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Cauchy stress tensor 1c): According to the "Cauchy Postulate", the stress vector formula_6 remains unchanged for all surfaces passing through the point formula_10 and having the same normal vector formula_8 at formula_10, i.e., having a common tangent at formula_10. This means that the stress vector is a function of the normal vector formula_8 only, and is not influenced by the curvature of the internal surfaces. A consequence of Cauchy's postulate is "Cauchy’s Fundamental Lemma", also called the "Cauchy reciprocal theorem", which states that the stress vectors acting on opposite sides of the same surface are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Cauchy's fundamental lemma is equivalent to Newton's third law of motion of action and reaction, and is expressed as "The state of stress at a point" in the body is then defined by all the stress vectors T associated with all planes (infinite in number) that pass through that point. However, according to "Cauchy’s fundamental theorem", also called "Cauchy’s stress theorem", merely by knowing the stress vectors on three mutually perpendicular planes, the stress vector on any other plane passing through that point can be found through coordinate transformation equations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3323565 | 197,345 |
Engineering technician Spanish "technical engineers" have full competency in their respective professional field of engineering, being the difference that the three or four year Engineers have competence only in their speciality (Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, etc.)and the "Engineering Superior School" Engineers have wider competences. In the United States, the Technology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) grants 2-year associate degree programs to students that meet a set of specified standards. These programs include at least a college algebra and trigonometry course and, if needed, one or two basic science courses at any accredited school. The number of math and science prerequisite courses depends on the branch of engineering that the student chooses. Engineering technicians apply scientific and engineering skills usually gained in postsecondary programs below the bachelor's degree level or through short-cycle bachelor's degrees. However, some university institutions award undergraduate degrees in the field of engineering which may confer the title of to the student, who is, however, eligible to become a fully chartered engineer after further studies at the master's degree level. Engineering technicians are called professional engineers in the UK only. Engineering Technician disciplines align with other engineering professionals. Their field is engineering technology and focus on the technical aspects of engineering in their respective discipline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6997477 | 322,373 |
InfoZoom software is a data analysis, business intelligence and data visualization software product created using in-memory analytics. The software is created and supported by humanIT and the Fraunhofer Institute FIT , the same organization that created MP3 compression technology. The software has over 100,000 licensed users and over 1000 customers worldwide. software is developed by humanIT GmbH near Bonn, Germany. It was created in 1997 as a spin-off from the Fraunhofer Society which is the same scientific organization that contributed to MP3 compression technology. Since 2003, humanIT is a wholly owned subsidiary of proALPHA, an ERP (Enterprise resource planning) vendor based in Weilerbach, Germany. Today, is co-developed and supported by the Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Informationstechnik (FIT), as known as the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology in St. Augustin, Germany. v6.0 was released in March, 2009. The 64-bit version of was released as v6.4 in November 2009. v7.0 was released in November, 2010, with the release of v8.0 in November 2011. By the end of 2009, had grown significantly reaching 36,000 licensed users and 800 client organizations worldwide and in 2011 reaching 50,000 users with 1000 clients. allows users to extract large amounts of information from multiple data sources, including any ODBC-compliant databases, Microsoft Excel, text files and other data sources. The software allows for data visualization of entire datasets through an easy to use graphical interface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25223405 | 452,182 |
Protein–lipid interaction The experimental spectrum can be analyzed as the sum of the two components, a rapidly tumbling species in the "bulk" lipid phase with a sharp spectrum, and a motionally restricted component adjacent to the protein. Membrane protein denaturation causes further broadening of ESR spin label spectrum and throws more light on membrane lipid-proteins interactions 2) Spin-labeled and brominated lipid derivatives are able to quench the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence from membrane proteins. The efficiency of quenching depends on the distance between the lipid derivative and the fluorescent tryptophans. Most H-NMR experiments with deuterated phospholipids demonstrate that the presence of proteins has little effect on either the order parameter of the lipids in the bilayer or the lipid dynamics, as measured by relaxation times. The overall view resulting from NMR experiments is 1) that the exchange rate between boundary and free lipids is rapid, (10 sec), 2) that the order parameters of the bound lipid are barely affected by being adjacent to proteins, 3) that the dynamics of the acyl chain reorientations are slowed only slightly in the frequency range of 10 sec, and 4) that the orientation and the dynamics of the polar headgroups are similarly unaffected in any substantial manner by being adjacent to transmembrane proteins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17890418 | 172,297 |
Lock (water navigation) The system was widely installed and on some canals it became very common. There turned out to be two serious drawbacks. It was much more expensive to install and maintain than traditional gear and went wrong more frequently, especially once vandals learned to cut the pipes. Even worse, it had a safety defect, in that the paddle once in the raised position could not be dropped in an emergency, but had to be wound down, taking a good deal longer. These factors led to the abandonment of the policy in the late 1990s, but examples of it survive all over the system, as it is usually not removed until the gates need replacing, which happens about every twenty years. A "windlass" (also variously 'lock handle', 'iron' or simply 'key') is a detachable crank used for opening lock paddles (the word does not refer to the winding mechanism itself). The simplest windlass is made from an iron rod of circular section, about half an inch in diameter and two feet long, bent to make an L-shape with legs of slightly different length. The shorter leg is called the handle, and the longer leg is called the arm. Welded to the end of the arm is a square, sometimes tapered, socket of the correct size to fit onto the spindle protruding from lock winding gear. On the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the lockkeepers were required to remove the windlasses from all lock paddles at night, to prevent unauthorized use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=165585 | 358,816 |
ACS Chemical Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 2006 by the American Chemical Society. The journal covers research at the interface between chemistry and biology spanning all aspects of chemical biology. The journal is available in both printed and online versions and is indexed in major databases including Chemical Abstracts Service, the ISI's Web of Knowledge, and MEDLINE. "ACS Chemical Biology" publishes research letters, articles, and reviews that are all peer-reviewed. In addition, specially commissioned articles that describe journal content are solicited. Letters describe findings of broad interest are generally five printed pages or shorter in length, while articles are comprehensive reports of research of "immediate, broad, and lasting impact". Usually articles are twelve printed pages or shorter in length. Finally, reviews cover key concepts of interest to a broad readership. Web-only content includes podcasts, a wiki, and articles published online ahead of print. "ACS Chemical Biology" has published the first three-dimensional interactive chemical structures replicating printed journal figures. These structures can be viewed in a web browser by means of Jmol - an open-source structure viewer. In addition to traditional features present in scientific journals, "ACS Chemical Biology" offers interactive features. These include the community website which includes an "Ask the Expert" section in which readers submit questions that are then forwarded to experts in the field | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12551029 | 184,249 |
Chelation in the intestinal tract is a cause of numerous interactions between drugs and metal ions (also known as "minerals" in nutrition). As examples, antibiotic drugs of the tetracycline and quinolone families are chelators of Fe, Ca, and Mg ions. EDTA, which binds to calcium, is used to alleviate the hypercalcemia that often results from band keratopathy. The calcium may then be removed from the cornea, allowing for some increase in clarity of vision for the patient. Homogeneous catalysts are often chelated complexes. A representative example is the use of BINAP (a bidentate phosphine) in Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation and asymmetric isomerization. The latter has the practical use of manufacture of synthetic (–)-menthol. Citric acid is used to soften water in soaps and laundry detergents. A common synthetic chelator is EDTA. Phosphonates are also well-known chelating agents. Chelators are used in water treatment programs and specifically in steam engineering, "e.g.", boiler water treatment system: "Chelant Water Treatment system." Although the treatment is often referred to as "softening," chelation has little effect on the water's mineral content, other than to make it soluble. What does change is the water's pH level, which is lowered. Metal chelate compounds are common components of fertilizers to provide micronutrients. These micronutrients (manganese, iron, zinc, copper) are required for the health of the plants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175641 | 36,751 |
