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Passive solar building design Although a ZEB uses multiple passive solar building design concepts, a ZEB is usually not purely passive, having active mechanical renewable energy generation systems such as: wind turbine, photovoltaics, micro hydro, geothermal, and other emerging alternative energy sources. Passive solar is also a core building design strategy for passive survivability, along with other passive strategies. There has been recent interest in the utilization of the large amounts of surface area on skyscrapers to improve their overall energy efficiency. Because skyscrapers are increasingly ubiquitous in urban environments, yet require large amounts of energy to operate, there is potential for large amounts of energy savings employing passive solar design techniques. One study, which analyzed the proposed 22 Bishopsgate tower in London, found that a 35% energy decrease in demand can theoretically be achieved through indirect solar gains, by rotating the building to achieve optimum ventilation and daylight penetration, usage of high thermal mass flooring material to decrease temperature fluctuation inside the building, and using double or triple glazed low emissivity window glass for direct solar gain. Indirect solar gain techniques included moderating wall heat flow by variations of wall thickness (from 20 to 30 cm), using window glazing on the outdoor space to prevent heat loss, dedicating 15–20% of floor area for thermal storage, and implementing a Trombe wall to absorb heat entering the space | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67029 | 433,320 |
Bioreactor The emergence of "Biochemical engineering" is of recent origin. Processing of biological materials using biological agents such as cells, enzymes or antibodies are the major pillars of biochemical engineering. Applications of biochemical engineering cover major fields of civilization such as agriculture, food and healthcare, resource recovery and fine chemicals. Till now, the industries associated with biotechnology have been lagged behind other industries in implementing control over the process and optimization strategies. A main drawback in biotechnological process control is the problem to measure key physical and biochemical parameters. A bioprocess is composed mainly of three stages — upstream processing, bioreaction, and downstream processing — to convert raw material to finished product. The raw material can be of biological or non-biological origin. It is first converted to more suitable form for processing. This is done in upstream processing step which involves chemical hydrolysis, preparation of liquid medium, separation of particulate, air purification and many other preparatory operations. After upstream processing step, the resulting feed is transferred to one or more Bioreaction stages. The Biochemical reactors or bioreactors form the base of the Bioreaction step. This step mainly consists of three operations, namely, production of biomass, metabolite biosynthesis and biotransformation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=746495 | 150,093 |
Java Caps Java Composite Application Platform Suite (Java CAPS) is a standards-based enterprise service bus software suite from Oracle Corporation. The suite has several components that help to integrate existing applications and deliver new business services in a service-oriented architecture environment. It is a Java EE compliant platform and provides application-to-application integration, business-to-business integration, business process management along with integrated human workflow, an Enterprise Information Portal, extract transform and load (ETL), business activity monitoring and composite application development. Java CAPS was originally a product of Software Technologies Corporation, which later became SeeBeyond Technology Corporation. Initially, the product was named DataGate, renamed to eGate in the late 1990s with a new distributed architecture. Monk, a LISP variant, was used for message translation. eGate 4.5 was released in 2001 with enhanced support of Java, including introduction of Java Message Service. A new architecture based on J2EE (now Java EE) was launched in 2003 with version 5.0, using an IDE based on NetBeans. The suite was again renamed as Integrated Composite Application Network Suite (ICAN). The Table Runtime Environment (TRE) upgraded DataGate 3.6 to take advantage of eGate 5.0 tools, such as Enterprise Manager. After Sun Microsystems acquired SeeBeyond in 2005, the name was changed to Sun Java Composite Application Platform Suite (Java CAPS) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21006877 | 451,374 |
Electronic test equipment With very little network overhead and a 100 Mbit/s data rate, it is significantly faster than GPIB and 100BaseT Ethernet in real applications. The advantage of this platform is that all connected instruments behave as one tightly integrated multi-channel system, so users can scale their test system to fit their required channel counts cost-effectively. A system configured on this type of platform can stand alone as a complete measurement and automation solution, with the master unit controlling sourcing, measuring, pass/fail decisions, test sequence flow control, binning, and the component handler or prober. Support for dedicated trigger lines means that synchronous operations between multiple instruments equipped with onboard Test Script Processors that are linked by this high speed bus can be achieved without the need for additional trigger connections. The addition of a high-speed switching system to a test system's configuration allows for faster, more cost-effective testing of multiple devices, and is designed to reduce both test errors and costs. Designing a test system's switching configuration requires an understanding of the signals to be switched and the tests to be performed, as well as the switching hardware form factors available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=273959 | 399,525 |
Hybrid solar cell TiO is the preferred inorganic material since this material is easy to synthesize and acts as a n-type semiconductor due to the donor-like oxygen vacancies. However, titania only absorbs a small fraction of the UV spectrum. Molecular sensitizers (dye molecules) attached to the semiconductor surface are used to collect a greater portion of the spectrum. In the case of titania dye-sensitized solar cells, a photon absorbed by a dye-sensitizer molecule layer induces electron injection into the conduction band of titania, resulting in current flow. However, short diffusion length (diffusivity, D≤10cm/s) in titania dye-sensitized solar cells decrease the solar-to-energy conversion efficiency. To enhance diffusion length (or carrier lifetime), a variety of organic materials are attached to the titania. TiO nanoparticles are synthesized in several tens of nanometer scales (~100 nm). In order to make a photovoltaic cell, molecular sensitizers (dye molecules) are attached to the titania surface. The dye-absorbed titania is finally enclosed by a liquid electrolyte. This type of dye-sensitized solar cell is also known as a Grätzel cell. Dye-sensitized solar cell has a disadvantage of a short diffusion length. Recently, supermolecular or multifunctional sensitizers have been investigated so as to enhance carrier diffusion length. For example, a dye chromophore has been modified by the addition of secondary electron donors. Minority carriers (holes in this case) diffuse to the attached electron donors to recombine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3448144 | 416,699 |
John Lee Webber House The John Lee Webber House, also known as "The Webber Place", in Yountville, California, was built around 1859. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is a two-story wood frame farmhouse which was built before 1859. It was built in simplified, vernacular Greek Revival style. The house was originally built as a one-and-a-half-story clapboarded farmhouse, with a gable roof and a central brick chimney, and was located on the Finnell Ranch, almost a mile east of its current location in downtown Yountville. It had a one-story rear addition which served as a kitchen. The house was moved to the current location in the 1860s. The house was expanded in 1907-08 by the Webber family, at which time it was given its current appearance. The front entrance of the farmhouse, in the non-gable facade now facing southeast, remained as the main entrance in 1980. The 1907-08 renovation added the gabled second-story room cantilevered over the front porch, with large window facing southeast. It also added/expanded to the northwest (apparently, while "north" is stated), forming a wing making an "L" with the original house. This included an indoor bathroom beyond the kitchen, and then an enclosed back porch. It had a shingle-sided second story with bedrooms having tongue-and-groove panelling. The first floor of the renovated house had wall-papered rooms, and consisted of kitchen, dining room, and front and back parlors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62404506 | 351,694 |
Chaotic scattering Note first that the trajectories bounce around the system for some time before finally exiting. Note also, that if we consider the impact parameters to be the start of the two perfectly horizontal lines at left (the system is completely reversible: the exit point could also be the entry point), the two trajectories are initially so close as to be almost identical. By the time they exit, they are completely different, thus illustrating the strong sensitivity to initial conditions. This system will be used as an example throughout the article. If we introduce a large number of particles with uniformly distributed impact parameters, the rate at which they exit the system is known as the decay rate. We can calculate the decay rate by simulating the system over many trials and forming a histogram of the delay time, "T". For the GR system, it is easy to see that the delay time and the length of the particle trajectory are equivalent but for a multiplication coefficient. A typical choice for the impact parameter is the "y"-coordinate, while the trajectory angle is kept constant at zero degrees—horizontal. Meanwhile, we say that the particle has "exited the system" once it passes a border some arbitrary, but sufficiently large, distance from the centre of the system. We expect the number of particles remaining in the system, "N(T)", to vary as: Thus the "decay rate", formula_2, is given as: where "n" is the total number of particles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33989641 | 61,827 |
Android (robot) To "copy" a face, they need only a 3D scanner to determine the locations of an individual's 17 facial points. After that, they are then driven into position using a laptop and 56 motor control boards. In addition, the researchers also mention that the shifting robot can even display an individual's hair style and skin color if a photo of their face is projected onto the 3D Mask. Prof Nadia Thalmann, a Nanyang Technological University scientist, directed efforts of the Institute for Media Innovation along with the School of Computer Engineering in the development of a social robot, Nadine. Nadine is powered by software similar to Apple's Siri or Microsoft's Cortana. Nadine may become a personal assistant in offices and homes in future, or she may become a companion for the young and the elderly. Assoc Prof Gerald Seet from the School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and the BeingThere Centre led a three-year R&D development in tele-presence robotics, creating EDGAR. A remote user can control EDGAR with the user's face and expressions displayed on the robot's face in real time. The robot also mimics their upper body movements. KITECH researched and developed EveR-1, an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial "musculature" and capable of rudimentary conversation, having a vocabulary of around 400 words. She is tall and weighs , matching the average figure of a Korean woman in her twenties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=713 | 134,356 |
Oil platform Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, designed for very long term use (for instance the Hibernia platform). Various types of structure are used: steel jacket, concrete caisson, floating steel, and even floating concrete. Steel jackets are structural sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. To see more details regarding Design, construction and installation of such platforms refer to: and. Concrete caisson structures, pioneered by the Condeep concept, often have in-built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore (Norwegian fjords and Scottish firths are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough) and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed. Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths up to about . These platforms consist of slender, flexible towers and a pile foundation supporting a conventional deck for drilling and production operations. Compliant towers are designed to sustain significant lateral deflections and forces, and are typically used in water depths ranging from . These platforms have hulls (columns and pontoons) of sufficient buoyancy to cause the structure to float, but of weight sufficient to keep the structure upright. Semi-submersible platforms can be moved from place to place and can be ballasted up or down by altering the amount of flooding in buoyancy tanks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163806 | 225,700 |
Intertidal ecology Invasive species: Invasive species are especially prevalent in intertidal areas with high volumes of shipping traffic, such as large estuaries, because of the transport of non-native species in ballast water. San Francisco Bay, in which an invasive "Spartina" cordgrass from the east coast is currently transforming mudflat communities into "Spartina" meadows, is among the most invaded estuaries in the world. Conservation efforts are focused on trying to eradicate some species (like "Spartina") in their non-native habitats as well as preventing further species introductions (e.g. by controlling methods of ballast water uptake and release). 3. Marine protected areas: Many intertidal areas are lightly to heavily exploited by humans for food gathering (e.g. clam digging in soft-sediment habitats and snail, mussel, and algal collecting in rocky intertidal habitats). In some locations, marine protected areas have been established where no collecting is permitted. The benefits of protected areas may spill over to positively impact adjacent unprotected areas. For example, a greater number of larger egg capsules of the edible snail "Concholepus" in protected vs. non-protected areas in Chile indicates that these protected areas may help replenish snail stocks in areas open to harvesting. The degree to which collecting is regulated by law differs with the species and habitat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4334096 | 142,937 |
Browser speed test A JavaScript test suite by Google, used to optimize the Google Chrome web browser. It does not test rendering performance. It was superseded by Google's Octane benchmark. Google's JavaScript test suite which replaces the V8 benchmark. According to Google, "Octane v.1 consists of 13 tests, 5 new ones and 8 from the original V8 Benchmark Suite." Octane v.2 supplanted v.1, consisting of "17 tests, four more than Octane v1." As of April 12 2017, Google no longer maintains Octane. This tests vector, bitmap, and text rendering for both Adobe Flash and HTML5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27644383 | 229,049 |
British Thomson-Houston The firm's clubhouse on Hillmorton Road was demolished in 2007, and the south edge of its surrounding sports field was encroached along for house building. By 2011 the site was greatly changed and included Rugby College. Quartzelec, and Converteam worked on electrical engineering projects in some of the early BTH buildings, notably buildings 4, 193 and 140. A public road was built through the site between its former east and west gates. In 2012 Converteam was bought out by General Electric, therefore coming full circle back to when they were partnered in AEI. Converteam (now GE) produced rotating machines and used former-BTH equipment (machines) for running tests. During post-World War II Britain, AEI established a consolidated research effort at Aldermaston in Berkshire, England. The research centre was based at Aldermaston Court a large stately home owned by AEI that had been requisitioned for military use in the war era. One of the BTH-built batch of New Zealand Railways DSC class Bo-Bo shunters has been preserved and is used in industrial service, complete with original Rolls-Royce engines. The locomotive (DSC406) is the primary motive power at Alliance Ltd, Pukeuri, New Zealand. All the others were scrapped between 1986 and 1990. Also preserved in the UK https://preservation.kesr.org.uk/diesel-locomotives/no-40 . This locomotive was purchased from Ford Dagenham by AEI and presented to the Kent & East Sussex Railway for preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551271 | 430,606 |
