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Novartis International AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland. It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies by both market capitalization and sales. manufactures the drugs clozapine (Clozaril), diclofenac (Voltaren), carbamazepine (Tegretol), valsartan (Diovan), imatinib mesylate (Gleevec/Glivec), cyclosporine (Neoral/Sandimmune), letrozole (Femara), methylphenidate (Ritalin), terbinafine (Lamisil), deferasirox (Exjade), and others. In 1996, Ciba-Geigy merged with Sandoz; the pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of both companies formed as an independent entity. Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz businesses were sold, or, like Ciba Specialty Chemicals, spun off as independent companies. The Sandoz brand disappeared for three years, but was revived in 2003 when consolidated its generic drugs businesses into a single subsidiary and named it Sandoz. divested its agrochemical and genetically modified crops business in 2000 with the spinout of Syngenta in partnership with AstraZeneca, which also divested its agrochemical business. is a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA), and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). AG is a publicly traded Swiss holding company that operates through the Group. AG owns, directly or indirectly, all companies worldwide that operate as subsidiaries of the Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159284 | 181,543 |
Italian Renaissance Christianity remained a major influence for artists and authors, with the classics coming into their own as a second primary influence. In the early Italian Renaissance, much of the focus was on translating and studying classic works from Latin and Greek. Renaissance authors were not content to rest on the laurels of ancient authors, however. Many authors attempted to integrate the methods and styles of the ancient Greeks into their own works. Among the most emulated Romans are Cicero, Horace, Sallust, and Virgil. Among the Greeks, Aristotle, Homer, and Plato were now being read in the original for the first time since the 4th century, though Greek compositions were few. The literature and poetry of the Renaissance was largely influenced by the developing science and philosophy. The humanist Francesco Petrarch, a key figure in the renewed sense of scholarship, was also an accomplished poet, publishing several important works of poetry. He wrote poetry in Latin, notably the Punic War epic "Africa", but is today remembered for his works in the Italian vernacular, especially the "Canzoniere", a collection of love sonnets dedicated to his unrequited love Laura. He was the foremost writer of Petrarchan sonnets, and translations of his work into English by Thomas Wyatt established the sonnet form in that country, where it was employed by William Shakespeare and countless other poets. Petrarch's disciple, Giovanni Boccaccio, became a major author in his own right | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=322915 | 236,636 |
Thallium(I) telluride (TlTe) is a chemical compound of thallium and tellurium. It has a structure related to that of TlTe. This compound is not well characterized. Its existence has only recently been confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4422860 | 57,445 |
Curve fitting A more general statement would be to say it will exactly fit four constraints. Each constraint can be a point, angle, or curvature (which is the reciprocal of the radius of an osculating circle). Angle and curvature constraints are most often added to the ends of a curve, and in such cases are called end conditions. Identical end conditions are frequently used to ensure a smooth transition between polynomial curves contained within a single spline. Higher-order constraints, such as "the change in the rate of curvature", could also be added. This, for example, would be useful in highway cloverleaf design to understand the rate of change of the forces applied to a car (see jerk), as it follows the cloverleaf, and to set reasonable speed limits, accordingly. The first degree polynomial equation could also be an exact fit for a single point and an angle while the third degree polynomial equation could also be an exact fit for two points, an angle constraint, and a curvature constraint. Many other combinations of constraints are possible for these and for higher order polynomial equations. If there are more than "n" + 1 constraints ("n" being the degree of the polynomial), the polynomial curve can still be run through those constraints. An exact fit to all constraints is not certain (but might happen, for example, in the case of a first degree polynomial exactly fitting three collinear points). In general, however, some method is then needed to evaluate each approximation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555425 | 119,908 |
Glossary of engineering "Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself. However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together. You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones." This glossary of engineering terms is a list of definitions about the major concepts of engineering. Please see the bottom of the page for glossaries of specific fields of engineering. where formula_1 is the infinitesimal amount of heat absorbed by the system from the reservoir and formula_2 is the temperature of the external reservoir (surroundings) at a particular instant in time. In the special case of a reversible process, the equality holds. The reversible case is used to introduce the entropy state function. This is because in a cyclic process the variation of a state function is zero. In words, the Clausius statement states that it is impossible to construct a device whose sole effect is the transfer of heat from a cool reservoir to a hot reservoir. Equivalently, heat spontaneously flows from a hot body to a cooler one, not the other way around. The generalized "inequality of Clausius" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36535684 | 227,877 |
Sound reinforcement system Microphones on stands are also placed in front of instrument amplifiers to pick up the sound. Headset mounted and tie-clip mounted microphones are often used with wireless transmission to allow performers or speakers to move freely. Early adopters of headset mounted microphones technology included country singer Garth Brooks, Kate Bush, and Madonna. Other types of input transducers include magnetic pickups used in electric guitars and electric basses, contact microphones used on stringed instruments, and pianos and phonograph pickups (cartridges) used in record players. Electronic instruments such as synthesizers can have their output signal routed directly to the mixing console. A DI unit may be necessary to adapt some of these sources to the inputs of the console. Wireless systems are typically used for electric guitar, bass, handheld microphones and in-ear monitor systems. This lets performers move about the stage during the show or even go out into the audience without the worry of tripping over or disconnecting cables. Mixing consoles are the heart of a sound reinforcement system. This is where the sound engineer can adjust the volume and tone of each input, whether it is a vocalist's microphone or the signal from an electric bass, and mix, equalize and add effects to these sound sources. Doing the mixing for a live show requires a mix of technical and artistic skills | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=764380 | 212,590 |
Levi-Civita symbol The previous is then denoted . In dimensions, when all take values : ^{j_{k+1}} \dots \delta_{i_n ]}^{j_n} = k!~\delta^{j_{k+1} \dots j_n}_{i_{k+1} \dots i_n} </math> where the exclamation mark () denotes the factorial, and is the generalized Kronecker delta. For any , the property follows from the facts that In general, for dimensions, one can write the product of two Levi-Civita symbols as: For (), both sides are antisymmetric with respect of and . We therefore only need to consider the case and . By substitution, we see that the equation holds for , that is, for and . (Both sides are then one). Since the equation is antisymmetric in and , any set of values for these can be reduced to the above case (which holds). The equation thus holds for all values of and . Using (), we have for () Here we used the Einstein summation convention with going from 1 to 2. Next, () follows similarly from (). To establish (), notice that both sides vanish when . Indeed, if , then one can not choose and such that both permutation symbols on the left are nonzero. Then, with fixed, there are only two ways to choose and from the remaining two indices. For any such indices, we have (no summation), and the result follows. Then () follows since and for any distinct indices taking values , we have In linear algebra, the determinant of a square matrix can be written Similarly the determinant of an matrix can be written as where each should be summed over , or equivalently: where now each and each should be summed over | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=195982 | 222,578 |
Electroluminescent display Electroluminescent Displays (ELDs) are a type of Flat panel display created by sandwiching a layer of electroluminescent material such as GaAs between two layers of conductors. When current flows, the layer of material emits radiation in the form of visible light. Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical and electrical phenomenon where a material emits light in response to an electric current passed through it, or to a strong electric field. The term "electroluminescent display" describes displays that use neither LED nor OLED devices, that instead use traditional electroluminescent materials. Beneq is the only manufacturer of TFEL (Thin Film Electroluminescent Display) and TAESL displays. The structure of a TFEL is similar to that of a passive matrix LCD or OLED display, and TAESL displays are essentially transparent TEFL displays with transparent electrodes. TAESL displays can have a transparency of 80%. Both TEFL and TAESL displays use chip-on-glass technology, which mounts the display driver IC monted directly on one of the edges of the display. TAESL displays can be embedded onto glass sheets. Unlike LCDs, TFELs are much more rugged and can operate at temperatures from -60 to 105°C and unlike OLEDs, TFELs can operate for 100,000 hours without considerable burn-in, only losing about 80% of its initial brightness. The electroluminescent material is depostited using atomic layer deposition, which is a process that deposits one 1-atom thick layer at a time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4026007 | 410,821 |
List of socialist economists This article lists notable socialist economists and political economists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31720130 | 502,925 |
Thallophyca is a non-mineralized Ediacarian alga that probably dwelt on the sea floor. Its thallus is differentiated into a cortex and a medulla. Possible reproductive structures have been identified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29874969 | 155,744 |
Proteus In The Underworld They foresee a time not far in the future when humans evolve into separate subspecies through isolation of populations. Bey realises that this same fear has been at the back of his mind for years, but he had been unable to articulate it. Roger Capman makes another attempt to convince Bey Wolf to join him in Logian Form, but Bey Wolf realises that he has many more years of life left to him as a human, and he intends to enjoy them and continue to contribute to human society. Also by Charles Sheffield Technological concepts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4643023 | 282,780 |
Epitaxy The Impurity segregation and redistribution at the growing crystal-amorphous layer interface during this process is used to incorporate low-solubility dopants in metals and Silicon. In molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), a source material is heated to produce an evaporated beam of particles. These particles travel through a very high vacuum (10 Pa; practically free space) to the substrate, where they condense. MBE has lower throughput than other forms of epitaxy. This technique is widely used for growing periodic groups III, IV, and V semiconductor crystals. An epitaxial layer can be doped during deposition by adding impurities to the source gas, such as arsine, phosphine, or diborane. The concentration of impurity in the gas phase determines its concentration in the deposited film. As in chemical vapor deposition (CVD), impurities change the deposition rate. Additionally, the high temperatures at which CVD is performed may allow dopants to diffuse into the growing layer from other layers in the wafer ("out-diffusion"). Also, dopants in the source gas, liberated by evaporation or wet etching of the surface, may diffuse into the epitaxial layer ("autodoping"). The dopant profiles of underlying layers change as well, however not as significantly. In mineralogy, epitaxy is the overgrowth of one mineral on another in an orderly way, such that certain crystal directions of the two minerals are aligned. This occurs when some planes in the lattices of the overgrowth and the substrate have similar spacings between atoms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=449756 | 417,974 |
Technology brokering " Routines for storing specific knowledge "place potential solutions in the memories of individual designers and objects and products that designers collected from their previous work." Routines for maintaining and refreshing that knowledge include "displaying objects where other designers can see them and constant conversations that designers have about who has what design knowledge." "Upper-level managers often direct designers to individuals with relevant expertise by knowing who had worked previously on what projects." • Step 4: Retrieval According to Andrew Hargadon and Robert Sutton’s study of IDEO, "at IDEO, retrieval entails bringing stored knowledge of potentially valuable technological solutions to bear on the design problems of current projects." IDEO designers retrieve technological solutions through "analogical thinking" and through "established routines for sharing the problems of current design projects with other designers in the organization who have relevant and potentially valuable knowledge." "Potential solutions are drawn from IDEO's organizational memory at brainstorming sessions and company-wide Monday morning meetings." "Retrieval also occurs during informal conversations that follow meetings or e-mails", which are facilitated by IDEO's "open office plan" and encounters with other designers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22624303 | 458,547 |
Velocity obstacle In robotics and motion planning, a velocity obstacle, commonly abbreviated VO, is the set of all velocities of a robot that will result in a collision with another robot at some moment in time, assuming that the other robot maintains its current velocity. If the robot chooses a velocity inside the velocity obstacle then the two robots will eventually collide, if it chooses a velocity outside the velocity obstacle, such a collision is guaranteed not to occur. This algorithm for robot collision avoidance has been repeatedly rediscovered and published under different names: in 1989 as a maneuvering board approach, in 1993 it was first introduced as the "velocity obstacle", in 1998 as collision cones, and in 2009 as forbidden velocity maps. The same algorithm has been used in maritime port navigation since at least 1903. The velocity obstacle for a robot formula_1 induced by a robot formula_2 may be formally written as where formula_1 has position formula_5 and radius formula_6, and formula_2 has position formula_8, radius formula_9, and velocity formula_10. The notation formula_11 represents a disc with center formula_12 and radius formula_13. Variations include common velocity obstacles (CVO), finite-time-interval velocity obstacles (FVO), generalized velocity obstacles (GVO), hybrid reciprocal velocity obstacles (HRVO), nonlinear velocity obstacles (NLVO), reciprocal velocity obstacles (RVO), and recursive probabilistic velocity obstacles (PVO). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23709790 | 274,030 |