Bailey County Electric Cooperative Association is a rural utility cooperative headquartered in Muleshoe, Texas. The cooperative was formed in September 1938 and energized the first of line (serving 362 customers, of which as of 2007 five are still members) in November 1939. The cooperative currently serves about 1,800 members with over of line. The cooperative's territory includes portions of Bailey, Castro, Cochran, Lamb, and Parmer counties, all located in the South Plains region of Texas near its border with New Mexico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11573613 | 464,876 |
Nikolas Kompridis (; born 1953) is a Canadian philosopher and political theorist. His major published work addresses the direction and orientation of Frankfurt School critical theory; the legacy of philosophical romanticism; and the aesthetic dimension(s) of politics. His writing touches on a variety of issues in social and political thought, aesthetics, and the philosophy of culture, often in terms of re-worked concepts of receptivity and world disclosure—a paradigm he calls "reflective disclosure". After gaining his Ph.D. at Toronto's York University, Kompridis worked with the influential philosopher and Frankfurt School social theorist Jürgen Habermas while a post-doctoral fellow at Goethe University. Following his time with Habermas he wrote a book responding to what he saw as serious shortcomings and inconsistencies in his mentor's work. In "Critique and Disclosure: Critical Theory between Past and Future", Kompridis argues that Habermasian critical theory, which has in recent decades become the main paradigm of that tradition, has largely severed its own roots in German Idealism, while neglecting modernity's distinctive relationship to time and the utopian potential of critique. While drawing on many of Habermas' own insights (along with the philosophical traditions of German Idealism, American Pragmatism, and the work of many others), Kompridis proposes an alternative approach to social criticism and what he sees as its role in facilitating social change | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25645450 | 243,802 |
Regulation of UAVs in the United States " " These provisions required drone operators to register with the Newton city clerk; prohibited drone flights over the city without prior permission of all landowners below; and prohibited beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) operations. Singer, who represented himself in court, argued that these provisions were preempted by the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 and the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (as recodified). U.S. District Judge William G. Young agreed, striking down the challenged parts of the ordinance due to conflict preemption. The City of Newton appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, but later withdrew its appeal. "Singer v. Newton" is widely regarded as the first court case to examine the intersection of federal and state powers over drone operations. Some locations, such as Charlottesville, Virginia, Iowa City, Iowa and St. Bonifacius, Minnesota have passed legislation that limits use of UAVs. In New York state, the city of Syracuse considered declaring the city a "Warrantless Surveillance Drone Free Zone" but put the legislation on hold after city counsellors became aware of a memorandum of understanding between the Justice Department and the Federal Aviation Administration. In 2016, the Connecticut House of Representatives considered legislation to impose restrictions on drone weaponization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45651130 | 239,579 |
Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotopic ratio relative to the mass of the tracer element in the accumulated substrates and products Regardless of the definition of the isotopic ratio, the isotopic composition of substrate and product are expressed as where formula_49 is a standard isotopic ration. Here, definition 3 of isotopic ratio has been used, however, any of the three definitions of isotopic ratio can equally be used. The isotopic ratio of the product can be used to define the instantaneous isotopic ratio and the time-dependent fractionation factor The time-dependent isotopic enrichment is simply defined as Under specific assumptions, the GEBIK and GEBIF equations become equivalent to the equation for steady-state kinetic isotope fractionation in both chemical and biochemical reactions. Here two mathematical treatments are proposed: (i) under biomass-free and enzyme-invariant (BFEI) hypothesis and (ii) under quasi-steady-state (QSS) hypothesis. In instances where the biomass and enzyme concentrations are not appreciably changing in time, we can assume that biomass dynamics is negligible and that the total enzyme concentration is constant, and the GEBIK equations become Eqs. () for isotopic compositions, Eq. () for the fractionation factor and Eq. () for the enrichment factor equally applies to the GEBIK equations under the BFEI hypothesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30320859 | 18,617 |
Yokneam Illit Yokneam or Jokneam is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as a city of Levites within the territory of the Israelite tribe of Zebulun (). It is located near Megiddo (Armageddon). The Crusaders called Yokneam "Cain Mons", or "Mountain of Cain" in keeping with the tradition that Cain, son of Adam (), was murdered at this site. Yokneam was populated throughout the Persian, Hellenistic, Roman/Byzantine, Arab, Crusaders, Mameluk, and Ottoman periods. Yokneam was the site of a Palestinian Arab village named Qira, depopulated in the lead up to the 1948 Arab–Israeli war. The Yokneam Moshava was established in 1935. In July 1950, a tent camp (Maabara) was set up to absorb 250 new immigrant families and remained part of Yokneam Moshava until 1967. By the start of 1952, another 400 families were housed in the tent camp. Toward the end of 1951, the first 285 families moved from the tent camp to permanent housing on the hill above the Yokneam Moshava. In 1952, Yokneam was considered unusual in that it had a single school for all regardless of whether they were religious or secular, or from the moshava or the tent camp. In 1964, Yokneam of 4,300 residents, with 160 of the families living in the moshava. In 1967, Yokneam was split into two local councils (Yokneam and Yokneam Illit). In the 1980s there were two factories in Yokneam, employing 90% of its residents. One collapsed and unemployment soared creating a challenging situation for residents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1215588 | 456,729 |
Headlamp A provision in EU Council Directive 91/663, issued on 10 December 1991, specified white headlamps for all new vehicle type-approvals granted by the EC after 1 January 1993 and stipulated that from that date EC (later EU) member states would not be permitted to refuse entry of a vehicle meeting the lighting standards contained in the amended document—so France would no longer be able to refuse entry to a vehicle with white headlights. The directive was adopted unanimously by the council, and hence with France's vote. Though no longer required in France, selective yellow headlamps remain legal there; the current regulation stipulates that "every motor vehicle must be equipped, at the front, with two or four lights, creating in a forward direction selective yellow or white light permitting efficient illumination of the road at night for a distance, in clear conditions, of 100 metres". A light source (filament or arc) is placed at or near the focus of a reflector, which may be parabolic or of non-parabolic complex shape. Fresnel and prism optics moulded into the headlamp lens refract (shift) parts of the light laterally and vertically to provide the required light distribution pattern. Most sealed-beam headlamps have lens optics. Starting in the 1980s, headlamp reflectors began to evolve beyond the simple stamped steel parabola | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=418780 | 377,170 |
Everhardus Jacobus Ariëns Based on his dissertation, he developed together with Jacques van Rossum, a method for quantification of pharmacological effects as a result of ligand-receptor interactions. The thesis developed the concepts of receptor affinity and intrinsic activity. With the help of these terms he could describe the behavior of agonists and antagonists as well as the dual agonist / antagonist behavior of partial agonists. An important accomplishment of Ariëns was the establishment of experiments on isolated organs instead of the living animal ("ex vivo"), which quickly and reproducibly delivered data on the affinity and intrinsic activity of test substances. Everhardus Ariëns was also active in the field of structure-activity relationships (SAR), a branch of medicinal chemistry. With the provocative statement that the then commonly used racemates were drugs with 50% contamination. he triggered a debate among pharmacologists and medicinal chemists and alerted the drug regulators. Everhardus Ariëns was thus the crucial precursor for the targeted development of enantiopure drugs. Another, though less noticed controversy he started by expressing his view that drug metabolism is wasted and called for the development of metabolism-resistant drugs. In addition, he followed in the tradition of Dutch pharmacists to combat quackery. Everhardus Ariëns 1963 was honored at the second International Congress of Pharmacology in Prague with the Purkinje Medal. In 1970 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38905013 | 32,984 |
Diffraction topography orientation contrast occurs on a macroscopic scale, it can also be generated more locally around defects, e.g. due to curved lattice planes around a dislocation core. Another type of topographic contrast, extinction contrast, is slightly more complex. While the two above variants are explicable in simple terms based on geometrical theory (basically, the Bragg law) or kinematical theory of X-ray diffraction, extinction contrast can be understood based on dynamical theory. Qualitatively, extinction contrast arises e.g. when the thickness of a sample, compared to the respective extinction length (Bragg case) or Pendelloesung length (Laue case), changes across the image. In this case, diffracted beams from areas of different thickness, having suffered different degrees of extinction, are recorded within the same image, giving rise to contrast. Topographists have systematically investigated this effect by studying wedge-shaped samples, of linearly varying thickness, allowing to directly record in one image the dependence of diffracted intensity on sample thickness as predicted by dynamical theory. In addition to mere thickness changes, extinction contrast also arises when parts of a crystal are diffracting with different strengths, or when the crystal contains deformed (strained) regions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8551999 | 53,518 |