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is the resonant oscillation of conduction electrons at the interface between negative and positive permittivity material stimulated by incident light. SPR is the basis of many standard tools for measuring adsorption of material onto planar metal (typically gold or silver) surfaces or onto the surface of metal nanoparticles. It is the fundamental principle behind many color-based biosensor applications, different lab-on-a-chip sensors and diatom photosynthesis. The surface plasmon polariton is a non-radiative electromagnetic surface wave that propagates in a direction parallel to the negative permittivity/dielectric material interface. Since the wave is on the boundary of the conductor and the external medium (air, water or vacuum for example), these oscillations are very sensitive to any change of this boundary, such as the adsorption of molecules to the conducting surface. To describe the existence and properties of surface plasmon polaritons, one can choose from various models (quantum theory, Drude model, etc.). The simplest way to approach the problem is to treat each material as a homogeneous continuum, described by a frequency-dependent relative permittivity between the external medium and the surface. This quantity, hereafter referred to as the materials' "dielectric function", is the complex permittivity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1991073 | 305,006 |
ISFET Semi-conductor modified surfaces required for REFET are also not always in thermodynamical equilibrium with the test solution and can be sensitive to aggressive or interfering dissolved species or not well characterized aging phenomena. This is not a real problem if the electrode can be frequently re-calibrated at regular time interval and is easily maintained during its service life. However, this may be an issue if the electrode has to remain immersed on-line for prolonged period of time, or is inaccessible for particular constrains related to the nature of the measurements itself (geochemical measurements under elevated water pressure in harsh environments or under anoxic or reducing conditions easily disturbed by atmospheric oxygen ingress or pressure changes). A crucial factor for electrodes, as for conventional glass electrodes, remains thus the reference electrode. When troubleshooting electrode malfunctions, often, most of the problems have to be searched for from the side of the reference electrode. The basis for the is the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), which was originally invented by Egyptian engineer Mohamed M. Atalla and Korean engineer Dawon Kahng in 1959. In 1962, Leland C. Clark and Champ Lyons invented the biosensor. Dutch engineer Piet Bergveld, at the University of Twente, later studied the MOSFET and realized it could be adapted into a sensor for electrochemical and biological applications. This led to Bergveld's invention of the in 1970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2036897 | 412,083 |
Shear wall In this way, loads are transferred vertically to the building's foundation. Therefore, there are four critical failure mechanisms; as shown in Figure 1. The factors determining the failure mechanism include geometry, loading, material properties, restraint, and construction. The slenderness ratio of a wall is defined as a function of the effective height divided by either the effective thickness or the radius of the gyration of the wall section. It is highly related to the slenderness limit that is the cut-off between elements being classed "slender" or "stocky". Slender walls are vulnerable to buckling failure modes, including Euler in-plane buckling due to axial compression, Euler out-of-plane buckling due to axial compression and lateral torsional buckling due to bending moment. In the design process, structural engineers need to consider all these failure modes to ensure that the wall design is safe under various kinds of possible loading conditions. In actual structural systems, the shear walls may function as a coupled system instead of isolated walls depending on their arrangements and connections. Two neighboring wall panels can be considered coupled when the interface transfers longitudinal shear to resist the deformation mode. This stress arises whenever a section experiences a flexural or restrained warping stress and its magnitude is dependent on the stiffness of the coupling element | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1362546 | 211,556 |
Donald Davidson (historian) Furthermore, he prohibits himself from using any sort of reference material during the show, relying only on his own memory. Not only does he answer questions, but he adds various anecdotes, vignettes, statistics, driver biographies, and may recount other related stories, typically of personal experiences regarding the subject matter. Topics for discussion are broad, but are often focused on biographies of drivers, team owners, mechanics, and other personalities associated with the race or the track. Other popular topics include track lore, famous cars, race recaps, members of the IMS Radio Network, the museum and its exhibits, and specific events from a particular year. Discussions regarding non-race winners and drivers of relative obscurity (particularly drivers from the very early years) are warmly received, as it offers "fresh" content to the program. Controversial topics are frowned upon, and a small list of oft-repeated subjects that have been answered ad nauseam are usually avoided (the Turbines, Jigger Sirois, the Jim Hurtubise "beer engine" incident, the 1911 controversy, and others). In addition, shows that air during Brickyard 400 week invite questions about NASCAR and USAC Stock Car history, both of which Davidson is also well-versed. By the late-1970s, the program adopted the now-familiar name "The Talk of Gasoline Alley" (in reference to the nickname of the garage area at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway). Although in the early 1980s, the title "The Talk From Gasoline Alley" was also used | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3104765 | 233,034 |
Non-directional beacon Also, since the band allocated to NDBs is free of broadcast stations and their associated interference, and because most NDBs do little more than transmit their Morse Code callsign, they are very easy to identify, making NDB monitoring an active niche within the DXing hobby. In North America, the NDB band is from 190 to 435 kHz and from 510 to 530 kHz. In Europe, there is a longwave broadcasting band from 150 to 280 kHz, so the European NDB band is from 280 kHz to 530 kHz with a gap between 495 and 505 kHz because 500 kHz was the international maritime distress (emergency) frequency. The beacons that transmit between 510 kHz and 530 kHz can sometimes be heard on AM radios that can tune below the beginning of the Medium Wave (MW) broadcast band. However, reception of NDBs generally requires a radio receiver that can receive frequencies below 530 kHz. Often "general coverage" shortwave radios receive all frequencies from 150 kHz to 30 MHz, and so can tune to the frequencies of NDBs. Specialized techniques (receiver preselectors, noise limiters and filters) are required for the reception of very weak signals from remote beacons. The best time to hear NDBs that are very far away is the last three hours before sunrise. Reception of NDBs is also usually best during the fall and winter because during the spring and summer, there is more atmospheric noise on the LF and MF bands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=316405 | 236,527 |
Finite strain theory differentiable function of formula_48 and time formula_49, which implies that cracks and voids do not open or close during the deformation. Thus we have, Consider a particle or material point formula_16 with position vector formula_52 in the undeformed configuration (Figure 2). After a displacement of the body, the new position of the particle indicated by formula_53 in the new configuration is given by the vector position formula_54. The coordinate systems for the undeformed and deformed configuration can be superimposed for convenience. Consider now a material point formula_55 neighboring formula_16, with position vector formula_57. In the deformed configuration this particle has a new position formula_58 given by the position vector formula_59. Assuming that the line segments formula_60 and formula_61 joining the particles formula_16 and formula_63 in both the undeformed and deformed configuration, respectively, to be very small, then we can express them as formula_64 and formula_65. Thus from Figure 2 we have where formula_67 is the relative displacement vector, which represents the relative displacement of formula_63 with respect to formula_16 in the deformed configuration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2210759 | 339,844 |
Starch These starch sugars are by far the most common starch based food ingredient and are used as sweeteners in many drinks and foods. They include: A modified starch is a starch that has been chemically modified to allow the starch to function properly under conditions frequently encountered during processing or storage, such as high heat, high shear, low pH, freeze/thaw and cooling. The modified food starches are E coded according to the International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS): INS 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403 and 1405 are in the EU food ingredients without an E-number. Typical modified starches for technical applications are cationic starches, hydroxyethyl starch and carboxymethylated starches. As an additive for food processing, food starches are typically used as thickeners and stabilizers in foods such as puddings, custards, soups, sauces, gravies, pie fillings, and salad dressings, and to make noodles and pastas. They function as thickeners, extenders, emulsion stabilizers and are exceptional binders in processed meats. Gummed sweets such as jelly beans and wine gums are not manufactured using a mold in the conventional sense. A tray is filled with native starch and leveled. A positive mold is then pressed into the starch leaving an impression of 1,000 or so jelly beans. The jelly mix is then poured into the impressions and put onto a stove to set. This method greatly reduces the number of molds that must be manufactured | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27711 | 97,426 |
Archiepiscopal Palace of Alcalá de Henares In the Archbishop's Palace also lived many members of the Court and was killed the Castilian King John I in 1390, after falling off his horse nearby. Other monarchs used it as a temporary residence, for example, the Catholic Monarchs, so here was born their daughter Catherine of Aragon (who would be queen of England as wife of Henry VIII of England). Here in this Archbishop Palace too was born Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, son of Joanna the Mad and German emperor as successor of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (I of Spain). In its facilities partially or totally recorded several film productions: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32712021 | 363,524 |
Spacetime The equation above is similar to the Pythagorean theorem, except with a minus sign between the formula_15 and the formula_16 terms. The spacetime interval is the quantity formula_17, not formula_18 itself. The reason is that unlike distances in Euclidean geometry, intervals in Minkowski spacetime can be negative. Rather than deal with square roots of negative numbers, physicists customarily regard formula_17 as a distinct symbol in itself, rather than the square of something. Because of the minus sign, the spacetime interval between two distinct events can be zero. If formula_17 is positive, the spacetime interval is "timelike", meaning that two events are separated by more time than space. If formula_17 is negative, the spacetime interval is "spacelike", meaning that two events are separated by more space than time. intervals are zero when formula_22. In other words, the spacetime interval between two events on the world line of something moving at the speed of light is zero. Such an interval is termed "lightlike" or "null". A photon arriving in our eye from a distant star will not have aged, despite having (from our perspective) spent years in its passage. A spacetime diagram is typically drawn with only a single space and a single time coordinate. Fig. 2‑1 presents a spacetime diagram illustrating the "world lines" (i.e. paths in spacetime) of two photons, A and B, originating from the same event and going in opposite directions. In addition, C illustrates the world line of a slower-than-light-speed object | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28758 | 434,831 |
Taylor number There are various definitions of the which are not all equivalent, but most commonly it is given by where formula_2 is a characteristic angular velocity, "R" is a characteristic linear dimension perpendicular to the rotation axis, and formula_3 is the kinematic viscosity. In the case of inertial instability such as Taylor–Couette flow, the is mathematically analogous to the Grashof number which characterizes the strength of buoyant forces relative to viscous forces in convection. When the former exceeds the latter by a critical ratio, convective instability sets in. Likewise, in various systems and geometries, when the exceeds a critical value, inertial instabilities set in, sometimes known as Taylor instabilities, which may lead to Taylor vortices or cells. A Taylor–Couette flow describes the fluid behavior between 2 concentric cylinders in rotation. A textbook definition of the is where "R" is the internal radius of the internal cylinder, and "R" is the external radius of the external cylinder. The critical Ta is about 1700. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2385242 | 428,966 |
New Holland Agriculture It is quicker to refuel, 5 minutes to fill a tank compared to hours required by batteries. Product specification NH2 Hydrogen Powered Tractor was awarded with Gold Medal for technical innovation at SIMA in 2009. The hydrogen powered NH2 tractor will be tested at La Bellotta, Turin, Italy, as a pilot to realize the first Energy Independent farm. New Holland approved the use of Biodiesel in its products since 2006 with the use of 20% Biodiesel (B20) in all of its equipment containing New Holland engines. In 2007, New Holland offered 100% Biodiesel (B100) compatibility with New Holland Tier 3 engines. All Tier 4A ECOBlue SCR engines are compatible with 20% Biodiesel (B20) blends, as long as the biodiesel blend complies with fuel specification EN14214:2009. New Holland has formed a partnership with the British Beekeepers’ Association (BBKA) which has led the campaign to raise funds for research to fully understand the reason why British bee colonies are being wiped out. New Holland will provide funding and will have stands at key agricultural shows and events – where it can raise awareness of the work of the BBKA amongst farmers, land-owners and contractors. New Holland has developed an online Carbon Footprint Calculator (called CarbonID calculator), verified by SGS, to calculate the carbon footprint of tractors, either based on annual fuel usage or hours worked. The calculator shows a comparison between the Tier 4A/Stage IIIB and previous engine emissions regulations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4071138 | 423,864 |
Master of Science in Project Management The (M.S.P.M.), also known as Master in Project Management (M.P.M.) is a professional advanced degree in project management. Such degree is not only for future project managers but also offers opportunities in consultancy, evaluation of investment projects, business analysis, business development, operations management, supply chain management, business administration, or any other area of Business administration or management.These Master programs usually provide general education revolving around business organization. While programs may vary, most curricula are designed to provide professionals with the knowledge, skills and abilities to lead and manage effectively. Lecture and laboratory sessions require the application of critical thinking to problem solving within notional and actual situations. Students normally engage in the study of concepts, methodologies and analytic techniques necessary for successful leadership of programs/projects within complex organizations. Curricula typically focus on problem solving and decision-making using case studies, teaming exercises, hands-on applications, active participation, research and integrative exercises. Candidates of M.P.M. programs are required to have at least a Bachelor's degree from an accredited university, generally related to business administration or engineering. Most programs require 36-42 graduate credits and a thesis or final project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6870770 | 491,382 |
SCADA Information was shared in near real time. Each station was responsible for a particular task, which reduced the cost as compared to First Generation SCADA. The network protocols used were still not standardized. Since these protocols were proprietary, very few people beyond the developers knew enough to determine how secure a installation was. Security of the installation was usually overlooked. Similar to a distributed architecture, any complex can be reduced to the simplest components and connected through communication protocols. In the case of a networked design, the system may be spread across more than one LAN network called a process control network (PCN) and separated geographically. Several distributed architecture SCADAs running in parallel, with a single supervisor and historian, could be considered a network architecture. This allows for a more cost-effective solution in very large scale systems. The growth of the internet has led systems to implement web technologies allowing users to view data, exchange information and control processes from anywhere in the world. The early 2000s saw the proliferation of Web systems. Web systems use internet browsers such as Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox as the graphical user interface (GUI) for the operators HMI. This simplifies the client side installation and enables users to access the system from various platforms with web browsers such as servers, personal computers, laptops, tablets and mobile phones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62437 | 248,846 |