Engineer Officer (Royal Navy) An Engineer Officer is one type of officer in the UK Royal Navy. There are also Warfare Officers and Logistics Officers (formerly called Supply Officers) supported by additional branches such as Medical or Dental Officers, or the Chaplaincy Service. Engineer Officers are responsible for the material condition of the various aspects of maritime platforms: Ships, Submarines and Naval Aircraft and as such lead teams of naval ratings to conduct preventive and corrective maintenance. Engineer Officers are responsible to the Captain for the operational capability of the platform and as such form part of the Command Team. Engineers are also widely employed in the Defence Equipment and Support and in the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, supporting the Fleet or other elements of the British Armed Forces. Four sub-branches of Engineer exist: Marine Engineer Officers are responsible for the fabric of the ship or submarine, including its propulsion and steering systems, hotel and domestic services and damage control/ fire fighting equipment. Weapon Engineer Officers are responsible for the performance of onboard weapons, sensors, combat systems and communications systems. you must have a technical mind and an interest in electronics for this position. Air Engineers are responsible for the performance of fixed and rotary wing aircraft afloat and ashore. Training Management Officers are responsible for the management of training activities across the Royal Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3512318 | 197,670 |
Lithophyte Lithophytes are plants that grow in or on rocks. Those that grow on rocks are also known as epipetric or epilithic plants. Lithophytes that grow on land feed off nutrients from rain water and nearby decaying plants, including their own dead tissue. Chasmophytes grow in fissures in rocks where soil or organic matter has accumulated. Examples of lithophytes include several "Paphiopedilum" orchids, ferns, many algae and liverworts. Species that only grow on rock or gravel are obligate lithophytes. Species that grow on rocky substrate and elsewhere are facultative lithophytes. As nutrients tend to be rarely available to lithophytes or chasmophytes, many species of carnivorous plants can be viewed as being pre-adapted to life on rocks. By consuming prey, these plants can gather more nutrients than non-carnivorous lithophytes. Examples include the pitcher plants "Nepenthes campanulata" and "Heliamphora exappendiculata", many "Pinguicula" and several "Utricularia" species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676910 | 5,588 |
International Electrotechnical Commission 0"), ISO/IEC 27001 ("Information technology, Security techniques, Information security management systems, Requirements"), and CASCO ISO/IEC 17000 series, carry the acronym of both organizations. The use of the ISO/IEC prefix covers publications from ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 - Information Technology, as well as conformity assessment standards developed by ISO CASCO and IEC CAB (Conformity Assessment Board). Other standards developed in cooperation between IEC and ISO are assigned numbers in the 80000 series, such as IEC 82045–1. IEC standards are also being adopted by other certifying bodies such as BSI (United Kingdom), CSA (Canada), UL & ANSI/INCITS (United States), SABS (South Africa), SAI (Australia), SPC/GB (China) and DIN (Germany). IEC standards adopted by other certifying bodies may have some noted differences from the original IEC standard. The IEC is made up of members, called national committees, and each NC represents its nation's electrotechnical interests in the IEC. This includes manufacturers, providers, distributors and vendors, consumers and users, all levels of governmental agencies, professional societies and trade associations as well as standards developers from national standards bodies. National committees are constituted in different ways. Some NCs are public sector only, some are a combination of public and private sector, and some are private sector only. About 90% of those who prepare IEC standards work in industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15144 | 224,071 |
National Data Repository A (NDR) is a data bank that seeks to preserve and promote a country’s natural resources data, particularly data related to the petroleum exploration and production (E&P) sector. A is normally established by an entity that governs, controls and supports the exchange, capture, transference and distribution of E&P information, with the final target to provide the State with the tools and information to assure the growth, govern-ability, control, independence and sovereignty of the industry. The two fundamental reasons for a country to establish an NDR are to preserve data generated inside the country by the industry, and to promote investments in the country by utilizing data to reduce the exploration, production, and transportation business risks. Countries take different approaches towards preserving and promoting their natural resources data. The approach varies according to a country’s natural resources policies, level of openness, and its attitude towards foreign investment. NDRs store a vast array of data related to a country’s natural resources. This includes wells, well log data, well reports, core samples, seismic surveys, post-stack seismic, field data/tapes, seismic (acquisition/processing) reports, production data, geological maps and reports, license data and geological models. Some NDRs are financed entirely by a country’s government. Others are industry-funded. Still some are hybrid systems, funded in part by industry and government. NDRs typically charge fees for data requests and for data loading | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30966530 | 285,881 |
Dandy loom A was a hand loom, that automatically ratchetted the take-up beam. Each time the weaver moved the sley to beat-up the weft, a rachet and pawl mechanism advanced the cloth roller. In 1802 William Ratcliffe of Stockport patented a with a cast-iron frame. It was this type of that was used in the small dandy loom shops. In the mid 1830s, there were about twice as many weavers operating a variety of different handlooms as there were power-looms. The dandy loom increased the productivity of a hand-loom weaver by 50%. The dandy-loom weaver would work in a small workshop and would rent the loom for 10½d a week and in 1825 could expect to earn 5s a week. Timmins has tried to assess the relative importance of the hand-powered branch of the industry on the one hand and of the water- or steam-powered branches on the other. It is difficult: the output of power looms was certainly greater than that of the handlooms, but the handloom weavers produced higher quality cloths with greater profit margins. The weaving trade was only partially mechanised before about 1830, and that even so late as 1850, handloom weavers made up a sizeable minority of the total workforce as late as 1850. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45604919 | 218,479 |
Housing in the United Kingdom Many of the dwellings of this type were replaced by council houses in the post war slum clearance program, but with the ending of public sector building of dwellings this route for improving the energy efficient of the housing stock ended. There also insulation problems in the pre-1914 large houses built for the top decile of the time. These houses were built with servant quarters in the roof space. Most such houses have been converted into blocks of flats and sold to buy to let investors. These flats are difficult to insulate, especial the top floor flat in the roof space. The expense of insulation means that it is not often not cost effective for the landlord to insulate such dwellings. This is especially true in London, where due to the housing crisis, landlords can let a property in poor condition, and consequently improving the energy efficiency of a dwelling is not a priority for buy to let investors. There is also a problem in that only half the poorly insulated dwelling in the private rental sector use central heating, instead using more expensive electrical heaters. To encourage home insulation the governments introduced The Green Deal, the Energy Company Obligation, and Energy Performance Certificates(EPCs). The Green Deal does not offer any subsidies or grants for home insulation. Instead a new type of loan is provided which is attached to the property rather than the individual who takes out the loan. The purchaser of property becomes liable for the loan taken out to insulate the property | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48755595 | 328,733 |
Herodian architecture This stone-dressing method—usually featuring the pale local "meleke" limestone—was so prominently practiced in Herod's day that it has led to such terms as “Herodian blocks”, “Herodian masonry”, “Herodian dressing”, and the like. It makes Herodian stones easily discernible from the earlier stone courses below, and later ones above, in the surviving walls at many sites. Best known is the example of the impressive retaining walls of the Temple Mount, readily visible at the Western Wall. Enormous quantities of stone were needed for these structures and the remains of the numerous quarries used can still be found, especially in the vicinity of Jerusalem's Old City, notably those to the north known as Solomon's Quarries. Freeing the stones from the bedrock was an elaborate process: Wide grooves were chiseled with metal tools around the intended stone block. The block was then freed up by driving metal wedges into the grooves. The initial dressing of the stone was probably accomplished on site before transport. Many of these stones were very large, weighing between two and five tons. (The largest found, in the Western Wall Tunnel, measures some 12.8 meters in length, 3.4 meters high and 4.3 meters deep; it weighs about 660 tons.) Once moved to the building site, further fine chiseling was done and the blocks were hauled into place using ramps, cranes and crow bars. The stones were laid in dry courses, typically about 1 meter high without the use of any mortar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19344555 | 257,291 |
Kinetochore As mitosis progresses, both centrosomes separate to establish the mitotic spindle. In this way, the spindle in a mitotic cell has two poles emanating microtubules. Microtubules are long proteic filaments with asymmetric extremes, a "minus"(-) end relatively stable next to the centrosome, and a "plus"(+) end enduring alternate phases of growing-shrinking, exploring the center of the cell. During this searching process, a microtubule may encounter and capture a chromosome through the kinetochore. Microtubules that find and attach a kinetochore become stabilized, whereas those microtubules remaining free are rapidly depolymerized. As chromosomes have two kinetochores associated back-to-back (one on each sister chromatid), when one of them becomes attached to the microtubules generated by one of the cellular poles, the kinetochore on the sister chromatid becomes exposed to the opposed pole; for this reason, most of the times the second kinetochore becomes attached to the microtubules emanating from the opposing pole, in such a way that chromosomes are now "bi-oriented", one fundamental configuration (also termed "amphitelic") to ensure the correct segregation of both chromatids when the cell will divide. When just one microtubule is anchored to one kinetochore, it starts a rapid movement of the associated chromosome towards the pole generating that microtubule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=998893 | 145,694 |
Common external power supply As of early 2011, an additional 10 service providers and one additional mobile phone manufacturer have joined the agreement. In April 2009, the industry trade group The Wireless Association (CTIA) announced its support of the GSMA's Universal Charging Solution. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU, the UN specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies) announced in October 2009 that it had also embraced the universal charging solution standard—based on input from the GSMA—as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution." The ITU published Recommendation ITU-T L.1000, specifying a charger similar in most respects to that of the GSMA/OMTP proposal and of the Chinese charger and the EU's common EPS. The ITU specifies that the OMTP's more aggressive "preferred" no load consumption requirement be mandatory after a three-year "transition period" but is more flexible in allowing the use of captive cables and USB micro-B adapters in its "target solution" – similar to the European common EPS standard. The ITU recommendation was expanded and updated in June 2011. In 2012, the USB Power Delivery (PD) specification was released. Power Delivery provides the ability for 5 V devices to draw more than 7.5 W of power (the limit specified by USB Battery Charging) from USB "PD-aware" ports when using PD-aware USB cables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30573744 | 285,419 |
Don Taft University Center The facility includes, a 300-seat performance theater, a multipurpose black box theater with roll-out seating that matches the layout of the stage for the Miniaci Theater, a professional-caliber scene shop, and a gallery for the display of private art collections, photography and student artwork. Other amenities include choral and instrumental rehearsal rooms, six practice studios, and acoustic, percussion and keyboard technology labs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8345221 | 356,995 |
Cross-application scripting (CAS) is a vulnerability affecting desktop applications that don't check input in an exhaustive way. CAS allows an attacker to insert data that modifies the behaviour of a particular desktop application. This makes it possible to extract data from inside of the users' systems. Attackers may gain the full privileges of the attacked application when exploiting CAS vulnerabilities; the attack is to some degree independent of the underlying operating system and hardware architecture. Initially discovered by Emanuele Gentili and presented with two other researchers (Alessandro Scoscia and Emanuele Acri) that had participated in the study of the technique and its implications, it was presented for the first time during the Security Summit 2010 in Milan. The format string attack is very similar in concept to this attack and CAS could be considered as a generalization of this attack method. Some aspects of this technique have been previously demonstrated in clickjacking techniques. Like web interfaces, modern frameworks for the realization of graphical applications (in particular GTK+ and Qt) allow the use of tags inside their own widgets. If an attacker gains the possibility to inject tags, he gains the ability to manipulate the appearance and behaviour of the application. Exactly the same phenomenon was seen with the use of cross-site scripting (XSS) in web pages, which is why this kind of behavior has been named cross-application scripting (CAS) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26617244 | 337,778 |
Asymmetric cell division An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell.) In principle, there are two mechanisms by which distinct properties may be conferred on the daughters of a dividing cell. In one, the daughter cells are initially equivalent but a difference is induced by signaling between the cells, from surrounding cells, or from the precursor cell. This mechanism is known as extrinsic asymmetric cell division. In the second mechanism, the prospective daughter cells are inherently different at the time of division of the mother cell. Because this latter mechanism does not depend on interactions of cells with each other or with their environment, it must rely on "intrinsic" asymmetry. The term asymmetric cell division usually refers to such intrinsic asymmetric divisions. In order for asymmetric division to take place the mother cell must be polarized, and the mitotic spindle must be aligned with the axis of polarity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7115286 | 152,979 |