Igneous differentiation This is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth's crust and mantle. Fractional crystallization in silicate melts (magmas) is a very complex process compared to chemical systems in the laboratory because it is affected by a wide variety of phenomena. Prime amongst these are the composition, temperature, and pressure of a magma during its cooling. The composition of a magma is the primary control on which mineral is crystallized as the melt cools down past the liquidus. For instance in mafic and ultramafic melts, the MgO and SiO contents determine whether forsterite olivine is precipitated or whether enstatite pyroxene is precipitated. Two magmas of similar composition and temperature at different pressure may crystallize different minerals. An example is high-pressure and high-temperature fractional crystallization of granites to produce single-feldspar granite, and low-pressure low-temperature conditions which produce two-feldspar granites. The partial pressure of volatile phases in silicate melts is also of prime importance, especially in near-solidus crystallization of granites. Assimilation is a popular mechanism for explaining the felsification of ultramafic and mafic magmas as they rise through the crust. Assimilation assumes that a hot primitive melt intruding into a cooler, felsic crust will melt the crust and mix with the resulting melt. This then alters the composition of the primitive magma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3864143 | 41,446 |
Fiscal space is the flexibility of a government in its spending choices, and, more generally, to the financial well-being of a government. Peter Heller (2005) defined it “as room in a government’s budget that allows it to provide resources for a desired purpose without jeopardizing the sustainability of its financial position or the stability of the economy.” There are different exact definitions for the term, and different metrics on how to measure it. The most influential definitions of the term come from international institutions, e.g., the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, the United Nations agencies, e.g., United Nations Development Program, World Health Organization and UNICEF, and the aid organizations, e.g. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The crucial point of debate is in how resources that define the 'fiscal space' should be viewed and thus calculated. In particular, unlike the IMF-World Bank, the UN agencies advocates defining it in relation to the extent to which a government can mobilize resources to a means to combat poverty and achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The term featured during campaigning ahead of the 2016 Irish general election. Moody's Analytics provides monthly estimates of the fiscal space of many countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30257336 | 502,662 |
Pressure exchanger A pressure exchanger transfers pressure energy from a high pressure fluid stream to a low pressure fluid stream. Many industrial processes operate at elevated pressures and have high pressure waste streams. One way of providing a high pressure fluid to such a process is to transfer the waste pressure to a low pressure stream using a pressure exchanger. One particularly efficient type of pressure exchanger is a rotary pressure exchanger. This device uses a cylindrical rotor with longitudinal ducts parallel to its rotational axis. The rotor spins inside a sleeve between two end covers. Pressure energy is transferred directly from the high pressure stream to the low pressure stream in the ducts of the rotor. Some fluid that remains in the ducts serves as a barrier that inhibits mixing between the streams. This rotational action is similar to that of an old fashioned machine gun firing high pressure bullets and it is continuously refilled with new fluid cartridges. The ducts of the rotor charge and discharge as the pressure transfer process repeats itself. The performance of a pressure exchanger is measured by the efficiency of the energy transfer process and by the degree of mixing between the streams. The energy of the streams is the product of their flow volumes and pressures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16672559 | 426,449 |
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants POPRC-7 considered three proposals for listing in Annexes A, B and/or C of the Convention: chlorinated naphthalenes (CNs), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) and pentachlorophenol (PCP), its salts and esters. The proposal is the first stage of the POPRC's work in assessing a substance, and requires the POPRC to assess whether the proposed chemical satisfies the criteria in Annex D of the Convention. The criteria for forwarding a proposed chemical to the risk profile preparation stage are persistence, bioaccumulation, potential for long-range environmental transport (LRET), and adverse effects. POPRC-8 proposed hexabromocyclododecane for listing in Annex A, with specific exemptions for production and use in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene in buildings. This proposal was agreed at the sixth Conference of Parties on 28 April-10 May 2013. POPRC-9 proposed di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta- and octa-chlorinated napthalenes, and hexachlorobutadiene for listing in Annexes A and C. It also set up further work on pentachlorophenol, its salts and esters, and decabromodiphenyl ether, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl chloride. POPRC-15 proposed PFHxS for listing in Annex A without specific exemptions. Although some critics have alleged that the treaty is responsible for the continuing death toll from malaria, in reality the treaty specifically permits the public health use of DDT for the control of mosquitoes (the malaria vector) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1035767 | 236,300 |
Howard Martin Temin Temin taught and conducted research at UW-Madison until he died of lung cancer (despite being a non-smoker), on February 9, 1994. He was survived by his wife Rayla, a geneticist at UW-Madison, two daughters, and two brothers, Peter Temin, also an academic, and Michael Temin, a lawyer. A walking path along Lake Mendota at UW–Madison was renamed in Temin's honor in 1998. The Howard M. Temin Path, also known as the Lakeshore Path, is a 1.6-mile path that extends from the limnology building near Memorial Union to Picnic Point. The path is used frequently by university students, faculty, and other residents of Madison. At the dedication ceremony, James Crow, a UW-Madison professor, said, "Howard loved to walk and bicycle along this path, and it is most fitting that it be dedicated to his memory." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=920178 | 145,407 |
Gas metal arc welding In position welding, gravity tends to cause molten metal to run out of the puddle, resulting in cratering and undercutting, two conditions that produce a weak weld. Weaving constantly moves the fusion zone around so as to limit the amount of metal deposited at any one point. Surface tension then assists in keeping the molten metal in the puddle until it is able to solidify. Development of position welding skill takes some experience, but is usually soon mastered. Two of the most prevalent quality problems in GMAW are dross and porosity. If not controlled, they can lead to weaker, less ductile welds. Dross is an especially common problem in aluminium GMAW welds, normally coming from particles of aluminium oxide or aluminum nitride present in the electrode or base materials. Electrodes and workpieces must be brushed with a wire brush or chemically treated to remove oxides on the surface. Any oxygen in contact with the weld pool, whether from the atmosphere or the shielding gas, causes dross as well. As a result, sufficient flow of inert shielding gases is necessary, and welding in moving air should be avoided. In GMAW the primary cause of porosity is gas entrapment in the weld pool, which occurs when the metal solidifies before the gas escapes. The gas can come from impurities in the shielding gas or on the workpiece, as well as from an excessively long or violent arc. Generally, the amount of gas entrapped is directly related to the cooling rate of the weld pool | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33731132 | 61,531 |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem Source routing is the mechanism that allows the sender of a message to specify partially or completely the route the message traverses. In SIP, the "route" header field, filled by the sender, supports this functionality by listing a set of proxies the message will visit. In the IMS context, there are certain network entities (i.e. certain CSCFs) that must be traversed by requests from or to a user, so they are to be listed in the "Route" header field. To allow the sender to discover such entities and populate the "route" header field, there are mainly two extension header fields: "path" and "service-route". The extension header field for registering non-adjacent contacts provides a "Path" header field which accumulates and transmits the SIP URIs of the proxies that are situated between a user agent and its registrar as the REGISTER message traverses then. This way, the registrar is able to discover and record the sequence of proxies that must be transited to get back to the user agent. In the IMS every user agent is served by its P-CSCF, which is discovered by using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or an equivalent mechanism when the user enters the IMS network, and all requests and responses from or to the user agent must traverse this proxy. When the user registers to the home registrar (S-CSCF), the P-CSCF adds its own SIP URI in a "Path" header field in the REGISTER message, so that the S-CSCF receives and stores this information associated with the contact information of the user | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44402859 | 229,548 |
