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Pregnant leach solution Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS) is acidic metal-laden water generated from stockpile leaching and heap leaching. Pregnant Leach Solution is used in the SX/EW process. The portion of an original liquid that remains after other components have been dissolved by a solvent is called "raffinate". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1722357 | 85,915 |
Plasmonic metamaterial A plasmonic metamaterial is a metamaterial that uses surface plasmons to achieve optical properties not seen in nature. Plasmons are produced from the interaction of light with metal-dielectric materials. Under specific conditions, the incident light couples with the surface plasmons to create self-sustaining, propagating electromagnetic waves known as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Once launched, the SPPs ripple along the metal-dielectric interface. Compared with the incident light, the SPPs can be much shorter in wavelength. The properties stem from the unique structure of the metal-dielectric composites, with features smaller than the wavelength of light separated by subwavelength distances. Light hitting such a metamaterial is transformed into surface plasmon polaritons, which are shorter in wavelength than the incident light. Plasmonic materials are metals or metal-like materials that exhibit negative real permittivity. Most common plasmonic materials are gold and silver. However, many other materials show metal-like optical properties in specific wavelength ranges. Various research groups are experimenting with different approaches to make plasmonic materials that exhibit lower losses and tunable optical properties. Plasmonic metamaterials are realizations of materials first proposed by Victor Veselago, a Russian theoretical physicist, in 1967. Also known as left-handed or negative index materials, Veselago theorized that they would exhibit optical properties opposite to those of glass or air | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30869356 | 413,106 |
Mobile data offloading When both the Wi-Fi and the cellular interfaces are activate, Android smartphones will usually prefer the Wi-Fi one since it is usually unmetered. When such a smartphone decides to switch from one interface to another, all the active TCP connections need to be reestablished. Multipath TCP solves this handover problem in a clean way. With Multipath TCP, TCP connections can use both the Wi-Fi interface and the cellular one during the handover. This means that ongoing TCP connections are not stopped when the smartphone decides to switch from one network to another. As of January 2020, Multipath TCP is natively supported on iPhones, but less frequently used on Android smartphones except in South Korea. On iPhones since iOS9, the Wi-Fi Assist subsystem monitors the quality of the underlying network connection. If the quality drops below a given threshold, Wi-Fi Assist may decide to move established Multipath TCP connections to another interface. Initially, this feature was used for the Siri application. Since iOS12, any [Multipath TCP] enabled application can benefit from this feature. Since iOS13, Apple Maps and Apple Music can also be offloaded from Wi-Fi to cellular and vice versa without any interruption. With the increasing availability of inter-device networks (e.g. Bluetooth or WifiDirect) there is also the possibility of offloading delay tolerant data to the "ad hoc" network layer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27416836 | 383,030 |
Commodity market In just about every case the index is in fact a Commodity Futures Index. The first such index was the Dow Jones Commodity Index, which began in 1933. The first practically investable commodity futures index was the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index, created in 1991, and known as the "GSCI". The next was the Dow Jones AIG Commodity Index. It differed from the GSCI primarily in the weights allocated to each commodity. The DJ AIG had mechanisms to periodically limit the weight of any one commodity and to remove commodities whose weights became too small. After AIG's financial problems in 2008 the Index rights were sold to UBS and it is now known as the DJUBS index. Other commodity indices include the Reuters / CRB index (which is the old CRB Index as re-structured in 2005) and the Rogers Index. Cash commodities or "actuals" refer to the physical goods—e.g., wheat, corn, soybeans, crude oil, gold, silver—that someone is buying/selling/trading as distinguished from derivatives. In a call option counterparties enter into a financial contract option where the buyer purchases the right but not the obligation to buy an agreed quantity of a particular commodity or financial instrument (the underlying) from the seller of the option at a certain time (the expiration date) for a certain price (the strike price). The seller (or "writer") is obligated to sell the commodity or financial instrument should the buyer so decide. The buyer pays a fee (called a premium) for this right | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48190 | 465,998 |
Dale Wright Award The is an award for presented by the NATCA to recognize professional and exceptional career service to NATCA and the National Airspace System. It is named after NATCA's former director of safety and technology, Dale Wright. It was first awarded to Dale Wright in 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59767964 | 489,580 |
Polyrotaxane Because the molecules are linked by mechanical bonds instead of conventional covalent bonds, a component can move (shuttle) or rotate around the other parent component, which results in the large amount of freedom of mechanically interlocked molecules. Polyrotaxanes, as the polymer form of corresponding rotaxanes, are also applied in molecular machines. For example, the shuttling behavior of the molecular shuttle can be controlled by the solvent or temperature. Due to the hydrophobic interaction between rings and strings, and the repulsive interaction between rings and linkers, conditions that are capable of influencing these interactions can be used to control the mobility of the rings in the molecular shuttle. In addition, if cationic or anionic units are employed to form the polyrotaxanes, the salts or pH in the solution also will influence the charge interactions between rings and strings, which is an alternative method to control the ring motion of the molecular shuttle. Poly[2]rotaxane "daisy chains" (like a string of daisies with stems linked to form a chain)is an example of a molecule that can be used to form a molecular muscle. Poly[2]rotaxane can expand or shrink in response to external stimulus, which is similar to behaviors of muscle, an ideal model to construct a "molecular muscle". The ring stations on the chain can be controlled by pH or light | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53989605 | 45,524 |
Kiddie ride One model looks like a miniature Batmobile on a stand, and occasionally flashes lights and plays a short tune from a Batman movie at set intervals, Another manufactured by Jolly Roger Ltd, a Garfield car ride, Which include Garfield wearing the hat and sitting on the car with car horn sound. Another example of a character kiddie ride would be a Clifford the Big Red Dog kiddie ride, manufactured by Jolly Roger Ltd of the United Kingdom and licensed by Scholastic UK. The ride costs around US$5000 purchased new. It talks in a girl's voice (presumably the voice of Emily Elizabeth) and plays the theme song from the PBS Kids TV series when it is ridden. A button to make Clifford bark also exists on the ride. Other UK manufactured of Amutec of Mablethorpe, a Teletubbies Tubbytronic Super Dome ride, it features Tinky-Winky, Laa-Laa, Dipsy & Po in the hill and has 16 Tubbytronic sounds (made in 1999) (The version has Noo-Noo with two phrases) Dipsy has got his hat and a rabbit stand on the hill, Jolly Roger Ltd made a carousel, it features Teletubbies, plays the theme sung, and push button where hear Teletubbies sounds, Another is a Bob the Builder ride, which features Bob climbing onto Scoop with 4 sounds (made in 1998) (another version has got Roley with 3 phrases (made in 2003), the Scoop version has Pilchard in his shovel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4301379 | 424,030 |
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (; ) is a Chinese multinational technology company. It provides telecommunications equipment and sells consumer electronics, smartphones and is headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong. The company was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei. Initially focused on manufacturing phone switches, has expanded its business to include building telecommunications networks, providing operational and consulting services and equipment to enterprises inside and outside of China, and manufacturing communications devices for the consumer market. has over 194,000 employees . has deployed its products and services in more than 170 countries. overtook Ericsson in 2012 as the largest telecommunications-equipment manufacturer in the world, and overtook Apple in 2018 as the second-largest manufacturer of smartphones in the world, behind Samsung Electronics. In December 2019, reported that its annual revenue had risen to US$121.72 billion in 2019. Although successful internationally, has faced difficulties in some markets, due to claims of undue state support and cybersecurity concerns—primarily from the United States government—that Huawei's infrastructure equipment may enable surveillance by the Chinese government. With the development of 5G wireless networks, there have been calls from the U.S. to prevent the use of products by or fellow Chinese telecommunications company ZTE by the U.S. and its allies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=290909 | 463,260 |
Compounds of thorium The heavier chalcogens sulfur, selenium, and tellurium are known to form thorium chalcogenides, many of which have more complex structure than the oxides. Apart from several binary compounds, the oxychalcogenides ThOS (yellow), ThOSe, and ThOTe are also known. The five binary thorium sulfides – ThS (lustrous metallic), ThS (brown metallic), ThS (black), ThS (purple-brown), and ThS (orange-brown) – may be produced by reacting hydrogen sulfide with thorium, its halides, or thoria (the last if carbon is present): they all hydrolyse in acidic solutions. The six selenides are analogous to the sulfides, with the addition of ThSe. The five tellurides are also similar to the sulfides and selenides (although ThTe is unknown), but have slightly different crystal structures: for example, ThS has the sodium chloride structure, but ThTe has the caesium chloride structure, since the Th and Te ions are similar in size while the S ions are much smaller. All five chemically characterised pnictogens (nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth) also form compounds with thorium. Three thorium nitrides are known: ThN, ThN, and ThN. The brass-coloured ThN is most easily produced by heating thorium metal in a nitrogen atmosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51135829 | 53,781 |
C6H15O4P The molecular formula CHOP may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20829364 | 74,513 |
Induced stem cells In the near-future, clinical trials designed to demonstrate the safety of the use of iPSCs for cell therapy of the people with age-related macular degeneration, a disease causing blindness through retina damaging, will begin. There are several articles describing methods for producing retinal cells from iPSCs and how to use them for cell therapy. Reports of iPSC-derived retinal pigmented epithelium transplantation showed enhanced visual-guided behaviors of experimental animals for 6 weeks after transplantation. However, clinical trials have been successful: ten patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa have had their eyesight restored – including a woman who had only 17 percent of her vision left. Chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide with a considerable human, societal and financial burden. So there is an urgent need for effective cell therapy and lung tissue engineering. Several protocols have been developed for generation of the most cell types of the respiratory system, which may be useful for deriving patient-specific therapeutic cells. Some lines of iPSCs have the potentiality to differentiate into male germ cells and oocyte-like cells in an appropriate niche (by culturing in retinoic acid and porcine follicular fluid differentiation medium or seminiferous tubule transplantation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | 227,758 |
Two-dimensional materials Research on 2D nanomaterials is still in its infancy, with the majority of research focusing on elucidating the unique material characteristics and few reports focusing on biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials. Nevertheless, recent rapid advances in 2D nanomaterials have raised important yet exciting questions about their interactions with biological moieties. 2D nanoparticles such as carbon-based 2D materials, silicate clays, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal oxides (TMOs) provide enhanced physical, chemical, and biological functionality owing to their uniform shapes, high surface-to-volume ratios, and surface charge. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are ultrathin nanomaterials with a high degree of anisotropy and chemical functionality. 2D nanomaterials are highly diverse in terms of their mechanical, chemical, and optical properties, as well as in size, shape, biocompatibility, and degradability. These diverse properties make 2D nanomaterials suitable for a wide range of applications, including drug delivery, imaging, tissue engineering, and biosensors, among others. However, their low-dimension nanostructure gives them some common characteristics. For example, 2D nanomaterials are the thinnest materials known, which means that they also possess the highest specific surface areas of all known materials. This characteristic makes these materials invaluable for applications requiring high levels of surface interactions on a small scale | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43589512 | 90,677 |
The WB The limited amount of network programming in The WB's early years essentially rendered its affiliates as nominal independent stations; because of this, affiliates held the responsibility of programming primetime slots on nights that the network did not program, airing either first-run and/or off-network syndicated programs or more commonly, movies. The network's first programs were mostly sitcoms targeted at an ethnically black audience. Even though four of the five shows that debuted in the network's first nine months were renewed beyond the first year – "The Wayans Bros.", "Unhappily Ever After" (a dysfunctional family sitcom from "Married... with Children" co-creator Ron Leavitt), "The Parent 'Hood" (a family sitcom starring and co-created by Robert Townsend) and "Sister, Sister" (a teen/blended family sitcom starring Tia and Tamera Mowry that was picked up by the network after its cancellation by ABC in the spring of 1995) – none of them made a significant impact. On August 17, 1995, the Tribune Company acquired a 12.5% limited partnership interest in for $12 million; the deal gave Tribune an option to increase its stake in the network up to a 25% interest; Tribune would eventually increase its ownership share in to 22.5% on March 31, 1997. expanded its programming to Sunday nights for the 1995–96 season, but none of the new shows (including the Kirk Cameron vehicle "Kirk" and night-time soap opera "Savannah") managed to garner much viewing interest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=178240 | 492,933 |