ISM Report On Business However, after many attempts efforts to gather this information, the committee disbanded in June 1931. Both John R. Whitehead, the newly-elected president of N.A.P.A. who represented the association on this committee, and George A. Renard, N.A.P.A's executive secretary, wanted to continue the committee's work. They believed a survey would support the country's economy and help purchasing professionals. Under their leadership, the newly-founded Business Survey Committee surveyed the association's membership on business conditions. Renard tabulated the results and sent them to President Hoover. The positive feedback from N.A.P.A. members and the government led N.A.P.A. to continue to survey its members. Other than for a four-year interruption during World War II, ISM (and its predecessors) have published the report since 1931. While the ISM has published the manufacturing report since 1931, in the early 1980s, the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) and ISM developed the Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI). The index, based on analytical work by the DOC, adjusts four of the five components of ISM's monthly survey — new orders, production, employment, supplier and deliveries — for normal seasonal variations, adds in inventories, applies equal weights to each and then calculates a single monthly index number. An update of research performed by Theodore S. Torda, a DOC economist, shows a close parallel between growth in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the PMI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49397439 | 473,733 |
The eclipse of Darwinism They considered Lamarckism to be more progressive and thus philosophically superior to Darwin's idea of natural selection acting on random variation. Butler and Cope both believed that this allowed organisms to effectively drive their own evolution, since organisms that developed new behaviors would change the patterns of use of their organs and thus kick-start the evolutionary process. In addition, Cope and Haeckel both believed that evolution was a progressive process. The idea of linear progress was an important part of Haeckel's recapitulation theory of evolution, which held that the embryological development of an organism repeats its evolutionary history. Cope and Hyatt looked for, and thought they found, patterns of linear progression in the fossil record. Packard argued that the loss of vision in the blind cave insects he studied was best explained through a Lamarckian process of atrophy through disuse combined with inheritance of acquired characteristics. Packard also wrote a book about Lamarck and his writings. Many American proponents of neo-Lamarckism were strongly influenced by Louis Agassiz and a number of them, including Hyatt and Packard, were his students. Agassiz had an idealistic view of nature, connected with natural theology, that emphasized the importance of order and pattern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15732918 | 176,107 |
Delocalized electron In graphite, each carbon atom uses only 3 of its 4 outer energy level electrons in covalently bonding to three other carbon atoms in a plane. Each carbon atom contributes one electron to a delocalized system of electrons that is also a part of the chemical bonding. The delocalized electrons are free to move throughout the plane. For this reason, graphite conducts electricity along the planes of carbon atoms, but does not conduct in a direction at right angles to the plane. Standard ab initio quantum chemistry methods lead to delocalized orbitals that, in general, extend over an entire molecule and have the symmetry of the molecule. Localized orbitals may then be found as linear combinations of the delocalized orbitals, given by an appropriate unitary transformation. In the methane molecule for example, ab initio calculations show bonding character in four molecular orbitals, sharing the electrons uniformly among all five atoms. There are two orbital levels, a bonding molecular orbital formed from the 2s orbital on carbon and triply degenerate bonding molecular orbitals from each of the 2p orbitals on carbon. The localized sp orbitals corresponding to each individual bond in valence bond theory can be obtained from a linear combination of the four molecular orbitals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=653183 | 37,668 |
Challenges in Islamic finance Explanations (offered by two authors, Humayon A. Dar and J.R. Presley), for why PLS instruments — namely "mudaraba" and "musharaka" financing — have declined to almost negligible proportions include: One hurdle the industry have failed to overcome is customer acceptance of periodic losses (the L in PLS) from investment. The characteristic of "mudarabah" to share banking losses with bank customer/investors has been advanced as a reason why Islamic financial institutions would be more stable than conventional banks. (In its 2015 paper “Islamic Finance: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Options”, the International Monetary Fund lists ensuring "that profit-sharing investment accounts (PSIA) at Islamic banks [i.e. mudarabah accounts] are treated in a manner that is consistent with financial stability" as "an important regulatory challenge".) Proponents such as Taqi Usmani have preached that "normal trade activities of course result ... in losses from time to time", so the expectation by depositors of steady returns and no risk of loss is an unnatural product of capitalist banking, brought about by its separating finance "from normal trade activities". In several decades of Islamic banking there have been bad debts — even major financial difficulties such as a major embezzlement scandal at Dubai Islamic Bank in 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56339824 | 468,942 |
Research chemical Research chemicals are chemical substances used by scientists for medical and scientific research purposes. One characteristic of a research chemical is that it is for laboratory research use only; a research chemical is not intended for human or veterinary use. This distinction is required on the labels of research chemicals, and is what exempts them from regulation under parts 100-740 in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (21CFR). Research chemicals are fundamental in the development of novel pharmacotherapies. Common medical laboratory uses include "in vivo" and animal testing to determine therapeutic value, toxicology testing by contract research organizations to determine drug safety, and analysis by drug test and forensic toxicology labs for the purposes of evaluating human exposure. Many pharmacologically active chemicals are sold online under the guise of "research chemicals," when in reality they are untested designer drugs that are being consumed by buyers taking advantage of many of the compounds' transitional or nonexistent legal status. Research agrochemicals are created and evaluated to select effective substances for use in commercial off-the-shelf end-user products. Many research agrochemicals are never publicly marketed. Agricultural research chemicals often use sequential code names. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=575912 | 26,392 |
Chemogenomics This method will identify or confirm the role of the enzyme in the biological response. Reverse chemogenomics used to be virtually identical to the target-based approaches that have been applied in drug discovery and molecular pharmacology over the past decade. This strategy is now enhanced by parallel screening and by the ability to perform lead optimization on many targets that belong to one target family. has been used to identify mode of action (MOA) for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda. Compounds contained in traditional medicines are usually more soluble than synthetic compounds, have “privileged structures” (chemical structures that are more frequently found to bind in different living organisms), and have more comprehensively known safety and tolerance factors. Therefore, this makes them especially attractive as a resource for lead structures in when developing new molecular entities. Databases containing chemical structures of compounds used in alternative medicine along with their phenotypic effects, in silico analysis may be of use to assist in determining MOA for example, by predicting ligand targets that were relevant to known phenotypes for traditional medicines. In a case study for TCM, the therapeutic class of ‘toning and replenishing medicine” was evaluated. Therapeutic actions (or phenotypes) for that class include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic activity, immunomodulatory, antimetastatic, and hypotensive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5168909 | 78,358 |
Thermal comfort Or in case the heating or cooling system is not installed due to high cost, at least people should not suffer from discomfort indoors. To provide an example, in San Jose, Costa Rica, if a house were being designed with high level of glazing and small opening sizes, the internal temperature would easily rise above and natural ventilation would not be enough to remove the internal heat gains and solar gains. This is why Virtual Energy for Comfort is important. World Bank's assessment tool the EDGE software (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies) illustrates the potential issues with discomfort in buildings and has created the concept of Virtual Energy for Comfort which provides for a way to present potential thermal discomfort. This approach is used to award for design solutions which improves thermal comfort even in a fully free running building. Despite the inclusion of requirements for overheating in CIBSE, overcooling has not been assessed. However, overcooling can be an issue, mainly in the developing world, for example in cities such as Lima (Peru), Bogota, and Delhi, where cooler indoor temperatures can occur frequently. This may be a new area for research and design guidance for reduction of discomfort. Standard effective temperature (SET*) is a model of human response to the thermal environment. Developed by A.P. Gagge and accepted by ASHRAE in 1986, it is also referred to as the Pierce Two-Node model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7455643 | 322,965 |
Rood screen In many East Anglian and Devonian parish churches, original painted decoration survives on wooden screen panels, having been whitewashed over at the Reformation; although almost all have lost their rood beams and lofts, and many have been sawn off at the top of the panelled lower section. The quality of the painting and gilding is, some of it, of a very high order, notably those from the East Anglian Ranworth school of painters; of which examples can be found in Southwold and Blythburgh, as well as at Ranworth itself. The magnificent painted screen at St Michael and All Angels Church, Barton Turf in Norfolk is unique in giving an unusually complete view of the heavenly hierarchy, including nine orders of angels. Nikolaus Pevsner also identified the early-16th-century painted screen at Bridford, Devon, as being notable. The 16th-century screen at Charlton-on-Otmoor, said by Pevsner to be "the finest in Oxfordshire', has an unusual custom associated with it, where the rood cross is garlanded with flowers and foliage twice a year, and until the 1850s the cross (which at that time resembled a large corn dolly) was carried in a May day procession. Notes Bibliography Williams, Michael Aufrère, 'Devon Roodscreens after the Reformation: Destruction and Survival', "The Devon Historian", 87, 2018, pp. 11– 24. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=951901 | 319,713 |
Sulfonyl halide groups occur when a sulfonyl functional group is singly bonded to a halogen atom. They have the general formula RSOX where X is a halogen. The stability of sulfonyl halides decreases in the order fluorides > chlorides > bromides > iodides, all four types being well known. The sulfonyl chlorides and fluorides are of dominant importance in this series. Sulfonyl halides have tetrahedral sulfur centres attached to two oxygen atoms, an organic radical, and a halide. In a representative example, methanesulfonyl chloride, the S=O, S−C, and S−Cl bond distances are respectively 142.4, 176.3, and 204.6 pm. Sulfonic acid chlorides, or sulfonyl chlorides, are a sulfonyl halide with the general formula RSOCl. They are generally colourless compounds that are sensitive to water. Arylsulfonyl chlorides are made industrially in a two-step, one-pot reaction from the arene and chlorosulfuric acid: The intermediate benzenesulfonic acid can be chlorinated with thionyl chloride as well. Benzenesulfonyl chloride, the most important sulfonyl halide, can also be produced by treating sodium benzenesulfonate with phosphorus pentachlorides. Phenyldiazonium chloride reacts with sulfur dioxide and hydrochloric acid to give the sulfonyl chloride: For alkylsulfonyl chlorides, one synthetic procedure is the Reed reaction: An obvious reaction is their tendency to hydrolyse to the corresponding sulfonic acid: These compounds react readily with nucleophiles other than water, like alcohols and amines (see Hinsberg reaction) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6075294 | 93,169 |
Alternative financial service In the United Kingdom, alternative financial services include [[Payday loans in the United Kingdom|payday loans]] and money lending, the latter termed "home collected credit" or "home credit". Organizations such as Debt on our Doorstep campaign for improved regulation. [[Category:Financial services]] [[Category:Microfinance]] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27661621 | 510,845 |
McKinney Stables of Empire City Farms is a historic stable building located at Cuba in Allegany County, New York. It is a massive concrete block and terra cotta horse barn built in 1907–1909, and located on a property in a semi-rural section of the town of Cuba. It was built by William Simpson to house his prize trotter McKinney and McKinney's offspring. The stable is long and wide. Linear in plan, the 3-story center section is flanked by two, 2-story wings, that end in -story cross-gable story pavilions. The stable property lies adjacent to the South Street Historic District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24163237 | 350,993 |
Split-ring resonator The prism experiment demonstrated a negative index of refraction for the first time in the year 2000; the paper about the demonstration was submitted to the journal Science on January 8, 2001, accepted on February 22, 2001 and published on April 6, 2001. Just before this prism experiment, Pendry et al. was able to demonstrate that a three-dimensional array of intersecting thin wires could be used to create negative values of ε. In a later demonstration, a periodic array of copper split-ring resonators could produce an effective negative μ. In 2000 Smith et al. were the first to successfully combine the two arrays and produce a LHM which had negative values of ε and μ for a band of frequencies in the GHz range. SRRs were first used to fabricate left-handed metamaterials for the microwave range, and several years later for the terahertz range. By 2007, experimental demonstration of this structure at microwave frequencies has been achieved by many groups. In addition, SRRs have been used for research in acoustic metamaterials. The arrayed SRRs and wires of the first Left-handed metamaterial were melded into alternating layers. This concept and methodology was then applied to (dielectric) materials with optical resonances producing negative effective permittivity for certain frequency intervals resulting in "photonic bandgap frequencies". Another analysis showed Left Handed Material to be fabricated from inhomogeneous constituents, which yet results in a macroscopically homogeneous material | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8849460 | 47,487 |