Polyaniline nanofibers In interfacial synthesis, the polymerization happens at the interface between an aqueous and an organic layer. A typical reaction involves an aqueous solution of acid and oxidant and an organic layer of aniline together. This creates the reactive interface for polymerization to occur. As polymerization proceeds, the polyaniline nanofibers will diffuse into the water layer, leaving the reactive interface. This prevents overgrowth onto the existing wires, allowing for homogeneous nucleation to continue occurring. Conditions in the interfacial synthesis can be tuned, such as the type of acid used as well as the oxidant used. can also be synthesized through "rapid mixing" reactions. This method attempts to prevent overgrowth that would compromise the nanofiber nature of the polymer by stopping the polymerization immediately after nanofibers have been formed. This is achieved by the rapid mixing of the monomer, aniline, and an initiator solution. At the start of the reaction, the initiator is consumed rapidly and completely depleted when the nanofibers are formed. Without initiator remaining, the synthesis of polyaniline is halted. have been used in the creation of monolithic actuators. They can be used in this application due to their ability to be flash-welded. When exposed to light, polyaniline converts the absorbed energy directly into heat. In a polyaniline film, the heat is dispersed throughout the polymer. In polyaniline nanofibers, however, the heat is trapped within the individual fibers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24769245 | 75,553 |
Lubricant Improvement in filtration technologies and processes has now made recycling a viable option (with rising price of base stock and crude oil). Typically various filtration systems remove particulates, additives and oxidation products and recover the base oil. The oil may get refined during the process. This base oil is then treated much the same as virgin base oil however there is considerable reluctance to use recycled oils as they are generally considered inferior. Basestock fractionally vacuum distilled from used lubricants has superior properties to all natural oils, but cost effectiveness depends on many factors. Used lubricant may also be used as refinery feedstock to become part of crude oil. Again, there is considerable reluctance to this use as the additives, soot and wear metals will seriously poison/deactivate the critical catalysts in the process. Cost prohibits carrying out both filtration (soot, additives removal) and re-refining (distilling, isomerisation, hydrocrack, etc.) however the primary hindrance to recycling still remains the collection of fluids as refineries need continuous supply in amounts measured in cisterns, rail tanks. Occasionally, unused lubricant requires disposal. The best course of action in such situations is to return it to the manufacturer where it can be processed as a part of fresh batches. "Environment:" Lubricants both fresh and used can cause considerable damage to the environment mainly due to their high potential of serious water pollution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18069 | 447,566 |
InStat has developed its own filming technology: it uses the panoramic 4K footage and then AI uses special algorithms to crop the frame to feature all field player on the screen. This footage is superior to the TV video, as coaches need to see every player on any second of the match, while regular cameraman follows the ball and only a few players around it. offers media support with specific reports for broadcasters, online data feeds for TV coverage and online access to data via mobile app. Facebook Instagram <br> <br> <br> <br> Twitter <br> <br> <br> <br> Study of 100,000 penalties by feat. "MARCA.com" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21844128 | 112,991 |
Variable prepaid forward contract A Prepaid Variable Forward contract (PVF) is an investment strategy that allows a shareholder with a concentrated stock holding to generate liquidity for diversification or other purposes. Additionally, the shareholder will receive cash in hand without paying the capital gains taxes that would apply to a security disposal. The PVF allows the investor to receive an up-front payment (typically, 75-85% market value) in exchange for delivery of a variable number of shares or cash in the future. Since the contract establishes floor and threshold prices that govern how many shares (or cash equivalent) are returned at a given market price, the investor will be protected against downside risk below the floor while enjoying appreciation potential up to the threshold. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15744505 | 512,197 |
Statue of Europe The (also referred to as Unity in Peace) is a sculpture symbolising peace through European integration, while at the same time aiming to demonstrate the motto of the European Union (EU), "United in Diversity". It is located in the garden of Convent Van Maerlant (the library of the European Commission) in the crossroads of the street Van Maerlant and "chaussée d'Etterbeek", in the European Quarter of Brussels, Belgium. Made out of resin, the statue measures more than 5 meters and weighs nearly 800 kg. It was inaugurated on 9 December 2003 by Neil Kinnock and Viviane Reding, who respectively were Vice-President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Culture at the time. 2003 was the European Year of People with Disabilities, and the Eastern enlargement of the EU was awaited. The statue was manufactured, modelled, polished, and painted by visually impaired children under the supervision of by French artist Bernard Romain, who wanted to demonstrate that disability was not a disqualifying factor. Tightly entwined, the differently coloured arms symbolise the culturally diverse peoples of Europe, collectively lifting a sphere reminiscent of the EU flag, surmounted by the dove of peace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26580746 | 337,761 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction This receptor was changed by seven mutations in a cortisol receptor, but reversing these mutations didn't give the original receptor back. Indicating that epistasis plays a major role in protein evolution – an observation that in combination with the observations of several examples of parallel evolution, support the neutral network model mentioned above. Other earlier neutral mutations acted as a ratchet and made the changes to the receptor irreversible. These different experiments on receptors show that, during their evolution, proteins are greatly differentiated and this explains how complexity may evolve. A closer look at the different ancestral hormone receptors and the various hormones shows that at the level of interaction between single amino acid residues and chemical groups of the hormones arise by very small but specific changes. Knowledge about these changes may for example lead to the synthesis of hormonal equivalents capable of mimicking or inhibiting the action of a hormone, which might open possibilities for new therapies. Given that ASR has revealed a tendency towards ancient thermostability and enzymatic promiscuity, ASR poses as a valuable tool for protein engineers who often desire these traits (producing effects sometimes greater than current, rationally lead tools). ASR also promises to 'resurrect' phenotipically similar 'ancient organisms' which in turn would allow evolutionary biochemists to probe the story of life | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 | 18,278 |
2G It doesn't necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. While the symbol rate remained the same at 270.833 samples per second, each symbol carried three bits instead of one. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003, initially by AT&T in the United States. 2G, understood as GSM and CDMA has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE) and 5G; however, networks are still used in most parts of Europe, Africa, Central America and South America. Various carriers have made announcements that technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries is in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down services so that carriers can reclaim those radio bands and re-purpose them for newer technologies (e.g. 4G LTE). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=282460 | 245,248 |
Industrial Internet Consortium INFINITE uses Big Data to not only create completely virtual domains with Software-Defined Networking, but it also makes it possible for multiple virtual domains to securely run via one physical network - thus making it ideal for use in mission critical systems. Even more interesting, INFINITE makes it possible to connect to these virtual domains through mobile networks. member, EMC Corporation, is leading the INFINITE testbed. Also contributing their expertise to this project is member Cork Institute of Technology, as well as Vodafone, the Irish Government Networks, Asavie and Cork Internet Exchange. The testbed will unfold in two phases in Ireland. In Phase One, three geographically dispersed data centers will be interconnected into a reconfigured EMC network. In Phase Two, INFINITE will be applied to a use case called "Bluelight". Bluelight will allow ambulances to securely connect to a hospital's system and relay information while en route, so hospital staff are prepared to take over the care of the patient once the ambulance arrives. The INFINITE testbed is open to any member as well as interested nonmembers companies who have a concept for an IoT-enabled solution that requires mobile communication and a dynamic configuration environment. The Condition Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance Testbed (CM/PM) will demonstrate the value and benefits of continuously monitoring industrial equipment to detect early signs of performance degradation or failure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45261073 | 239,377 |