Pathovar A pathovar is a bacterial strain or set of strains with the same or similar characteristics, that is differentiated at infrasubspecific level from other strains of the same species or subspecies on the basis of distinctive pathogenicity to one or more plant hosts. Pathovars are named as a ternary or quaternary addition to the species binomial name, for example the bacterium that causes citrus canker "Xanthomonas axonopodis", has several pathovars with different host ranges, "X. axonopodis" pv. "citri" is one of them; the abbreviation 'pv.' means pathovar. The type strains of pathovars are pathotypes, which are distinguished from the types (holotype, neotype, etc.) of the species to which the pathovar belongs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2133291 | 169,806 |
Brownian dynamics (BD) can be used to describe the motion of molecules for example in molecular simulations or in reality. It is a simplified version of Langevin dynamics and corresponds to the limit where no average acceleration takes place. This approximation can also be described as 'overdamped' Langevin dynamics, or as Langevin dynamics without inertia. In Langevin dynamics, the equation of motion is where In Brownian dynamics, the formula_13 term is neglected, and the sum of these terms is zero. Using the Einstein relation, formula_15, it is often convenient to write the equation as, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6703785 | 440,299 |
Single-nucleotide polymorphism The rs### standard is that which has been adopted by dbSNP and uses the prefix "rs", for "reference SNP", followed by a unique and arbitrary number. SNPs are frequently referred to by their dbSNP rs number, as in the examples above. The Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) uses a standard which conveys more information about the SNP. Examples are: SNPs are usually biallelic and thus easily assayed. Analytical methods to discover novel SNPs and detect known SNPs include: An important group of SNPs are those that corresponds to missense mutations causing amino acid change on protein level. Point mutation of particular residue can have different effect on protein function (from no effect to complete disruption its function). Usually, change in amino acids with similar size and physico-chemical properties (e.g. substitution from leucine to valine) has mild effect, and opposite. Similarly, if SNP disrupts secondary structure elements (e.g. substitution to proline in alpha helix region) such mutation usually may affect whole protein structure and function. Using those simple and many other machine learning derived rules a group of programs for the prediction of SNP effect was developed: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=513091 | 5,389 |
California Proposition 65 list of chemicals The following is a list of chemicals published as a requirement of Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, commonly known as California Proposition 65, that are "known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity" as of January 3 2020. † (CAS) Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number Comments: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51163164 | 53,792 |
Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments The ASTS program was responsible for fostering both air and ground transportation during the Olympics and integrating the two into one efficient transportation system. AGATE Alliance members provided special airborne equipment and ground monitoring stations that enabled the ASTS program to operate safely and efficiently. AGATE's participation in the Atlanta Olympics was managed by the AGATE Flight Systems industry team coordinated by NASA Langley Research Center. Up to 50 helicopters equipped with AGATE-designed avionics participated, proving communications, navigation and surveillance concepts, some integrated in flight for the first time. The initial plan projected collecting more than 1,400 hours of flight data on operational use and human factors during the Olympic Games. Most of the critical flight operations were conducted in "uncontrolled" air space outside Atlanta's radar coverage area, hence the need for predetermined flight pathways. While flying over concrete highways on the ground, selected helicopters flew electronic "highways in the sky," shown on an onboard computerized map of the Atlanta area. The composite image was generated on the helicopter using an onboard database and replicated on ground consoles. The pilot saw GPS-based position updates provided via digital radio data links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6735182 | 491,290 |
Association for Project Management The (APM) promotes the professional disciplines of project management and programme management in the UK, where it is the largest professional body of its kind. APM received its Royal Charter in 2017. The (APM) aims to develop and promote the professional disciplines of project management and programme management, through a programme called the "FIVE Dimensions of Professionalism". APM provides products and services including registered membership and qualifications, events, publications and online services. The is a registered charity with over 22,000 individual and 550 corporate members, making it the largest professional body in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are located in Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire. APM is the certification body in the United Kingdom for the International Project Management Association (IPMA). The was founded in 1972 as the UK branch of INTERNET, now the International Project Management Association. Weaver (2007) recalled, that: With the emergence of the internet in the 1990s, the global project management association INTERNET was renamed International Project Management Association (IPMA) and the UK Branch (APM). APM received its Royal Charter on 6 January 2017. APM Qualifications are designed with the intention of demonstrating to employers, clients and suppliers that the recipient is a skilled and committed project professional | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7192622 | 491,683 |
Bethlehem Waterworks The pump was made of lignum vitae (a hard and heavy tropical wood), the cylinder being five inches in diameter. The water was forced through wooden pipes up the hill into a wooden reservoir or distributing tank built within the little square (the site now occupied by the Moravian Church). The pipes were bored hemlock logs which had been floated down the Lehigh River from Gnadenhuetten on the Mahoning."" Persistent issues with leaking and bursting pipes kept this first structure from being fully completed, despite switching from wood to lead pipes. Growing demand for water and a more efficient system required enlargement of the plant, as well as more powerful machinery. Hans later built the limestone Waterworks in 1762 to meet these needs and received thirty shillings in payment for his work. The limestone Waterworks building is located in the floodplain of Monocacy Creek in the Colonial Industrial Quarter, an important part of the historic district of Bethlehem. It is a 2-1/2 story building, built out of limestone rubble, that is about square and covered by a red tile roof. It is set over an otherwise open holding pit, which was originally fed by a wood-lined trench from a nearby spring. There are doors on three sides, one of which is at a higher elevation owing to the sloping terrain; it provides access to a storage area on the upper level, while the other two provide access to the mechanisms on the inside | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15713153 | 314,287 |
Indigenous architecture These buildings were semi-permanent, as people moved around looking for food sources. Houses had wooden frames covered in reeds or leaves, with mats on earth floors. To help people keep warm, houses were small, with low doors, earth insulation and a fire inside. The standard building in a Māori settlement was a simple sleeping "whare puni" (house/hut) about 2 metres x 3 metres with a low roof, an earth floor, no window and a single low doorway. Heating was provided by a small open fire in winter. There was no chimney. Materials used in construction varied between areas, but raupo reeds, flax and totara bark shingles for the roof were common. Similar small "whare", but with interior drains, were used to store kumara on sloping racks. Around the 15th century communities became bigger and more settled. People built wharepuni – sleeping houses with room for several families, and a front porch. Other buildings included pātaka (storehouses), sometimes decorated with carvings, and kāuta (cooking houses). The classic phase (1350-1769) which was characterized by a more developed tribal society expressing itself clearly in wood carving and architecture. The most spectacular building type was the whare-whakairo, or carved meeting house. This building was the focus of social and symbolic Maori assemblies, and made visible a long tribal history. The wall slabs depicted warriors, chiefs and explorers. The painted rafter patterns and tututuku panels demonstrated the Maori love for land, forest and river | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45454328 | 218,445 |
Localized molecular orbitals The generic form of the localization potential is: formula_1, where formula_2 is the localization operator and formula_3 is a molecular spatial orbital. Many methodologies have been developed during the past decades, differing in the form of formula_2. The optimization of the objective function is usually performed using pairwise Jacobi rotations. However, this approach is prone to saddle point convergence (if it even converges), and thus other approaches have also been developed, from simple conjugate gradient methods with exact line searches, to Newton-Raphson and trust-region methods. The Foster-Boys (also known as Boys) localization method minimizes the spatial extent of the orbitals by minimizing formula_5, where formula_6. This turns out to be equivalent to the easier task of maximizing formula_7. In one dimension, the Foster-Boys (FB) objective function can also be written as formula_8. The fourth moment (FM) procedure is analogous to Foster-Boys scheme, however the orbital fourth moment is used instead of the orbital second moment. The objective function to be minimized is formula_9. The fourth moment method produces more localized virtual orbitals than Foster-Boys method, since it implies a larger penalty on the delocalized tails. For graphene (a delocalized system), the fourth moment method produces more localized occupied orbitals than Foster-Boys and Pipek-Mezey schemes. Edmiston-Ruedenberg localization maximizes the electronic self-repulsion energy by maximizing formula_10, where formula_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9769502 | 54,905 |
MIMO In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or (), is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation. has become an essential element of wireless communication standards including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi), HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX (4G), and Long Term Evolution (4G LTE). More recently, has been applied to power-line communication for 3-wire installations as part of ITU G.hn standard and HomePlug AV2 specification. At one time, in wireless the term "MIMO" referred to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. In modern usage, "MIMO" specifically refers to a practical technique for sending and receiving more than one data signal simultaneously over the same radio channel by exploiting multipath propagation. is fundamentally different from smart antenna techniques developed to enhance the performance of a single data signal, such as beamforming and diversity. is often traced back to 1970s research papers concerning multi-channel digital transmission systems and interference (crosstalk) between wire pairs in a cable bundle: AR Kaye and DA George (1970), Branderburg and Wyner (1974), and W. van Etten (1975, 1976). Although these are not examples of exploiting multipath propagation to send multiple information streams, some of the mathematical techniques for dealing with mutual interference proved useful to development | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13544419 | 203,812 |
Invention of the telephone Moreover, when Bell heard the rich overtones of the plucked reed, it occurred to him that since the circuit was never broken, all the complex vibrations of speech might be converted into undulating (modulated) currents, which in turn would reproduce the complex timbre, amplitude, and frequencies of speech at a distance. After Bell and Watson discovered on June 2, 1875, that movements of the reed alone in a magnetic field could reproduce the frequencies and timbre of spoken sound waves, Bell reasoned by analogy with the mechanical phonautograph that a skin diaphragm would reproduce sounds like the human ear when connected to a steel or iron reed or hinged armature. On July 1, 1875, he instructed Watson to build a receiver consisting of a stretched diaphragm or drum of goldbeater's skin with an armature of magnetized iron attached to its middle, and free to vibrate in front of the pole of an electromagnet in circuit with the line. A second membrane-device was built for use as a transmitter. This was the "gallows" phone. A few days later they were tried together, one at each end of the line, which ran from a room in the inventor's house, located at 5 Exeter Place in Boston, to the cellar underneath. Bell, in the work room, held one instrument in his hands, while Watson in the cellar listened at the other. Bell spoke into his instrument, "Do you understand what I say?" and Watson answered "Yes" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2193804 | 372,382 |
Integrating ADC Another type of calibration requires external inputs of known quantities (e.g., voltage standards or precision resistance references) and would typically be performed infrequently (every year for equipment used in normal conditions, more often when being used in metrology applications). Of these types of error, offset error is the simplest to correct (assuming that there is a constant offset over the entire range of the converter). This is often done internal to the converter itself by periodically taking measurements of the ground potential. Ideally, measuring the ground should always result in a zero output. Any non-zero output indicates the offset error in the converter. That is, if the measurement of ground resulted in an output of 0.001 volts, one can assume that all measurements will be offset by the same amount and can subtract 0.001 from all subsequent results. Gain error can similarly be measured and corrected internally (again assuming that there is a constant gain error over the entire output range). The voltage reference (or some voltage derived directly from the reference) can be used as the input to the converter. If the assumption is made that the voltage reference is accurate (to within the tolerances of the converter) or that the voltage reference has been externally calibrated against a voltage standard, any error in the measurement would be a gain error in the converter. If, for example, the measurement of a converter's 5 volt reference resulted in an output of 5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22269055 | 398,814 |