Intervasion of the UK The online protest action also suffered from conflict between its stated aims: "To clog the servers of the UK government", and its call to send email messages to UK politicians. Thus jamming mailboxes with email and large file attachments defeated the purpose of the exercise which was essentially an early form of hacktivism. The nature of the collective action was also not articulated well enough. For instance, the digital be-in which occurred during the launch of Timothy Leary's Chaos and Cyberculture, in which Leary was "kidnapped" without the consent of his publisher, and "forced" to DDoS the UK government, was simply a protest message, sent repeatedly to mail-boxes around the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30138254 | 241,592 |
Simple Service Discovery Protocol SSDP uses the HTTP method "NOTIFY" to announce the establishment or withdrawal of services (presence) information to the multicast group. A client that wishes to discover available services on a network, uses method "M-SEARCH". Responses to such search requests are sent via unicast addressing to the originating address and port number of the multicast request. Microsoft's IPv6 SSDP implementations in Windows Media Player and Server use the link-local scope address. Microsoft uses port number 2869 for event notification and event subscriptions. However, early implementations of SSDP also used port 5000 for this service. In 2014 it was discovered that SSDP was being used in DDoS attacks known as an "SSDP reflection attack with amplification". Many devices, including some residential routers, have a vulnerability in the UPnP software that allows an attacker to get replies from port number 1900 to a destination address of their choice. With a botnet of thousands of devices, the attackers can generate sufficient packet rates and occupy bandwidth to saturate links, causing the denial of services. The network company Cloudflare has described this attack as the "Stupidly Simple DDoS Protocol". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=184810 | 138,290 |
Transcendence (2014 film) The site's critical consensus reads, "In his directorial debut, ace cinematographer Wally Pfister remains a distinctive visual stylist, but "Transcendence"s thought-provoking themes exceed the movie's narrative grasp." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 42 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Criticism was aimed largely at the film's logic and storytelling. Michael Atkinson of "Sight & Sound" identified "vast plot holes and superhuman leaps of logic", writing that "[f]or all its gloss, hipster pretensions, plot craters and sometimes risible attempts at action, "Transcendence" traffics in large, troublesome ideas about Right Now and What’s Ahead, even if the film itself is far too timid and compromised to do those hairy questions justice". William Thomas of "Empire" believed that the cast and director had been "wasted on a B-Movie script with pretensions of prescience", dismissing the film as a "banal sci-fi slog"; he awarded it a 2 out of 5 star "poor" rating. David Denby of "The New Yorker" considered the film to be "rhythmless and shapeless" with "some very cheesy and even amateurish fighting". Nigel Floyd of Film4 concluded that it was "[a]n ambitious, old fashioned, ideas-driven science fiction film that is never as mind-expanding as its futuristic images and topical, dystopian ideas seem to promise" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39306741 | 272,068 |
L-3 SmartDeck The system displays the location identifier next to communication frequencies when selected from the database and identifies the Morse code ID for navigation frequencies. A save feature allows up to 30 flight plans with as many as 100 waypoints to be saved on the unit. The S-TEC Intelliflight 1950 DFCS is the integrated autopilot used with SmartDeck. It is a two-axis attitude-based digital autopilot with a flight director. Autopilot controls are located on the CCU and include heading, nav, approach, indicated airspeed hold, vertical speed hold, and altitude hold buttons. With the autopilot engaged, the system can fly full instrument approaches and holds automatically as well as pilot created holds using the “place hold” function. After the desired mode is activated, autopilot parameters such as vertical speed and heading are selected using dedicated buttons along the bottom of the PFD and changed with a concentric control knob on the Flight Data Controller. The various autopilot modes include: SmartDeck has received Technical Standard Order (TSO) Authorization and Supplemental Type Certification (STC) from the FAA. The system was certified in a Cirrus SR22. A limited STC is available through aftermarket dealers for installation on the Cirrus SR22 G2 model aircraft. L-3 was also awarded the development phase for Cirrus’ new “Cirrus Vision SF50”. Later in the program, Cirrus decided to switch to a similar system by Garmin, prompting L-3 to sue them for $18M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17770721 | 298,354 |
Angular velocity , it would not see the component of the angular velocity pseudovector parallel to it, and would only allow the computation of the component perpendicular to it). The position of the particle is now written as: Taking the time derivative yields the velocity of the particle: where V is the velocity of the particle (in the lab frame) and V is the velocity of (the origin of the rigid body frame). Since formula_102 is a rotation matrix its inverse is its transpose. So we substitute formula_110: or where formula_115 is the previous angular velocity tensor. It can be proved that this is a skew symmetric matrix, so we can take its dual to get a 3 dimensional pseudovector that is precisely the previous angular velocity vector formula_116: Substituting "ω" for "W" into the above velocity expression, and replacing matrix multiplication by an equivalent cross product: It can be seen that the velocity of a point in a rigid body can be divided into two terms – the velocity of a reference point fixed in the rigid body plus the cross product term involving the orbital angular velocity of the particle with respect to the reference point. This angular velocity is what physicists call the "spin angular velocity" of the rigid body, as opposed to the "orbital" angular velocity of the reference point about the origin "O". We have supposed that the rigid body rotates around an arbitrary point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65927 | 208,089 |
Kona Lanes The building on Harbor Boulevard near Adams Avenue was one of three in the Googie style that architects Powers, Daly, & DeRosa designed at around the same time; and its sister center, Java Lanes, used names that suggested South Pacific island locales. Author Andrew Hurley called them "expensive and attractive buildings that screamed, 'Have fun here, and Kona retained much of that atmosphere over the years. Its massive neon-lit street sign remained for the life of the building, and Kona was the only bowling establishment in the area to reject automatic scoring equipment throughout its existence. hosted the Southern California PBA Open twice in 1964; Billy Hardwick won in April and Jerry Hale in December. Longtime general manager Dick Stoeffler, known at the time as the producer and host of "TV Bowling Tournament" on KTLA, finished third during the televised finals in his own building in December, behind Hale and Hardwick. When Stoeffler rolled back-to-back 300 games in one league session at Kona in 1968, he was one of only four men in the United States to have managed the feat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41507141 | 327,607 |
Aqueduct (bridge) Navigable aqueducts, also called water bridges, are water-filled bridges to allow vessels on a waterway to cross ravines or valleys. During the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, navigable aqueducts were constructed as part of the boom in canal-building. A notable revolving aqueduct has been made on the Bridgewater Canal. This allowed vessels to cross at high and low levels while conserving water that would be lost in the operation of locks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38540053 | 329,212 |
Fluorescence in the life sciences Several fluorescent protein exist in nature, but the most important one as a research tool is Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from the jellyfish "Aequorea victoria", which spontaneously fluoresces upon folding via specific serine-tyrosine-glycine residues. The benefit that GFP and other fluorescent proteins have over organic dyes or quantum dots is that they can be expressed exogenously in cells alone or as a fusion protein, a protein that is created by ligating the fluorescent gene (e.g., GFP) to another gene and whose expression is driven by a housekeeping gene promoter or another specific promoter. This approach allows fluorescent proteins to be used as reporters for any number of biological events, such as sub-cellular localization and expression patterns. A variant of GFP is naturally found in corals, specifically the Anthozoa, and several mutants have been created to span the visible spectra and fluoresce longer and more stably. Other proteins are fluorescent but require a fluorophore cofactor, and hence can only be used "in vitro"; these are often found in plants and algae (phytofluors, phycobiliprotein such as allophycocyanin). Fluorescence, chemiluminescence and phosphorescence are 3 different types of luminescence properties, i.e. emission of light from a substance. Fluorescence is a property where light is absorbed and remitted within a few nanoseconds (approx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23455526 | 171,359 |
Air handler Another major problem in fans that are not balanced is longevity of the bearings (attached to the fan and shaft) is compromised. This can cause failure to occur long before the bearings life expectancy. Weights can be strategically placed to correct for a smooth spin (for a ceiling fan, trial and error placement typically resolves the problem). Home / central AC fans or other big fans are typically taken to shops, which have special balancers for more complicated balancing (trial and error can cause damage before the correct points are found). The fan motor itself does not typically vibrate. A heat recovery device heat exchanger may be fitted to the air handler between supply and extract airstreams for energy savings and increasing capacity. These types more commonly include for: Controls are necessary to regulate every aspect of an air handler, such as: flow rate of air, supply air temperature, mixed air temperature, humidity, air quality. They may be as simple as an off/on thermostat or as complex as a building automation system using BACnet or LonWorks, for example. Common control components include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, sail switches, actuators, motors, and controllers. The blowers in an air handler can create substantial vibration and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the occupants of the building | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2369672 | 345,437 |
C27H30N2O2 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35036786 | 64,150 |
Hydrogen compressor It has a typical 80 to 85% adiabatic efficiency. The single-piston linear compressor uses dynamic counterbalancing, where an auxiliary movable mass is flexibly attached to a movable piston assembly and to the stationary compressor casing using auxiliary mechanical springs with zero vibration export at minimum electrical power and current consumed by the motor. It is used in cryogenics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6402491 | 93,527 |
Peter Dayan is director at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany. He is co-author of "Theoretical Neuroscience", an influential textbook on computational neuroscience. He is known for applying bayesian methods from machine learning and artificial intelligence to understand neural function and is particularly recognized for relating neurotransmitter levels to prediction errors and Bayesian uncertainties. He has pioneered the field of reinforcement learning (RL) where he helped develop the Q-learning algorithm, and made contributions to unsupervised learning, including the wake-sleep algorithm for neural networks and the Helmholtz machine. Dayan studied mathematics at the University of Cambridge and then continued for a PhD in artificial intelligence at the University of Edinburgh School of Informatics on statistical learning supervised by and David Wallace, focusing on associative memory and reinforcement learning. After his PhD, Dayan held postdoctoral research positions with Terry Sejnowski at the Salk Institute and Geoffrey Hinton at the University of Toronto. He then took up an assistant professor position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and moved to the Gatsby Charitable Foundation computational neuroscience unit at University College London (UCL) in 1998, becoming professor and director in 2002. In September 2018, the Max Planck Society announced his appointment as a director at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097857 | 13,966 |
Electromagnetic tensor By being employed in addition to the local interaction Lagrangian it reprises its usual role in QED. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1912367 | 202,760 |
Model selection is the task of selecting a statistical model from a set of candidate models, given data. In the simplest cases, a pre-existing set of data is considered. However, the task can also involve the design of experiments such that the data collected is well-suited to the problem of model selection. Given candidate models of similar predictive or explanatory power, the simplest model is most likely to be the best choice (Occam's razor). may also refer to the problem of selecting a few representative models from a large set of computational models for the purpose of decision making or optimization under uncertainty. In its most basic forms, model selection is one of the fundamental tasks of scientific inquiry. Determining the principle that explains a series of observations is often linked directly to a mathematical model predicting those observations. For example, when Galileo performed his inclined plane experiments, he demonstrated that the motion of the balls fitted the parabola predicted by his model . Of the countless number of possible mechanisms and processes that could have produced the data, how can one even begin to choose the best model? The mathematical approach commonly taken decides among a set of candidate models; this set must be chosen by the researcher. Often simple models such as polynomials are used, at least initially . emphasize throughout their book the importance of choosing models based on sound scientific principles, such as understanding of the phenomenological processes or mechanisms (e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3664073 | 514,294 |
Typographer (typewriter) The typographer, America's first typewriter, was invented and made by William Austin Burt. It was a mechanical device that was worked by hand to make the letter print on paper. The working model provided by Burt for his 1829 patent was destroyed in the 1836 Patent Office fire. The main purpose of the device was to speed up secretarial work, although that ultimately was not accomplished. The typographer was patented on July 23, 1829, as U.S. patent No. 5581X. United States Patent Office documents describe Burt's American machine as "the actual construction of a type writing machine for the first time in any country". It was the first practical typewriting machine ever made in America, although Pellegrino Turri had made one in Italy in 1808. The patent gave Burt the full exclusive rights to his new typewriter machine for 14 years, including vending or selling to others any or all of these rights as he saw fit, signed by President Andrew Jackson. All "type writing" machines, those that used letters of typeface, were generally given the name "typographer" from Burt's 1829 patent until 1874 by subsequent inventors who improved on Burt's machine. The concept ultimately came to be called "The Type-Writer" in 1874. The word stayed hyphenated until the 1880s. William Ozmun Wyckoff, president of the New York State Shorthand Reporters' Association in 1886, and founder of the Remington Typewriter Company, publicized the unhyphenated name "typewriter" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111675 | 303,642 |