Schools Interoperability Framework The Schools Interoperability Framework, Systems Interoperability Framework (UK), or SIF, is a data-sharing open specification for academic institutions from kindergarten through workforce. This specification is being used primarily in the United States, Canada, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand; however, it is increasingly being implemented in India, and elsewhere. The specification comprises two parts: an XML specification for modeling educational data which is specific to the educational locale (such as North America, Australia or the UK), and a service-oriented architecture (SOA) based on both direct and brokered RESTful-models for sharing that data between institutions, which is international and shared between the locales. SIF is not a product, but an industry initiative that enables diverse applications to interact and share data. , SIF was estimated to have been used in more than 48 US states and 6 countries, supporting five million students. The specification was started and maintained by its specification body, the Association, renamed the Access For Learning Community (A4L) in 2015. Traditionally, the standalone applications used by public school districts have the limitation of data isolation; that is, it is difficult to access and share their data. This often results in redundant data entry, data integrity problems, and inefficient or incomplete reporting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1684586 | 375,354 |
Operations management Autonomation was developed by Toyoda Sakichi in Toyoda Spinning and Weaving: an automatically activated loom that was also foolproof, that is automatically detected problems. In 1983 J.N Edwards published his "MRP and Kanban-American style" in which he described JIT goals in terms of seven zeros: zero defects, zero (excess) lot size, zero setups, zero breakdowns, zero handling, zero lead time and zero surging. This period also marks the spread of Total Quality Management (TQM) in Japan, ideas initially developed by American authors such as Deming, Juran and Armand V. Feigenbaum. TQM is a strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement on an organizational basis, this includes: participation, work culture, customer focus, supplier quality improvement and integration of the quality system with business goals. Schnonberger identified seven fundamentals principles essential to the Japanese approach: Meanwhile, in the sixties, a different approach was developed by George W. Plossl and Oliver W. Wight, this approach was continued by Joseph Orlicky as a response to the TOYOTA Manufacturing Program which led to Material Requirements Planning (MRP) at IBM, latter gaining momentum in 1972 when the American Production and Inventory Control Society launched the "MRP Crusade". One of the key insights of this management system was the distinction between dependent demand and independent demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1993994 | 461,146 |
Ground support equipment This includes bag carts, mobile air conditioning units, air starters, and lavatory carts. A ground power unit is a vehicle capable of supplying power to aircraft parked on the ground. Ground power units may also be built into the jetway, making it even easier to supply electrical power to aircraft. Many aircraft require 28 V of direct current and 115 V 400 Hz of alternating current. The electric energy is carried from a generator to a connection on the aircraft via 3 phase 4-wire insulated cable capable of handling 261 amps (90 kVA). These connectors are standard for all aircraft, as defined in ISO 6858. A so-called "solid state unit" converts power from AC to DC along with current separation for aircraft power requirements. Solid state units can be supplied stationary, bridge-mounted or as a mobile unit. Buses at airports are used to move people from the terminal to either an aircraft or another terminal. The specific term for airport buses that drive on the apron only is apron bus. Apron buses may have a low profile like the or aircraft buses because people disembark directly to the apron. Some airports use buses that are raised to the level of a passenger terminal and can only be accessed from a door on the 2nd level of the terminal. These odd-looking buses are usually referred to as "people movers" or "mobile lounges". Airport buses are usually normal city buses or specialized terminal buses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7802776 | 385,535 |
Elder abuse In some situations the abuse is "domestic violence grown old," a situation in which the abusive behavior of a spouse or partner continues into old age. In some situations, an older couple may be attempting to care and support each other and failing, in the absence of external support. In the case of sons and daughters, it tends to be that of financial abuse, justified by a belief that it is nothing more than the "advance inheritance" of property, valuables, and money. Within paid care environments, abuse can occur for a variety of reasons. Some abuse is the willful act of cruelty inflicted by a single individual upon an older person. In fact, a case study in Canada suggests that the high elder abuse statistics are from repeat offenders who, like in other forms of abuse, practice elder abuse for the schadenfreude associated with the act. More commonly, institutional abuses or neglect may reflect lack of knowledge, lack of training, lack of support, or insufficient resourcing. Institutional abuse may be the consequence of common practices or processes that are part of running of a care institution or service. Sometimes this type of abuse is referred to as "poor practice," although this term reflects the motive of the perpetrator (the causation) rather than the impact upon the older person. With the aging of today's population, there is the potential that elder abuse will increase unless it is more comprehensively recognized and addressed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=526616 | 167,102 |
TekWar (TV series) These are often referred to as the show's "first season" by fans and in episode guides despite not technically being a proper season. The series proper, or the "second season" if counting the movies as a season, consists of 18 hour-long episodes which originally aired between December 22, 1994 and February 9, 1996. "TekWar" was based on the series of "Tek" novels written by Ron Goulart from outlines by William Shatner. The initial idea for the novels occurred to Shatner in the 1980s. He said, "In the beginning I planned "TekWar" as a screenplay for myself to star in. I had this idea of putting "T.J. Hooker" into a futuristic milieu." But it was not until the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike stalled production on "" that he found time to write. Shatner said "I'd doodle with a paragraph and it would grow into two pages. Then I'd fiddle with the two pages and that would become 20 pages. Eventually the book sort of evolved by itself." While the novels and the later television series follow the same general storyline, setting the story 200 years in the future almost derailed any film or television adaptation. When Shatner approached networks and studios to pitch the idea of a "TekWar" project, he was told that it would be too expensive to produce. Marvel Comics eventually approached Shatner with the idea of launching a series of "TekWar" comic books. William Shatner sold the rights to Marvel for a comic book series under the condition that it be set only 50 years in the future | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18084456 | 402,180 |
Economic opportunism is a term related to the subversion of morality to profit. There exists no agreed general, scientific definition or theory of economic opportunism; the literature usually considers only specific cases and contexts. There is no agreement about "why" this is so. Oliver E. Williamson comments: Market trade supplies no universal morality of its own, except the law of contract and basic practical requirements to settle transactions, while at the same time legal rules, however precise in their formulation, cannot control "every last detail" of transactions and the interpretation (or implications) thereof. Since economic opportunism must be assessed against some relevant norm or principle, controversy about what that norm or principle should be, makes a general definition difficult. Adam Smith famously wrote in "The Wealth of Nations" that: If that Smithian view is accepted, then it is difficult to establish that "taking selfish advantage of an economic situation" can in any way be considered "opportunist", because it does not transgress any moral principle or principle of trade. Indeed, the pursuit of self-interest is in this view "beneficial" for all, it is exactly what makes the market tick. Furthermore, it is in the interest of market actors to conduct their affairs properly, because if their trading reputation is destroyed, they will be out of business | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39328042 | 503,653 |
Grossman model of health demand In another departure from Grossman's model on the question of expenditures and demand over time, University of Maryland Economics professor Maureen Cropper argues that healthcare demand should be delineated between preventative care and treatment of illness, the latter of which is often correlated with end of life treatment and can be seen as more random based on illness occurrence. The former variable is more predictable, but very much correlated to those earlier in their life cycle and present in the labor market. Additionally, researchers have questioned the independence of the individual variables in the model such as education, income, as well as socioeconomic and occupation status. Particular attention had been paid to riskier professions, which generally entail higher wages due to occupational hazards and thus make such variable co-dependent. Much to the same point, Dr. Victor Fuchs argues that both genetic and gendered differences operate as unobserved, immutable variables within the model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56797070 | 505,322 |
4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, fampridine, dalfampridine) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHN–NH. The molecule is one of the three isomeric amines of pyridine. It is used as a research tool in characterizing subtypes of the potassium channel. It has also been used as a drug, to manage some of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis, and is indicated for symptomatic improvement of walking in adults with several variations of the disease. It was undergoing Phase III clinical trials , and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the compound on January 22, 2010. Fampridine is also marketed as Ampyra (pronounced "am-PEER-ah," according to the maker's website) in the United States by Acorda Therapeutics and as Fampyra in Europe. In Canada, the medication has been approved for use by Health Canada since February 10, 2012. is prepared by the decarbonylation of pyridine-4-carboxamide using sodium hypochlorite via the Hofmann rearrangement. The pyridine carboxamide is generated from the corresponding nitrile, which in turn is obtained from ammoxidation of 4-methylpyridine. In the laboratory, 4-AP is a useful pharmacological tool in studying various potassium conductances in physiology and biophysics. It is a relatively selective blocker of members of Kv1 (Shaker, KCNA) family of voltage-activated K+ channels. However, 4-AP has been shown to potentiate voltage-gated Ca channel currents independent of effects on voltage-activated K+ channels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2194910 | 168,456 |
WTVS WTVS, virtual channel 56 (UHF digital channel 20), is a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member television station licensed to Detroit, Michigan, United States. The station is owned by the Detroit Educational Television Foundation. WTVS' main studios are located at the Riley Broadcast Center and HD Studios in Wixom, with an additional studio at the Maccabees Building in Midtown Detroit. The station's transmitter is located at 8 Mile and Meyers Road in Oak Park (on a tower shared with MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYD, channel 20, and CBS owned-and-operated station WWJ-TV, channel 62). partners with Detroit Public Schools in the management of classical and jazz music station WRCJ-FM (90.9). On cable, the station is available in standard definition on channel 6 on most systems (except on WOW!, where it is carried on channel 3, and Charter Spectrum, where it is carried on either channel 10 or channel 11), channel 56 on AT&T U-verse, and channel 67 on Cogeco's Windsor, Ontario system, and in high definition on Comcast Xfinity channel 240, Cogeco channel 715, and U-verse channel 1056. The station first signed on the air on October 3, 1955; began broadcasting in color in 1968. Previously the studios were at 9345 Lawton in Detroit, along with the studios of WRCJ, before later moving studios to the New Center area of Detroit which are now served for its fixed satellite services. broadcasts its digital signal from the same tower as at a height of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1783162 | 411,556 |
Dielectric spectroscopy It is used in many biosensor systems as a label-free technique to measure bacterial concentration and to detect dangerous pathogens such as Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, and yeast cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is also used to analyze and characterize different food products. Some examples are the assessment of food–package interactions, the analysis of milk composition, the characterization and the determination of the freezing end-point of ice-cream mixes, the measure of meat ageing, the investigation of ripeness and quality in fruits and the determination of free acidity in olive oil. In the field of human health monitoring is better known as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and is used to estimate body composition as well as different parameters such as total body water and free fat mass. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can be used to obtain the frequency response of batteries. Biomedical sensors working in the microwave range relies on dielectric spectroscopy to detect changes in the dielectric properties over a frequency range. The IFAC database can be used as a resource to get the dielectric properties for human body tissues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1894582 | 375,702 |
Intelligent transportation system eCall is expected to be offered, at earliest, by the end of 2010, pending standardization by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute and commitment from large EU member states such as France and the United Kingdom. A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of a camera and a vehicle-monitoring device, is used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a speed limit or some other road legal requirement and automatically ticket offenders based on the license plate number. Traffic tickets are sent by mail. Applications include: Recently some jurisdictions have begun experimenting with variable speed limits that change with road congestion and other factors. Typically such speed limits only change to decline during poor conditions, rather than being improved in good ones. One example is on Britain's M25 motorway, which circumnavigates London. On the most heavily traveled section (junction 10 to 16) of the M25 variable speed limits combined with automated enforcement have been in force since 1995. Initial results indicated savings in journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, and a fall in the number of accidents, so the implementation was made permanent in 1997. Further trials on the M25 have been thus far proven inconclusive. Japan has installed sensors on its highways to notify motorists that a car is stalled ahead. Communication cooperation on the road includes car-to-car, car-to-infrastructure, and vice versa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=92529 | 365,172 |