Keroselene is a highly volatile derivative during the steam distillation of coal-tar. It was discovered in 1861 by Joshua Merrill. It has been used as a local anaesthetic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21251691 | 33,360 |
Wall In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual's debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier. In George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" series and its television adaptation, "Game of Thrones", The plays multiple important roles: as a colossal fortification, made of ice and fortified with magic spells; as a cultural barrier; and as a codification of assumptions. Breaches of the wall, who is allowed to cross it and who is not, and its destruction have important symbolic, logistical, and socio-political implications in the storyline. Reportedly over 700 feet high and 100 leagues (300 miles) wide, it divides the northern border of the Seven Kingdoms realm from the domain of the wildlings and several categories of undead who live beyond it. In a real-life example, the Berlin Wall, constructed by the Soviet Union to divide Berlin into NATO and Warsaw Pact zones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation. Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking site Facebook previously used an electronic "wall" to log the scrawls of friends until it was replaced by the "timeline" feature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39007 | 295,378 |
Occupational injury Due to the wide variety of biologics used in animal agriculture, needlestick injuries can result in bacterial or fungal infections, lacerations, local inflammation, vaccine/antibiotic reactions, amputations, miscarriage, and death. Due to daily human-animal interactions, livestock related injuries are also a prevalent injury of agriculture workers, and are responsible for the majority of nonfatal worker injuries on dairy farms. Additionally, approximately 30 people die of cattle and horse-related deaths in the United States annually. Perhaps the most important personal factor that predisposes to an increased risk is age. In the United States in 1998 17 million workers were over age 55 and by 2018 this population is expected to more than double. Workers in this age group are more likely to suffer from lower back pain that may be worsened by work conditions that normally do not affect a younger worker. Older workers are also more likely by be killed in a construction related fall. They are also at higher risk for injury due to age-related hearing loss, visual impairment, and use of multiple prescription medications that has been linked to higher rates of work injuries. In addition to age, other personal risk factors for injury include obesity particularly its associated risk with back injury, and depression. Lack of proper education or training can also predispose an individual to an occupational injury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=491353 | 483,647 |
Public Law 114-214 Department of Agriculture (USDA) to establish a national mandatory bioengineered food disclosure standard within two years with certain provisions: While the FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, the agency holds the position that "the use of genetic engineering in the production of food does not present any safety concerns for such foods as a class", and , as there is "an absence of reliable data indicating safety concerns" with GMO foods as a class, voiced no opposition for USDA having the responsibility of regulating GMO food labeling. The agency commented that the bill has language that may allow GMO material to escape labeling: the bill requires labeling if the food contains "genetic material", but that may exempt secondary products like oil, starches, sweeteners, or proteins derived from GMO substrates. The agency questioned the specificity of the definition of bioengineered food when it would not apply to GMOs that could also be achieved by "conventional breeding". The FDA has also voiced some concerns about food information being presented in electronic codes. As the details of the law need to be worked out, USDA established a working group by September 2016 "to develop a timeline for rulemaking and to ensure an open and transparent process for effectively establishing this new program, which will increase consumer confidence and understanding of the foods they buy, and avoid uncertainty for food companies and farmers" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52190997 | 214,868 |
Syndicalism Although the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 briefly revitalized syndicalist activity, the syndicalist network was ultimately crushed by the Gestapo by 1937 or 1938. Most syndicalists who had not been arrested gave up at this point. Several dozen German syndicalists went into exile and some ended up in Barcelona, working for the CNT and fighting in the Spanish Civil War. In France, too, many anarchists and syndicalists were involved in the Resistance. For instance, the anarchist Georges Gourdin, an activist in the CGT's Technicians' Federation, organized links between anarchists and aided them and other refugees in escaping the Gestapo. He was arrested by the Gestapo in 1944, tortured without giving up any information, and died at a camp near Nordhausen. The best known French anarchist resister was the pacifist Jean-René Saulière. He organized an anarchist resistance group which included the exiled Russian syndicalist Volin. The same day Toulouse was liberated in August 1944, a leaflet titled "Manifesto of the Anarcho-Syndicalist Libertarian Groups" was distributed by Saulière's network throughout the city. In Poland, syndicalists were among the first to organize resistance against Nazism. In October 1939, they formed Union of Polish Syndicalists (ZSP) with 2,000–4,000 members. It published newspapers, but also had fighting units in the resistance. In 1942, it joined the Home Army (AK) led by the Polish government-in-exile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 | 516,559 |
Hasan Abdullayev Academician Abdullayev received highest praise from his colleagues, including Nobel Prize winner academician Zhores Alferov, Nobel Prize winner academician Alexander Prokhorov, Kurchatov Institute President and Director Evgeny Velikhov, academician Bentsion Vul, academician Vladimir Tuchkevich, academician Sergey Kapitsa, academician Roald Sagdeev, Nobel Prize winner professor Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer, academician Nikolay Bogolyubov, Soviet Academy of Sciences Presidents academician Alexander Nesmeyanov, academician Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, academician Mstislav Keldysh and other Soviet and foreign scientists. According to a 2008 article, "Academician Abdullayev was called the Father of Physics in Azerbaijan and one of the Founders of the School of Semiconductor Research in the Soviet Union by such authoritative scientists as academicians Zh.Alferov, Yu.Gulyaev, L.Kurbatov, V.Isakov, Professor D.Nasledov, and others. In fact, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the most authoritative Soviet encyclopedia - the Soviet equivalent of the Encyclopædia Britannica in the West, listed the names of scientists, making the greatest contributions to the development of semiconductor electronics and microelectronics in this order: A.F.Ioffe (who was Abdullayev's mentor during his postdoctoral studies in Leningrad), N.P.Sazhin, Ya.I.Frenkel, B.M.Vul, V.M.Tuchkevich, H.B.Abdullayev, Zh.I.Alferov, L.V.Keldish, and others (Third Edition, 1970, page 351) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43737551 | 90,732 |
Horacio Ahuett Garza He has also done research in computerized numerical control, computer-assisted manufacturing, analysis of aluminum smelting and injection molding. His more recent work has focused on the development of high precision machinery and microprocesses. He has published chapters in several books including a chapter on die casting in the book Modeling for casting and solidification processing and has written various articles for journals such as Materials Processing Technology. Ahuett Garza’s work has been recognized by the Mexican government with Level II membership in the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores. In 2000 the central campuses of ITESM awarded him the “Mejor Proyecto de Apoyo al Desarrollo Sustentable” recognition. He has a patent in process for a machine designed to polish surfaces semi-automatically. List of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40204856 | 435,607 |
Bushveld Igneous Complex A research study in 2016 by eunomix showed that Rustenburg, one of the fastest growing cities in South Africa, has a "abnormally high concentration of young men who are separated from their families due to the migrant labour system". The population is facing a lack of education, high crime levels, high rates of HIV, and other health problems within the workforce. Additionally, they are facing high poverty levels, government deficits, and are still heavily dependent on the platinum mining industry which is "responsible for more than 65% of local GDP and 50% of all direct jobs" (over 70,000 jobs). The accommodations and housing are lacking and have seen little to no effort from the mining companies to improve them. However, recently (2013–2016), the platinum companies have contributed more than ZAR 370 million into the city; funding local infrastructure, water supply and treatment centres, sporting programmes, tourism, public road expansions, sewage treatrement plants, cultural activities. The primary concern is the combination of high poverty rates and social injustice. There have been much more than 30 individual mine operations mostly mining for PGEs, some chrome, tin, and others (of which most are underground, few are open cut) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3154089 | 72,247 |
Earthbag construction 6 g forces (comparable to Ss values for 2% probability of excedance in 50 years), but earthbag needs stronger soil to match this strength. Earthbag in Nepal surpassed this strength slightly by resisting forces above 0.7 g in early 2015 . Domes tested in California resisted approximately 1 g forces, due to the stable shape of these less than diameter buildings . Current earthbag techniques of inserting rebar unattached to base and overlapping without connection may only resist 1.2 g or less, even if using very strong soil. Special reinforcement is needed Solid CE of strong soil has higher shear and out of plane strength than modular CE. It may also allow the use of mesh for horizontal reinforcement in addition to or in place of barbed wire. Contained gravel or contained sand may perform best with wire wrapped around the sides of straight wall sections, alternating with the next course having barbed wire gift-wrapped under and over the same straight sections. Base walls of CG in high risk regions may need additional buttresses at the foundation level where builders cannot afford a reinforced concrete (RC) grade beam or footing. A narrower plastic mesh tube often used for erosion control wattle could be filled with gravel to allow a half-width RC ring beam under the wide walls. A roof can be formed by gradually sloping the walls inward to construct a dome. Vaulted roofs can be built on forms. Or a bond beam is used under a traditional roof type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=841877 | 310,196 |
Zero-point energy In QCD, color confinement has led physicists to abandon the source theory or S-matrix based approach for the strong interactions. The Higgs mechanism, Hawking Radiation and the Unruh effect are also theorized to be dependent on zero-point vacuum fluctuations, the field contribution being an inseparable parts of these theories. Jaffe continues "Even if one could argue away zero-point contributions to the quantum vacuum energy, the problem of spontaneous symmetry breaking remains: condensates [ground state vacua] that carry energy appear at many energy scales in the Standard Model. So there is good reason to be skeptical of attempts to avoid the standard formulation of quantum field theory and the zero-point energies it brings with it." It is difficult to judge the physical reality of infinite zero-point energies that are inherent in field theories, but modern physics does not know any better way to construct gauge-invariant, renormalizable theories than with zero-point energy and they would seem to be a necessity for any attempt at a unified theory. The mathematical models used in classical electromagnetism, quantum electrodynamics (QED) and the standard model all view the electromagnetic vacuum as a linear system with no overall observable consequence (e.g. in the case of the Casimir effect, Lamb shift, and so on) these phenomena can be explained by alternative mechanisms other than action of the vacuum by arbitrary changes to the normal ordering of field operators. See alternative theories section) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84400 | 268,886 |
Filter design Typical examples of frequency function are: There is a direct correspondence between the filter's frequency function and its impulse response: the former is the Fourier transform of the latter. That means that any requirement on the frequency function is a requirement on the impulse response, and vice versa. However, in certain applications it may be the filter's impulse response that is explicit and the design process then aims at producing as close an approximation as possible to the requested impulse response given all other requirements. In some cases it may even be relevant to consider a frequency function and impulse response of the filter which are chosen independently from each other. For example, we may want both a specific frequency function of the filter "and" that the resulting filter have a small effective width in the signal domain as possible. The latter condition can be realized by considering a very narrow function as the wanted impulse response of the filter even though this function has no relation to the desired frequency function. The goal of the design process is then to realize a filter which tries to meet both these contradicting design goals as much as possible. In order to be implementable, any time-dependent filter (operating in real time) must be causal: the filter response only depends on the current and past inputs. A standard approach is to leave this requirement until the final step | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173371 | 134,184 |