Shelf life For some companies, the date on the bottle or can will be the date that the beer was bottled; others have the date by which the beer should be consumed. The concept of shelf life applies to other products besides food and drugs. Gasoline has a shelf life, although it is not normally necessary to display a sell-by date. Exceeding this time-frame will introduce harmful varnishes, etc. into equipment designed to operate with these products, i.e. a gasoline lawn mower that has not been properly winterized could incur damage that will prevent use in the spring, and require expensive servicing to the carburetor. Some glues and adhesives also have a limited storage life, and will stop working in a reliable and usable manner if their safe shelf life is exceeded. Rather different is the use of a time limit for the use of items like vouchers, gift certificates and pre-paid phone cards, so that after the displayed date the voucher etc. will no longer be valid. Bell Mobility and its parent company, BCE Inc. have been served with notice of a $100-million class-action lawsuit alleging that expiry dates on its pre-paid wireless services are illegal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=600368 | 484,431 |
Venus Express VIRTIS: The "Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer" (VIRTIS) is an imaging spectrometer that observes in the near-ultraviolet, visible, and infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It analyzed all layers of the atmosphere, surface temperature and surface/atmosphere interaction phenomena. VeRa: Venus Radio Science is a radio sounding experiment that transmitted radio waves from the spacecraft and passed them through the atmosphere or reflected them off the surface. These radio waves were received by a ground station on Earth for analysis of the ionosphere, atmosphere and surface of Venus. It is derived from the Radio Science Investigation instrument flown on "Rosetta". Starting out in the early planetary system with similar sizes and chemical compositions, the histories of Venus and Earth have diverged in spectacular fashion. It is hoped that the "Venus Express" mission data that was obtained can contribute not only to an in-depth understanding of how the Venusian atmosphere is structured, but also to an understanding of the changes that led to the current greenhouse atmospheric conditions. Such an understanding may contribute to the study of climate change on Earth. "Venus Express" was also used to observe signs of life on Earth from Venus orbit. In images acquired by the probe, Earth was less than one pixel in size, which mimics observations of Earth-sized planets in other planetary systems. These observations were then used to develop methods for habitability studies of exoplanets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=839260 | 389,161 |
Redux (adhesive) In the case of the Hornet it was used to join the aluminium lower-wing skin to the wooden upper wing structure, and in the fabrication of the aluminium/wood main wing spar, both forms of composite construction made possible by the advent of Redux. After initially supplying de Havilland only, ARL subsequently produced a refined form of "Redux Liquid E/Formvar" using a new liquid component known as Redux Liquid K6, and a finer-grade (smaller particle-size) PVF powder, and this was later made generally available to the wider aircraft industry as Redux Liquid 775/Powder 775, so-named because it was sold for aircraft use to specification DTD 775. Available for general non-aerospace use it was called Redux Liquid K6/Powder C. "Redux Liquid 775/Powder 775" was joined in 1954 by the subsequent Redux Film 775 system, used from 1962 by de Havilland (later Hawker Siddeley and subsequently British Aerospace) on the DH.125 and DH.146. Other users included Bristol (on the Britannia), SAAB (on the Lansen & Draken), Fokker (on the F.27), Sud Aviation (on the Alouette II/III), Breguet and Fairchild, the film-form having the advantage of greater gap-filling ability with no loss of strength over "Redux Liquid 775/Powder 775", allowing for wider tolerances in component-fit, as well as easier handling and use and controlled ratios of the liquid/powder components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9900795 | 200,642 |
Building material Some materials may require more care than others, maintaining costs specific to some materials may also influence the final decision. Risks when considering lifetime cost of a material is if the building is damaged such as by fire or wind, or if the material is not as durable as advertised. The cost of materials should be taken into consideration to bear the risk to buy combustive materials to enlarge the lifetime. It is said that, 'if it must be done, it must be done well'. Pollution costs can be macro and micro. The macro, environmental pollution of extraction industries building materials rely on such as mining, petroleum, and logging produce environmental damage at their source and in transportation of the raw materials, manufacturing, transportation of the products, retailing, and installation. An example of the micro aspect of pollution is the off-gassing of the building materials in the building or indoor air pollution. Red List building materials are materials found to be harmful. Also the carbon footprint, the total set of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the life of the material. A life-cycle analysis also includes the reuse, recycling, or disposal of construction waste. Two concepts in building which account for the ecological economics of building materials are green building and sustainable development. the Initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver and install the material | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=464779 | 346,211 |
Microsoft In July 2015, announced another 7,800 job cuts in the next several months. In May 2016, announced another 1,850 job cuts mostly in (Nokia) mobile phone division. As a result, the company will record an impairment and restructuring charge of approximately $950 million, of which approximately $200 million will relate to severance payments. provides information about reported bugs in their software to intelligence agencies of the United States government, prior to the public release of the fix. A spokesperson has stated that the corporation runs several programs that facilitate the sharing of such information with the U.S. government. Following media reports about PRISM, NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in May 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Microsoft. According to leaks of said program, joined the PRISM program in 2007. However, in June 2013, an official statement from flatly denied their participation in the program: During the first six months in 2013, had received requests that affected between 15,000 and 15,999 accounts. In December 2013, the company made statement to further emphasize the fact that they take their customers' privacy and data protection very seriously, even saying that "government snooping potentially now constitutes an "advanced persistent threat," alongside sophisticated malware and cyber attacks". The statement also marked the beginning of three-part program to enhance Microsoft's encryption and transparency efforts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 470,805 |
Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft) The latter terms gives rise to cross products of small quantities (pq, pr, qr), which are later discarded. In this analysis, they are discarded from the outset for the sake of clarity. In effect, we assume that the direction of the velocity of the particle due to the simultaneous roll and yaw rates does not change significantly throughout the motion. With this simplifying assumption, the acceleration of the particle becomes: The yawing moment is given by: There is an additional yawing moment due to the offset of the particle in the y direction:formula_103 The yawing moment is found by summing over all particles of the body: where N is the yawing moment, E is a product of inertia, and C is the moment of inertia about the yaw axis. A similar reasoning yields the roll equation: where L is the rolling moment and A the roll moment of inertia. The states are formula_99 (sideslip), r (yaw rate) and p (roll rate), with moments N (yaw) and L (roll), and force Y (sideways). There are nine stability derivatives relevant to this motion, the following explains how they originate. However a better intuitive understanding is to be gained by simply playing with a model airplane, and considering how the forces on each component are affected by changes in sideslip and angular velocity: Sideslip generates a sideforce from the fin and the fuselage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=221400 | 138,869 |
Bonneville Dam During this period, America was in the Great Depression, and the dam's construction provided jobs and other economic benefits to the Pacific Northwest. Inexpensive hydroelectricity gave rise to a strong aluminum industry in the area (which has totally shut down since then). With funding from the Public Works Administration in 1934, two of the larger projects were started, the Grand Coulee Dam and the Bonneville Dam. 3,000 workers in non-stop eight-hour shifts, from the relief or welfare rolls, were paid 50-cents an hour for the work on the dam and raising local roads for the reservoir. To create the and Lock, The Army Corps of Engineers first built one of the largest scale models in history of the proposed dam, the section of river it was to be located on, and its various components to aid in the study of the construction. First a new lock and a powerhouse was constructed which were on the south (Oregon) side of Bradford Island, and a spillway on the north (Washington) side. Cofferdams were built to block half of the river and clear a construction site where the foundation could be reached. These projects, part of the Bonneville Dam, were completed in 1937. Both the cascades and the old lock structure were submerged by the Bonneville Reservoir, also known as Lake Bonneville, the reservoir that formed behind the dam. The original navigation lock at Bonneville opened in 1938 and was, at that time, the highest single-lift lock in the world | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=382080 | 204,412 |
Amplifier properties are given by parameters that include: Amplifiers are described according to the properties of their inputs, their outputs, and how they relate. All amplifiers have gain, a multiplication factor that relates the magnitude of some property of the output signal to a property of the input signal. The gain may be specified as the ratio of output voltage to input voltage (voltage gain), output power to input power (power gain), or some combination of current, voltage, and power. In many cases the property of the output that varies is dependent on the same property of the input, making the gain unitless (though often expressed in decibels (dB)). Most amplifiers are designed to be linear. That is, they provide constant gain for any normal input level and output signal. If an amplifier's gain is not linear, the output signal can become distorted. There are, however, cases where variable gain is useful. Certain signal processing applications use exponential gain amplifiers. Amplifiers are usually designed to function well in a specific application, for example: radio and television transmitters and receivers, high-fidelity ("hi-fi") stereo equipment, microcomputers and other digital equipment, and guitar and other instrument amplifiers. Every amplifier includes at least one active device, such as a vacuum tube or transistor. Negative feedback is a technique used in most modern amplifiers to improve bandwidth and distortion and control gain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9931 | 395,620 |
Negotiable instrument In India, during the Mauryan period in the 3rd century BCE, an instrument called adesha was in use, which was an order on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person, which corresponds to the definition of a bill of exchange as we understand it today. The ancient Romans are believed to have used an early form of cheque known as "praescriptiones" in the 1st century BCE and 2,000-year-old Roman promissory notes have been found Common prototypes of bills of exchanges and promissory notes originated in China, where special instruments called "feitsyan" were used to safely transfer money over long distances during the reign of the Tang Dynasty in the 8th century. In about 1150 the Knights Templar issued an early form of bank notes to departing pilgrims in exchange for a deposit of valuables at a local Templar preceptory in a European country, which could be cashed by the pilgrim concerned on arrival in the Holy land, by presenting the note to a Templar preceptory there. In the mid-13th century, the Ilkhanid rulers of Persia printed the "cha" or "chap" which was used as paper money for limited usage for transactions between the court and the merchants for about three years before it collapsed. The collapse was caused by the court accepting the "cha" only at progressive discount. Later, such documents were used for money transfer by Middle Eastern merchants, who had used the prototypes of bills of exchange ("suftadja" or "softa") from the 8th century to present | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1160722 | 461,926 |
Scott's Hut Apsley Cherry-Garrard wrote that the hut was divided into separate areas for sleeping and working by a bulkhead made of boxes of stores. A stables building (for nineteen Siberian ponies), approximately , was subsequently attached to the north wall of the main building. A utility room, approximately , was also added later, built around the original small porch at the southwest end of the main building. Considerable effort was made to insulate the building, and to extract the maximum amount of heat from the flues from the stove and the heater, based on lessons learned from the Discovery Hut. Terra Nova expeditioners described the hut as being warm to the point of being uncomfortable. A cross is erected on a hill behind at Cape Evans, but this is not connected to Captain Scott, having been erected in memory of the three members of Shackleton's Ross Sea Party, who died nearby. The cross erected in memory of Captain Scott and his polar companions is to be found atop Observation Hill. During the winter of 1911, 25 men of the Terra Nova shore party lived in the hut. From here Scott and his men set out on the ultimately fatal trek to the South Pole. Following the failure of Scott's southern party to return, several men remained behind for a further winter (1912) in order to search for the bodies the next spring. In 1913, the Terra Nova expedition over, it was left well supplied with stores in the way of food and oil, and a certain amount of coal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3676809 | 310,616 |
Earth structure Builders using immediate techniques like earthbag, cob, or rammed earth may prefer approximate crushing tests on smaller samples that can be oven-dried and crushed under a small lever. Builders must understand construction processes and be able to produce consistent quality for strong buildings. Robust layout means buildings more square than elongated, and symmetrical not L-shaped, as well as no 'soft' first stories (stories with large windows, buildings on unbraced columns). New Zealand's earthen building guidelines check for enough bracing wall length in each of the two principal directions, based on wall thickness, story height, bracing wall spacing, and the roof, loft and second story weight above earthen walls. Building techniques that are more ductile than brittle, like the contained earth type of earthbag, or tire walls of earthships, may better avoid collapse than brittle unreinforced earth. Contained gravel base courses may add base isolation potential. Wall containment can be added to techniques like adobe to resist loss of material that leads to collapse. Confined masonry is effective for adobe against quake forces of 0.3 g may be useful with earthen masonry. Many types of reinforcement can increase wall strength, such as plastic or wire mesh and reinforcing rods of steel or fiberglass or bamboo. Earth resists compression well but is weak when twisted. Tensile reinforcement must span potential damage points and be well-anchored to increase out-of-plane stability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5593595 | 285,052 |
