauss views Burke as believing that government should focus solely on the duties that a man should have in society as opposed to trying to address any additional needs or desires. Government is simply a practicality to Burke and not necessarily meant to function as a tool to help individuals live their best lives. Strauss also argues that in a sense Burke's theory could be seen as opposing the very idea of forming such philosophies. Burke expresses the view that theory cannot adequately predict future occurrences and therefore men need to have instincts that cannot be practised or derived from ideology. This leads to an overarching criticism that Strauss holds regarding Burke which is his rejection of the use of logic. Burke dismisses a widely held view amongst theorists that reason should be the primary tool in the forming of a constitution or contract. Burke instead believes that constitutions should be made based on natural processes as opposed to rational planning for the future. However, Strauss points out that criticising rationality actually works against Burke's original stance of returning to traditional ways because some amount human reason is inherent and therefore is in part grounded in tradition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10030 | 515,608 |
Hwaseong Fortress or Suwon Hwaseong is a fortification surrounding the centre of Suwon, the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do, in South Korea. It was built from 1794 to 1796 by King Jeongjo of the Joseon dynasty to house and honour the remains of his father, Prince Sado. Sado had been executed by being locked alive inside a rice chest by his own father King Yeongjo after failing to obey a command to commit suicide. Located south of Seoul and enclosing much of central Suwon, the fortress includes King Jeongjo's palace Haenggung. The fortress and enclosed palace were designated as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1997. It comprises among many other features the palace, a perimeter wall, four main gates, and two sluicegates over the Suwoncheon, Suwon's main stream, which flows through the centre of the fortress. King Jeongjo apparently built to prepare for a move of the capital from Seoul to Suwon. Suwon was purported to be strategically positioned to connect Seoul with the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and China. The king wanted to leave the factional strife of the court to carry out reforms and believed that Suwon had the potential to grow into a new and prosperous capital. To encourage growth, he ordered people to move to Suwon at considerable expense and exempted them from taxes for ten years. King Jeongjo also ordered public works, such as the building of educational facilities to better facilitate the city as a capital | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3879882 | 201,923 |
Bellman equation A Bellman equation, named after Richard E. Bellman, is a necessary condition for optimality associated with the mathematical optimization method known as dynamic programming. It writes the "value" of a decision problem at a certain point in time in terms of the payoff from some initial choices and the "value" of the remaining decision problem that results from those initial choices. This breaks a dynamic optimization problem into a sequence of simpler subproblems, as Bellman's “principle of optimality” prescribes. The was first applied to engineering control theory and to other topics in applied mathematics, and subsequently became an important tool in economic theory; though the basic concepts of dynamic programming are prefigured in John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior" and Abraham Wald's "sequential analysis". Almost any problem that can be solved using optimal control theory can also be solved by analyzing the appropriate Bellman equation. However, the term 'Bellman equation' usually refers to the dynamic programming equation associated with discrete-time optimization problems. In continuous-time optimization problems, the analogous equation is a partial differential equation that is usually called the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation. To understand the Bellman equation, several underlying concepts must be understood. First, any optimization problem has some objective: minimizing travel time, minimizing cost, maximizing profits, maximizing utility, etc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1236458 | 383,964 |
Gene silencing The last ribozyme motif, the RNase P ribozyme, is found in "Escherichia coli" and is known for its ability to cleave the phosphodiester bonds of several tRNA precursors when joined to a protein cofactor. The general catalytic mechanism used by ribozymes is similar to the mechanism used by protein ribonucleases. These catalytic RNA molecules bind to a specific site and attack the neighboring phosphate in the RNA backbone with their 2' oxygen, which acts as a nucleophile, resulting in the formation of cleaved products with a 2'3'-cyclic phosphate and a 5' hydroxyl terminal end. This catalytic mechanism has been increasingly used by scientists to perform sequence-specific cleavage of target mRNA molecules. In addition, attempts are being made to use ribozymes to produce gene silencing therapeutics, which would silence genes that are responsible for causing diseases. RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process used by cells to regulate gene expression. It was discovered in 1998 by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, who won the Nobel Prize for their discovery in 2006. The process to silence genes first begins with the entrance of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule into the cell, which triggers the RNAi pathway. The double-stranded molecule is then cut into small double-stranded fragments by an enzyme called Dicer. These small fragments, which include small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), are approximately 21–23 nucleotides in length | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240850 | 25,457 |