QuakeML For that purpose, proposes a URI-based format for unique, location-independent identifiers of seismological resources which are assigned by approved naming authorities. In a later development stage, will provide a RDF vocabulary for resource metadata description, covering the resource's identity, curation, content, temporal availability, data quality, and associated services. proposes to set up a network of registry institutions which offer web services for resolving resource identifiers into corresponding RDF/XML metadata descriptions, and additionally provide means for resource discovery by offering services for searches against resource metadata. Version 1.2 is the latest stable version QuakeML. Schemas and other documentation for version 1.2 can be found here. This is the version that is used in results of event queries to International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN) web services and is supported by data centers around the world, such as the European Seismic Portal. 2.0 will be the next major version. up to version 1.2 covered (only) a basic seismic event description, whereas from v2.0 many new thematic packages will be available, and are currently under development. Currently, the following packages are under development with new first-level elements (child elements of quakeml): Helper packages that do not define first-level elements: QuakePy is a Python package designed as a set of tools for statistical analyses of seismological data encoded using QuakeML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47714161 | 432,291 |
Sodium dodecyl sulfate The association of SDS molecules with protein molecules imparts an associated negative charge to the molecular aggregate formed; this negative charge is significantly greater than the original charge of that protein. The electrostatic repulsion that is created by SDS binding forces proteins into a rod-like shape, thereby eliminating differences in shape as a factor for electrophoretic separation in gels. A dodecyl sulfate molecule has two negative charges at the pH value used for electrophoresis, this will lead the net charge of coated polypeptide chains to be much more negative than uncoated chains. The charge-to-mass ratio is essentially identical for different proteins because SDS coating dominates the charge. SDS is used in an improved technique for preparing brain tissues for study by optical microscopy. The technique, which has been branded as CLARITY, was the work of Karl Deisseroth and coworkers at Stanford University, and involves infusion of the organ with an acrylamide solution to bind the macromolecules of the organ (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.), followed by thermal polymerization to form a "brain–hydrogel" (a mesh interspersed throughout the tissue to fix the macromolecules and other structures in space), and then by lipid removal using SDS to eliminate light scattering with minimal protein loss, rendering the tissue quasi-transparent. Along with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and Triton X-100, aqueous solutions of SDS are popular for dispersing or suspending nanotubes, such as carbon nanotubes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54201 | 58,734 |
Phase I environmental site assessment Previous guidances regarding the ASTM E1527 standard were ASTM E1527-97, ASTM E1527-00, and ASTM E1527-05. Residential property purchasers need only conduct a site inspection and chain of title survey. A variety of reasons for a Phase I study to be performed exist, the most common being: Scrutiny of the land includes examination of potential soil contamination, groundwater quality, surface water quality and sometimes issues related to hazardous substance uptake by biota. The examination of a site may include: definition of any chemical residues within structures; identification of possible asbestos containing building materials; inventory of hazardous substances stored or used on site; assessment of mold and mildew; and evaluation of other indoor air quality parameters. Depending upon precise protocols utilized, there are a number of variations in the scope of a Phase I study. The tasks listed here are common to almost all Phase I ESAs: In most cases, the public file searches, historical research and chain-of-title examinations are outsourced to information services that specialize in such activities. Non-Scope Items in a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment can include visual inspections or records review searches for: Often a multi-disciplinary approach is taken in compiling all the components of a Phase I study, since skills in chemistry, atmospheric physics, geology, microbiology and even botany are frequently required | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6998695 | 55,747 |
Microbial metabolism Most photosynthetic microbes are autotrophic, fixing carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle. Some photosynthetic bacteria (e.g. Chloroflexus) are photoheterotrophs, meaning that they use organic carbon compounds as a carbon source for growth. Some photosynthetic organisms also fix nitrogen (see below). Nitrogen is an element required for growth by all biological systems. While extremely common (80% by volume) in the atmosphere, dinitrogen gas () is generally biologically inaccessible due to its high activation energy. Throughout all of nature, only specialized bacteria and Archaea are capable of nitrogen fixation, converting dinitrogen gas into ammonia (), which is easily assimilated by all organisms. These prokaryotes, therefore, are very important ecologically and are often essential for the survival of entire ecosystems. This is especially true in the ocean, where nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are often the only sources of fixed nitrogen, and in soils, where specialized symbioses exist between legumes and their nitrogen-fixing partners to provide the nitrogen needed by these plants for growth. Nitrogen fixation can be found distributed throughout nearly all bacterial lineages and physiological classes but is not a universal property. Because the enzyme nitrogenase, responsible for nitrogen fixation, is very sensitive to oxygen which will inhibit it irreversibly, all nitrogen-fixing organisms must possess some mechanism to keep the concentration of oxygen low | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5330368 | 78,653 |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy , pc-AFM was used to measure how spatial deviations in the photocurrent generation developed with different processing techniques. The authors were able to compare these photocurrent variations to the duration of the annealing process. They have concluded that lengthening the annealing time allows for improved nano-scale phase separation as well as created a more ordered device. Actual times for the annealing process vary depending on the properties of the polymers used. The authors have shown that external quantum efficiency (EQE) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) levels reach a maximum at certain annealing times whereas while the electron and hole mobility’s do not show the corresponding trends. Therefore, while lengthening the annealing time can increase the photocurrents within the OPV, there is a practical limit to after which the benefits may not be substantial. Besides functional properties, pc-AFM can also be used to interrogate the composition heterogeneity of OPVs when combined with either Raman or infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and it is especially valuable for studying their degradation. In more recent studies, pc-AFM has been employed to gather information regarding the photoactive regions from the use of quantum dots. Because if their relative ease of use, along with size-tunable excitation attributes, quantum dots have commonly been applied as sensitizers in optoelectronic devices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140 | 413,307 |
Laycock Engineering Charron of Puteaux near Paris, a manufacturer of motorcars, bought a controlling interest in Laycock in 1917 and began the manufacture of aero-engines under contract to the British government. Charron-Laycock cars were sold between 1920 and 1926. A Receiver was appointed in 1924. Sheffield engineering business Thos W Ward bought Laycock in November 1930 from the Receiver. At that time its products were of a specialised nature, mostly highly skilled precision machinery. More specifically: general engineering supplies and machinery, motor components, railway, tram, omnibus and motor coach equipment. Garage equipment. Aircraft supplies. Some of the most important customers were: Citroen, Daimler, Humber, Jowett, Morris, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Standard, Vauxhall and in commercial vehicles: AEC, Commer, Dennis, Guy Motors, Karrier, Leyland, Metro-Cammell and Morris Commercial. In 1936, when Laycock had 700 employees, an agreement was reached between Thos W Ward and an investment trust led by Herbert Hill to buy Laycock. At the end of 1938 Laycock chairman Herbert Hill (1901-1987) then arranged that Laycock should be sold to a new owner named Birfield Engineering which would also buy Hardy Spicer. Herbert Hill led Birfield to develop the constant-velocity joint breakthrough which permitted reliable front-wheel drive and led to the development of the Mini and the subsequent popularity of front wheel drive cars. He retired in 1961 but remained a member of the board | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51210956 | 444,480 |
Pay to fly On May 5, 2015, Member of European Parliament Jutta Steinruck issued a set of three written questions to the European Commission under the subject "Exploitative employment models at low-cost airlines (‘Pay to Fly’)": On behalf of the Commission, on July 10th 2015, Violeta Bulc respectively answered: The questions were formulated 2 days before the May 7th 2015 EP "Committee on Employment and Social Affairs" meeting in Brussels that MEP Steinruck also attended where pay-to-fly was discussed. From a 2013 Der Spiegel article, "According to calculations by [VC spokesman Handwerg]'s union, there are already more than 1,500 unemployed pilots in Germany, an upward trend". Following the ECA Conference of February 12-13th 2015 on "Atypical Employment" where one "Nextgen pilot [said] pay to fly is wrong but policy makers turning their backs [...]", BALPA launched the NexGen program on February 27 to "protect the Profession by reaching down to new entrants". Acknowledging "the most difficult part of pilots’ career is the beginning", Wendy Pursey, head of membership and career services at BALPA authored a booklet titled "Becoming A Pilot: The Inside Track", warning : "BALPA does not recommend funding type ratings unless absolutely necessary". Questioned by The Guardian on October 24, 2015, Pursey assessed : Of the 560 cadets in Balpa’s membership : On April 10, 2014, Senator Éric Bocquet released an Information Report on behalf of the European Affairs Commission on social dumping in European transport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43936111 | 474,969 |
Manufacturing supermarket The aim of the 'market' is to send single unit consumption signals back up the supply chain so that a demand leveling effect occurs. Just as in a supermarket it is possible for someone to decide to cater for a party of 300 from the supermarket so it is possible to decide to suddenly fill ten trucks and send massively distorting signals up those same pathways. Thus the 'market location' can be used as a sort of isolator between actual demand and how supply would like demand to be, an isolator between batch demand spikes and the up upstream supply process. For example, if the market were positioned at the loading bay, then it will receive 'spikes' of demand whenever a truck comes in to be loaded. Since, in general, one knows in advance when trucks will arrive and what they will require to be loaded onto them, it is possible to spread that demand spike over a chosen period before the truck actually arrives. It is possible to do this by designating a location, say a marked floor area, to be the 'virtual' truck and moving items from the market to the 'virtual truck' smoothly over the chosen period prior to the load onto the actual truck commencing. Smoothly here means that for each item its 'loading' is evenly spread across the period. For regular shipments this period might start the moment the last shipment in that schedule departs the loading bay. This has four key impacts: This logic can, obviously, be applied upstream of any batch process and not just deliveries to another plant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10700701 | 200,985 |
River engineering This loss of fish diversity and abundance is thought to occur because of reduction in habitat, elimination of riffles and pools, greater fluctuation of stream levels and water temperature, and shifting substrates. The rate of recovery for a stream once it has been dredged is extremely slow, with many streams showing no significant recovery 30 to 40 years after the date of channelization. For the reasons cited above, in recent years stream channelization has been greatly curtailed in the U.S., and in some instances even partially reversed. The United States Government now has in place a "no net loss of wetlands" policy that means that stream channelization in one place has to be offset by the creation of new wetlands in another, a process known as "mitigation." The major agency involved in the enforcement of this policy is the same Army Corps of Engineers which for so long was the primary promoter of wide-scale channelization. Often, in the instances where channelization is permitted, boulders may be installed in the bed of the new channel so that water velocity is slowed, and channels may be deliberately curved as well. In 1990 the U.S. Congress gave the Army Corps a specific mandate to include environmental protection in its mission, and in 1996 it authorized the Corps to undertake restoration projects. The U.S. Clean Water Act regulates certain aspects of channelization by requiring non-Federal entities (i.e. state and local governments, private parties) to obtain permits for dredging and filling operations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3966984 | 366,024 |
Gain-field encoding Most gain field activity is based in the premotor cortex found in the frontal lobe anterior to the primary motor cortex, however it receives input from a variety of locations in the brain. These incoming signals provide frame of reference information through the individual's senses. Further evidence suggests that the cerebellum and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) also play major functional roles in gain field encoding. The intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the gain field can be shown as products of the PPC. In Brodmann area 7 of the PPC, the positioning of objects with respect to the eyes is represented completely extrinsically with no input from the positioning of the body involved. This opposes the case of other parts of the PPC such as Brodmann area 5 which represents objects in relation to body defined coordinates. Due to the extrinsic and intrinsic properties of motor functioning, it is speculated that these types of signals are both taken multiplicatively to form the gain field. With input from each area, a three-dimensional representation of the objects in space can be arranged for use by the rest of the motor system. Unsurprisingly lesions in the parietal cortex lead to deficiencies in an individual's spatial movements and coordination and, in some cases, hemineglect. These effects were widely variable from person to person and depending on the location of the lesion further hinting at the complicated nature of gain modulated neurons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38442646 | 189,454 |