New South Wales Cancer Institute Awards The Cancer Institute NSW Premier’s Awards for Outstanding Cancer Research are the premier awards ceremony for the cancer research sector in NSW. Now in its tenth year, the event honours the achievements of the individuals and teams that work across the cancer research sector to lessen the impact of cancer for the people of NSW. These awards are an opportunity to honour the state’s outstanding cancer researchers whose brilliant minds together with their commitment to years and even decades of focused work have led to new discoveries about cancer diagnoses, treatments and survival. Their achievements reflect that improving cancer outcomes is a series of incremental steps. As the NSW Government’s cancer control agency, the Cancer Institute NSW supports, facilitates and collaborates with all in the cancer control sector to translate new discoveries in to meaningful knowledge to improve the health system of NSW. This new information is providing the evidence we need to drive rapid improvement in cancer prevention, treatment, care and ultimately, survival outcomes. 2011 Cancer Research Awards 2012 Cancer Research Awards 2013 Cancer Research Awards 2014 Cancer Research Awards 2015 Cancer Research Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15698254 | 176,092 |
Surface states In this picture, it is easy to comprehend that the existence of a surface will give rise to surface states with energies different from the energies of the bulk states: Since the atoms residing in the topmost surface layer are missing their bonding partners on one side, their orbitals have less overlap with the orbitals of neighboring atoms. The splitting and shifting of energy levels of the atoms forming the crystal is therefore smaller at the surface than in the bulk. If a particular orbital is responsible for the chemical bonding, e.g. the "sp" hybrid in Si or Ge, it is strongly affected by the presence of the surface, bonds are broken, and the remaining lobes of the orbital stick out from the surface. They are called dangling bonds. The energy levels of such states are expected to significantly shift from the bulk values. In contrast to the nearly free electron model used to describe the Shockley states, the Tamm states are suitable to describe also transition metals and wide bandgap semiconductors. originating from clean and well ordered surfaces are usually called "intrinsic". These states include states originating from reconstructed surfaces, where the two-dimensional translational symmetry gives rise to the band structure in the k space of the surface. "Extrinsic" surface states are usually defined as states not originating from a clean and well ordered surface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3215301 | 72,531 |
Responsive architecture The term "responsive architecture" was introduced by Nicholas Negroponte, who first conceived of it during the late 1960s when spatial design problems were being explored by applying cybernetics to architecture. Negroponte proposes that responsive architecture is the natural product of the integration of computing power into built spaces and structures, and that better performing, more rational buildings are the result. Negroponte also extends this mixture to include the concepts of recognition, intention, contextual variation, and meaning into computing and its successful (ubiquitous) integration into architecture. This cross-fertilization of ideas lasted for about eight years. Several important theories resulted from these efforts, but today Nicholas Negroponte’s contributions are the most obvious to architecture. His work moved the field of architecture in a technical, functional, and actuated direction. Since Negroponte’s contribution, new works of responsive architecture have also emerged, but as aesthetic creations—rather than functional ones. The works of Diller & Scofidio (Blur), dECOi (Aegis Hypo-Surface), and NOX (The Freshwater Pavilion, NL) are all classifiable as types of responsive architecture. Each of these works monitors fluctuations in the environment and alters its form in response to these changes. The Blur project by Diller & Scofidio relies upon the responsive characteristics of a cloud to change its form while blowing in the wind | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10029655 | 358,310 |
Neurogenomics Given a healthy adult, expression profiles stay relatively consistent from the late twenties into the late forties. From the fifties onwards, there is significant decrease in the expression of genes important for regular function. Despite this, there is an increase in the diversity of genes being expressed across the brain. This age related change in expression may be correlated with GC content. At later stages of life, there is an increase in the induction of low GC-content pivotal genes as well as an increase in the repression of high GC-content pivotal genes. Another cause of the shift in gene diversity is the accumulation of mutations and DNA damage. Gene expression studies show that genes that accrue these age-related mutations are consistent between individuals in the aging population. Genes that are highly expressed at development decrease significantly at late stages in life, whereas genes that are highly repressed at development increase significantly at the late stages. The evolution of "Homo sapiens" since the divergence from the primate common ancestor has shown a marked expansion in the size and complexity of the brain, especially in the cerebral cortex. In comparison to primates, the human cerebral cortex has an embiggened surface area but differs only slightly in thickness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24219329 | 176,629 |
Buffalo Bill Dam Generating units 1 and 2 came on line in 1922, with Unit 3 in 1931. Installed capacity was 6.012 MW. All three units were shut down in 1980, worn out from fifty years of service. 1 and 2 were decommissioned and left in place, while 3 was replaced with a new 3 MW Francis turbine unit that started operation in 1992. The plant operates with a head of . The proposed Heart Mountain Canal project, intended to irrigate lands to the north of the river, required a new tunnel to direct irrigation waters to a suitable elevation for distribution. Work on the Shoshone Canyon Tunnel started in 1937, accompanied by the death of two tunnel workers who were overcome by fumes from explosives and hydrogen sulfide from nearby geothermal activity, and were subsequently struck by construction equipment. A natural cave had to be crossed by a concrete flume of two spans, constructed under difficult conditions in a high-gas environment. Work on the tunnel by the Utah Construction Company was complete in 1939. The Heart Mountain Powerplant was built at the tunnel's outlet in 1947 as a temporary facility. It was rebuilt concurrently with the dam heightening project and is operated on a seasonal basis. It operates a 5 MW Francis turbine on a head. Starting in 1985, the crest of the dam was raised , increasing the reservoir's capacity by when the project was completed in 1993. The spillways were enlarged and equipped with radial arm gates. The project also included a visitor center, located at the north end of the dam's crest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15408820 | 196,815 |
Legionella It was previously believed that transmission of the bacterium was restricted to much shorter distances. A team of French scientists reviewed the details of an epidemic of Legionnaires' disease that took place in Pas-de-Calais, northern France, in 2003–2004. Of 86 confirmed cases during the outbreak, 18 resulted in death. The source of infection was identified as a cooling tower in a petrochemical plant, and an analysis of those affected in the outbreak revealed that some infected people lived as far as 6–7 km from the plant. No vaccine is available for legionellosis. Vaccination studies using heat-killed or acetone-killed cells have been carried out in guinea pigs, which were then given "Legionella" intraperitoneally or by aerosol. Both vaccines were shown to give moderately high levels of protection. Protection was dose-dependent and correlated with antibody levels as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to an outer membrane antigen and by indirect immunofluorescence to heat-killed cells. However, a licensed vaccine for people in the US is most probably still many years away. "Legionella" has been discovered to be a genetically diverse species with 7-11% of genes strain-specific. The molecular function of some of the proven virulence factors of "Legionella" have been discovered. Control of "Legionella" growth can occur through chemical, thermal or ultraviolet treatment methods. The more expensive of these two options is temperature control—i.e., keeping all cold water below and all hot water above | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=195768 | 27,121 |
Compliance training fletc.gov/state-local-tribal-law-enforcement-training Emergency Response - Responsing to emergencies require certain skills and processes to be followed or lives can be lost. https://www.fema.gov/training Healthcare - visit the Office of the Inspector General for more information. https://oig.hhs.gov/compliance/compliance-resource-portal/ Transportation - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/hazardous-materials/training-education In addition, there are many other professions and industries that require mandated compliance training. "A Compliance Program helps to create a structure around all compliance obligations and risks, so that an institution is proactively understanding them, and making efforts to mitigate them in a consistent and proactive way before a crisis arises." "Establishing different types of compliance training depending on the industry involved can help avoid: can be performed in-house by compliance training specialists, or hired out to consultant firms. Some compliance training is done online. While this is entirely tied to the realm of compliance that is being considered, the penalties can range from a Fine, through the seizure of company assets, to jail time for executives of the company at fault. For example, the consequences of not being compliant with Anti Money Laundering cost the Las Vegas Sands Resort to pay $47 Million in penalties for suspicious credit card transactions. HIPAA fines for lack of compliance can be staggering as well | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6948317 | 501,631 |
Marine cloud brightening In fact, the latest IPCC report considers aerosol-cloud interactions as one of the current major challenges in climate modeling in general. In particular, the number of droplets does not increase proportionally when more aerosols are present and can even decrease. Extrapolating the effects of particles on clouds observed on the microphysical scale to the regional, climatically relevant scale, is not straightforward. The modeling evidence of the global climatic effects of marine cloud brightening remains limited. Current modeling research indicates that marine cloud brightening could substantially cool the planet. One study estimated that it could produce 3.7 W/m of globally averaged negative forcing. This would counteract the warming caused by a doubling of the preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, or an estimated 3 degrees Celsius, although models have indicated less capacity. The climatic impacts of marine cloud brightening would be rapidly responsive and reversible. If the brightening activity were to change in intensity, or stop altogether, then the clouds' brightness would respond within a few days to weeks, as the cloud condensation nuclei particles precipitate naturally. Again unlike stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening might be able to be used regionally, albeit in a limited manner. Marine stratocumulus clouds are common in particular regions, specifically the eastern Pacific Ocean and the eastern South Atlantic Ocean | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20939923 | 221,263 |
Conflict of interest " Regulating conflict of interest in government is one of the aims of political ethics. Public officials are expected to put service to the public and their constituents ahead of their personal interests. rules are intended to prevent officials from making decisions in circumstances that could reasonably be perceived as violating this duty of office. Rules in the executive branch tend to be stricter and easier to enforce than in the legislative branch. Two problems make legislative ethics of conflicts difficult and distinctive. First, as James Madison wrote, legislators should share a "communion of interests" with their constituents. Legislators cannot adequately represent the interests of constituents without also representing some of their own. As Senator Robert S. Kerr once said, "I represent the farmers of Oklahoma, although I have large farm interests. I represent the oil business in Oklahoma...and I am in the oil business...They don't want to send a man here who has no community of interest with them, because he wouldn't be worth a nickel to them." The problem is to distinguish special interests from the general interests of all constituents. Second, the "political interests" of legislatures include campaign contributions which they need to get elected, and which are generally not illegal and not the same as a bribe. But under many circumstances they can have the same effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236850 | 489,792 |
Cauchy momentum equation The tensor derivative is the component-by-component derivative of the velocity vector, defined by , so that The vector calculus identity of the cross product of a curl holds: where the Feynman subscript notation is used, which means the subscripted gradient operates only on the factor . Lamb in his famous classical book Hydrodynamics (1895), still in print, used this identity to change the convective term of the flow velocity in rotational form, i.e. without a tensor derivative: where the vector formula_47 is called the Lamb vector. The becomes: Using the identity: the Cauchy equation becomes: In fact, in case of an external conservative field, by defining its potential : In case of a steady flow the time derivative of the flow velocity disappears, so the momentum equation becomes: And by projecting the momentum equation on the flow direction, i.e. along a "streamline", the cross product disappears due to a vector calculus identity of the triple scalar product: If the stress tensor is isotropic, then only the pressure enters: formula_54 (where is the identity tensor), and the Euler momentum equation in the steady incompressible case becomes: In the steady incompressible case the mass equation is simply: that is, "the mass conservation for a steady incompressible flow states that the density along a streamline is constant" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16408009 | 426,427 |
Accidental release source terms are the mathematical equations that quantify the flow rate at which accidental releases of liquid or gaseous pollutants into the ambient environment can occur at industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, oil and gas transportation pipelines, chemical plants, and many other industrial activities. Governmental regulations in many countries require that the probability of such accidental releases be analyzed and their quantitative impact upon the environment and human health be determined so that mitigating steps can be planned and implemented. There are a number of mathematical calculation methods for determining the flow rate at which gaseous and liquid pollutants might be released from various types of accidents. Such calculational methods are referred to as "source terms", and this article on accidental release source terms explains some of the calculation methods used for determining the mass flow rate at which gaseous pollutants may be accidentally released. When gas stored under pressure in a closed vessel is discharged to the atmosphere through a hole or other opening, the gas velocity through that opening may be choked (i.e., it has attained a maximum) or it may be non-choked | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3999992 | 366,076 |
Automatic identification system However, position is typically provided by an external receiver such as GPS, LORAN-C or an inertial navigation system and the internal receiver is only used as a backup for position information. Other information broadcast by the AIS, if available, is electronically obtained from shipboard equipment through standard marine data connections. Heading information, position (latitude and longitude), "speed over ground", and rate of turn are normally provided by all ships equipped with AIS. Other information, such as destination, and ETA may also be provided. An AIS transceiver normally works in an autonomous and continuous mode, regardless of whether it is operating in the open seas or coastal or inland areas. AIS transceivers use two different frequencies, VHF maritime channels 87B (161.975 MHz) and 88B (162.025 MHz), and use 9.6 kbit/s Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation over 25 kHz channels using the High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) packet protocol. Although only one radio channel is necessary, each station transmits and receives over two radio channels to avoid interference problems, and to allow channels to be shifted without communications loss from other ships. The system provides for automatic contention resolution between itself and other stations, and communications integrity is maintained even in overload situations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1825702 | 293,044 |