Fortumo In February 2013, announced it had completed a growth round of financing with the first external shareholders - Intel Capital and Greycroft Partners - joining the company. Although financial details about the funding were not disclosed, TechCrunch reported approximately 10 million USD as the size of the deal. co-founder Rain Rannu explained the reasons for bringing in additional investors: "Working with Intel Capital and Greycroft will help us to pursue additional growth opportunities, including strategic partnerships and acquisitions". In February 2017, launched a bundling platform for digital content providers and mobile operators. Traditional bundle deals between a digital content provider (such as a VOD company) and mobile operator require a separate integration between the parties in order to provision discounted or free digital service access to mobile operator subscribers. With the bundling platform, allows mobile operators to connect to several digital content providers at once and vice versa, in addition providing a unified interface for user authentication, service provisioning and configuring any type of bundle offer. This makes the launch of bundle partnerships quicker and easier for both parties involved. In March 2019 deployed its Trident Bundling Platform to connect Amazon with the Indian telco BSNL. In January 2019, launched PayRead platform that enables digital publishers (like international media group Schibsted) to identify and charge consumers through their SIM card | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23013136 | 273,447 |
Boron Compressing boron above 160 GPa produces a boron phase with an as yet unknown structure, and this phase is a superconductor at temperatures 6–12 K. Borospherene (fullerene-like B) molecules) and borophene (proposed graphene-like structure) have been described in 2014. Elemental boron is rare and poorly studied because the pure material is extremely difficult to prepare. Most studies of "boron" involve samples that contain small amounts of carbon. The chemical behavior of boron resembles that of silicon more than aluminium. Crystalline boron is chemically inert and resistant to attack by boiling hydrofluoric or hydrochloric acid. When finely divided, it is attacked slowly by hot concentrated hydrogen peroxide, hot concentrated nitric acid, hot sulfuric acid or hot mixture of sulfuric and chromic acids. The rate of oxidation of boron depends on the crystallinity, particle size, purity and temperature. does not react with air at room temperature, but at higher temperatures it burns to form boron trioxide: undergoes halogenation to give trihalides; for example, The trichloride in practice is usually made from the oxide. is the lightest element having an electron in a p-orbital in its ground state. But, unlike most other p-elements, it rarely obeys the octet rule and usually places only six electrons (in three molecular orbitals) onto its valence shell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3755 | 93,924 |
Twin But if monozygotic twins separate early enough, the arrangement of sacs and placentas in utero is indistinguishable from dizygotic twins. A 2006 study has found that insulin-like growth factor present in dairy products may increase the chance of dizygotic twinning. Specifically, the study found that vegan mothers (who exclude dairy from their diets) are one-fifth as likely to have twins as vegetarian or omnivore mothers, and concluded that "Genotypes favoring elevated IGF and diets including dairy products, especially in areas where growth hormone is given to cattle, appear to enhance the chances of multiple pregnancies due to ovarian stimulation." From 1980 to 1997, the number of twin births in the United States rose 52%. This rise can at least partly be attributed to the increasing popularity of fertility drugs and procedures such as IVF, which result in multiple births more frequently than unassisted fertilizations do. It may also be linked to the increase of growth hormones in food. About 1 in 90 human births (1.1%) results from a twin pregnancy. The rate of "dizygotic" twinning varies greatly among ethnic groups, ranging as high as about 45 per 1000 births (4.5%) for the Yoruba to 10% for Linha São Pedro, a tiny Brazilian settlement which belongs to the city of Cândido Godói. In Cândido Godói, one in five pregnancies has resulted in twins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=79238 | 185,318 |