American Welding Society That first year the Society grew to 217 members; introduced the Journal of the American Welding Society, a technical publication with a life of one issue, but the precursor of the Welding Journal; found a home in the Engineering Societies Building in New York City; and established the foundation of the committee system for the production of its operating procedures and industry standards on welding. In 1920, the first local Section was organized in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By 1922, the had held its first Annual Meeting. Attendees were told of the formation of Sections in eight cities, and also of the establishment of the Journal of the American Welding Society. However, the first meeting also called into discussion the growing financial issues surrounding the depression and proposed solutions to alleviate it. Financial reports delivered at the meeting stated an income for fiscal year ending March 31, 1922, of $12,683.74. The budget for fiscal year 1922-23 was projected at $15,540. It was clear more earnings were needed, so the Society turned to increasing membership numbers of advertising in the Journal as a solution. The American Welding Society's first headquarters were located in New York City, inside the Engineering Societies Building. For 42 years the organization held all their business in this building, before finally making the move to the United Engineering Center, which was also in New York City. In 1971 the Society once again moved their headquarters - this time to Miami, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7179075 | 440,635 |
Stick-slip phenomenon The stick-slip phenomenon, also known as the slip-stick phenomenon or simply stick-slip, is the spontaneous jerking motion that can occur while two objects are sliding over each other. Below is a simple, heuristic description of stick-slip phenomena using classical mechanics that is relevant for engineering descriptions. However, in actuality, there is little consensus in academia regarding the actual physical description of stick-slip which follows the lack of understanding about friction phenomena in general. The generally agreed upon view is that stick-slip behavior results from common phonon modes (at the interface between the substrate and the slider) that are pinned in an undulating potential well landscape that un-pin (slip) and pin (stick) primarily influenced by thermal fluctuations. However, stick-slip frictional behaviour is encountered over a wide range of length scales from the atomic up to the tectonic, and there is no single underlying physical mechanism responsible for all manifestations. The stiffness of the spring (shown in image below), the normal load at the interface (the weight of the slider), the duration of time the interface has existed (influencing chemical mass transport and bond formation), the original rate (velocity) of sliding (when the slider is in the slip phase) – all influence the behavior of the system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8315449 | 439,703 |
Mathematical economics From the later-1930s, an array of new mathematical tools from the differential calculus and differential equations, convex sets, and graph theory were deployed to advance economic theory in a way similar to new mathematical methods earlier applied to physics. The process was later described as moving from mechanics to axiomatics. Vilfredo Pareto analyzed microeconomics by treating decisions by economic actors as attempts to change a given allotment of goods to another, more preferred allotment. Sets of allocations could then be treated as Pareto efficient (Pareto optimal is an equivalent term) when no exchanges could occur between actors that could make at least one individual better off without making any other individual worse off. Pareto's proof is commonly conflated with Walrassian equilibrium or informally ascribed to Adam Smith's Invisible hand hypothesis. Rather, Pareto's statement was the first formal assertion of what would be known as the first fundamental theorem of welfare economics. These models lacked the inequalities of the next generation of mathematical economics. In the landmark treatise "Foundations of Economic Analysis" (1947), Paul Samuelson identified a common paradigm and mathematical structure across multiple fields in the subject, building on previous work by Alfred Marshall. "Foundations" took mathematical concepts from physics and applied them to economic problems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18967255 | 512,948 |
Mir-592 microRNA precursor family In molecular biology mir-592 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. Significantly altered expression of miR-592 has been observed between tumours deficient and proficient for mismatch repair in colon cancer. Expression levels are lower in the proficient form compared to the deficient, with a more than two-fold change. This altered expression has been proposed to reflect a reversion to regulatory programs seen in earlier undifferentiated and proliferative developmental states. miR-592 expression is also altered in hepatocellular carcinoma; it has been shown to be downregulated along with nine other microRNAs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36470419 | 178,710 |
Seventh Street Improvement Arches The are a double-arched masonry highway bridge that formerly spanned the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad tracks in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. The are historically significant for its rarity and the technically demanding nature of its skewed, helicoidal spiral, stone-arch design. The bridge is one of the few of its type in the United States, and is the only known bridge of its type in Minnesota. It was built from 1883 to 1884 by Michael O'Brien and McArthur Brothers of Chicago and was designed by William A. Truesdell. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 and on the American Society of Civil Engineers Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks in 2000. The bridge was proposed in 1883 as part of a group of improvements along Seventh Street, linking downtown St. Paul with the Dayton's Bluff neighborhood on the east. Other parts of this project included a 300-foot iron bridge crossing the Northern Pacific Railway, a long embankment, and a stone-arch sewer for the crossing of Phalen Creek. These improvements were necessary because the hill on Seventh Street needed to be rebuilt to lessen its steepness, so streetcars could travel between downtown and the Dayton's Bluff neighborhood. The bridge posed a special engineering challenge because the street crossed the St. Paul and Duluth tracks at a 63-degree angle. The bridge also had to carry sewer and water pipes and match the rest of the profile of the regraded hill, making a substantial amount of fill necessary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4751945 | 215,411 |
Snyder Guard Station Historical District The Snyder Guard Station by the Moyie River in Kaniksu National Forest, in the vicinity of Eastport, Idaho, dates from 1908. A historic district encompassing the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as in 1983. The listed area included nine contributing buildings. The ranger's house was constructed in 1908. It is a one-story six room frame house built on a concrete foundation. It has a gable roof covered by wooden shingles and it has two brick chimneys. Two other dwellings, a meat house, a cook house, a wash house/workshop, a warehouse/office, and other structures were built later. The NRHP nomination states the listed area was ; NRIS gives as its size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55052466 | 342,590 |
Trussed Concrete Steel Company The was a company founded by Julius Kahn, an engineer and inventor. The company manufactured prefabricated products for reinforced concrete beams and steel forms for building reinforced concrete floors and walls. Kahn invented and patented a unique new technology reinforcement system of construction called the Kahn System that was stronger, more economical, and lighter than the existing old school technology used up to that point to construct buildings. The old method was to use plain straight smooth steel beams or loose rods or stirrups in concrete beams and floors. Kahn's new technology improved system used 45 degree tab flanges or "wings" permanently attached on steel beams that distributed the tension stress for overall improvement in strength of reinforced concrete. Kahn founded in 1903 the in a small Detroit building with a dozen employees for manufacturing the specially designed steel products for reinforcement in concrete beams and walls. Kahn became its first president. The company had its headquarters in Detroit, Michigan. The main manufacturing factory for the steel products was located in Youngstown, Ohio, after being in Detroit at first from 1903–1906. In 1906 a one-acre industrial site was developed in Youngstown at a cost of a million dollars. The new steel factory officially opened its doors for business in May 1907 with 100 employees. The Youngstown factory was developed because of its easy access to raw materials needed for steel production | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43431512 | 225,020 |
Video Services Forum The Video Services Form (VSF) is an industry association that provides a platform for cooperation and communication between organizations with a stake in media networking. VSF activities include standards development, interoperability testing and the ongoing VidTrans conferences. VSF published the TR-03 and TR-04 technical recommendations for professional video which were further developed by SMPTE to become SMPTE 2110. Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for "Standardization and Productization of JPEG2000 (J2K) Interoperability." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63078882 | 402,806 |
Pluralism in economics In 2000, students at the École Normale Supérieure protested and announced the creation of the post-autistic economics movement. Similarly, students at the University of Cambridge and University of Missouri-Kansas City organised petitions in 2001 and in 2011 the Cambridge Society for Economic Pluralism was formed to promote pluralist thinking and pushing for curriculum reform within the university. In 2009, the Foundation for European Economic Development (FEED) organised a plea for economic pluralism with over 2,000 signatures in the first month. In addition, the first Volume of the "International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education" was founded and published along with the "Handbook for Pluralist Economics Education". Economists Paul Krugman and Richard Layard organised a "Manifesto For Economic Sense" in 2012. The "Post-Crash Economics Society Manchester" published a petition in November 2013 and was involved in setting up Rethinking Economics. They also devised a course entitled "Bubbles, Panics and Crashes: an Introduction to Alternative Theories of Crisis", which the economic department rejected. Student groups in the United Kingdom published a draft manifesto in April 2014. On May 5, 2014, economics students from nineteen countries published an international student letter and formed the International Student Initiative for Pluralist Economics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11037938 | 511,357 |
Lipidomics is the large-scale study of pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems The word "lipidome" is used to describe the complete lipid profile within a cell, tissue, organism, or ecosystem and is a subset of the "metabolome" which also includes the three other major classes of biological molecules: proteins/amino-acids, sugars and nucleic acids. is a relatively recent research field that has been driven by rapid advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, dual polarisation interferometry and computational methods, coupled with the recognition of the role of lipids in many metabolic diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension and diabetes. This rapidly expanding field complements the huge progress made in genomics and proteomics, all of which constitute the family of systems biology. research involves the identification and quantification of the thousands of cellular lipid molecular species and their interactions with other lipids, proteins, and other metabolites. Investigators in lipidomics examine the structures, functions, interactions, and dynamics of cellular lipids and the changes that occur during perturbation of the system. Han and Gross first defined the field of lipidomics through integrating the specific chemical properties inherent in lipid molecular species with a comprehensive mass spectrometric approach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=884805 | 84,628 |
Slough (hydrology) A slough ( or ) is a wetland, usually a swamp or shallow lake, often a backwater to a larger body of water. Water tends to be stagnant or may flow slowly on a seasonal basis. In North America, "slough" may refer to a side-channel from or feeding a river, or an inlet or natural channel only sporadically filled with water. An example of this is Finn Slough on the Fraser River, whose lower reaches have dozens of notable sloughs. Some sloughs, like Elkhorn Slough, used to be mouths of rivers, but have become stagnant because tectonic activity cut off the river's source. In the Sacramento River, Steamboat Slough was an alternate branch of the river, a preferred shortcut route for steamboats passing between Sacramento and San Francisco. Georgiana Slough was a steamboat route through the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, from the Sacramento River to the San Joaquin River and Stockton. A slough, also called a tidal channel, is a channel in a wetland. Typically, it is either stagnant or slow flowing on a seasonal basis. Vegetation patterns in a slough are largely determined by depth, distribution, and duration of in the environment. Moreover, these same variables also influence the distribution, abundance, reproduction, and seasonal movements of aquatic and terrestrial life within the sloughs. Sloughs support a wide variety of plant life that is adapted to rapidly changing physical conditions such as salinity, oxygen levels and depth. In general, sloughs are microhabitats high in species diversity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33870440 | 335,894 |
Round-robin DNS The DNS server will be set up so that domain name has multiple A records, one for each IP address. When one user accesses the home page it will be sent to the first IP address. The second user who accesses the home page will be sent to the next IP address, and the third user will be sent to the third IP address. In each case, once the IP address is given out, it goes to the end of the list. The fourth user, therefore, will be sent to the first IP address, and so forth. A round-robin DNS name is, on rare occasions, referred to as a "rotor" due to the rotation between alternative A records. Although easy to implement, round-robin DNS has a number of drawbacks, such as those arising from record caching in the DNS hierarchy itself, as well as client-side address caching and reuse, the combination of which can be difficult to manage. should not solely be relied upon for service availability. If a service at one of the addresses in the list fails, the DNS will continue to hand out that address and clients will still attempt to reach the inoperable service. may not be the best choice for load balancing on its own, since it merely alternates the order of the address records each time a name server is queried. Because it does not take transaction time, server load, and network congestion into consideration, it works best for services with a large number of uniformly distributed connections to servers of equivalent capacity. Otherwise, it just does load distribution. Methods exist to overcome such limitations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2647181 | 102,978 |
Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse Companies already generating product or service revenue can also growth their success with PLSG programs for market expansion, new product or service development, workforce development, investor relations and industry collaboration. ----[1] <nowiki>http://www.post-gazette.com/business/2014/04/05/Business-Briefs-143/stories/201404050019</nowiki> Biotechnology Companies: · Applied Isotope Technologies[1] · Celsense[2] · Crystalplex[3] · Falcon Genomics[4] · Immunetrics[5] · MS2 Array[6] · SpectraGenetics[1] Diagnostics: · Advanced Technology Healthcare Solutions · Cernostics[1] · Intelomed[2] · NanoLambda · RedPath Integrated Pathology[3] Healthcare IT: · Better Body[4] Image · Blenderhouse[5] · Brainstage[6] · Caliber Infosolutions[7] · Chronic Health Metrics · Hability[8] · Health Monitoring Systems[9] · MedRespond[10] · MedSage Technologies[11] · Mymedcoupons.com[12] · NewCare Solutions[13] · PHRQL[14] · Treatspace[15] · Well Bridge Health[16] Medical Devices: · ALung Technologies[17] · BioSafe[1] · Carmell Therapeutics[2] · ChemDAQ[3] · Circadiance[4] · Cohera Medical[5] · Flexicath[6] · Medrobotics[7] · NeuroInterventional Therapeutics · Neuro Kinetics[8] · Quantum Ops[9] · ReGear Life Sciences[10] · Rinovum[11] · Rubitection Inc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15158793 | 290,663 |
Electrospinning In the early 1990s several research groups (notably that of Reneker and Rutledge who popularised the name "electrospinning" for the process) demonstrated that many organic polymers could be electrospun into nanofibers. Since then, the number of publications about electrospinning has been increasing exponentially every year. Since 1995 there have been further theoretical developments of the driving mechanisms of the electrospinning process. Reznik "et al." described the shape of the Taylor cone and the subsequent ejection of a fluid jet. Hohman "et al." investigated the relative growth rates of the numerous proposed instabilities in an electrically forced jet once in flight and endeavors to describe the most important instability to the electrospinning process, the bending (whipping) instability. The size of an electrospun fiber can be in the nano scale and the fibers may possess nano scale surface texture, leading to different modes of interaction with other materials compared with macroscale materials. In addition to this, the ultra-fine fibers produced by electrospinning are expected to have two main properties, a very high surface to volume ratio, and a relatively defect free structure at the molecular level. This first property makes electrospun material suitable for activities requiring a high degree of physical contact, such as providing sites for chemical reactions, or the capture of small sized particulate material by physical entanglement – filtration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1352090 | 457,255 |
The Economists' Voice is a publishing forum for professional economists that seeks to fill the gap between op-ed pages of newspapers and scholarly journal articles. Published by Walter de Gruyter, the forum brings to bear scholarly work and academic perspectives on policy issues that are of broad concern. It is edited by Professor Joseph Stiglitz (Columbia University), along with Jeffrey Zwiebel (Stanford University) and Michael Cragg. Its articles are published by the Columbia University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23883659 | 457,832 |
Kit (of components) A Kit is a set of components that has to be assembled by the buyer or at the site of use to get the definitive product. Examples: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56009041 | 263,928 |
Residence time If the chamber can be heated, the above equation shows that the gases can be "baked out"; but if not, then surfaces with a low residence time are needed to achieve ultra-high vacuums. In environmental terms, the residence time definition is adapted to fit with ground water, the atmosphere, glaciers, lakes, streams, and oceans. More specifically it is the time during which water remains within an aquifer, lake, river, or other water body before continuing around the hydrological cycle. The time involved may vary from days for shallow gravel aquifers to millions of years for deep aquifers with very low values for hydraulic conductivity. Residence times of water in rivers are a few days, while in large lakes residence time ranges up to several decades. Residence times of continental ice sheets is hundreds of thousands of years, of small glaciers a few decades. Ground water residence time applications are useful for determining the amount of time it will take for a pollutant to reach and contaminate a ground water drinking water source and at what concentration it will arrive. This can also work to the opposite effect to determine how long until a ground water source becomes uncontaminated via inflow, outflow, and volume. The residence time of lakes and streams is important as well to determine the concentration of pollutants in a lake and how this may affect the local population and marine life. Hydrology, the study of water, discusses the water budget in terms of residence time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50390340 | 180,990 |
Metamaterial absorber A metamaterial absorber is a type of metamaterial intended to efficiently absorb electromagnetic radiation such as light. Furthermore, metamaterials are an advance in materials science. Hence, those metamaterials that are designed to be absorbers offer benefits over conventional absorbers such as further miniaturization, wider adaptability, and increased effectiveness. Intended applications for the metamaterial absorber include emitters, photodetectors, sensors, spatial light modulators, infrared camouflage, wireless communication, and use in solar photovoltaics and thermophotovoltaics. For practical applications, the metamaterial absorbers can be divided into two types: narrow band and broadband. For example, metamaterial absorbers can be used to improve the performance of photodetectors. Metamaterial absorbers can also be used for enhancing absorption in both solar photovoltaic and thermo-photovoltaic applications. Skin depth engineering can be used in metamaterial absorbers in photovoltaic applications as well as other optoelectronic devices, where optimizing the device performance demands minimizing resistive losses and power consumption, such as photodetectors, laser diodes, and light emitting diodes. In addition, the advent of metamaterial absorbers enable researchers to further understand the theory of metamaterials which is derived from classical electromagnetic wave theory. This leads to understanding the material's capabilities and reasons for current limitations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25901829 | 62,443 |
Melting point This step is repeated to carry the calibration to higher temperatures. Now, temperatures and their corresponding pyrometer filament currents are known and a curve of temperature versus current can be drawn. This curve can then be extrapolated to very high temperatures. In determining melting points of a refractory substance by this method, it is necessary to either have black body conditions or to know the emissivity of the material being measured. The containment of the high melting material in the liquid state may introduce experimental difficulties. Melting temperatures of some refractory metals have thus been measured by observing the radiation from a black body cavity in solid metal specimens that were much longer than they were wide. To form such a cavity, a hole is drilled perpendicular to the long axis at the center of a rod of the material. These rods are then heated by passing a very large current through them, and the radiation emitted from the hole is observed with an optical pyrometer. The point of melting is indicated by the darkening of the hole when the liquid phase appears, destroying the black body conditions. Today, containerless laser heating techniques, combined with fast pyrometers and spectro-pyrometers, are employed to allow for precise control of the time for which the sample is kept at extreme temperatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40283 | 38,365 |
History of botany Elaborate taxonomies also occur in the Charaka Samhitā, Sushruta Samhita and Vaisesika. In ancient China lists of different plants and herb concoctions for pharmaceutical purposes date back to at least the time of the Warring States (481 BC-221 BC). Many Chinese writers over the centuries contributed to the written knowledge of herbal pharmaceutics. The Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) includes the notable work of the Huangdi Neijing and the famous pharmacologist Zhang Zhongjing. There were also the 11th century scientists and statesmen Su Song and Shen Kuo who compiled learned treatises on natural history, emphasising herbal medicine. Ancient Athens, of the 6th century BC, was the busy trade centre at the confluence of Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Minoan cultures at the height of Greek colonisation of the Mediterranean. The philosophical thought of this period ranged freely through many subjects. Empedocles (490–430 BC) foreshadowed Darwinian evolutionary theory in a crude formulation of the mutability of species and natural selection. The physician Hippocrates (460–370 BC) avoided the prevailing superstition of his day and approached healing by close observation and the test of experience. At this time a genuine non-anthropocentric curiosity about plants emerged. The major works written about plants extended beyond the description of their medicinal uses to the topics of plant geography, morphology, physiology, nutrition, growth and reproduction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25007304 | 177,008 |
Podcast 9 which added formal support for podcasts, thus negating the need to use a separate program in order to download and transfer them to a mobile device. While this made access to podcasts more convenient and widespread, it also effectively ended advancement of podcatchers by independent developers. Additionally, Apple issued cease and desist orders to many podcast application developers and service providers for using the term "iPod" or "Pod" in their products' names. Within a year, many podcasts from public radio networks like the BBC, CBC Radio One, NPR, and Public Radio International placed many of their radio shows on the iTunes platform. In addition, major local radio stations like WNYC in New York City and WHYY-FM radio in Philadelphia, KCRW in Los Angeles placed their programs on their websites and later on the iTunes platform. Concurrently, CNET, "This Week in Tech", and later Bloomberg Radio, the "Financial Times", and other for-profit companies provided podcast content, some using podcasting as their only distribution system. As podcasting matured in the later 2010s, companies such as Facebook, General Electric, McDonald's, Microsoft, New Balance, Lyft, and Trader Joe's all created their own podcasts. Between February 10 and 25 March 2005, Shae Spencer Management, LLC of Fairport, New York filed a trademark application to register the term "podcast" for an "online prerecorded radio program over the internet" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1034453 | 236,290 |
Wipeout (ride) El Sombrero at Six Flags Over Texas is a portable Trabant that was installed in 1965. In 2006, the ride was moved from its previous location, removed from the trailer, and given a complete overhaul. It is one of the oldest operating Trabant rides at a permanent amusement park. Other appearances include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7990266 | 439,560 |
Tungsten hexafluoride WF can be used for the production of tungsten carbide. As a heavy gas, WF can be used as a buffer to control gas reactions. For example, it slows down the chemistry of the Ar/O/H flame and reduces the flame temperature. is an extremely corrosive compound that attacks any tissue. Because of the formation of hydrofluoric acid upon reaction of WF with humidity, WF storage vessels have Teflon gaskets. Hexafluorides are known with other metals and metalloids. Such MF compounds characteristically form dense gases, however, when element M is heavier than tungsten, the compound is either liquid or solid at room temperature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897906 | 84,684 |
Finite element method There are many possible choices for formula_58 (one possibility leads to the spectral method). However, for the finite element method we take formula_58 to be a space of piecewise polynomial functions. We take the interval formula_43, choose formula_63 values of formula_4 with formula_65 and we define formula_58 by: where we define formula_68 and formula_69. Observe that functions in formula_58 are not differentiable according to the elementary definition of calculus. Indeed, if formula_71 then the derivative is typically not defined at any formula_72, formula_73. However, the derivative exists at every other value of formula_4 and one can use this derivative for the purpose of integration by parts. We need formula_58 to be a set of functions of formula_9. In the figure on the right, we have illustrated a triangulation of a 15 sided polygonal region formula_9 in the plane (below), and a piecewise linear function (above, in color) of this polygon which is linear on each triangle of the triangulation; the space formula_58 would consist of functions that are linear on each triangle of the chosen triangulation. One hopes that as the underlying triangular mesh becomes finer and finer, the solution of the discrete problem (3) will in some sense converge to the solution of the original boundary value problem P2. To measure this mesh fineness, the triangulation is indexed by a real valued parameter formula_79 which one takes to be very small | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18233581 | 426,863 |
Bouc–Wen model of hysteresis However, according to Ikhouane "et al." (2008), the coefficients formula_87, formula_88 and formula_89 should be set to zero. Aloisio "et al." (2020) extended the formulation presented by Song and Der Kiureghian (2006) to reproduce pinching and degradation phenomena. Two additional parameters formula_90 and formula_91 lead to the pinched load paths, while eight coefficients determine the strength and stiffness degradation. In "displacement-controlled experiments", the time history of the displacement formula_2 and its derivative formula_93 are known; therefore, the calculation of the hysteretic variable and restoring force is performed directly using equations and . In "force-controlled experiments", , and can be transformed in state space form, using the change of variables formula_94, formula_95, formula_96 and formula_97 as: and solved using, for example, the Livermore predictor-corrector method, the Rosenbrock methods or the 4th/5th-order Runge–Kutta method. The latter method is more efficient in terms of computational time; the others are slower, but provide a more accurate answer. The state-space form of the Bouc–Wen–Baber–Noori model is given by: This is a stiff ordinary differential equation that can be solved, for example, using the function "ode15" of MATLAB. According to Heine (2001), computing time to solve the model and numeric noise is greatly reduced if both force and displacement are the same order of magnitude; for instance, the units "kN" and "mm" are good choices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27476703 | 362,107 |