Retrometabolic drug design There are several rationally designed soft drugs that have either already reached the market, such as or are in late-stage development (remimazolam, budiodarone, celivarone, AZD3043, tecafarin). There are also compounds that can be considered as soft chemicals (e.g., malathion) or soft drugs (e.g., articaine, methylphenidate) even though they were not developed as such. Since their introduction in the early 1980s, CDSs have also generated considerable research work, especially for brain and eye targeting of various therapeutic agents, including those that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier or the blood-retinal barrier on their own. Within this approach, three major general CDS classes have been identified: This concept has been extended to many drugs and peptides, its importance illustrated by the fact that its first applications and uses were published in "Science" in 1975, 1981 and 1983. Its extension to the targeted brain-delivery of neuropeptides was included by the "Harvard Health Letter" as one of the top 10 medical advances of 1992. Several compounds have reached advanced clinical development phase, such as In the first example above, brain-targeted CDSs employ a sequential metabolic conversion of a redox-based targetor moiety, which is closely related to the ubiquitous NAD(P)H ⇌ NAD(P) coenzyme system, to exploit the unique properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40287988 | 28,198 |
List of big data companies This is an alphabetical list of notable IT companies using the marketing term big data: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51354460 | 289,279 |
Fonds de Garantie des Depôts The Fonds de Garantie des Dépôts is a French deposit insurance fund. It was established on June 25, 1999 and guarantees deposits up to €100,000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10220421 | 511,193 |
Anarcho-communism So "In the theory of the revolution" of anarcho-communism as elaborated by Peter Kropotkin and others "it is the risen people who are the real agent and not the working class organised in the enterprise (the cells of the capitalist mode of production) and seeking to assert itself as labour power, as a more 'rational' industrial body or social brain (manager) than the employers". As a result, "between 1880 and 1890" with the "perspective of an immanent revolution", who was "opposed to the official workers' movement, which was then in the process of formation (general Social Democratisation). They were opposed not only to political (statist) struggles but also to strikes which put forward wage or other claims, or which were organised by trade unions." But "While they were not opposed to strikes as such, they were opposed to trade unions and the struggle for the eight-hour day. This anti-reformist tendency was accompanied by an anti-organisational tendency, and its partisans declared themselves in favour of agitation amongst the unemployed for the expropriation of foodstuffs and other articles, for the expropriatory strike and, in some cases, for 'individual recuperation' or acts of terrorism." Even after Peter Kropotkin and others overcame their initial reservations and decided to enter labor unions, there remained "the anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists, who in France were grouped around Sebastien Faure's "Le Libertaire" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17865 | 516,049 |
Magic lantern Christiaan Huygens' 1659 sketches (see above) suggest he intended to animate the skeleton to have it take off its head and place it back on its neck. This can be seen as an indication that the very first magic lantern demonstrations may already have included projections of simple animations. In 1668, Robert Hooke wrote about the effects of a type of magic lantern installation: "Spectators not well versed in optics, that should see the various apparitions and disappearances, the motions, changes and actions that may this way be represented, would readily believe them to be supernatural and miraculous." In 1675, German polymath and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz proposed a kind of world exhibition that would show all kinds of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should open and close with magic lantern shows, including subjects "which can be dismembered, to represent quite extraordinary and grotesque movements, which men would not be capable of making" (translated from French). Several reports of early magic lantern screenings possibly described moving pictures, but are not clear enough to conclude whether the viewers saw animated slides or motion depicted in still images. In 1698, German engraver and publisher Johann Christoph Weigel described several lantern slides with mechanisms that made glass parts move over one fixed glass slide, for instance by the means of a silk thread, or grooves in which the mobile part slides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20783 | 396,104 |
Four occupations Barbieri-Low, Professor of Early Chinese History at the University of California, Santa Barbara, writes that the classification of "four occupations" can be viewed as a mere rhetorical device that had no effect on government policy. However, he notes that although no statute in the Qin or Han law codes specifically mentions the four occupations, some laws did treat these broadly classified social groups as separate units with different levels of legal privilege. The categorisation was sorted according to the principle of economic usefulness to state and society, that those who used mind rather than muscle (scholars) were placed first, with farmers, seen as the primary creators of wealth, placed next, followed by artisans, and finally merchants who were seen as a social disturbance for excessive accumulation of wealth or erratic fluctuation of prices. Beneath the four occupations were the "mean people" (), outcasts from "humilitating" occupations such as entertainers and prostitutes. The four occupations were not a hereditary system. The four occupations system differed from those of European feudalism in that people were not born into the specific classes, such that, for example, a son born to a gong craftsman was able to become a part of the shang merchant class, and so on. Theoretically, any man could become an official through the Imperial examinations. From the fourth century BC, the "shi" and some wealthy merchants wore long flowing silken robes, while the working class wore trousers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14194836 | 511,910 |
Chemical weapons and the United Kingdom The 2004 hearing closed on 15 November, after a jury found that the cause of Maddison's death was "application of a nerve agent in a non-therapeutic experiment". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31819273 | 32,049 |
Drop impact The contact time is independent of velocity in this regime. The minimum contact time for a low deformation drop (We « 1) is approximated by the lowest-order oscillation period for a spherical drop., giving the characteristic time a prefactor of approximately 2.2. For large-deformation drops (We > 1), similar contact times are seen even though dynamics of impact are different, as discussed below. If the droplet is split into multiple droplets, the contact time is reduced. As the Weber number increases, the drop deformation upon impact also increases. The drop deformation pattern can be split up into regimes based on the Weber number. When a liquid drop strikes a wet solid surface (a surface covered with a thin layer of liquid that exceeds the height of surface roughness), either spreading or splashing will occur. If the velocity is below a critical value, the liquid will spread on the surface, similar to deposition described above. If the velocity exceeds the critical velocity, splashing will occur and shock wave can be generated. Splashing on thin fluid films occurs in the form of a corona, similar to that seen for dry solid surfaces. Under proper conditions, droplet hitting a liquid interface can also display a superhydrophobic-like bouncing, characterized by the contact time, spreading dynamics and restitution coefficient independent of the underlying liquid properties. When a liquid drop strikes the surface of a liquid reservoir, it will either float, bounce, coalesce with the reservoir, or splash | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41280949 | 28,985 |
Biochemical cascade BMP is also responsible for formation of extra-embryonic tissues before and during gastrulation, and for early mesoderm differentiation, when Activin and FGF pathways are activated. Pathway building has been performed by individual groups studying a network of interest (e.g., immune signaling pathway) as well as by large bioinformatics consortia (e.g., the Reactome Project) and commercial entities (e.g., Ingenuity Systems). Pathway building is the process of identifying and integrating the entities, interactions, and associated annotations, and populating the knowledge base. Pathway construction can have either a data-driven objective (DDO) or a knowledge-driven objective (KDO). Data-driven pathway construction is used to generate relationship information of genes or proteins identified in a specific experiment such as a microarray study. Knowledge-driven pathway construction entails development of a detailed pathway knowledge base for particular domains of interest, such as a cell type, disease, or system. The curation process of a biological pathway entails identifying and structuring content, mining information manually and/or computationally, and assembling a knowledgebase using appropriate software tools. A schematic illustrating the major steps involved in the data-driven and knowledge-driven construction processes. For either DDO or KDO pathway construction, the first step is to mine pertinent information from relevant information sources about the entities and interactions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1872854 | 173,074 |
Chad Mirkin He was an NSF postdoctoral research fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he worked with Professor Mark S. Wrighton on microelectrode devices for electrocatalysis. He became a professor at Northwestern University in 1991. The focus of his research is on developing methods for controlling the architecture of molecules and materials on the 1 – 100 nm length scale and utilizing such structures in the development of analytical tools that can be used in the areas of chemical and biological sensing, lithography, catalysis, and optics. Mirkin has pioneered the use of DNA and nanoparticles as synthons in materials science and the development of nanoparticle-based biodiagnostics. A common strategy used by Mirkin's group is the use of the unique properties of spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), spherical arrangements of nucleic acids with or without organic or inorganic nanoparticle cores, to enable the synthesis of novel materials and colloidal crystals, the development of high sensitivity probes for chemical and medical diagnostic purposes, and single-entity structures capable of intracellular gene regulation. His 1996 work with SNA-gold nanoparticle conjugates introduced the concept of a nanoparticle as an atom and nucleic acids as bonds, and it laid the ground work for the fields of colloidal crystal engineering with DNA and molecular diagnostics based upon well-defined nanoparticle and nanocrystal bioconjugates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14500487 | 81,350 |
Thallium hydride (systematically named thallium trihydride) is an inorganic compound with the empirical chemical formula . It has not yet been obtained in bulk, hence its bulk properties remain unknown. However, molecular thallium hydride has been isolated in solid gas matrices. is mainly produced for academic purposes. is the simplest thallane. Thallium is the heaviest member of the Group 13 metals; the stability of group 13 hydrides decreases with increasing periodic number. This is commonly attributed to poor overlap of the metal valence orbitals with that of the 1s orbital of Hydrogen. Despite encouraging early reports, it is unlikely that a thallium hydride species has been isolated. Thallium hydrides have been observed only in matrix isolation studies; the infrared spectrum was obtained in the gas phase by laser ablation of thallium in the presence of hydrogen gas. This study confirmed aspects of ab initio calculations conducted by Schwerdtfeger which indicated the similar stability of thallium and indium hydrides. There has not been a confirmed isolation of a thallium hydride complex to date. In 2004 American chemist, Lester Andrews synthesised thallium hydride for the first time. This reaction sequence consisted of atomisation of thallium, followed by cryogenic co-deposition with hydrogen, and concluded with shortwave ultraviolet irradiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31387138 | 31,680 |
Microsoft suffered a loss of more than US$32 billion. In line with the maturing PC business, in July 2013, announced that it would reorganize the business into four new business divisions, namely Operating System, Apps, Cloud, and Devices. All previous divisions will be dissolved into new divisions without any workforce cuts. On September 3, 2013, agreed to buy Nokia's mobile unit for $7 billion, following Amy Hood taking the role of CFO. On February 4, 2014, Steve Ballmer stepped down as CEO of and was succeeded by Satya Nadella, who previously led Microsoft's Cloud and Enterprise division. On the same day, John W. Thompson took on the role of chairman, in place of Bill Gates, who continued to participate as a technology advisor. Thompson became the second chairman in Microsoft's history. On April 25, 2014, acquired Nokia Devices and Services for $7.2 billion. This new subsidiary was renamed Mobile Oy. On September 15, 2014, acquired the video game development company Mojang, best known for "Minecraft", for $2.5 billion. On June 8, 2017, acquired Hexadite, an Israeli security firm, for $100 million. On January 21, 2015, announced the release of their first Interactive whiteboard, Surface Hub. On July 29, 2015, Windows 10 was released, with its server sibling, Windows Server 2016, released in September 2016. In Q1 2015, was the third largest maker of mobile phones, selling 33 million units (7.2% of all) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 116,470 |
Enthalpy of fusion This means energy must be supplied to a solid in order to melt it and energy is released from a liquid when it freezes, because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and so have a higher potential energy (a kind of bond-dissociation energy for intermolecular forces). When liquid water is cooled, its temperature falls steadily until it drops just below the line of freezing point at 0 °C. The temperature then remains constant at the freezing point while the water crystallizes. Once the water is completely frozen, its temperature continues to fall. The enthalpy of fusion is almost always a positive quantity; helium is the only known exception. Helium-3 has a negative enthalpy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4 also has a very slightly negative enthalpy of fusion below . This means that, at appropriate constant pressures, these substances freeze with the addition of heat. In the case of He, this pressure range is between 24.992 and . These values are mostly from the CRC "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 62nd edition. The conversion between cal/g and J/g in the above table uses the thermochemical calorie (cal) = 4.184 joules rather than the International Steam Table calorie (cal) = 4.1868 joules. A) To heat 1 kg (1.00 liter) of water from 283.15 K to 303.15 K (10 °C to 30 °C) requires 83.6 kJ. However, to melt ice also requires energy. We can treat these two processes independently; thus, to heat 1 kg of ice from 273.15 K to water at 293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23523889 | 19,773 |
Isotope hydrology is a field of geochemistry and hydrology that uses naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopic techniques to evaluate the age and origins of surface and groundwater and the processes within the atmospheric hydrologic cycle. applications are highly diverse, and used for informing water-use policy, mapping aquifers, conserving water supplies, assessing sources of water pollution, and increasingly are used in eco-hydrology to study human impacts on all dimensions of the hydrological cycle and ecosystem services. Water molecules carry unique isotopic "fingerprints", based in part on differing ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes that constitute the water molecule. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Air, freshwater and seawater contain mostly oxygen-16 ( O). Oxygen-18 (O) occurs in approximately one oxygen atom in every five hundred and has a slightly higher mass than oxygen-16, as it has two extra neutrons. From a simple energy and bond breakage standpoint this results in a preference for evaporating the lighter O containing water and leaving more of the O water behind in the liquid state (called isotope fractionation). Thus seawater tends to contain more O than rain and snow. Dissolved ions in surface and groundwater water also contain useful isotopes for hydrological investigations. Dissolved species like sulfate and nitrate contain differing ratios of 34-S to 32-S or 15-N to 14-N, and are often diagnostic of pollutant sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2312855 | 340,134 |