Pharmacotoxicology entails the study of the consequences of toxic exposure to pharmaceutical drugs and agents in the health care field. The field of pharmacotoxicology also involves the treatment and prevention of pharmaceutically induced side effects. can be separated into two different categories: pharmacodynamics (the effects of a drug on an organism), and pharmacokinetics (the effects of the organism on the drug). There are many mechanisms by which pharmaceutical drugs can have toxic implications. A very common mechanism is covalent binding of either the drug or its metabolites to specific enzymes or receptor in tissue-specific pathways that then will elicit toxic responses. Covalent binding can occur during both on-target and off-target situations and after biotransformation. On-target toxicity is also referred to as mechanism-based toxicity. This type of adverse effect that results from pharmaceutical drug exposure is commonly due to interactions of the drug with its intended target. In this case, both the therapeutic and toxic targets are the same. To avoid toxicity during treatment, many times the drug needs to be changed to target a different aspect of the illness or symptoms. Statins are an example of a drug class that can have toxic effects at the therapeutic target (HMG CoA reductase). Some pharmaceuticals can initiate allergic reactions, as in the case of penicillins. In some people, administration of penicillin can induce production of specific antibodies and initiate an immune response | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19283730 | 63,403 |
Privacy concerns with social networking services People can connect with users from all across the world that they may never have the chance to meet in person. This can have positive effects; however, this also raises many concerns about privacy. Information can be posted about a person that they do not want getting out. In the novel "It’s Complicated", the author explains that some people “believe that a willingness to share in public spaces—and, most certainly, any act of exhibitionism and publicity—is incompatible with a desire for personal privacy." Once something is posted on the internet, it becomes accessible to multiple people and can even be shared beyond just assumed friends or followers. Many employers now look at a person's social media before hiring them for a job or position. Social media has become a tool that people use to find out information about a person's life. Someone can learn a lot about a person based on what they post before they even meet them once in person. The ability to achieve privacy is a never ending process. Boyd describes that “achieving privacy requires the ability to control the social situation by navigating complex contextual cues, technical affordances , and social dynamics." Society is constantly changing; therefore, the ability to understand social situations to obtain privacy regularly has to be changed. Social networking sites vary in the levels of privacy offered | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31602166 | 272,827 |
Encoding (memory) Different models have been developed for different memory tasks, which include item recognition, cued recall, free recall, and sequence memory, in an attempt to accurately explain experimentally observed behaviors. In item recognition, one is asked whether or not a given probe item has been seen before. It is important to note that the recognition of an item can include context. That is, one can be asked whether an item has been seen in a study list. So even though one may have seen the word "apple" sometime during their life, if it was not on the study list, it should not be recalled. Item recognition can be modeled using Multiple trace theory and the attribute-similarity model. In brief, every item that one sees can be represented as a vector of the item's attributes, which is extended by a vector representing the context at the time of encoding, and is stored in a memory matrix of all items ever seen. When a probe item is presented, the sum of the similarities to each item in the matrix (which is inversely proportional to the sum of the distances between the probe vector and each item in the memory matrix) is computed. If the similarity is above a threshold value, one would respond, "Yes, I recognize that item." Given that context continually drifts by nature of a random walk, more recently seen items, which each share a similar context vector to the context vector at the time of the recognition task, are more likely to be recognized than items seen longer ago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5128182 | 192,021 |
Positive displacement meter , master metering) or compare flowmeters' performance according to different measurement principles. List of public and independent institutes of metrology using screw flow meters as international reference and/or standard: Each piston is mechanically or magnetically operated to fill a cylinder with the fluid and then discharge the fluid. Each stroke represents a finite measurement of the fluid (can be a single or multi-piston device). Gear flow meters rely on internal gears rotating as fluid passes through them. There are various types of gear meters named mostly for the shape of the internal components With oval gear flow meters, two oval gears or rotors are mounted inside a cylinder. As the fluid flows through the cylinder, the pressure of the fluid causes the rotors to rotate. As flow rate increases, so does the rotational speed of the rotors. A disk mounted on a sphere is “wobbled” about an axis by the fluid flow and each rotation represents a finite amount of fluid transferred. A nutating disc flow meter has a round disc mounted on a spindle in a cylindrical chamber. By tracking the movements of the spindle, the flow meter determines the number of times the chamber traps and empties fluid. This information is used to determine flow rate. A rotating impeller containing two or more vanes divides the spaces between the vanes into discrete volumes and each rotation (or vane passing) is counted. Fluid is drawn into the inlet side of an oscillating diaphragm and then dispelled to the outlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12702987 | 89,470 |