Techno-economic assessment or Techno-economic analysis (abbreviated TEA) is a methodology framework to analyze the technical and economic performance of a process, product or service. TEA normally combines process modeling, engineering design and economic evaluation. Examples of applications of TEA include the evaluation of the economic feasibility of a specific project, a forecast on the likelihood of the deployment of a technology at certain scale, or a comparison of the economic merit of different technological options that provide the same service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58702452 | 489,333 |
USIX is a discontinued Unix-like computer operating system that was created by System Six Inc., and Russia's INEUM (INstitut Elektronnykh Upravlyaushikh Mashin [Institute of Electronic Control Machines], one of the leading software R&D organizations of the Soviet Union). After the collapse of funding for System Six, the operating system development closed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7433870 | 107,339 |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem Then the entity in charge of keeping track of the state of the resource (the "notifier"), receives the SUBSCRIBE request and sends back a NOTIFY message with a "subscription-state header" as well as the information about the status of the resource in the message body. Whenever the resource state changes, the "notifier" sends a new NOTIFY message to the "subscriber". Each kind of event a subscriber can subscribe to is defined in a new "event package". An "event package" describes a new value for the SUBSCRIBE "Event header", as well as a MIME type to carry the event state information in the NOTIFY message. There is also an "allow-events" header to indicate event notification capabilities, and the "202 accepted" and "489 bad event" response codes to indicate if a subscription request has been preliminary accepted or has been turned down because the "notifier" does not understand the kind of event requested. In order to make an efficient use of the signaling messages, it is also possible to establish a limited notification rate (not real-time notifications) through a mechanism called "event throttling". Moreover, there is also a mechanism for "conditional event notification" that allows the "notifier" to decide whether or not to send the complete NOTIFY message depending on if there is something new to notify since last subscription or there is not | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44402859 | 229,539 |
Artificial Life (journal) Artificial Life is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the study of man-made systems that exhibit the behavioral characteristics of natural living systems. Its articles cover system synthesis in software, hardware, and wetware. "Artificial Life" was established in 1993 and is the official journal of the International Society of Artificial Life. It is published online and in hard copy by the MIT Press. "Artificial Life" is abstracted and indexed in Academic Search, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CSA Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts, Compendex, Current Contents, EMBASE, Excerpta Medica, Inspec, MEDLINE, METADEX, PubMed, Referativny Zhurnal, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, and The Zoological Record. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17404409 | 112,269 |
Genetic memory (computer science) In computer science, genetic memory refers to an artificial neural network combination of genetic algorithm and the mathematical model of sparse distributed memory. It can be used to predict weather patterns. Genetic memory and genetic algorithms have also gained an interest in the creation of artificial life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23107207 | 131,313 |
Nanopore sequencing This fluorescence sequencing method converts each base into a characteristic representation of multiple nucleotides which bind to a fluorescent probe strand-forming dsDNA. With the two color system proposed, each base is identified by two separate fluorescences, and will therefore be converted into two specific sequences. Probes consist of a fluorophore and quencher at the start and end of each sequence, respectively. Each fluorophore will be extinguished by the quencher at the end of the preceding sequence. When the dsDNA is translocating through a solid state nanopore, the probe strand will be stripped off, and the upstream fluorophore will fluoresce. This sequencing method has a capacity of 50-250 bases per second per pore, and a four color fluorophore system (each base could be converted to one sequence instead of two), will sequence over 500 bases per second. Advantages of this method are based on the clear sequencing readout—using a camera instead of noisy current methods. However, the method does require sample preparation to convert each base into an expanded binary code before sequencing. Instead of one base being identified as it translocates through the pore, ~12 bases are required to find the sequence of one base. Biological nanopore sequencing systems have several fundamental characteristics that make them advantageous as compared with solid state systems- with each advantageous characteristic of this design approach stemming from the incorporation of proteins into their technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 | 24,781 |
Sigmatropic reaction A sigmatropic reaction in organic chemistry is a pericyclic reaction wherein the net result is one σ-bond is changed to another σ-bond in an uncatalyzed intramolecular reaction. The name "sigmatropic" is the result of a compounding of the long-established sigma designation from single carbon–carbon bonds and the Greek word "tropos", meaning turn. In this type of rearrangement reaction, a substituent moves from one part of a π-bonded system to another part in an intramolecular reaction with simultaneous rearrangement of the π system. True sigmatropic reactions are usually uncatalyzed, although Lewis acid catalysis is possible. Sigmatropic reactions often have transition-metal catalysts that form intermediates in analogous reactions. The most well-known of the sigmatropic rearrangements are the [3,3] Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Carroll rearrangement, and the Fischer indole synthesis. Sigmatropic rearrangements are concisely described by an order term [i,j], which is defined as the of a σ-bond adjacent to one or more π systems to a new position (i−1) and (j−1) atoms removed from the original location of the σ-bond. When the sum of i and j is an even number, this is an indication of the involvement of a neutral, all C atom chain. An odd number is an indication of the involvement of a charged C atom or of a heteroatom lone pair replacing a CC double bond. Thus, [1,5] and [3,3] shifts become [1,4] and [2,3] shifts with heteroatoms, while preserving symmetry considerations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1256648 | 50,166 |
Kingdom of the Vision (Arabic: مملكة الرؤية) is an economics book by Abdullah Al-Salloum. The book, subtitled "Within the Conflicts of Sustainability and Rent" (Arabic: بين مصارع الريعية والاستدامة), , extensively elaborates on Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030; linking its strategy to macroeconomics theories. The title was ranked as best-seller on Jamalon – the Middle-East's largest online book retailer –, Jarir Reader – Middle-East's largest e-book store –, and Amazon's Arabic books category. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57999018 | 503,226 |
Crack tip opening displacement Crack tip plastically deforms until a critical point after which a cleavage crack is initiated that may lead to either partial or complete failure. The critical load and strain gauge measurements at the load are noted and a graph is plotted. The crack tip opening can be calculated from the length of the crack and opening at the mouth of the notch. According to the material used, the fracture can be brittle or ductile which can be concluded from the graph. Early experiments used a flat, paddle-shaped gauge that was inserted into the crack; as the crack opens, the paddle gauge rotates and an electronic signal is sent to an x–y plotter. This method was inaccurate, however, because it was difficult to reach the crack tip with the paddle gauge. Today, the displacement V at the crack mouth is measured and the CTOD is inferred by assuming that the specimen halves are rigid and rotate about a hinge point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39145558 | 329,520 |
Rüti Reformed Church Between 1980 and 1982 a comprehensive restoration of the nave was conducted which preserved the original three-aisled building, but the premises also allowed to make the nave more accessible. The five-month archaeological excavations covered the entire nave and the tombs of the noble families, bailiffs and their women and children in the nave and choir, as well as the foundations of the massive columns and the walls of the chancel screen. The nave was lowered to the ground level of the original monastery church in order to improve the view of the liturgical center with the communion table and the Gothic choir arch. In addition, the church is now wheelchair-accessible. Doors were added to the side chapels, and the preservation of monuments approved a western annex comprising a toilet facility and a community room. The windows, the floor heating and the church pews were also renewed. The external environment has also been redesigned, including the southern church garden (former cemetery) and a new courtyard, as a joint project of church and political community, designed between the Kantonspolizei Zürich police station respectively "Amthaus" and the church. The pipe organ in the gallery was installed by "Orgelbau Th. Kuhn AG" in 1936. Extract of Zimbel 4f.; Transmissionregister with additional Bassoktave; Extract of Plein jeu 6f.; Transmission Gedeckt 16′ III. Manual; Transmission Traversflöte 4′ III | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47722988 | 328,074 |
Computer Press Association Founded in 1983, the (CPA) was established to promote excellence in the field of computer journalism. The association was composed of working editors, writers, producers, and freelancers who covered issues related to computers and technology. The CPA conducted the annual Computer Press Awards, which was the preeminent editorial awards of the computer and technology media. The CPA Awards honored outstanding examples in print, broadcast and electronic media. Awards were given for print publications, such as PC Magazine; online news media, such as Newsbytes News Network (both were multiple winners); individual columns and features by well-known journalists such as Steven Levy (author of “”); broadcast awards such as “Best Radio Program”; as well as book awards in categories such as Best Product Specific Book. CPA President Jeff Yablon (1994-1996) developed an updated code of ethics for technology journalists that was adopted by many major trade show groups, most notably Bruno Blenheim. The disbanded in 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7057338 | 299,311 |
Phenoxymethylpenicillin Phenoxymethylpenicillin, also known as penicillin V and penicillin VK, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used for the treatment of strep throat, otitis media, and cellulitis. It is also used to prevent rheumatic fever and to prevent infections following removal of the spleen. It is given by mouth. Side effects include diarrhea, nausea, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. It is not recommended in those with a history of penicillin allergy. It is relatively safe for use during pregnancy. It is in the penicillin and beta lactam family of medications. It usually results in bacterial death. was first made in 1948. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.05–0.96 per day. In the United States a course of treatment costs less than $25. In 2017, it was the 242nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions. Specific uses for phenoxymethylpenicillin include: Penicillin V is sometimes used in the treatment of infections. It is less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) against Gram-negative bacteria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12941797 | 89,704 |
Joe D. Phelps (born August 18, 1949) is the Founder and Chairman of the Getting Better Foundation, a 501(c)3 charity focused on media literacy and its portrayal of positive evolutionary human behavior. Phelps earned a Bachelor of Business Administration from University of Arkansas in 1972, and spent most of his early career in the music industry. After a fire destroyed his recording studio in 1975 that he started his marketing career, first at Grey Advertising and then at N. W. Ayer. Dissatisfied with the way advertising agencies of the day were structured into strict hierarchies, Phelps started his own agency in 1981. The Phelps Group was an early proponent of two schools of thought: a team-based organizational structure, and integrated marketing communications. Phelps synthesized them into a company composed of self-managed people, organized into client-centric teams. Similar to the concept of holacracy, Phelps detailed his approach in his 2003 book, "Pyramids are Tombs." In 2015, Phelps changed his focus to helping people accurately consume media communications. Based on his view that sensationalism was presenting an inaccurate and overly negative view off the world, Phelps established the Getting Better Foundation to educate people about what he considered to be positive evolutionary changes in human behavior, enlisting the help of Harvard cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker, British journalist and businessman Matthew White Ridley, and neuroeconomist Paul J. Zak. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62009260 | 494,752 |
Net neutrality For instance, the deep packet inspection technology installs intelligence within the lower layers in the work to discover and identify the source, type, and destination of packets, revealing information about packets traveling in the physical infrastructure so it can dictate the quality of transport such packet will receive. This is seen as an architecture of surveillance, one that can be shared with intelligence agencies, copyrighted content owners, and civil litigants, exposing the users' secrets in the process. Proponents of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would be able to profit from and favor their own private protocols over others. ISPs are able to encourage the use of specific services by using private networks to discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps. For example, Comcast struck a deal with Microsoft that allowed users to stream television through the Xfinity app on their Xbox 360s without it affecting their bandwidth limit. However, utilizing other television streaming apps, such as Netflix, HBO Go, and Hulu, counted towards the limit. Comcast denied that this infringed on net neutrality principles since "it runs its Xfinity for Xbox service on its own, private Internet protocol network". There is disagreement about whether peering is a net neutrality issue. In the first quarter of 2014, streaming website Netflix reached an arrangement with ISP Comcast to improve the quality of its service to Netflix clients | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1398166 | 400,535 |