Percussion welding (PEW) is a type of resistance welding that blends dissimilar metals together. creates a high temperature arc that is formed from a short quick electrical discharge. Immediately following the electrical discharge, pressure is applied which forges the materials together. This type of joining brings the materials together in a percussive manner. is similar to flash welding and upset welding but is generally considered to be more complex because it uses an electric discharge at the joint, followed by pressure being applied to join the materials together. is used to join dissimilar metals together, or used when flash is not required at the joint. is used on materials that have small cross sectional areas. Advantages of using percussion welding types include a shallow heat affected zone, and the time cycle involved is very short. Typical times can be found to be less than 16 milliseconds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17038800 | 426,536 |
3D television Common 3D display technology for projecting stereoscopic image pairs to the viewer include: In a CEATEC 2011 exhibition, Hitachi released glasses-free 3D projection systems that use a set of 24 projectors, lenses, and translucent half mirrors to superimpose 3D images with a horizontal viewing angle of 60 degrees and a vertical viewing angle of 30 degrees. Besides Hitachi, Sony is also working on similar technologies. Single-view displays project only one stereo pair at a time. Multi-view displays either use head tracking to change the view depending on the viewing angle, or simultaneous projection of multiple independent views of a scene for multiple viewers (automultiscopic). Such multiple views can be created on the fly using the 2D-plus-depth format. Various other display techniques have been described, such as holography, volumetric display, and the Pulfrich effect, which was used in "Doctor Who" Dimensions in Time, in 1993, by "3rd Rock From The Sun" in 1997, and by the Discovery Channel's "Shark Week" in 2000. Stereoscopy is the most widely accepted method for capturing and delivering 3D video. It involves capturing stereo pairs in a two-view setup, with cameras mounted side by side and separated by the same distance as is between a person's pupils. If we imagine projecting an object point in a scene along the line-of-sight for each eye, in turn; to a flat background screen, we may describe the location of this point mathematically using simple algebra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21576279 | 405,326 |
Electronic evidence consists of these two sub-forms: This rather complex relationship can be depicted graphically as shown in this part of a EU-funded project on the topic embedded here at the right. Chapter 10 of the associated 2018 book goes into more detail, as does the website, http://www.evidenceproject.eu/categorization can be abbreviated as e-evidence, and this shorter term is gaining in acceptance in Continental Europe. This page covers mainly activity there and on the international level. Access is the area where much of the current activity on the international level is taking place. A network called the Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network holds global conferences on the topic at various locations. Here are three key regional developments in Geneva, Strasbourg and Brussels. There is an international forensic standard issued by ISO with the International Electrical Commission ISO/IEC 27037. Late in 2019 Russia and China initiated a move to consider drafting a global cybercrime convention. Western democracies are conspicuously absent from the sponsoring parties. Many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have issued a protest letter claiming the Russian initiative would potentially infringe upon human rights. The Convention on Cybercrime (“Budapest Convention”) is "the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet". The CoE is currently drafting an update in the form of a second additional protocol to the Convention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33224711 | 281,940 |
Ceridian-UCLA Pulse of Commerce Index In contrast to other economic indicators, which have a lag time or are based only on surveys of business leaders’ attitudes, the PCI is based on real-time, actual consumption data that provides insight into the economy before the monthly Industrial Production number is issued. "This is the first source of data on diesel sales in almost real time. Diesel in the USA is the fuel used almost exclusively to move goods and materials. If there is an increase in diesel sales – it is pretty good evidence the economy is improving." As the index changes, it offers real comparisons to past performance that captures a solid picture of what has happened, while showing the direction of the overall U.S. economy. This insight is invaluable to businesses, manufacturers, retailers and municipalities as they determine business strategy, plan for growth, or prepare for and manage a downturn. "Back-testing of the data to 1999 shows the index closely matches growth in real gross domestic product and changes in the Federal Reserve's industrial production data. "The index's main advantage over other data is its timeliness. The index is scheduled for release at 8:00 a.m. (ET) on the 10th day of each month--about four or five days before the Fed's industrial report. Because Ceridian can access all fuel purchases in real time, the index won't be subject to revisions." The first PCI was issued on February 10, 2010, and covers data for January 2010. Each monthly report includes historical information for preceding months and years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26402275 | 510,683 |
Sewage treatment Some systems use both biological phosphorus removal and chemical phosphorus removal. The chemical phosphorus removal in those systems may be used as a backup system, for use when the biological phosphorus removal is not removing enough phosphorus, or may be used continuously. In either case, using both biological and chemical phosphorus removal has the advantage of not increasing sludge production as much as chemical phosphorus removal on its own, with the disadvantage of the increased initial cost associated with installing two different systems. Once removed, phosphorus, in the form of a phosphate-rich sewage sludge, may be dumped in a landfill or used as fertilizer. In the latter case, the treated sewage sludge is also sometimes referred to as biosolids. The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment for the later use of drinking, bathing, irrigation, etc. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Cloudy water will be treated less successfully, since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effective disinfection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16079692 | 51,409 |
Sanitary sewer overflow The concept of SSO containment valves has been pioneered in the UK and they are installed to mitigate dry spills, by correlating rainfall data with SSO spill activity. Since medieval times rulers have been aware of the impact of raw sewage improperly discharged to the environment. Before treatment systems existed in 16th century England, King Henry VIII decreed that sewage troughs should be kept flowing so that they would not stagnate in London prior to reaching the River Thames (London sewer system). In the 19th century, sewage treatment plants were first developed and installed in the U.S. and parts of Europe, and the concept of SSO was identified. SSOs were not recognized as a widespread environmental problem until the rise of environmental awareness in the 1960s. Around that time government agencies in the U.S. began identifying locations and frequencies of SSOs in a systematic way. Local governments heard complaints of citizens, and beach closure protocols were systematised to reduce risks to public health. After passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, the U.S. spent billions of dollars on upgrades to sewage treatment plants, with some associated repairs and improvements to the associated collection systems, where the overflows occur. EPA continues to provide funding for low-interest loans to communities for addressing SSO problems, through the Clean Water State Revolving Fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7250472 | 322,718 |
C21H22O12 The molecular formula CHO (molar mass: 466.39 g/mol, exact mass: 466.111126) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24164636 | 30,570 |
Nondestructive testing NDT professionals and managers who seek to further their growth, knowledge and experience to remain competitive in the rapidly advancing technology field of nondestructive testing should consider joining NDTMA, a member organization of NDT Managers and Executives who work to provide a forum for the open exchange of managerial, technical and regulatory information critical to the successful management of NDT personnel and activities. Their annual conference at the Golden Nugget in Las Vegas is a popular for its informative and relevant programming and exhibition space There are two approaches in personnel certification: In the United States employer based schemes are the norm, however central certification schemes exist as well. The most notable is "ASNT Level III" (established in 1976-1977), which is organized by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing for Level 3 NDT personnel. "NAVSEA 250-1500" is another US central certification scheme, specifically developed for use in the naval nuclear program. Central certification is more widely used in the European Union, where certifications are issued by accredited bodies (independent organizations conforming to ISO 17024 and accredited by a national accreditation authority like UKAS). The Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC) actually enforces central personnel certification for the initial testing of steam boilers and some categories of pressure vessels and piping. European Standards harmonized with this directive specify personnel certification to EN 473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=255047 | 356,012 |
Coevolution Antagonistic coevolution is seen in the harvester ant species "Pogonomyrmex barbatus" and "Pogonomyrmex rugosus", in a relationship both parasitic and mutualistic. The queens are unable to produce worker ants by mating with their own species. Only by crossbreeding can they produce workers. The winged females act as parasites for the males of the other species as their sperm will only produce sterile hybrids. But because the colonies are fully dependent on these hybrids to survive, it is also mutualistic. While there is no genetic exchange between the species, they are unable to evolve in a direction where they become too genetically different as this would make crossbreeding impossible. Predators and prey interact and coevolve: the predator to catch the prey more effectively, the prey to escape. The coevolution of the two mutually imposes selective pressures. These often lead to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in anti-predator adaptations. The same applies to herbivores, animals that eat plants, and the plants that they eat. In the Rocky Mountains, red squirrels and crossbills (seed-eating birds) compete for seeds of the lodgepole pine. The squirrels get at pine seeds by gnawing through the cone scales, whereas the crossbills get at the seeds by extracting them with their unusual crossed mandibles. In areas where there are squirrels, the lodgepole's cones are heavier, and have fewer seeds and thinner scales, making it more difficult for squirrels to get at the seeds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190835 | 182,193 |
Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites, and spacecraft, in short "Avionic — the science of electronics when used in designing and making aircraft." Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform. The term "avionics" is a portmanteau of the words "aviation" and "electronics". The term "avionics" was coined by the journalist Philip J. Klass as a portmanteau of "aviation electronics". Many modern avionics have their origins in World War II wartime developments. For example, autopilot systems that are commonplace today began as specialized systems to help bomber planes fly steadily enough to hit precision targets from high altitudes. Famously, radar was developed in the UK, and then given to the US through the Tizard Mission Modern avionics is a substantial portion of military aircraft spending. Aircraft like the F‑15E and the now retired F‑14 have roughly 20 percent of their budget spent on avionics. Most modern helicopters now have budget splits of 60/40 in favour of avionics. The civilian market has also seen a growth in cost of avionics. Flight control systems (fly-by-wire) and new navigation needs brought on by tighter airspaces, have pushed up development costs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2039 | 395,137 |
Governance in higher education Addressing issues through collective bargaining, the statement believes “administration and the governing boards of colleges and universities should accept the faculty's recommendations”. The statement also maintains that faculty should be involved in salary decisions, evaluating administrators, and budgeting. The policy concludes with the assertion: The policy statement references the AAUP's "1966 Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities." The basic principles evidently draw from the early AAUP statement on governance. Though the NEA makes no mention of students anywhere in the policy, the NEA like the AAUP does reflect the basic ideas and premise for the “responsibility primarily of the faculty to determine the appropriate curriculum and procedures of student instruction”. In this respect, the AAUP grants that considerations should be made for publicly supported institutions. Unlike the NEA, the AAUP elaborates more on the role of governing structures, including the role of the president to ensure "sound academic practices", as the NEA suggests faculty rights to appeal flawed and improper procedures. In summation, where the AAUP discusses the organizational structure for governance and management in more detail while touching on student involvement, the NEA statement differs by detailing primarily faculty rights and responsibilities in shared governance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9177274 | 472,704 |
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges The (DMRB) is a series of 15 volumes that provide standards, advice notes and other documents relating to the design, assessment and operation of trunk roads, including motorways in the United Kingdom, and, with some amendments, the Republic of Ireland. It also forms the basis of the road design standards used in many other countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3571309 | 239,034 |
IBM 5280 The was designed to compete with the data entry products that were available at the time. The IBM 3740 was the major data entry capability available to convert the data collected at the source, whether high volume, distributed or locally gathered, to make it available in digitized form in databases that were available to the managers and other users, and to make sure that the information was saved securely in storage for future reference. The followed the design lead of the IBM 3740 but was totally programmable, enhanced the speed and storage of the processor, the speed and amount of available memory for the software to use, the size and clarity of the display, and afforded multiple diskette drives with larger capacity on each diskette. And, it sported an enhanced styling. The was described by IBM as a "Distributed Data System" in its 1980 announcement. Its role was described as "a new low-cost product family to enter data into larger computers, communicate data and process data on the spot." The Distributed Data System paralleled the design of the IBM 3740 system. The main differences were that the products were faster, the software accomplished the tasks better with more/faster memory, larger diskette storage, etc., more data was made available than ever before. It was a Cadillac in search of a garage. The was a natural replacement for the aging data input products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60351161 | 291,341 |
Racetrack memory In most cases, memory devices store one bit in any given location, so they are typically compared in terms of "cell size", a cell storing one bit. Cell size itself is given in units of F², where "F" is the feature size design rule, representing usually the metal line width. Flash and racetrack both store multiple bits per cell, but the comparison can still be made. For instance, hard drives appeared to be reaching theoretical limits around 650 nm²/bit, defined primarily by the capability to read and write to specific areas of the magnetic surface. DRAM has a cell size of about 6 F², SRAM is much less dense at 120 F². NAND flash memory is currently the densest form of non-volatile memory in widespread use, with a cell size of about 4.5 F², but storing three bits per cell for an effective size of 1.5 F². NOR flash memory is slightly less dense, at an effective 4.75 F², accounting for 2-bit operation on a 9.5 F² cell size. In the vertical orientation (U-shaped) racetrack, nearly 10-20 bits are stored per cell, which itself would have a physical size of at least about 20 F². In addition, bits at different positions on the "track" would take different times (from ~10 to ~1000 ns, or 10 ns/bit) to be accessed by the read/write sensor, because the "track" would move the domains at a fixed rate of ~100 m/s past the read/write sensor. There are software utilities for modeling single and multi-bit racetrack memory designs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13276879 | 264,997 |