Saumarez Homestead Elsie, also unmarried, lived at Saumarez all her long life 1885-1981. She is the family member still remembered by many Saumarez employees, Armidale citizens, Armidale students, friends and acquaintances far from and wide who have experienced Saumarez hospitality. She took over her father's role on his death and insisted on his ides and practices being continued on the property, just as she tried to conserve Saumarez homestead from any radical change. She managed the property and household with interest and efficiency. The taste and interests of these three spinsters (Margaret, Mary and Elsie) reflected in the house and its furnishings. Much of the chip work woodcarving and some of the tapestry are their work. The pictures and ornaments reflect their taste as much as the conventional style of the period. Their busy, independent and productive lives as the ladies of Saumarez, and their presence ensured that it remained a focal point for the next generation of the family - Frank and Maggie's grandchildren. They - and eventually their children - made frequent visits and spent enjoyable holidays in a much-loved family home. The traditional Saumarez hospitality continued to be afforded - by Miss Mary and Miss Elsie, to their friends and to the citizens of Armidale for many years to come. The service area at the back of the house, in its size and lack of convenience demonstrates the life-style of the pre-war period when this family was able to depend on servants to maintain the house and provide for guests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44292327 | 360,659 |
Solar water heating This setup would be inefficient due to the equilibrium effect: as soon as heating of the tank and water begins, the heat gained is lost to the environment and this continues until the water in the tank reaches ambient temperature. The challenge is to limit the heat loss. ICS or batch collectors reduce heat loss by thermally insulating the tank. This is achieved by encasing the tank in a glass-topped box that allows heat from the sun to reach the water tank. The other walls of the box are thermally insulated, reducing convection and radiation. The box can also have a reflective surface on the inside. This reflects heat lost from the tank back towards the tank. In a simple way one could consider an ICS solar water heater as a water tank that has been enclosed in a type of 'oven' that retains heat from the sun as well as heat of the water in the tank. Using a box does not eliminate heat loss from the tank to the environment, but it largely reduces this loss. Standard ICS collectors have a characteristic that strongly limits the efficiency of the collector: a small surface-to-volume ratio. Since the amount of heat that a tank can absorb from the sun is largely dependent on the surface of the tank directly exposed to the sun, it follows that the surface size defines the degree to which the water can be heated by the sun. Cylindrical objects such as the tank in an ICS collector have an inherently small surface-to-volume ratio. Collectors attempt to increase this ratio for efficient warming of the water | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533423 | 346,968 |
Cirrus uncinus cloud Cirrus uncinus is a type of cirrus cloud. The name "cirrus uncinus" is derived from Latin, meaning "curly hooks". Also known as "mares' tails", these clouds are generally sparse in the sky and very thin. The clouds occur at high altitudes, at a temperature of about . They are generally seen when a warm or occluded front is approaching. They are very high in the troposphere and generally mean that precipitation, usually rain, is approaching. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2167852 | 3,232 |
Interactive whiteboard By combining classroom response with an interactive whiteboard system, teachers can present material and receive feedback from students in order to direct instruction more effectively or else to carry out formal assessments. For example, a student may both solve a puzzle involving math concepts on the interactive whiteboard and later demonstrate his or her knowledge on a test delivered via the classroom response system. Some classroom response software can organize and develop activities and tests aligned with State standards. There are now several studies revealing contradictory conclusions about the effect of the use of IWBs is effective on student learning. A compilation of this research is available. According to the findings of a study conducted by the London Institute of Education with the funding of the DfES evaluated the educational and operational effectiveness of the London Challenge element of the adoption of the use of interactive whiteboards in the London area under a program called "the Schools Whiteboard Expansion project." At Key Stage 3, interactive whiteboards here associated with little significant impact on student performance in Mathematics and English and only a slight improvement in Science. In the same schools, at Key Stage 4, use of interactive whiteboards was found to have negative effects for Mathematics and Science, but positive effects for English | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1890199 | 375,684 |