Opequon Golf Club Opequon Golf Club, also known as the Stonebridge Golf Club and Martinsburg Golf Club, is a historic country club clubhouse located at Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. The clubhouse was built in 1922, and is a one-story, Adirondack Lodge Style stone building with a wraparound porch on the north and west sides. It has a steep gable roof with a chimney at the west end. The porches have hip roofs and feature exposed rafter ends and stone columns. It sits on a raised basement. The building was added to on the east end in 1955. West Virginia Senator Charles James Faulkner (1847 - 1929) was a founding member and served as first president of the Opequon Golf Club. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32060188 | 363,205 |
Selective door operation Selective Door Operation, also called Selective Door Opening (or SDO) is a mechanism employed primarily on trains (although buses with multiple doors also generally have this feature) that allows the driver or conductor/guard to open the doors of a train separately. Selective Door Operation enables trains to call at a station where the platform is shorter than the train. Some doors can be prevented from opening to ensure that passengers do not disembark from any carriages not standing at the platform. The term Selective Door Operation is used mainly in the United Kingdom; some train operating companies used the term ‘Door De-Select’. A version of this is used in other countries and on other rail systems such as the London Underground. In the UK various trains, either multiple units or coaches, have variations of the selective door operating system. This usually depends on what the specific train operating company and/or train leasing company required, either at time of purchase or a later modification to an existing train to keep up to date with regulations. Examples of these variations are as follows: is implemented at certain railway stations in the United States. In the New York City Subway, the -car-long platforms at 145th Street (and formerly the 5-car-long loop platforms at South Ferry) are too short to accommodate full-length trains of ten cars, so only the first five cars of the train opened their doors at these stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6047014 | 252,274 |
Thermal spraying When sprayed on substrates of various shapes and removed, free-standing parts in the form of plates, tubes, shells, etc. can be produced. It can also be used for powder processing (spheroidization, homogenization, modification of chemistry, etc.). In this case, the substrate for deposition is absent and the particles solidify during flight or in a controlled environment (e.g., water). This technique with variation may also be used to create porous structures, suitable for bone ingrowth, as a coating for medical implants. A polymer dispersion aerosol can be injected into the plasma discharge in order to create a grafting of this polymer on to a substrate surface. This application is mainly used to modify the surface chemistry of polymers. Plasma spraying systems can be categorized by several criteria. Plasma jet generation: Plasma-forming medium: Spraying environment: Another variation consists of having a liquid feedstock instead of a solid powder for melting, this technique is known as Solution precursor plasma spray Vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) is a technology for etching and surface modification to create porous layers with high reproducibility and for cleaning and surface engineering of plastics, rubbers and natural fibers as well as for replacing CFCs for cleaning metal components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6434629 | 331,421 |
PlaceMakers In that same year, a Home Improvement Centre opens at Lincoln Road, Henderson, Auckland. The Winstone name goes back as far as 1864 and over time grew a reputation supplying an extensive range of materials to the building and construction markets. Winstone Trading Limited was formed in 1984 and over five years grew to provide national coverage by purchasing a number of smaller businesses including Odlins and Dudding Brothers. The merger of Fletcher Merchants Limited and Winstone Trading Limited in 1988 produced the largest and only nationwide building materials chain in New Zealand. In 1990 moved towards a scheme of joint venture ownership between Fletcher Distribution Limited and managers of individual operations, while continuing to operate within the umbrella. Under the joint venture programme selected branch managers were able to become owner-operators. At the end of 1991, eight stores in the distribution network were operating as joint ventures. By 1993 had 29 out of their 53 stores operating under the joint venture system. Following the 6.3-magnitude earthquake that hit the Canterbury region on 22 February 2011, donated twenty cabins to help with the recovery efforts. The ‘Rapid Response Community Shelter’ cabins were presented to Mayor Bob Parker by on 4 March 2011. The cost of the cabins was met by and a number of suppliers. Most of the cabins were constructed at PlaceMakers’ Christchurch Frame & Truss plant keeping local staff employed. Three stores were affected directly by the earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31897862 | 486,718 |
Machine guarding This type of guarding is generally a wire partition system, but also can take the form of pressure sensitive mats or light curtains. Wire partitions systems used as machine guards must be fixed in place either on the machine or around its perimeter. These guarding systems may be configured with various sizes of wire mesh, solid sheet metal, or clear polycarbonate panels. Use of these materials depends on the hazard being guarded and the distance between the hazard and the guard. Mesh opening size of the guard depends on the proximity of the guard to the hazard. If the guard is installed close to moving parts, the mesh openings must be smaller than if the guard is installed a greater distance away from the moving parts. Mesh opening sizes for specific distances from the hazard are defined in ANSI/RIA R15.06-2012. Solid barriers such as sheet metal or clear view polycarbonate can be used to shield the hazard as well as control sparks or liquids. Size of the barrier (height and width) must conform to ANSI/RIA R15.06-2012. Wire partition guards provide a means of access to the guarded equipment with doors, lift out sections, or other controlled openings. Electrical interlocks or other devices tied into the equipment’s control circuit are mounted on access points and are configured to stop equipment operations when opened. These access points should also incorporate hardware to comply with the OSHA lockout/tagout regulation 1910.147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40772221 | 222,145 |
National Academy of Science and Technology Current NAST members deliberate on the membership of an individual following strict rules and regulations. Once admitted to the organization, members are called "Academicians "("abbreviated as "Acd.)". "The academy is divided into several divisions to which an academician is a member depending on his area of expertise. The following divisions are: From each division of the academy, a chair is elected to form the Executive Council. A president, vice-president and secretary is elected from the Executive Council. The secretariat of NAST is headed by an executive director which implements the decisions of the Executive Council, and attends to the day-to-day affairs of the Academy. Since 2012, the NAST Executive Council is composed of: Members of the NAST are called academicians. As of 2020, there are 72 living academicians. All National Scientist are members of the NAST. As of 2020, there are 12 living national scientists. The academy conducts a scientific meeting every July since 1978. It gathers scientist from all over the country to discuss relevant issues related to science and technology and thus earning the distinction of the most prestigious Philippine scientific conference. At the end of the convention, NAST honors exemplary scientists from different fields and presents recommendations to the government through the secretary of the Department of Science and Technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42627137 | 242,771 |
Apollo 15 postal covers incident The Apollo 15 postal covers incident, a 1972 NASA scandal, involved the astronauts of Apollo 15, who carried about 400 unauthorized postal covers into space and to the Moon's surface on the Lunar Module "Falcon". Some of the envelopes were sold at high prices by West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger, and are known as "Sieger covers". The crew of Apollo 15, David Scott, Alfred Worden and James Irwin, agreed to take payments for carrying the covers; though they returned the money, they were reprimanded by NASA. Amid much press coverage of the incident, the astronauts were called before a closed session of a Senate committee and never flew in space again. The three astronauts and an acquaintance, Horst Eiermann, had agreed to have the covers made and taken into space. Each astronaut was to receive about $7,000. Scott arranged to have the covers postmarked on the morning of the Apollo 15 launch on July 26, 1971. They were packaged for space and brought to him as he prepared for liftoff. Due to an error, they were not included on the list of the personal items he was taking into space. The covers spent July 30 to August 2 on the Moon inside "Falcon". On August 7, the date of splashdown, the covers were postmarked again on the recovery carrier . One hundred were sent to Eiermann (and passed on to Sieger); the remaining covers were divided among the astronauts. Worden had agreed to carry 144 additional covers, largely for an acquaintance, F. Herrick Herrick; these had been approved for travel to space | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5319068 | 284,610 |
Gerald Bull One account states he was shot five times in the head and back at point blank range while approaching the door of his apartment in Brussels. Another account states he was shot by a three-man team on March 20, 1990, when he answered the doorbell. The co-operation between Bull and Saddam Hussein was an immediate threat to Iran and Israel, as Iran had endured an eight-year-long war with Iraq, and Israel had previous military engagements with Iraq during the Arab–Israeli war. Watching development of the gun, Israel feared it could be used to launch nuclear weapons, but the re-designed SCUD missiles were of greater concern at that moment. As for Iran, it was under threat from both Bull's supergun and his re-designed SCUD missiles. According to investigative journalist Gordon Thomas, the assassination of Bull had been sanctioned by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. Nahum Admoni sent the three-man team to Brussels, where the Mossad agents shot Bull at his door-step. Within hours of the killing, according to Thomas, Mossad was engaged in distributing false stories to the European media, alleging that Bull had been shot by agents from Iraq. Although it was in the immediate interest of both Israel and Iran that Bull discontinue his co-operation with Saddam Hussein, he had worked for many different parties in many critical defence projects, and had become both an asset and a liability for several powerful groups simultaneously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=97498 | 365,216 |
List of Timeless characters A former NSA agent stationed in Eastern Europe, Flynn steals the Mothership with the intent of changing American history. While still with the NSA, Flynn intercepted a series of wire transfers between Mason and Rittenhouse. When he reported this to his superiors, Rittenhouse murdered his wife and daughter, but he escaped and was framed for the crime; since then, he swore to destroy Rittenhouse from its foundations. Flynn also possesses a journal written by Lucy sometime in the future, which he uses as a road map to his time travels. Despite his ruthlessness, Flynn shows guilt, telling Lucy that the atrocities he's committed make him unable to stay with his family, even if they do come back. Despite killing David Rittenhouse in 1780, Flynn discovers that history does not change at all. As he attempts to kill several Rittenhouse members in 1954, Lucy stops him and convinces him of another way to take down the organization. In the present day, as Rittenhouse members are being arrested with evidence collected on the organization, Lucy gives Flynn the name of the person who ordered the hit on his family, but Flynn is immediately arrested by Agent Christopher. In season two, Flynn is in prison, but still provides the Lifeboat team with clues after Rittenhouse acquires the Mothership. While in 1941 Hollywood, the team helps Flynn escape from prison. He joins them in their hideout, and also starts traveling back with the Lifeboat team on their missions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52293305 | 54,230 |
High-redundancy actuation While the parallel arrangement is commonly used, the configuration in series is rarely employed, because it is perceived to be less efficient. However, there is one fault that is difficult to deal with in a parallel arrangement: the locking up of one actuator element. Because parallel actuator elements always have the same extension, one locked-up element can render the whole assembly useless. It is possible to mitigate this by guarding the elements against locking or by limiting the force exerted by a single element. But these measures reduce both the effectiveness of the system and introduce new points of failure. The analysis of the serial configuration shows that it remains operational when one element is locked-up. This fact is important for the High Redundancy Actuator, as fault tolerance is required for different fault types. The goal of the HRA project is to use parallel and serial actuator elements to accommodate both the blocking and the inactivity (loss of force) of an element. The basic idea of high-redundancy actuation is technology agnostic: it should be applicable to a wide range of actuator technology, including different kinds of linear actuators and rotational actuators. However, initial experiments are performed with electric actuators, especially with electromechanical and electromagnetic technology. Compared to pneumatic actuators, the electrical drive allow a much finer control of position and force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13232165 | 203,642 |
List of Struthioniformes by population This is a list of Struthioniformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all extant Struthioniformes have been enumerated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38000679 | 189,247 |
Signorini problem As for the section on the formal statement of the Signorini problem, the contents of this section and the included subsections follow closely the treatment of Gaetano Fichera in , , and also : obviously, the exposition focuses on the basics steps of the proof of the existence and uniqueness for the solution of problem , , , and , rather than the technical details. The first step of the analysis of Fichera as well as the first step of the analysis of Antonio Signorini in is the analysis of the potential energy, i.e. the following functional where formula_27 belongs to the set of admissible displacements formula_41 i.e. the set of displacement vectors satisfying the system of boundary conditions or . The meaning of each of the three terms is the following was able to prove that the admissible displacement formula_27 which minimize the integral formula_43 is a solution of the problem with ambiguous boundary conditions , , , and , provided it is a formula_44 function supported on the closure formula_45 of the set formula_2: however Gaetano Fichera gave a class of counterexamples in showing that in general, admissible displacements are not smooth functions of these class | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194510 | 429,848 |