Gas cabinet Auto changeover gas cabinets can be defined by mass or pressure inputs. There is software also available for multiple cylinder scales on each joint or bank. Purge down and purge up processes can also be performed without any interruption of connected cylinders. The port and valve specifications for gas cabinets and distribution systems are an important part of the selection process. Gas cabinets may be distinguished by the types of valves used to control flow. Manual valves. Valves are manually adjusted or deployed via a control knob, lever, or other manual device. Solenoid valves. Valves are opened and closed via a solenoid magnet deployed by an electrical signal. Air pilot valves. Valves are deployed via a pneumatic signal. Ports are openings in the manifold or distribution system where the inlet and outlet connections are produced. Each opening is either an inlet (supply) port or an outlet port. The number of each corresponds to the requirements of the application. The quantity of supply ports specifies the number of independent fluid supplies that could be interfaced with the manifold or manifold system. The number of outlet ports establishes the number of outlets in the system. This is frequently specified as number of ports or valves that are or can be attached to the manifold. For example, an 8-point manifold has 8 ports or valves. Ports are sized based roughly on tube or pipe size with some important choices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45353208 | 361,435 |
Protein–protein interaction an acceptor of the electron). These interactions between proteins are dependent on highly specific binding between proteins to ensure efficient electron transfer. Examples: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation chain system components cytochrome c-reductase / cytochrome c / cytochrome c oxidase; microsomal and mitochondrial P450 systems. In the case of the mitochondrial P450 systems, the specific residues involved in the binding of the electron transfer protein adrenodoxin to its reductase were identified as two basic Arg residues on the surface of the reductase and two acidic Asp residues on the adrenodoxin. More recent work on the phylogeny of the reductase has shown that these residues involved in protein-protein interactions have been conserved throughout the evolution of this enzyme. The activity of the cell is regulated by extracellular signals. Signal propagation inside and/or along the interior of cells depends on PPIs between the various signaling molecules. The recruitment of signaling pathways through PPIs is called signal transduction and plays a fundamental role in many biological processes and in many diseases including Parkinson's disease and cancer. A protein may be carrying another protein (for example, from cytoplasm to nucleus or vice versa in the case of the nuclear pore importins). In many biosynthetic processes enzymes interact with each other to produce small compounds or other macromolecules. Physiology of muscle contraction involves several interactions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2161878 | 294,681 |
Maple Leaf Farm Potato House The is a historic agricultural storage building located on the property of Western Fields at Hebron, Wicomico County, Maryland. It was originally located on the north side of U.S. Route 50, southeast of the intersection with White Lowe Road, and moved to its present site in July 1997. It is a common bond brick structure measuring 40 feet by 24 feet, built between 1920 and 1928, and used for the storage of sweet potatoes. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20711323 | 348,519 |
Allied London is a property development and investment company that develops landmark projects ranging from re-use to regeneration developments across retail, commercial, office, residential, restaurant, and leisure sectors. The company also offers rental options. They own several buildings in the Spinningfields area of Manchester, as well as Glasgow, Leeds and London. The company was founded in 1909 and became a private company with Michael Ingall as its CEO from September 2000. Allied London's properties include: In April 2014 launched "hello" Work, to provide hot desking, co-working and studios alongside a community and events programme for SMEs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48061959 | 473,200 |
Magnetic tweezers In exactly the same way as with pulling a DNA hairpin apart by applying a force to the magnetic bead, an entire complex can be pulled apart and force required for the dissociation can be measured. This is also similar to the method of pulling apart receptor-ligand interactions with magnetic tweezers to measure dissociation force. This section compares the features of magnetic tweezers with those of the most important other single-molecule experimental methods: optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy. The magnetic interaction is highly specific to the used superparamagnetic microbeads. The magnetic field does practically not affect the sample. Optical tweezers have the problem that the laser beam may also interact with other particles of the biological sample due to contrasts in the refractive index. In addition to that, the laser may cause photodamage and sample heating. In the case of atomic force microscopy, it may also be hard to discriminate the interaction of the tip with the studied molecule from other nonspecific interactions. Thanks to the low trap stiffness, the range of forces accessible with magnetic tweezers is lower in comparison with the two other techniques. The possibility to exert torque with magnetic tweezers is not unique: optically tweezers may also offer this feature when operated with birefringent microbeads in combination with a circularly polarized laser beam. Another advantage of magnetic tweezers is that it is easy to carry out in parallel many single molecule measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9368062 | 54,453 |
Metal–insulator transition Metal–insulator transitions are transitions from a metal (material with good electrical conductivity of electric charges) to an insulator (material where conductivity of charges is quickly suppressed). These transitions can be achieved by tuning various ambient parameters such as pressure or, in case of a semiconductor, doping. The basic distinction between metals and insulators was proposed by Bethe, Sommerfeld and Bloch in 1928/1929. It distinguished between conducting metals (with partially filled bands) and nonconducting insulators. However, in 1937 de Boer and Evert Verwey reported that many transition-metal oxides (such as NiO) with a partially filled d-band were poor conductors, often insulating. In the same year, the importance of the electron-electron correlation was stated by Peierls. Since then, these materials as well as others exhibiting a transition between a metal and an insulator have been extensively studied, e.g. by Sir Nevill Mott, after whom the insulating state is named Mott insulator. The first metal-insulator transition to be found was the Verwey transition of magnetite in the 1940's. The classical band structure of solid state physics predicts the Fermi level to lie in a band gap for insulators and in the conduction band for metals, which means metallic behavior is seen for compounds with partially filled bands. However, some compounds have been found which show insulating behavior even for partially filled bands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9206499 | 47,894 |
Monument of the Holy Mother of God (Haskovo) The Monument of the Holy Mother of God (, ) is a monument in Haskovo, a city in southeastern Bulgaria. The monument is dedicated to Mary, the mother of Jesus and was unveiled in 2003. Standing at a total height of (of which the statue itself is ), the monument has been certified by the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest statue of the Virgin Mary with the Infant Jesus in the world. However, despite certification Guinness Book of Records, this statue does not exceed height at Monument Lady of Peace in Trujillo, Venezuela. The Virgin Mary is the traditional patron saint of Haskovo. The Bulgarian National Revival-time Church of the Holy Mother of God, built from 1832 to 1837, was the first cathedral to be built in Haskovo in modern times. The feast of the Nativity of the Mother of God on 8 September has been celebrated as one of the most important holidays of that city. The earliest record of an organized celebration dates from 1896 and the feast was officially proclaimed the Day of Haskovo in 1993. Construction of the Monument of the Holy Mother of God was approved by the Haskovo municipal council in September 2002. The required funding of 300,000 leva (€150,000) was secured thanks to donations by the citizens of Haskovo. 10,000 postcards were printed with the image of the future monument and were sold for 5 leva (€2.50) each, with the entire collected sum going for the construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27772655 | 362,217 |
Ground-coupled heat exchanger In some areas, only cooling or heating may be afforded by earth-air heat exchangers. In these areas, provision for thermal recharge of the ground must especially be considered. In dual function systems (both heating and cooling), the warm season provides ground thermal recharge for the cool season and the cool season provides ground thermal recharge for the warm season, though overtaxing the thermal reservoir must be considered even with dual function systems. Renata Limited, a prominent pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh, tried out a pilot project trying to find out whether they could use the Earth Air Tunnel technology to complement the conventional air conditioning system. Concrete pipes with a total length 60 feet (~18¼m), inner diameter 9 inches (~23 cm), outer diameter 11 inches (~28 cm) were placed at a depth of 9 feet (~2¾m) underground and a blower of 1.5 kW rated power was employed. The underground temperature at that depth was found to be around 28 °C. The mean velocity of air in the tunnel was about 5 m/s. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the underground heat exchanger thus designed was poor ranging from 1.5–3. The results convinced the authorities that in hot and humid climates, it is unwise to implement the concept of Earth-Air heat exchanger. The cooling medium (earth itself) being at a temperature approaching that of the ambient environment happens to be the root cause of the failure of such principles in hot, humid areas (parts of Southeast Asia, Florida in the U.S. etc.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4813788 | 424,379 |