South African insurance law As a general rule, the words “representation,” “failure to disclose” and “non-disclosure” refer to existing facts as well as to future events. The controversy of granting damages for misrepresentation of a future event has generally been removed by statutory reform. The question of materiality is of assistance here. Subrogation is the right of the insurer, having indemnified the insured in terms of the policy, to receive the benefit of all the rights of the insured against third parties. The insurer may take charge of litigation against third parties liable for loss to the insured. The proceedings are in the name of the insured, with the insurer as "dominus litis". Subrogation, then, is essentially a right of recourse without transfer of rights. The objectives of subrogation are as follows: The following are the requirements of subrogation: The insurer has a right of recourse against a third party for loss where the insurer has paid the insured the cover for such loss. The insurer may institute a claim against the third party on behalf of the insured as "dominus litis". The insurer also has a right to information and assistance from the insured, together with a right to preservation of the claim, which usually takes the form of a clause in insurance contracts which requires the insured to take the necessary steps to protect the insurer's right to subrogation (even if the requirements for subrogation have not yet been met in full) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41108090 | 487,869 |
Paleontology For example, geochemical signatures from rocks may help to discover when life first arose on Earth, and analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to identify climate changes and even to explain major transitions such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event. A relatively recent discipline, molecular phylogenetics, compares the DNA and RNA of modern organisms to re-construct the "family trees" of their evolutionary ancestors. It has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary developments, although this approach is controversial because of doubts about the reliability of the "molecular clock". Techniques from engineering have been used to analyse how the bodies of ancient organisms might have worked, for example the running speed and bite strength of "Tyrannosaurus," or the flight mechanics of "Microraptor". It is relatively commonplace to study the internal details of fossils using X-ray microtomography. Paleontology, biology, archaeology, and paleoneurobiology combine to study endocranial casts (endocasts) of species related to humans to clarify the evolution of the human brain. even contributes to astrobiology, the investigation of possible life on other planets, by developing models of how life may have arisen and by providing techniques for detecting evidence of life. As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised subdivisions. Vertebrate paleontology concentrates on fossils from the earliest fish to the immediate ancestors of modern mammals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23084 | 12,882 |
VC-1 "It provides support for a wide range of bit rates, from high-definition content at one-half to one-third the bit rate of MPEG-2, to low-bit-rate Internet video delivered over a dial-up modem. This codec also supports professional-quality downloadable video with two-pass and variable bit rate (VBR) encoding." A number of high definition movies and videos have been released commercially in a format dubbed WMV HD. These titles are encoded with WMV3 Main Profile @ High Level (MP@HL). WMVA was the original implementation of WMV Advanced Profile prior to the acceptance of the draft by SMPTE. The codec was distributed with Windows Media Player 10 and Windows Media Format SDK 9.5 install packages. There are slight bitstream differences between WMVA and WVC1, so consequently WMVA is handled by a different DirectShow decoder than WVC1. Some 3rd party hardware and software decoders only decode WMVA based content. As of 2006, WMVA is considered a deprecated codec because it is not fully compliant. WVC1, also known as Windows Media Video 9 Advanced Profile, implements a more recent and fully compliant Advanced Profile of the codec standard. It offers support for interlaced content and is transport independent. With the previous version of the Windows Media Video 9 Series codec, users could deliver progressive content at data rates as low as one-third that of the MPEG-2 codec and still get equivalent or comparable quality to MPEG-2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1176191 | 407,196 |
Dave Winer (born May 2, 1955 in Queens, New York City) is an American software developer, entrepreneur, and writer who resides in New York City. Winer is noted for his contributions to outliners, scripting, content management, and web services, as well as blogging and podcasting. He is the founder of the software companies Living Videotext, Userland Software and Small Picture Inc., a former contributing editor for the Web magazine HotWired, the author of the "Scripting News" weblog, a former research fellow at Harvard Law School, and current visiting scholar at New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute. Winer was born on May 2, 1955, in Queens, New York City, the son of Eve Winer, Ph.D., a school psychologist, and Leon Winer, Ph.D., a former professor of the Columbia University Graduate School of Business. Winer is also the grandnephew of German novelist Arno Schmidt and a relative of Hedy Lamarr. He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1972. Winer received a BA in Mathematics from Tulane University in New Orleans in 1976. In 1978 he received an MS in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1979 became an employee of Personal Software, where he worked on his own product idea named VisiText, which was his first attempt to build a commercial product around an "expand and collapse" outline display and which ultimately established outliners as a software product. In 1981 he left the company and founded Living Videotext to develop this still-unfinished product | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8713 | 301,213 |
Invention of the telephone The normal telegraph line between Paris and Brantford was not quite 13 km (8 miles) long, but the connection was extended a further 93 km (58 miles) to Toronto to allow the use of a battery in its telegraph office. Granted, this was a one-way long-distance call. The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876. During that conversation, Bell was on Kilby Street in Boston and Watson was at the offices of the Walworth Manufacturing Company. "Scientific American" described the three test calls in their September 9, 1876, article, "The Human Voice Transmitted by Telegraph". Historian Thomas Costain referred to the calls as "the three great tests of the telephone". One Bell Homestead reviewer wrote of them, "No one involved in these early calls could possibly have understood the future impact of these communication firsts". A later telephone design was publicly exhibited on May 4, 1877, at a lecture given by Professor Bell in the Boston Music Hall. According to a report quoted by John Munro in "Heroes of the Telegraph": Going to the small telephone box with its slender wire attachments, Mr. Bell coolly asked, as though addressing someone in an adjoining room, "Mr. Watson, are you ready!" Mr. Watson, five miles away in Somerville, promptly answered in the affirmative, and soon was heard a voice singing "America". [...] Going to another instrument, connected by wire with Providence, forty-three miles distant, Mr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2193804 | 415,479 |
Sustainable development Sometimes it is almost impossible to predict the various outcomes of a course of action, due to the unexpected consequences and the amount of unknowns that are not accounted for in the benefit-cost analysis. Sustainable energy is clean and can be used over a long period of time. Unlike fossil fuels and biofuels that provide the bulk of the worlds energy, renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, solar and wind energy produce far less pollution. Solar energy is commonly used on public parking meters, street lights and the roof of buildings. Wind power has expanded quickly, its share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. Most of California's fossil fuel infrastructures are sited in or near low-income communities, and have traditionally suffered the most from California's fossil fuel energy system. These communities are historically left out during the decision-making process, and often end up with dirty power plants and other dirty energy projects that poison the air and harm the area. These toxicants are major contributors to health problems in the communities. As renewable energy becomes more common, fossil fuel infrastructures are replaced by renewables and we may begin to see a Renewable energy transition, providing better social equity to these communities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29501 | 330,765 |
Dorothea Dix Psychiatric Center The hospital continued to grow over the course of the 20th century, generally according to the principles of the Kirkbride Plan for the design and organization of mental hospitals. The main building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987; it is one of the state's largest public buildings. When founded, it was known as the Eastern Maine Insane Hospital. Its name was changed in 1913 to Bangor State Hospital, and then to Bangor Mental Health Institute. In 2005 it was renamed the Dorothea Dix Psychiatric Center, in honor of Dorothea Dix, a pioneering 19th-century advocate for the improved treatment of the mentally ill. The center's campus is located on Bangor's east side, between State Street (United States Route 2) and Mount Hope Avenue, with Saxl Park on its west side. In addition to the sprawling main building, the campus includes the Tubercular Center, Hedin Hall, the Pre-Release center, a maintenance building, and Pooler Pavilion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49278881 | 332,895 |
Foam glass is a porous glass foam material. Its advantages as a building material include its light weight, high strength, and thermal and acoustic insulating properties. It is made by heating a mixture of crushed or granulated glass and a blowing agent (chemical foaming agent) such as carbon or limestone. Near the melting point of the glass, the blowing agent releases a gas, producing a foaming effect in the glass. After cooling the mixture hardens into a rigid material with gas-filled closed-cell pores comprising a large portion of its volume. The first report of foam glass as a construction material was made by the Soviet scientist, Professor I.I.Kitaygorodskiy at the All-Union Conference on Standardization and Manufacture of New Construction Materials in Moscow in 1932. In the 1930s, Saint-Gobain of France first developed foam glass with calcium carbonate as a foaming agent. In 1935, it applied for the first patent. Subsequently, in 1939, the Soviet Union reports experimentally produced foam glass at the intermediate pilot plant of the Mendeleev Institute of Chemical Technology. A glass powder screened through a 0.09 mm mesh was mixed with limestone and later on with anthracite and coal as gasifier. The product that is known today as Foamglas® cellular glass insulation, was developed by Pittsburgh Corning and was later acquired by Owens Corning. It is made of cullet, foaming agent, modified additive and foaming accelerator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47897218 | 328,188 |
Super-resolution microscopy Then, the above technique (finding the center of each blurry spot) can be used. If the molecules have a variety of different spectra (absorption spectra and/or emission spectra), then it is possible to look at light from just a few molecules at a time by using the appropriate light sources and filters. Molecules can also be distinguished in more subtle ways based on fluorescent lifetime and other techniques. The structural resolution achievable using SPDM can be expressed in terms of the smallest measurable distance between two in their spatial position determined punctiform particle of different spectral characteristics ("topological resolution"). Modeling has shown that under suitable conditions regarding the precision of localization, particle density etc., the "topological resolution" corresponds to a "space frequency" which in terms of the classical definition is equivalent to a much improved optical resolution. SPDM is a localization microscopy which achieves an effective optical resolution several times better than the conventional optical resolution (approx. 200-250 nm), represented by the half-width of the main maximum of the effective point image function. By applying suitable laser optical precision processes, position and distances significantly smaller than the half-width of the point spread function (conventionally 200-250 nm) can be measured with nanometer accuracy between targets with different spectral signatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26694015 | 63,046 |
Marxian economics ) Marx's contention was that commodities tend, at a fairly general level of abstraction, to exchange at value; that is, if Commodity A, whose value is "V", is traded for Commodity B, it will tend to fetch an amount of Commodity B whose value is the same, "V". Particular circumstances will cause divergence from this rule, however. Marx held that metallic money, such as gold, is a commodity, and its value is the labour time necessary to produce it (mine it, smelt it, etc.). Marx argued that gold and silver are conventionally used as money because they embody a large amount of labour in a small, durable, form, which is convenient. Paper money is, in this model, a representation of gold or silver, almost without value of its own but held in circulation by state decree. Marx lists the elementary factors of production as: Some subjects of labour are available directly from Nature: uncaught fish, unmined coal, etc. Others are results of a previous stage of production; these are known as raw materials, such as flour or yarn. Workshops, canals, and roads are considered instruments of labour. ("Capital", I, VII, 1.) Coal for boilers, oil for wheels, and hay for draft horses is considered raw material, not instruments of labour. The subjects of labour and instruments of labour together are called the means of production. Relations of production are the relations human beings adopt toward each other as part of the production process. In capitalism, wage labour and private property are part of the relations of production | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42824033 | 504,144 |
Reversibly assembled cellular composite materials RCCM eliminate the need for custom tooling because parts can be incrementally added/removed. Their construction, modification, repair and re-use can all employ the same reversible linking process. Heterogeneous elements can be incorporated in structures with functions determined by their relative placement. Exact assembly of discrete cellular composites offers new properties and performance not available with the analog alternatives of continuously depositing or removing material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40291216 | 28,209 |
DoctorOnCall is a Malaysian-based telehealth provider. It provides a platform to connect patients to doctors for virtual medical consultations via telephone, videoconferencing and text messaging. It provides access to board-certified doctors for non-emergency and non-life threatening medical issues was conceived by Maran Virumandi and his ex-colleague Hazwan Najib while they were both management consultants. They worked towards launching the platform in May 2016. The platform provides the public with a non-emergency medical consultation from a healthcare professional via the website. Customers will have an option to consult with the doctor via a video call or a phone call for a fee, and with waiting time of five to seven minutes. The doctor will issue a necessary medical prescription if required after the consultation ends. It provides medication delivery all around Malaysia and currently, same-day medication delivery service is available in Klang Valley and Penang island area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63804026 | 495,209 |
Nuclear chemistry In common with PUREX this process operates by a solvation mechanism. As an alternative to TRUEX, an extraction process using a malondiamide has been devised. The DIAMEX ("DIAM"ide"EX"traction) process has the advantage of avoiding the formation of organic waste which contains elements other than carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Such an organic waste can be burned without the formation of acidic gases which could contribute to acid rain. The DIAMEX process is being worked on in Europe by the French CEA. The process is sufficiently mature that an industrial plant could be constructed with the existing knowledge of the process. In common with PUREX this process operates by a solvation mechanism. Selective Actinide Extraction (SANEX). As part of the management of minor actinides, it has been proposed that the lanthanides and trivalent minor actinides should be removed from the PUREX raffinate by a process such as DIAMEX or TRUEX. In order to allow the actinides such as americium to be either reused in industrial sources or used as fuel the lanthanides must be removed. The lanthanides have large neutron cross sections and hence they would poison a neutron-driven nuclear reaction. To date, the extraction system for the SANEX process has not been defined, but currently, several different research groups are working towards a process. For instance, the French CEA is working on a bis-triazinyl pyridine (BTP) based process. Other systems such as the dithiophosphinic acids are being worked on by some other workers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 | 13,850 |