Basilica of San Francesco, Siena In the right transept is a 14th-century marble of "St Francis", from the ancient façade. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12417649 | 348,151 |
Geothermal heat pump If the loop field or water pump is undersized, the addition or removal of heat may push the ground temperature beyond standard test conditions, and performance will be degraded. Similarly, an undersized blower may allow the plenum coil to overheat and degrade performance. Soil without artificial heat addition or subtraction and at depths of several metres or more remains at a relatively constant temperature year round. This temperature equates roughly to the average annual air-temperature of the chosen location, usually at a depth of in the northern US. Because this temperature remains more constant than the air temperature throughout the seasons, geothermal heat pumps perform with far greater efficiency during extreme air temperatures than air conditioners and air-source heat pumps. Standards ARI 210 and 240 define Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) and Heating Seasonal Performance Factors (HSPF) to account for the impact of seasonal variations on air source heat pumps. These numbers are normally not applicable and should not be compared to ground source heat pump ratings. However, Natural Resources Canada has adapted this approach to calculate typical seasonally adjusted HSPFs for ground-source heat pumps in Canada. The NRC HSPFs ranged from 8.7 to 12.8 BTU/hr/watt (2.6 to 3.8 in nondimensional factors, or 255% to 375% seasonal average electricity utilization efficiency) for the most populated regions of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7096967 | 322,524 |
Producing Great Sound for Film and Video Producing Great Sound for Film and Video: Expert Tips from Preproduction to Final Mix is a non-fiction book and filmmaking handbook. The book is also used as a university textbook. It covers the process of acquiring professional quality sound for motion picture productions. Author Jay Rose is an Emmy-award winning sound professional. He has won over 150 major awards including 12 Clios, and he has contributed to nearly 15,000 commercials. His work includes the MGM release "Two Weeks". The book is published by Focal Press, a media and technology publishing company. Focal Press is an imprint of the academic press Taylor & Francis. The book was first published in 1999 under the title "Producing Great Sound for Digital Video" by Miller Freeman Books and was 375 pages. Seventeen years later, as of 2016, the book is in its fourth edition, and stands at 520 pages. It has been required reading at many film schools, including the University of Southern California (USC). The book was also awarded five out of five stars by "Videomaker Magazine". When released, "Millimeter Magazine" noted that the book was one of very few publications extensively covering the art of capturing motion picture sound. "Producing Great Sound for Film and Video" has been called, "..."the" book on the subject." In the opening of the book, Rose states: The heart of this book is the tricks, shortcuts and industry practices developed over nearly a century, since the beginning of radio and talking pictures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49273286 | 298,830 |
One Madison For the remaining apartments, which were in various states of completion, the new owners hired the interior design firm Yabu Pushelberg, which also created the interiors of the new main lobby and the amenity spaces, and hired the lighting design firm Cooley Monato Studio who developed architectural lighting of the apartments, the main lobby, the amenity spaces, and exterior facade. Rem Koolhaas designed the interiors of many of the condominium's originally planned amenities, which included a private screening room, an upscale restaurant run by chef Charlie Trotter, a spa and fitness room, and a wine cellar. After the building came under Related's control, the amenities were announced as including a lounge and screening room, private dining room, a fitness center and a room for yoga, a lap pool and steam room, and a playroom for children. A full-time doorman is enhanced with concierge service. The building's first five stories contain service and commercial spaces on the ground floor, above which are mechanical spaces and the building's amenities. These five floors act as a base for the building's tower, which is partly cantilevered over an existing three-story building to the east. The cross-section of One Madison's tower is 50 ft x 53 ft (15.25 m x 16.15 m), which makes it, at the height of 621 feet (189.3 m), one of the slenderest buildings in New York City; its height-to-width ratio is 12:1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27892280 | 362,266 |
History of film technology The sensitive film could be "an endless sheet of insoluble gelatine coated with bromide emulsion or any convenient ready-made quick-acting paper, such as Eastman's paper film". For longer recordings, the receiver could be suited with extra supply boxes after the first boxes were exhausted. With sixteen lenses the camera could record 960 images per minute (16 per second). The projector would have positive transparencies on flexible material, "such as gelatine, mica, horn &c" to be "adjusted on a pair of endless metallic ribbons accurately punctured with small round holes" and guided past the lenses and shutters by pins on drums. Shorter sequences could be projected from glass discs instead of the films on drums. Le Prince intended the pictures to "pass through the hands of artists" to be suitably colored. Despite similarities in terminology in Le Prince and Donisthorpe's patents and the fact that they lived an worked on similar projects in the same town, it remains uncertain whether Le Prince was directly inspired by Donisthorpe's work. Before the application was granted, it was criticized for possible infringements of the patent of Du Mont (1861 and 1865) and Muybridge (1883). In the meantime, Le Prince kept experimenting with different techniques and materials for years and applied for additional patents in many countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41496067 | 282,970 |
Series 40 The third generation of that became available in 2005 introduced support for devices with resolutions as high as QVGA (240×320). It is possible to customize the look and feel of the UI via comprehensive themes. In 2012, Nokia Asha mobile phones 200/201/210, 302/306/305/308/310/311, 303 and 311 were released and all used Series 40. The final feature phone running was the Nokia 515 from 2013, running the 6th Edition. provides communication applications such as telephone, Internet telephony (VoIP), messaging, email client with POP3 and IMAP4 capabilities and web browser; media applications such as camera, video recorder, music/video player and FM radio; and phonebook and other personal information management (PIM) applications such as calendar and tasks. Basic file management, like in Series 60, is provided in the Applications and Gallery folders and subfolders. Gallery is also the default location for files transferred over Bluetooth to be placed. User-installed applications on are generally mobile Java applications. Flash Lite applications are also supported, but mostly used for screensavers. The integrated web browser can access most web content through the service provider's XHTML/HTML gateway. The latest version of Series 40, called 6th Edition, introduced a new browser based on the WebKit open source components WebCore and JavaScriptCore. The new browser delivers support for HTML 4.01, CSS2, JavaScript 1.5, and Ajax | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2271282 | 108,113 |
Flat-panel display It was the first alphanumeric LED display, and was a revolution in digital display technology, replacing the Nixie tube for numeric displays and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In 1977, James P Mitchell prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel LED television display. Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak built the first practical organic LED (OLED) device in 1987. In 2003, Hynix produced an organic EL driver capable of lighting in 4,096 colors. In 2004, the Sony Qualia 005 was the first LED-backlit LCD display. The Sony XEL-1, released in 2007, was the first OLED television. LCDs are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the eyes than CRT screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two electrically conducting plates. The top plate has transparent electrodes deposited on it, and the back plate is either fitted with a reflector or is illuminated from behind so that the viewer can see the images on the screen. By applying controlled electrical signals across the plates, various segments of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their light diffusing or polarizing properties. These segments can either transmit or block light. An image is produced by passing light through selected segments of the liquid crystal to the viewer. They are used in various electronics like watches, calculators, and notebook computers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293396 | 130,968 |
Spin wave With momentum resolution, the magnon dispersion was explored for an 8 ML fcc Co film on Cu(001) and an 8 ML hcp Co on W(110), respectively. The maximum magnon energy at the border of the surface Brillouin zone was 240 meV. When magnetoelectronic devices are operated at high frequencies, the generation of spin waves can be an important energy loss mechanism. generation limits the linewidths and therefore the quality factors Q of ferrite components used in microwave devices. The reciprocal of the lowest frequency of the characteristic spin waves of a magnetic material gives a time scale for the switching of a device based on that material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2629646 | 28,072 |
Strongly correlated material One can no longer consider any electron in the material as being in a "sea" of the averaged motion of the others (also known as mean field theory). Each single electron has a complex influence on its neighbors. The term "strong correlation" refers to behavior of electrons in solids that is not well-described (often not even in a qualitatively correct manner) by simple one-electron theories such as the local-density approximation (LDA) of density-functional theory or Hartree–Fock theory. For instance, the seemingly simple material NiO has a partially filled 3"d"-band (the Ni atom has 8 of 10 possible 3"d"-electrons) and therefore would be expected to be a good conductor. However, strong Coulomb repulsion (a correlation effect) between "d"-electrons makes NiO instead a wide-band gap insulator. Thus, "strongly correlated materials" have electronic structures that are neither simply free-electron-like nor completely ionic, but a mixture of both. Extensions to the LDA (LDA+U, GGA, SIC, GW, etc.) as well as simplified models Hamiltonians (e.g. Hubbard-like models) have been proposed and developed in order to describe phenomena that are due to strong electron correlation. Among them, dynamical mean field theory successfully captures the main features of correlated materials. Schemes that use both LDA and DMFT explain many experimental results in the field of correlated electrons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2856466 | 22,701 |
RNA world If so, viroids have attained potential significance beyond plant pathology to evolutionary biology, by representing the most plausible macromolecules known capable of explaining crucial intermediate steps in the evolution of life from inanimate matter (see: abiogenesis). Apparently, Diener's hypothesis lay dormant until 2014, when Flores et al. published a review paper, in which Diener's evidence supporting his hypothesis was summarized. In the same year, a New York Times science writer published a popularized version of Diener's proposal, in which, however, he mistakenly credited Flores et al. with the hypothesis' original conception. Pertinent viroid properties listed in 1989 are: The existence, in extant cells, of RNAs with molecular properties predicted for RNAs of the RNA World constitutes an additional argument supporting the RNA World hypothesis. Eigen "et al". and Woese proposed that the genomes of early protocells were composed of single-stranded RNA, and that individual genes corresponded to separate RNA segments, rather than being linked end-to-end as in present-day DNA genomes. A protocell that was haploid (one copy of each RNA gene) would be vulnerable to damage, since a single lesion in any RNA segment would be potentially lethal to the protocell (e.g. by blocking replication or inhibiting the function of an essential gene). Vulnerability to damage could be reduced by maintaining two or more copies of each RNA segment in each protocell, i.e. by maintaining diploidy or polyploidy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25765 | 96,982 |
Cryoseism , Ross Island, and the Antarctic Prince Charles Mountains. There are four main precursors for a frost quake cryoseism event to occur: (1) a region must be susceptible to cold air masses, (2) the ground must undergo saturation from thaw or liquid precipitation prior to an intruding cold air mass, (3) most frost quakes are associated with minor snow cover on the ground without a significant amount of snow to insulate the ground (i.e., less than 6 inches), and (4) a rapid temperature drop from approximately freezing to near or below zero degrees Fahrenheit, which ordinarily occurred on a timescale of 16 to 48 hours. Cryoseisms typically occur when temperatures rapidly decrease from above freezing to subzero, and are more than likely to occur between midnight and dawn (during the coldest parts of night). [However, due to the permanent nature of glacial ice, glacier-related cryoseisms may also occur in the warmer months of summer.] In general, cryoseisms may occur 3 to 4 hours after significant changes in temperature. Perennial or seasonal frost conditions involved with cryoseisms limit these events to temperate climates that experience seasonal variation with subzero winters. Additionally, the ground must be saturated with water, which can be caused by snowmelt, rain, sleet or flooding. Geologically, areas of permeable materials like sand or gravel, which are susceptible to frost action, are likelier candidates for cryoseisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7541598 | 440,884 |
Lisp Algebraic Manipulator The (also known as LAM) was created by Ray d'Inverno, who had written Atlas LISP Algebraic Manipulation (ALAM was designed in 1970). LAM later became the basis for the interactive computer package SHEEP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25562365 | 139,493 |
Biorobotics is an interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering, cybernetics, and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic information, and create machines that imitate biological systems. Cybernetics focuses on the communication and system of living organisms and machines that can be applied and combined with multiple fields of study such as biology, mathematics, computer science, engineering, and much more. This discipline falls under the branch of biorobotics because of its combined field of study between biological bodies and mechanical systems. Studying these two systems allow for advanced analysis on the functions and processes of each system as well as the interactions between them. Cybernetic theory is a concept that has existed for centuries, dating back to the era of Plato where he applied the term to refer to the “governance of people”. The term ‘cybernetique’ is seen in the mid 1800’s used by physicist André-Marie Ampère. The term “cybernetics” was popularized in the late 1940’s to refer to a discipline that touched on, but was separate, from established disciplines, such as electrical engineering, mathematics, and biology. Cybernetics is often misunderstood because of the breadth of disciplines it covers. In the early 20th century, it was coined as an interdisciplinary field of study that combines biology, science, network theory, and engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1006293 | 236,084 |