Axenic Such "contaminating" organisms will grow on the plate during this period, identifying cultures that are no longer axenic. As axenic cultures are derived from very few organisms, or even a single individual, they are useful because the organisms present within them share a relatively narrow gene pool. In the case of an asexual species derived from a single individual, the resulting culture should consist of identical organisms (though processes such as mutation and horizontal gene transfer may introduce a degree of variability). Consequently, they will generally respond in a more uniform and reproducible fashion, simplifying the interpretation of experiments. The axenic culture of some pathogens is complicated because they normally thrive within host tissues which exhibit properties that are difficult to replicate "in vitro". This is especially true in the case of intracellular pathogens. However, careful replication of key features of the host environment can resolve these difficulties (e.g. host metabolites, dissolved oxygen), such as with the Q fever pathogen, "Coxiella burnetii". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8868378 | 47,549 |
Magnetic Prandtl number The (Pr) is a dimensionless quantity occurring in magnetohydrodynamics which approximates the ratio of momentum diffusivity (viscosity) and magnetic diffusivity. It is defined as: where: At the base of the Sun's convection zone the is approximately 10, and in the interiors of planets and in liquid-metal laboratory dynamos is approximately 10. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15611465 | 47,238 |
Gross loan is the total amount of issued credits given to banks during the accounting period. Liquidity of the bank can be judged upon the amount of its gross loans. Liquidity of the credit institutions is directly related to the refinancing needs. is the total amount of loans, refinanced by credit institutions subject to the Central Bank. The Central Bank, as the lender of last resort, provides loans (credits) to commercial banks and other credit institutions, when the banks themselves have completely depleted their internal resources and are unable to maintain their solvency through other means. The Central Bank gives loans to commercial banks at the refinancing interest rate, which is minimal and may vary, depending on the type of services the given bank provides. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31119650 | 502,778 |
Critical illness insurance Critical illness insurance, otherwise known as critical illness cover or a dread disease policy, is an insurance product in which the insurer is contracted to typically make a lump sum cash payment if the policyholder is diagnosed with one of the specific illnesses on a predetermined list as part of an insurance policy. The policy may also be structured to pay out regular income and the payout may also be on the policyholder undergoing a surgical procedure, for example, having a heart bypass operation. The policy may require the policyholder to survive a minimum number of days (the "survival period") from when the illness was first diagnosed. The survival period used varies from company to company, however, 14 days is the most typical survival period used. In the Australian market, survival periods are set between 8 – 14 days. The contract terms contain specific rules that define when a diagnosis of a critical illness is considered valid. It may state that the diagnosis need be made by a physician who specialises in that illness or condition, or it may name specific tests, e.g. EKG changes of a myocardial infarction, that confirm the diagnosis. In some markets, however, the definition of a claim for many of the diseases and conditions have become standardised, thus all insurers would use the same claims definition. The standardisation of the claims definitions may serve many purposes including increased clarity of cover for policyholders and greater comparability of policies from different life offices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3417428 | 459,109 |
Toughening In order to retard crack propagation, these microcracks must form during crack propagation. The grain size should be smaller than a critical grain size to avoid spontaneous formation of microcracks. The distance between microcrack and fracture plane should be larger than grain size to have a toughening effect. TRIP effects have been found in partially stabilized zirconia. Partially stabilized zirconia consists of tetragonal phase at high temperature and monoclinic and cubic phases at lower temperature in equilibrium state. The start temperature of tetragonal-monoclinic martensite transformation is lower than room temperature in certain compositions. Stress field near the crack tip can trigger the martensite transformation. The martensite transformation leads to volume expansion and a shear. It exerts a compressive stress at the crack tip to hinder its propagation. From another point of view, the work associated to this phase transformation contributes to the improvement of toughness. The increment of toughness caused by transformation toughening can be expressed by: formula_16 where formula_11is the distance between boundary of transformed region with fracture plane, formula_18is the stress triggering martensite transformation, formula_19 is the strain of martensite transformation, and formula_15is the fraction of tetragonal grains that is related to microcracks in an affected volume. The tetragonal particle size should be controlled properly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54175973 | 82,379 |
Incineration The most publicized concerns about the incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) involve the fear that it produces significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions. Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards. The EPA announced in 2012 that the safe limit for human oral consumption is 0.7 picograms Toxic Equivalence (TEQ) per kilogram bodyweight per day, which works out to 17 billionths of a gram for a 150 lb person per year. In 2005, the Ministry of the Environment of Germany, where there were 66 incinerators at that time, estimated that "...whereas in 1990 one third of all dioxin emissions in Germany came from incineration plants, for the year 2000 the figure was less than 1%. Chimneys and tiled stoves in private households alone discharge approximately 20 times more dioxin into the environment than incineration plants." According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the combustion percentages of the total dioxin and furan inventory from all known and estimated sources in the U.S. (not only incineration) for each type of incineration are as follows: 35.1% backyard barrels; 26.6% medical waste; 6.3% municipal wastewater treatment sludge; 5.9% municipal waste combustion; 2.9% industrial wood combustion. Thus, the controlled combustion of waste accounted for 41.7% of the total dioxin inventory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216187 | 35,198 |
Wood preservation These processes increase the durability, dimensional stability and hardness of the treated wood by at least one class; however, the treated wood is darkened in colour, and there are changes in certain mechanical characteristics: Specifically, the modulus of elasticity is increased to 10%, and the modulus of rupture is diminished by 5% to 20%; thus, the treated wood requires drilling for nailing to avoid splitting the wood. Certain of these processes cause less impact than others in their mechanical effects upon the treated wood. Wood treated with this process is often used for cladding or siding, flooring, furniture and windows. For the control of pests that may be harbored in wood packaging material (i.e. crates and pallets), the ISPM 15 requires heat treatment of wood to 56 °C for 30 minutes to receive the HT stamp. This is typically required to ensure the killing of the pine wilt nematode and other kinds of wood pests that could be transported internationally. Wood and bamboo can be buried in mud to help protect them from insects and decay. This practice is used widely in Vietnam to build farm houses consisting of a wooden structural frame, a bamboo roof frame and bamboo with mud mixed with rice hay for the walls. While wood in contact with soil will generally decompose more quickly than wood not in contact with it, it is possible that the predominantly clay soils prevalent in Vietnam provide a degree of mechanical protection against insect attack, which compensates for the accelerated rate of decay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=481484 | 346,398 |
Shin Kong Life Tower KMG created a 1,170-square-meter plaza around the tower by setting the front of the building 31 m back from the street and setting other sides back to allow wide pedestrian walkways. Inspectors from National Taiwan University were consulted to help ensure the building's stability in earthquakes. The design featured an observatory level at the 46th floor. Separate elevators were installed to serve department store customers, office workers, and visitors to the observatory. Mindful of Taiwan's typhoons and tropical sun, designers used aluminum for the exterior so it would weather well. The rose color chosen for the exterior was inspired by the national flowers of both Taiwan and Japan, the plum blossom and cherry blossom, respectively. Construction of the began in 1989. The building was completed at a cost of US$270 million and opened in December 1993. As a design the drew a shrug from architects in and beyond Taiwan. It was generally regarded as a rather plain and old-fashioned design with only height to offer as a distinguishing characteristic. Some saw a design flaw in the placement of retail and office entrances on the same side of the building. Architect Kaku Morin conceded that his design made no novel architectural statement but expressed satisfaction in producing a "healthy" structure. "Construction is as important as design," he told the "Taiwan Review" in 1995. "A building is like a human body--if it is not healthy, it is nothing no matter how beautiful it is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12511348 | 348,221 |
Q-Weibull distribution }) \text{ for } q<1 </math>| In statistics, the "q"-Weibull distribution is a probability distribution that generalizes the Weibull distribution and the Lomax distribution (Pareto Type II). It is one example of a Tsallis distribution. The probability density function of a "q"-Weibull random variable is: where "q" < 2, formula_4 > 0 are "shape parameters" and λ > 0 is the "scale parameter" of the distribution and is the "q"-exponential The cumulative distribution function of a "q"-Weibull random variable is: where The mean of the "q"-Weibull distribution is where formula_10 is the Beta function and formula_11 is the Gamma function. The expression for the mean is a continuous function of "q" over the range of definition for which it is finite. The "q"-Weibull is equivalent to the Weibull distribution when "q" = 1 and equivalent to the "q"-exponential when formula_12 The "q"-Weibull is a generalization of the Weibull, as it extends this distribution to the cases of finite support ("q" < 1) and to include heavy-tailed distributions formula_13. The "q"-Weibull is a generalization of the Lomax distribution (Pareto Type II), as it extends this distribution to the cases of finite support and adds the formula_4 parameter. The Lomax parameters are: As the Lomax distribution is a shifted version of the Pareto distribution, the "q"-Weibull for formula_12 is a shifted reparameterized generalization of the Pareto. When "q" > 1, the "q"-exponential is equivalent to the Pareto shifted to have support starting at zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42526327 | 436,040 |