Chartalism Randall Wray, Stephanie Kelton, and Bill Mitchell are largely responsible for reviving chartalism as an explanation of money creation; Wray refers to this revived formulation as "Neo-Chartalism". Mitchell, founder of the Centre of Full Employment and Equity or CofFEE at the University of Newcastle in Australia, coined the term Modern Monetary Theory to describe modern Neo-Chartalism, and that term is now widely used. Scott Fullwiler has added detailed technical analysis of the banking and monetary systems. Rodger Malcolm Mitchell's book "Free Money" describes in layman's terms the essence of chartalism. Some contemporary proponents, such as Wray, situate chartalism within post-Keynesian economics, while chartalism has been proposed as an alternative or complementary theory to monetary circuit theory, both being forms of endogenous money, i.e., money created within the economy, as by government deficit spending or bank lending, rather than from outside, as by gold. In the complementary view, chartalism explains the "vertical" (government-to-private and vice versa) interactions, while circuit theory is a model of the "horizontal" (private-to-private) interactions. Hyman Minsky seemed to incorporate a Chartalist approach to money creation in his "Stabilizing an Unstable Economy", while Basil Moore, in his book "Horizontalists and Verticalists", delineates the differences between bank money and state money. James K | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41146581 | 503,951 |
Tablet computer It is designed primarily for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android supports low-cost ARM systems and others. The first tablets running Android were released in 2009. Vendors such as Motorola and Lenovo delayed deployment of their tablets until after 2011, when Android was reworked to include more tablet features. Android 3.0 (Honeycomb), released in 2011 and later versions support larger screen sizes, mainly tablets, and have access to the Google Play service. Android includes operating system, middleware and key applications. Other vendors sell customized Android tablets, such as Kindle Fire and Nook, which are used to consume mobile content and provide their own app store, rather than using the larger Google Play system, thereby fragmenting the Android market. Several devices that run Chrome OS came on the market in 2017–2019, as tablets, or as 2-in-1s with touchscreen and 360-degree hinge. The iPad runs on iOS, which was created for the iPhone and iPod Touch. The first iPad was released in 2010. Although built on the same underlying Unix implementation as MacOS, its user interface is radically different. iOS is designed for fingers and has none of the features that required a stylus on earlier tablets. Apple introduced multi-touch gestures, such as moving two fingers apart or together to zoom in or out, also termed "pinch to zoom". iOS is built for the ARM architecture. Following Windows for Pen Computing for Windows 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4182449 | 121,450 |
Influence line Consider that the formula_1 system represents actual forces applied to the structure, which are in equilibrium. Consider that the formula_2 system is formed by a single force, formula_7. The displacement field formula_4 associated with this forced is defined by releasing the structural restraints acting on the point where formula_7 is applied and imposing a relative unit displacement which is kinematically admissible in the negative direction, represented as formula_10. From Betti's theorem, we obtain the following result: formula_11 When designing a beam or truss, it is necessary to design for the scenarios causing the maximum expected reactions, shears, and moments within the structure members in order to ensure that no member will fail during the life of the structure. When dealing with dead loads (loads that never move, such as the weight of the structure itself), this is relatively easy because the loads are easy to predict and plan for. For live loads (any load that will be moved during the life of the structure, such as furniture and people), it becomes much harder to predict where the loads will be or how concentrated or distributed they will be throughout the life of the structure. Influence lines graph the response of a beam or truss as a unit load travels across it. The influence line allows the designers to discover quickly where to place a live load in order to calculate the maximum resulting response for each of the following functions: reaction, shear, or moment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14459043 | 441,689 |
Fox Kids When launched, virtually all of Fox's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates carried the block, with few (if any) declining to carry it. The first Fox station to drop the block was Miami affiliate WSVN, the network's first station to maintain a news-intensive format, in 1993 (the station had been a Fox affiliate since January 1989 as a result of NBC purchasing and moving its programming to longtime CBS affiliate WTVJ in a three-station ownership and affiliation swap in the Miami market). The following year, in May 1994, Fox signed a multi-station affiliation agreement with New World Communications to switch that company's CBS, ABC and NBC affiliates to the network between September 1994, and July 1995, in order to improve its affiliate coverage in certain markets after the National Football League awarded Fox the contract to the National Football Conference television package. Many of the stations owned by New World (which later merged with Fox's then-parent company News Corporation in July 1996) declined to carry the block in order to air syndicated programs aimed at older audiences or local newscasts. In certain cities with an independent station, or beginning with the launches of those networks in January 1995, affiliates of UPN and The WB, Fox contracted the block to air on one of these stations if a Fox owned-and-operated station or affiliate chose not to carry it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=884998 | 453,708 |
Mysterio Beck reveals that Galactus's past assaults had been defeated by his world's Reed Richards, allowing the Ultimates to send their Reed to Earth-616 to hack his counterpart's files on Galactus. Eight months after the events of "Secret Wars", attacks Parker Industries with the intention of using the company's Webware technology to cause mass hysteria by beaming imagery directly into the minds of the product's users. The plot is thwarted by Deadpool, who runs over with his "Dead-Buggy". While recovering in the hospital, Beck is visited by an unknown figure, who leaves a bust on the supervillain's bedside table while declaring that he is "not out of the game yet". After Deadpool is manipulated into killing Spider-Man, tortures the hero's Limbo-bound soul by projecting his own spirit into the realm using power provided by a mysterious benefactor. Deadpool is able to enter Limbo and help Spider-Man overpower Mysterio, who is afterward shown to have disappeared from his hospital bed. After being beaten by the likes of Deadpool and other superheroes, Quentin Beck left the supervillain business and relocated to Las Vegas. His daughter Misty Beck shows up in order to persuade him to become again. Dusk shows some awareness of this, as she warns Scarlet Spider about Mysterio, but when Reilly visits the villain, he accepts Beck's explanation that he has decided to retire. Misty later involves her father in a ritual that would grant her great power if she sacrificed something she truly loved in exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315916 | 67,968 |
Reproductive synchrony is a term used in evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology. Reproductive synchrony—sometimes termed "ovulatory synchrony"—may manifest itself as "breeding seasonality". Where females undergo regular menstruation, "menstrual synchrony" is another possible term. Reproduction is said to be synchronised when fertile matings across a population are temporarily clustered, resulting in multiple conceptions (and consequent births) within a restricted time window. In marine and other aquatic contexts, the phenomenon may be referred to as mass spawning. Mass spawning has been observed and recorded in a large number of phyla, including in coral communities within the Great Barrier Reef. In primates, reproductive synchrony usually takes the form of conception and birth seasonality. The regulatory "clock", in this case, is the sun's position in relation to the tilt of the earth. In nocturnal or partly nocturnal primates—for example, owl monkeys—the periodicity of the moon may also come into play. Synchrony in general is for primates an important variable determining the extent of "paternity skew"—defined as the extent to which fertile matings can be monopolised by a fraction of the population of males. The greater the precision of female reproductive synchrony—the greater the number of ovulating females who must be guarded simultaneously—the harder it is for any dominant male to succeed in monopolising a harem all to himself | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7055324 | 386,709 |
Unified communications as a service The primary rationale for UCaaS is the fact that it allows a company to shift from a capital investment (CapEx) to an operating cost (OpEx) model. In addition, it provides companies with the ability to more rapidly increase their consumption (i.e. consume more licenses), or decrease their consumption, without the need for capital. With a traditional communications model, companies must acquire capacity ahead of demand and they rarely get it totally correct, which means over-capacity. Secondly, the growing sophistication of enterprise unified communications has meant that companies must invest not only capital. They must invest more and more in their IT staff in order to be able to support this growing sophistication. Adding new features and upgrades are non-trivial and while communications are critical to the success of the business and productivity of its staff, the maintenance of the infrastructure requires a high level of expertise that continues to grow. Companies are able to off-load most of this complexity to service providers with a UCaaS model, as well as ensuring that they always have the very latest versions and features. Historically, enterprise and government organizations needed to keep their carriage provider (i.e. access to the PSTN) in a highly competitive position. If they allowed the service provider to lock them in with a Centrex solution, then they may not able to achieve the best carriage rates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46967612 | 240,093 |
Alchemy The science historian, Paul Kraus, wrote: Jabir himself clearly recognized and proclaimed the importance of experimentation: Early Islamic chemists such as Jabir Ibn Hayyan, Al-Kindi ("Alkindus") and Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ("Rasis" or "Rhazes") contributed a number of key chemical discoveries, such as the muriatic (hydrochloric acid), sulfuric and nitric acids, and more. The discovery that aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, could dissolve the noblest metal, gold, was to fuel the imagination of alchemists for the next millennium. Islamic philosophers also made great contributions to alchemical hermeticism. The most influential author in this regard was arguably Jabir. Jabir's ultimate goal was "Takwin", the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory, up to, and including, human life. He analyzed each Aristotelian element in terms of four basic qualities of "hotness", "coldness", "dryness", and "moistness". According to Jabir, in each metal two of these qualities were interior and two were exterior. For example, lead was externally cold and dry, while gold was hot and moist. Thus, Jabir theorized, by rearranging the qualities of one metal, a different metal would result. By this reasoning, the search for the philosopher's stone was introduced to Western alchemy. Jabir developed an elaborate numerology whereby the root letters of a substance's name in Arabic, when treated with various transformations, held correspondences to the element's physical properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=573 | 86,904 |
Technology of television The elements of a simple broadcast television system are: Practical television systems include equipment for selecting different image sources, mixing images from several sources at once, insertion of pre-recorded video signals, synchronizing signals from many sources, and direct image generation by computer for such purposes as station identification. The facility for housing such equipment, as well as providing space for stages, sets, offices, etc., is called a television studio, and may be located many miles from the transmitter. Communication from the studio to the transmitter is accomplished via a dedicated cable or radio system. Television signals were originally transmitted exclusively via land-based transmitters. The quality of reception varied greatly, dependent in large part on the location and type of receiving antenna. This led to the proliferation of large rooftop antennas to improve reception in the 1960s, replacing set-top dipole or "rabbit ears" antennas, which however remained popular. Antenna rotors, set-top controlled servo motors to which the mast of the antenna is mounted, to enable rotating the antenna such that it points to the desired transmitter, would also become popular. In most cities today, cable television providers deliver signals over coaxial or fiber-optic cables for a fee. Signals can also be delivered by radio from satellites in geosynchronous orbit and received by parabolic dish antennas, which are comparatively large for analog signals, but much smaller for digital | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14682695 | 404,809 |
Molecular tagging velocimetry MTV techniques have proven to allow measurements of velocities in inhospitable environments, like jet engines, flames, high pressure vessels, where it is difficult for techniques like Pitot, hot-wire velocimetry and PIV to work. The field of MTV is fairly young; the first demonstration of implementation emerged within the 1980s and the number of schemes developed and investigated for use in air is still fairly small. These schemes differ in the molecule that is created, whether seeding the flow with foreign molecules is necessary and what wavelength of light are being used. The most thorough fluid mechanics studies have been performed using the RELIEF scheme and the APART scheme. Both techniques can be used in ambient air without the need of additional seeding. In RELIEF, excited oxygen is used as tracer. The method takes advantage of quantum mechanical properties that prohibit relaxation of the molecule, so that the excited oxygen has a relatively long lifetime. APART is based on the "photosynthesis" of nitric oxide. Since NO is a stable molecule, patterns written with it can, in principle, be followed almost indefinitely. Another well-developed and widely documented technique that yields extremely high accuracy is hydroxyl tagging velocimetry (HTV). It is based on photo-dissociation of water vapor followed by visualisation of the resulting OH radical using LIF. HTV has been successfully demonstrated in many test conditions ranging from room air temperature flows to Mach 2 flows within a cavity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3798805 | 427,591 |
Bruce Turkel (born 1957) is a creative entrepreneur, speaker and author on the subject of branding. Bruce was born and raised in Miami Beach, Florida. His father, Leonard Turkel and his mother, Annsheila Turkel moved to Miami from New York City in 1956. He attended the University of Florida from 1976 to 1980 where he earned degrees in Fine Arts and Design. He began his advertising career in New York in 1980, but due to his entrepreneurial drive, which was influenced by his father, Bruce returned to Miami in 1983 and founded Turkel Brands, the branding and advertising agency he now heads. Bruce is also a founder and board member of The Strategic Forum (TSF). TSF is a South Florida-based executive organization dedicated to creating business opportunities for its c-suite members as well as students from Nova Southeastern University’s. Wayne Huizenga College of Business and Entrepreneurship. Bruce is also a professional speaker and author. He has written and published three books on branding and marketing, Brain Darts, "New Design: Miami", and "Building Brand Value" and one novel, "The Mouth of the South", A member of the National Speakers Association, he has spoken for Fortune 500 companies including Nike, Toll Brothers and Discovery Channel, at conferences such as Destination Marketing Association International, NAMM, MPI, and ProMax and at universities including MIT and Harvard. He has been interviewed on CNN and NPR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53218915 | 474,318 |
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