Artificial organ “We know that the key to creating a consistent and safe supply of cancer-fighting T cells would be to control the process in a way that deactivates all T cell receptors in the transplanted cells, except for the cancer-fighting receptors,” Crooks said. The scientist also found that the T cells produced by the artificial thymus carried a diverse range of T cell receptors and worked similarly to the T cells produced by a normal thymus. Since they can work like human thymus, artificial thymus can supply a consistent amount of T cells to the body for the patients who are in need of treatments. The field of artificial tracheas went through a period of high interest and excitement with the work of Paolo Macchiarini at the Karolinska Institute and elsewhere from 2008 to around 2014, with front-page coverage in newspapers and on television. Concerns were raised about his work in 2014 and by 2016 he had been fired and high level management at Karolinska had been dismissed, including people involved in the Nobel Prize. As of 2017 engineering a trachea—a hollow tube lined with cells—had proved more challenging then originally thought; challenges include the difficult clinical situation of people who present as clinical candidates, who generally have been through multiple procedures already; creating an implant that can become fully developed and integrate with host while withstanding respiratory forces, as well as the rotational and longitudinal movement the trachea undergoes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197037 | 151,720 |
Trump wall " have identified a number of legal, economic, and practical obstacles to such a proposal, saying it would be impossible to track all money transfers between Mexico and the United States, or to effectively block all remittances. Some economists argue that blocking remittances could harm the U.S. economy. Brookings Institution fellow Aaron Klein said a move to block remittances would be a reversal of the existing U.S. policy "to encourage the flow of money to come into the official system and to discourage the flow of funds through the underground network". On January 25, 2017, the Trump administration signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the government to begin attempting to construct a border wall using existing federal funding, although actual construction of a wall did not begin at this time due to the large expense and lack of clarity on how it would be paid for. Trump had planned to meet Peña Nieto at the White House on January 27, 2017, to discuss topics including border security and possible negotiations around the wall. However, the day before the meeting, Trump announced that the U.S. would impose a 20% tariff on imported Mexican goods as Mexico's payment for the wall. In response, Peña Nieto gave a national televised address saying Mexico would not pay for the wall, and cancelled his meeting with Trump. In March 2017, the Trump administration submitted a budget amendment for fiscal year 2017 that includes a $3billion continuing budget for "border security and immigration enforcement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49919158 | 214,409 |
ScanIP In terms of dental research, evaluations of dental implants have been made by integrating CAD objects with anatomical data and exporting for simulation. Simpleware Medical is a version of the software intended for use as a medical device. It has 510(k) market clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a Class II Medical Device , as well as CE marking and ISO 13485 certifications. "Simpleware is intended for use as a software interface and image segmentation system for the transfer of imaging information from a medical scanner such as a CT scanner or an MRI scanner to an output file. It is also intended as pre-operative software for simulating/evaluating surgical treatment options. is not intended to be used for mammography imaging". Those that still want to use Synopsys Simpleware for non-clinical medical applications, such as research in the Life Sciences, are recommended to use the core Synopsys Simpleware package, which is not intended for clinical use. Simpleware is used to reconstruct anatomies from scan data for the investigation of different biological and other organic processes within the Natural Sciences. Paleontological uses of include the reconstruction of dinosaur skeletons, while the software has been used to generate a model of a shark head suitable for rapid prototyping and testing of how sharks smell, and for generating STL models of a pseudomorph suitable for 3D printing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24043558 | 423,202 |
Suspended animation The trials will be done on ten such severely wounded patients and compared with ten others in similar situation but who had no access to the above method. They currently refer to the procedure as Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest from trauma. The laboratory of Mark Roth at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and institutes such as Suspended Animation, Inc are trying to implement suspended animation as a medical procedure which involves the therapeutic induction to a complete and temporary systemic ischemia, directed to obtain a state of tolerance for the protection-preservation of the entire organism, this during a circulatory collapse "only by a limited period of one hour". The purpose to avoid a serious injury, risk of brain damage or death, until the patient reaches specialized attention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=354077 | 174,049 |
Integrated circuit design It defines high level concepts and the intrinsic value proposition of the product. Architecture teams take into account many variables and interface with many groups. People creating the architecture generally have a significant amount of experience dealing with systems in the area for which the architecture is being created. The work product of the architecture phase is an architectural specification. The micro-architecture is a step closer to the hardware. It implements the architecture and defines specific mechanisms and structures for achieving that implementation. The result of the micro-architecture phase is a micro-architecture specification which describes the methods used to implement the architecture. In the implementation phase the design itself is created using the micro-architectural specification as the starting point. This involves low level definition and partitioning, writing code, entering schematics and verification. This phase ends with a design reaching tapeout. After a design is created, taped-out and manufactured, actual hardware, 'first silicon', is received which is taken into the lab where it goes through "bringup". Bringup is the process of powering, testing and characterizing the design in the lab. Numerous tests are performed starting from very simple tests such as ensuring that the device will power on to much more complicated tests which try to stress the part in various ways | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2951035 | 416,325 |
Menstrual synchrony Turning to the evolutionary past, a possible adaptive basis for the biological capacity would be reproductive levelling: among primates, synchronising to any natural clock makes it difficult for an alpha male to monopolise fertile sex with multiple females. This would be consistent with the striking gender egalitarianism of extant non-storage hunter-gatherer societies. A further deep-time evolutionary pressure may have been lions' habit of eating people on moonless nights. When early Pleistocene hominids in Africa were attempting to survive by robbing big cats of their kills, according to some evolutionary scientists, it may have been adaptive to restrict overnight journeys—including sexual liaisons—to times when there was a moon in the sky. The question of whether those who live together do in fact synchronize their menstrual cycles has also received attention in the popular media. The idea that menstruation is – or ideally ought to be – in harmony with wider cosmic rhythms is one of the most tenacious ideas central to the myths and rituals of traditional communities across the world. "String was first made by the two Wawalik Sisters at Mudawa, near Buckingham Bay... The sisters sat down, looking at each other, with their feet out and legs apart, and both menstruated… Each one made a loop of the other one’s menstrual blood, after which they put the string loops around their necks." The !Kung (or Ju|'hoansi) hunter-gatherers of the Kalahari "believe.. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1586039 | 369,583 |
Structural engineering The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake. Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above. One important tool of earthquake engineering is base isolation, which allows the base of a structure to move freely with the ground. Civil structural engineering includes all structural engineering related to the built environment. It includes: The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer). Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground. The principles of structural engineering are applicable to variety of mechanical (moveable) structures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45829 | 323,690 |
Trellis (architecture) A trellis (treillage) is an architectural structure, usually made from an open framework or lattice of interwoven or intersecting pieces of wood, bamboo or metal that is normally made to support and display climbing plants, especially shrubs. There are many types of trellis for different places and for different plants, from agricultural types, especially in viticulture, which are covered at vine training systems, to garden uses for climbers such as grapevines, clematis, ivy, and climbing roses or other support based growing plants. The rose trellis is especially common in Europe and other rose-growing areas, and many climbing rose varieties require a trellis to reach their potential as garden plants. Some plants will climb and wrap themselves round a trellis without much artificial help being needed while others need training by passing the growing shoots through the trellis and/or tying them to the framework. Trellis can also be referred to as panels, usually made from interwoven wood pieces, attached to fences or the roof or exterior walls of a building. A pergola usually refers to trellis-work that is laid horizontally above head height to provide a partial "roof" in a garden (pergolas are also used in agricultural settings). The trellis was originally intended to support vine stock – which gives its name: "lat Trichila" (greenery bower). Though it is unknown when and where the trellis was invented, the trellis has been mentioned in literature and botanical works throughout history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12221449 | 348,004 |
PH Artichoke The Pendant is a Light fixture designed by Danish architect and designer Poul Henningsen and manufactured by Louis Poulsen. It was created for the Langelinie Pavilion in Copenhagen in 1958. A chrome inner diffuser also assists in the proper even reflection of the light source. The light source can be an incandescent bulb (high powered halogen or xenon), fluorescent (with the ballast mounted in fixture canopy), or metal halide (canopy-mounted ballast). The metal halide sources are used in the largest of the Artichoke fixtures. For years, a number of companies have tried to replicate the Artichoke fixture; only a handful have made a replica that is at all geometrically and cosmetically similar. The Poulsen Artichoke Pendant comes in copper, wet painted white or brushed stainless steel and in three different sizes. The leaves are laser-cut steel to produce shape lines reflective of modern design. The entire fixture is mounted by stainless steel aircraft cables to hold the unusually heavy weight of the light. A heavy duty UL Listed junction box is generally required to handle the weight of this pendant. The metal halide–sourced version utilizes a 220-277 volt AC power input, generally requiring a dedicated 20 A circuit and breaker. The English name is ("artichoke"). The original Danish name is "PH Kogle" ("conifer cone") This name is also used in Norway and Germany /"PH Kogle/PH Zapfen". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5271259 | 387,788 |
Roofline In classical architecture, the fascia is the plain, wide band across the bottom of the entablature, directly above the columns. The "guttae" or drip edge was mounted on the fascia in the Doric order, below the triglyph. In steep-slope roofing, a board that is nailed to the ends of a roof rafter; sometimes supports a gutter. In low-slope roofing, the horizontal trim located at the perimeter of a building is usually a border for the low-slope roof system. Soffit (from French soffite, formed as a ceiling; directly from suffictus for suffixus, Latin suffigere, to fix underneath), in architecture, describes the underside of any construction element. In popular use, soffit most often refers to the material forming a ceiling from the top of an exterior house wall to the outer edge of the roof, i.e., bridging the gap between a home's siding and the roofline, otherwise known as the eaves. When so constructed, the soffit material is typically screwed or nailed to rafters known as lookout rafters or lookouts for short. Soffit exposure profile (from wall to fascia) on a building's exterior can vary from a few centimetres (2-3 inches) to 3 feet or more, depending on construction. It can be non-ventilated, or ventilated for cooling attic space. A rain gutter (also known as eavestrough (especially in Canada), eaves channel guttering or simply as a gutter) is a narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system which collects and diverts rainwater from the roof | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33464262 | 335,667 |
Research Triangle The Research Triangle, commonly referred to as simply The Triangle, is a region in the Piedmont of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by the three major research universities of North Carolina State University, Duke University, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, as well as the cities of Raleigh and Durham and the town of Chapel Hill. The nine-county region, officially named the Raleigh–Durham–Cary combined statistical area (CSA), comprises the Raleigh–Cary and Durham–Chapel Hill Metropolitan Statistical Areas and the Henderson Micropolitan Statistical Area. A 2019 Census estimate put the population at 2,079,687, making it the second largest combined statistical area in the state of North Carolina behind Charlotte CSA. The Raleigh–Durham television market includes a broader 24-county area which includes Fayetteville, North Carolina, and has a population of 2,726,000 persons. The "Triangle" name was cemented in the public consciousness in the 1950s with the creation of Park, home to numerous tech companies and enterprises. Although the name is now used to refer to the geographic region, "the Triangle" originally referred to the universities, whose research facilities, and the educated workforce they provide, have historically served as a major attraction for businesses located in the region. Most of the Triangle is part of North Carolina's first, second, and fourth congressional districts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411765 | 174,519 |
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