Fluorescent tag In molecular biology and biotechnology, a fluorescent tag, also known as a fluorescent label or fluorescent probe, is a molecule that is attached chemically to aid in the detection of a biomolecule such as a protein, antibody, or amino acid. Generally, fluorescent tagging, or labeling, uses a reactive derivative of a fluorescent molecule known as a fluorophore. The fluorophore selectively binds to a specific region or functional group on the target molecule and can be attached chemically or biologically. Various labeling techniques such as enzymatic labeling, protein labeling, and genetic labeling are widely utilized. Ethidium bromide, fluorescein and green fluorescent protein are common tags. The most commonly labelled molecules are antibodies, proteins, amino acids and peptides which are then used as specific probes for detection of a particular target. The development of methods to detect and identify biomolecules has been motivated by the ability to improve the study of molecular structure and interactions. Before the advent of fluorescent labeling, radioisotopes were used to detect and identify molecular compounds. Since then, safer methods have been developed that involve the use of fluorescent dyes or fluorescent proteins as tags or probes as a means to label and identify biomolecules. Although fluorescent tagging in this regard has only been recently utilized, the discovery of fluorescence has been around for a much longer time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=256141 | 141,809 |
Internal communications Most intentional communication takes place with the aim of effecting some kind of change or another. However, many practitioners in internal communications make a distinction between change and transformation. Drawing on the work of writers such as William Bridges, practitioners talk of 'change' as the act of altering something within an organisation (such as the introduction of a new IT system or the closure of an office) and they describe 'transition' as the process through which an individual passes as part of the process of coping with change. The use of the two terms interchangeably causes some confusion. Communicators who specialise in change communications tend to be interested in behaviour change and will draw heavily on psychological models. There are important contributions made to the debate about practice in this area by Herrero and Quike. Organizations occasionally face unplanned reputational crises which can destroy brand value or even finish the organization. At such moments, the support of the internal constituency becomes especially valuable, as employees' friends and relatives seek their account of events, and as talented and motivated participants consider whether or not to remain with the organization. As with media relations and PR, the role IC plays in a crisis can be decisive for the success or failure of an organization, as it responds to a critical challenge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1723083 | 455,596 |
Loudness war However, in the early 1990s, CDs with louder music levels began to surface, and CD levels became more and more likely to bump up to the digital limit, resulting in recordings where the peaks on an average rock or beat-heavy pop CD hovered near 0 dBFS, but only occasionally reached it. The concept of making music releases "hotter" began to appeal to people within the industry, in part because of how noticeably louder some releases had become and also in part because the industry believed that customers preferred louder-sounding CDs, even though that may not have been true. Engineers, musicians, and labels each developed their own ideas of how CDs could be made louder. In 1994, the first digital brickwall limiter with look-ahead was mass-produced: this feature, since then, had been commonly incorporated in digital mastering limiters and maximizers. While the increase in CD loudness was gradual throughout the 1990s, some opted to push the format to the limit, such as on Oasis's widely popular album "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?", which averaged −8 dBFS on many of its tracks—a rare occurrence, especially in the year it was released (1995). Red Hot Chili Peppers's "Californication" (1999) represented another milestone, with prominent clipping occurring throughout the album. By the early 2000s, the loudness war had become fairly widespread, especially with some remastered re-releases and greatest hits collections of older music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3576625 | 197,784 |
Numerical analysis To the contrary, if a problem is 'ill-conditioned', then any small error in the data will grow to be a large error. Both the original problem and the algorithm used to solve that problem can be 'well-conditioned' or 'ill-conditioned', and any combination is possible. So an algorithm that solves a well-conditioned problem may be either numerically stable or numerically unstable. An art of numerical analysis is to find a stable algorithm for solving a well-posed mathematical problem. For instance, computing the square root of 2 (which is roughly 1.41421) is a well-posed problem. Many algorithms solve this problem by starting with an initial approximation "x" to formula_2, for instance "x" = 1.4, and then computing improved guesses "x", "x", etc. One such method is the famous Babylonian method, which is given by "x" = "x"/2 + 1/"x". Another method, called 'method X', is given by "x" = ("x" − 2) + "x". A few iterations of each scheme are calculated in table form below, with initial guesses "x" = 1.4 and "x" = 1.42. Observe that the Babylonian method converges quickly regardless of the initial guess, whereas Method X converges extremely slowly with initial guess "x" = 1.4 and diverges for initial guess "x" = 1.42. Hence, the Babylonian method is numerically stable, while Method X is numerically unstable. The field of numerical analysis includes many sub-disciplines. Some of the major ones are: One of the simplest problems is the evaluation of a function at a given point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21506 | 116,697 |
Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers The Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers, "Sveriges ingenjörer", is a professional association in Sweden, gathering 120,000 members. It was created in 2007 by merger of "Sveriges Civilingenjörsförbund", which also used the name "Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers" in English, with the smaller "Ingenjörsförbundet". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27921256 | 210,091 |
Australian insolvency law There are three different types of winding-up: A members' voluntary winding-up is not technically an insolvency process. It is a voluntary liquidation entered into by the members where the company is not insolvent. The process is initiated by a special resolution of the company, and the creditors have no direct involvement and are repaid in full. The directors are required to give a declaration as to the solvency of the company which must be filed with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). Where a liquidator who is appointed pursuant to a members' voluntary winding-up subsequently determines that the company is in fact insolvent in his opinion (contrary to the solvency declaration made by the board of directors), then the liquidator must either (a) apply to the Court for the company to be wound-up on an insolvent basis, (b) appoint an administrator to the company, or (c) convene a meeting of creditors. If a meeting of the creditors is convened, then from the time of the meeting the winding-up will be treated as a creditors' voluntary winding-up. A creditors' voluntary winding-up is also initiated by the members but (in contrast to a members' voluntary winding-up) where it has been determined that the company is insolvent. The process normally occurs where the board of directors has determined that the company is insolvent and then recommended to the members that it be wound up | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47075029 | 468,092 |
M. Anwar Hossain Arthur Distinguished Professor of Plant Physiology and Emeritus Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology of Purdue University Thomas K Hodges, Japanese plant physiologist and Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University Kozi Asada, former president of the Australian Academy of Science Jim Peacock and Professor Kamaluddin Ahmad. With over 1400 citations, Hossain is one of the most cited plant scientists in Bangladesh. His works have appeared in premier scientific journals including the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Plant Physiology, Plant Molecular Biology and Plant and Cell Physiology. Hossain serves in the Editorial Board of "Bioresearch Communications". After his PhD he returned to Bangladesh for 2–3 years, and then again went to Kyoto Prefectural University as a part of a Biotechnology Career Fellowship Program (1987–1990). This time he studied plant genetic engineering. From 1991 to 1994 and 1995–1996 he worked at Purdue University, USA and Kyoto University, Japan respectively as visiting scientist (Full-time professor) during which he worked for developing submergence (flood) tolerant rice. Hossain's columns have appeared in leading national dailies such as bdnews24, "Janakantha", "Kaler Kantha", and "Samakal". He has written four books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35859918 | 178,350 |