Behavior-based robotics Grey Walter, an English scientist with a background in neurological research, built a pair of vacuum tube-based robots that were exhibited at the 1951 Festival of Britain, and which have simple but effective behavior-based control systems. The second milestone is Valentino Braitenberg's 1984 book, ""Vehicles – Experiments in Synthetic Psychology"" (MIT Press). He describes a series of thought experiments demonstrating how simply wired sensor/motor connections can result in some complex-appearing behaviors such as fear and love. Later work in BBR is from the BEAM robotics community, which has built upon the work of Mark Tilden. Tilden was inspired by the reduction in the computational power needed for walking mechanisms from Brooks' experiments (which used one microcontroller for each leg), and further reduced the computational requirements to that of logic chips, transistor-based electronics, and analog circuit design. A different direction of development includes extensions of behavior-based robotics to multi-robot teams. The focus in this work is on developing simple generic mechanisms that result in coordinated group behavior, either implicitly or explicitly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=508896 | 368,365 |
Faradaic current Hence the migration current may tend to either increase or decrease the total current observed. In any event the migration current approaches zero as the transport number of the electroactive substance is decreased by increasing the concentration of the supporting electrolyte, and hence the conductivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21974455 | 33,880 |
Airflow Sciences Corporation (ASC) is an engineering consulting company based in Livonia, Michigan that specializes in the solution of industrial fluid flow problems. While it is particularly known for work in Power generation, its customers come from many industries across a wide geographical regions, and problems are solved using a variety of engineering techniques. Thus, the company is best defined by the type of problems solved, rather than by traditional industry or consultant categories. The company was formed as Business Aircraft Consulting Services in 1975 by Robert Gielow and James Paul, two Professional Engineers with backgrounds in the aerospace industry. They quickly realized that the knowledge they had gained working on projects such as the Apollo program moon rockets could be used to advance a wide variety of industries. Joining with Robert Nelson they soon changed the name of the company to to more closely reflect the services offered. In 1994 ASC was purchased by Ricardo plc, an automotive consulting firm based in Shoreham-by-Sea, England. This arrangement proved less than satisfying to both sides, so, after two years, management repurchased the company. Since then, ASC has continued to expand its client base and diversify the tools it has on hand to solve a variety of industrial fluid flow problems. ASC works with its customer's internal engineers to solve problems involving the flow of fluids (gases or liquids) in or around a wide variety of equipment or goods. Some problems include simply the flow itself | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11755283 | 365,033 |
Embedded hypervisor An inter-process communication (IPC) mechanism can be used to provide these functions, as well as invoking all system services, and implemented in a manner which ensures that the desired level of VM isolation is maintained. Also, due to its significant impact on system performance, such an IPC mechanism should be highly optimised for minimal latency. An embedded hypervisor needs to be in complete control of system resources, including memory accesses, to ensure that software cannot break out of the VM. A hypervisor therefore requires the target CPU to provide memory management support (typically using an MMU). Many embedded processors including such as ARM, MIPS and PowerPC have followed desktop and server chip vendors in adding hardware support for virtualization. There are still a large proportion of embedded processors however which do not provide such support and a hypervisor supporting paravirtualization is required. ARM processors are notable in that most of their application class processor designs support a technology called ARM TrustZone, which provides essentially hardware support for one privileged and one unprivileged VM. Normally a minimal Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) OS is run in the Secure World and a native kernel running in the Non-secure World. Some of the most common use cases for an embedded hypervisor are: 1. OS independence Designers of embedded systems may have many hardware drivers and system services which are specific to a target platform | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21577832 | 112,873 |
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