Oak Ridge, Tennessee The Oak Ridge area was largely uninhabited by the time Euro-American explorers and settlers arrived in the late 18th century, although the Cherokee claimed the land as part of their hunting grounds. During the early 19th century, several rural farming communities developed in the Oak Ridge area, namely Edgemoor and Elza in the northeast, East Fork and Wheat in the southwest, Robertsville in the west, and Bethel and Scarboro in the southeast. The European-American settlers who founded these communities arrived in the late 1790s following the American Revolutionary War and after the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Holston, ceding what is now Anderson County to the United States. According to local tradition, John Hendrix (1865–1915), an eccentric local resident regarded as a mystic, prophesied the establishment of Oak Ridge some 40 years before construction began. Upset by the death of his young daughter and the subsequent departure of his wife and remaining family, he became religious and told his neighbors he was seeing visions. When he described his visions, people thought he was insane; for this reason, he was institutionalized for a time. According to several published accounts, one vision that he described repeatedly was considered to be a description of the city and production facilities built 28 years after his death, to be used in World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=151055 | 23,897 |
Tax benefits of debt In the context of corporate finance, the tax benefits of debt or tax advantage of debt refers to the fact that from a tax perspective it is cheaper for firms and investors to finance with debt than with equity. Under a majority of taxation systems around the world, and until recently under the United States tax system, firms are taxed on their profits and individuals are taxed on their personal income. For example, a firm that earns $100 in profits in the United States would have to pay around $30 in taxes. If it then distributes these profits to its owners as dividends, then the owners in turn pay taxes on this income, say $20 on the $70 of dividends. The $100 of profits turned into $50 of investor income. If, instead the firm finances with debt, then, assuming the firm owes $100 of interest to investors, its profits are now 0. Investors now pay taxes on their interest income, say $30. This implies for $100 of profits before taxes, investors got $70. This tax-related encouragement of debt financing has not gone uncriticized. For example, some critics have argued that the cost of equity should also be deductible; which could reduce the Internal Revenue Code's influence on capital-structure decisions, potentially reducing the economic instability attributable to excessive debt financing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10568947 | 472,053 |
Least-concern species A least-concern species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as evaluated as not being a focus of species conservation. They do not qualify as threatened, near threatened, or (before 2001) conservation dependent. Species cannot be assigned the Least Concern category unless they have had their population status evaluated. That is, adequate information is needed to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution or population status. Since 2001 the category has had the abbreviation "LC", following the IUCN 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1). However, around 20% of least concern taxa (3261 of 15636) in the IUCN database use the code "LR/lc", which indicates they have not been re-evaluated since 2000. Before 2001 "least concern" was a subcategory of the "Lower Risk" category and assigned the code "LR/lc" or lc. While "least concern" is not considered a "red listed" category by the IUCN, the 2006 IUCN Red List still assigns the category to 15636 taxa. The number of animal species listed in this category totals 14033 (which includes several undescribed species such as a frog from the genus "Philautus"). There are also 101 animal subspecies listed and 1500 plant taxa (1410 species, 55 subspecies, and 35 varieties). There are also two animal subpopulations listed: the Australasian and Southern African subpopulations of spiny dogfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5529962 | 192,504 |
Lump-sum tax A lump-sum tax is a special way of taxation, based on a fixed amount, rather than on the real circumstance of the taxed entity. If the lump-sum tax is the same for all taxpayers, it is a poll tax. It is one of the various modes used for taxation: income, things owned (property taxes), money spent (sales taxes), miscellaneous (excise taxes), etc. It is a regressive tax, such that the lower the income is, the higher the percentage of income applicable to the tax. Rich foreign nationals resident in Switzerland can be taxed on a lump-sum basis if they do not work in the country. This taxation is based on estimated living expenses, rather than on real income and assets. Seen as unfair, lump-sum taxation has been abolished in several cantons. However, a national abolition was rejected by referendum in 2014. At the end of 2016, 5,000 people were subject to lump-sum taxation in Switzerland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16158002 | 512,255 |
Smooth pasting (also called high-contact condition) is a kind of boundary condition used to model the American option. It tells that the American option value is maximized by an exercise strategy that makes the option value and option delta continuous. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11799178 | 511,441 |
Chassis A barreled action bedded into a metal chassis would theoretically operate more consistently during repeated firing, resulting in better precision. With the increasing availability of CNC machining, chassis have become more affordable and sophisticated, and gained increasing popularity as it can also be expanded to accommodate customizable "furnitures" (buttstock, pistol grip, etc.) and rail interface systems that provide mounting points for various accessories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183330 | 268,263 |
Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries Historians posit Europeans would have been left out of world trade, and China may have fallen prey to conquest by settlers of the Americas, if not for Japanese silver mining. Silver was paramount to East Asia's introduction into the global trade market. Under the Ming and Qing empires, China hoarded silver to boost its economy and increase its trading power. Many historians argue that silver was responsible for the birth of global economics and trade. According to this view, global trade commenced in 1571 when Manila was founded and became the first trading post linking America and Asia due to the expansive and profitable silver trade. In fact, research shows the amount of silver traveling from Manila to China was approximately three million pesos or 94,000 kilograms in the early 1600s. The rarity of silver production was seen as an opportunity for China to control the currency's value and support its own national currency. Silver was one of the only accepted trade items from Europeans and its value in China was astronomical compared to rest of the world. In fact, its value was twice that of Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries. Between 1600 and 1800 China received 100 tons of silver on average per year. A large populace near the Lower Yangtze averaged a hundreds of taels of silver per household in the late 16th century. Silver even played a large role when defending Toyotomi Hideyoshi's attempted take over of Joseon Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46260828 | 80,369 |
RISC-V Floating-point instructions should not be supported (the specification forbids it as uneconomical), so a floating-point software library must be used. The compressed set "C" is recommended. The privileged instruction set supports only machine mode, user mode and memory schemes that use base-and-bound address relocation. Discussion has occurred for a microcontroller profile for RISC-V, to ease development of deeply embedded systems. It centers on faster, simple C-language support for interrupts, simplified security modes and a simplified POSIX application binary interface. Correspondents have also proposed smaller, non-standard, 16-bit "RV16E" ISAs: Several serious proposals would use the 16-bit "C" instructions with 8 × 16-bit registers. An April fools' joke proposed a very practical arrangement: Utilize 16 × 16-bit integer registers, with the standard "EIMC" ISAs (including 32-bit instructions.) The joke was to propose bank-switching registers, when a 32-bit CPU would be clearly superior. RISC-V's ISA includes a separate privileged instruction set specification. , version 1.11 is ratified by International. Version 1.11 of the specification supports several types of computer systems: These correspond roughly to systems with up to four "rings" of privilege and security, at most: machine, hypervisor, supervisor and user. Each layer also is expected to have a thin layer of standardized supporting software that communicates to a more-privileged layer, or hardware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43653496 | 99,305 |
Cummins Quantum Series is a family of diesel internal combustion engines, manufactured by Cummins for various heavy-duty use cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63428618 | 445,874 |
Lists of graphics cards follow. A graphics card, or graphics processing unit, is a specialized electronic circuit that rapidly manipulates and alters memory to build images in a frame buffer for output to a display. By manufacturer, they include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25149407 | 284,477 |
NDDO In computational chemistry, (neglect of diatomic differential overlap) is a formalism that was first introduced by John Pople and it is now the basis of most successful semiempirical methods. While INDO added all one-centre two electron integrals to the CNDO/2 formalism, adds all two centre integrals for repulsion between a charge distribution on one centre and a charge distribution on another centre. Otherwise the zero-differential overlap approximation is used. A common software program is MOPAC (Molecular Orbital PACkage). In the Neglect of Diatomic Differential Overlap (NDDO) method the overlap matrix S is replaced by the unit matrix. This allows one to replace the Hartree–Fock secular equation |H–ES| = 0 with a simpler equation |H–E|=0. The two-electron integrals from the approximation can either be one-, two-, three- or four-centered. The one-and two-centered integrals are evaluated approximately or parameterized based on the experimental data while the three- and four-centered integrals vanish. Usually, only the valence electrons are treated quantum mechanically while the role of core electrons is to reduce the nuclear charge. Semiempirical calculations are usually carried out in a minimal basis set. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3465002 | 4,149 |
Teardrop trailer (truck) The trailers have been used in the United Kingdom for several years by various operators. Deutsche Post DHL operates over 1,100 in the UK and was the first operator in continental Europe; it announced in 2014 that it would utilize the trailers in France and Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23165204 | 341,835 |
Whistleblower Among them are the Government Accountability Project (GAP), Blueprint for Free Speech, Public Concern at Work (PCaW) and the Open Democracy Advice Centre Whistleblowers who may be at risk from those they are exposing are now using encryption methods and anonymous content sharing software to protect their identity. Tor, a highly accessible anonymity network, is one that is frequently used by whistleblowers around the world. Tor has undergone a number of large security updates to protect the identities of potential whistleblowers who may wish to anonymously leak information. Recently specialized whistleblowing software like SecureDrop and GlobaLeaks has been built on top of the Tor technology in order to incentivize and simplify its adoption for secure whistleblowing. In business, whistleblowing hotlines are usually deployed as a way of mitigating risk, with the intention of providing secure, anonymous reporting for employees or third party suppliers who may otherwise be fearful of reprisals from their employer. As such, implementing a corporate whistleblowing hotline is often seen as a step towards compliance, and can also highlight an organization's stance on ethics. It is widely agreed that implementing a dedicated service for whistleblowers has a positive effect on an organizational culture. A whistleblowing hotline is sometimes also referred to as an "ethics hotline" or "'Speak Up' hotline" and is often facilitated by an outsourced service provider to encourage potential disclosers to come forward | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33821 | 465,526 |
Flexible electronics An advertisement from the 1950 placed by Photocircuits Corporation in New York demonstrated their active interest in flexible circuits also. Today, flexible circuits which are also variously known around the world variously as "flexible printed wiring, flex print, flexi circuits," are used many products. Large credit is due to the efforts of Japanese electronics packaging engineers who have found countless new ways to employ flexible circuit technology. For the last decade, flexible circuits have remained one of the fastest growing of all interconnection product market segments. A more recent variation on flexible circuit technology is one called "flexible electronics" which commonly involves the integration of both active and passive functions in the processing. There are a few basic constructions of flexible circuits but there is significant variation between the different types in terms of their construction. Following is a review of the most common types of flexible circuit constructions Single-sided flexible circuits have a single conductor layer made of either a metal or conductive (metal filled) polymer on a flexible dielectric film. Component termination features are accessible only from one side. Holes may be formed in the base film to allow component leads to pass through for interconnection, normally by soldering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251874 | 419,871 |
Advanced silicon etching Also, as a result of the reduction in the effect of localised depletion of these species, improved uniformity for many applications can be achieved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5765010 | 401,444 |
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