McDonald's Cycle Center At the time, the city of Chicago had of bike lanes (with an additional forthcoming), in excess of 9,000 bike racks, and it had implemented a policy allowing bicycles on CTA trains (at all times excluding weekday morning and afternoon rush hours), CTA buses and Pace buses. In June 2005, Metra allowed a limited number of bicycles on trains during off-peak and weekend hours for the first time on a trial basis. By 2006, the city had of bike lanes. The planning emphasis in Chicago uses what is known as transit-oriented development, which encourages developers to include bicycle parking. The structure was originally named the Millennium Park Bike Station, but in June 2006 McDonald's announced a $5 million grant to underwrite the operations of the Cycle Center for 50 years. The bike facility had been the last unsponsored component of Millennium Park. As part of the endowment, McDonald's agreed to be the sponsor of free summer physical fitness programs such as yoga, pilates, and a variety of dance class sessions in Millennium Park for 10 years. McDonald's agreed not to use any of its traditional commercial signage such as the Golden Arches. The McDonald's sponsorship of the Cycle Center and park fitness activity came just a few months after Chicago was named the fattest city in America by "Men's Fitness". The Cycle Center is designed to encourage bicycle commuting to Millennium and Grant Parks as well as to work and other nearby downtown locations, such as the Art Institute of Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17835922 | 313,935 |
Socialism Past and present political philosophies and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism (anarcho-communism, anarcho-syndicalism collectivist anarchism, individualist anarchism and mutualism), autonomism, Communalism, participism, libertarian Marxism (council communism and Luxemburgism), revolutionary syndicalism and utopian socialism (Fourierism). Christian socialism is a broad concept involving an intertwining of Christian religion with socialism. Islamic socialism is a more spiritual form of socialism. Muslim socialists believe that the teachings of the Qur'an and Muhammad are compatible with principles of equality and public ownership, drawing inspiration from the early Medina welfare state he established. Muslim socialists are more conservative than their western contemporaries and find their roots in anti-imperialism, anti-colonialism and Arab nationalism. Islamic socialists believe in deriving legitimacy from political mandate as opposed to religious texts. Social democracy is a socialist tradition of political thought. Many social democrats refer to themselves as socialists or democratic socialists and some such as Tony Blair employ these terms interchangeably. Others found "clear differences" between the three terms and prefer to describe their own political beliefs by using the term social democracy. The two main directions were to establish democratic socialism or to build a welfare state within the capitalist system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26847 | 509,371 |
Pellet Fuels Institute (PFI) is a North American trade organization that represents manufacturers, retailers and distributors of wood pellet fuel supplies and appliances. The PFI was formed in 1985 as the Fiber Fuels Institute. Headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, PFI maintains National Residential Pellet Fuel Standards, compiles and publishes data on sales and manufacturing output relating to the U.S. pellet fuel industry, hosts industry conferences, and provides outreach to consumers on the use of pellet fuel as an alternative energy thermal source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20277638 | 513,159 |
Greatham Church Interior fittings include a "rustic" altar rail with a crenellated upper surface, dating from the 17th century. A good example of a Gothic Revival-style two-decker pulpit, in dark wood and built in the early 19th century (possibly around 1820), also survives, as do box pews of the same era. The porch houses a slab of local marble which may have formed part of the original altar. The walls are whitewashed. The church was designated a Grade I Listed building on 15 March 1955. Priests serving two or more churches is a common practice in modern times, but in the Middle Ages it was very unusual; nevertheless Greatham and Wiggonholt were united in this way from 1443. The church now has its own parish again: it covers the hamlet of Greatham and its rural surroundings as far as the railway line between Pulborough and Amberley. It is part of a larger benefice which includes the churches at Amberley, Parham and Wiggonholt and the former St Mary the Virgin's Church (now redundant) at North Stoke. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32221506 | 363,293 |
Communication in Distributed Software Development In this early stage there aren't many accounts of this kind of distributed development on an enterprise setting . However, the developments and tools of previous years pioneered the necessary means for companies to start investigating and adopting these practices when advantages could be obtained. More tools such as Audio conferencing and Instant messaging appeared mostly for other purposes but were quickly adopted, and continued to push forward the idea of distributed development. This new movement created an interest in the area of study that is to further improve the effectiveness and quality of the development process. Software development, in general, requires a great deal of information exchange and studies show that a great percentage of a developer's time is spent on collaborative/communication activities. While formal communication is used for essential tasks such as updating a project status or determining who has responsibility for any particular work, informal communication is also crucial for the development process. Informal communication, or "corridor talk", helps developers stay aware of what is going on around them, what other employees are working on, who has expertise in what area, and many other essential pieces of background information that enables them to work together efficiently and create the "spirit of a team". Studies also show that the more uncertain a project is, the more important is this kind of communication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54305815 | 262,259 |
Integrated gasification combined cycle In particular, coal contains more CO per BTU than oil or natural gas and is responsible for 43% of CO emissions from fuel combustion. Thus, the lower emissions that IGCC technology allows through gasification and pre-combustion carbon capture is discussed as a way to addressing aforementioned concerns. Below is a schematic flow diagram of an IGCC plant: The gasification process can produce syngas from a wide variety of carbon-containing feedstocks, such as high-sulfur coal, heavy petroleum residues, and biomass. The plant is called "integrated" because (1) the syngas produced in the gasification section is used as fuel for the gas turbine in the combined cycle and (2) the steam produced by the syngas coolers in the gasification section is used by the steam turbine in the combined cycle. In this example the syngas produced is used as fuel in a gas turbine which produces electrical power. In a normal combined cycle, so-called "waste heat" from the gas turbine exhaust is used in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) to make steam for the steam turbine cycle. An IGCC plant improves the overall process efficiency by adding the higher-temperature steam produced by the gasification process to the steam turbine cycle. This steam is then used in steam turbines to produce additional electrical power. IGCC plants are advantageous in comparison to conventional coal power plants due to their high thermal efficiency, low non-carbon greenhouse gas emissions, and capability to process low grade coal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4538124 | 91,148 |
Croatian Chamber of Economy (, abbreviation HGK), is a professional association of businesspeople in Croatia, and the oldest institution of its kind on the Croatian territory. It originates from the Chamber of Trades ("trgovačko-obrtnička komora"), which began operating on 16 February 1852 in Zagreb, on the basis of the imperial decree of March 18, 1850. During the 1920s the chamber was significantly modernized, growing into a strong and reputable institution on a European scale. In 1932 it was divided into Trade-Industrial and Handicraft Chamber, and in 1938 the Chamber of Commerce and the Chamber of Industry were created separately. Apart from a few years in the postwar period, those chambers operated as separate branches until 1962, when the unified was founded. According to the 1991 law the Chamber operates under its current name. It is structured after the European tradition of chamber organization, with compulsory membership and the scope of activities determined by law. The primary tasks of the Chamber are: The Chamber today is composed of 19 county chambers, as well as the Chamber Zagreb. Its professional organization is based on the work of 33 professional associations. The Chamber is funded by mandatory fees and other non-profit income. The highest governing body is the Chamber Assembly ("Skupština Komore"). It is a member of the International Chamber of Commerce and Eurochambres. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41849044 | 496,141 |
2000s energy crisis The price of crude oil in 2003 traded in a range between $20–$30/bbl. Between 2003 and July 2008, prices steadily rose, reaching $100/bbl in late 2007, coming close to the previous inflation-adjusted peak set in 1980. A steep rise in the price of oil in 2008 – also mirrored by other commodities – culminated in an all-time high of $147.27 during trading on 11 July 2008, more than a third above the previous inflation-adjusted high. High oil prices and economic weakness contributed to a demand contraction in 2007–2008. In the United States, gasoline consumption declined by 0.4% in 2007, then fell by 0.5% in the first two months of 2008 alone. Record-setting oil prices in the first half of 2008 and economic weakness in the second half of the year prompted a /day contraction in US consumption of petroleum products, representing 5.8% of total US consumption, the largest annual decline since 1980 at the climax of the 1979 energy crisis. World crude oil demand grew an average of 1.76% per year from 1994 to 2006, with a high of 3.4% in 2003–2004. World demand for oil is projected to increase 37% over 2006 levels by 2030, according to the 2007 U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA) annual report. In 2007, the EIA expected demand to reach an ultimate high of , from 2006's , driven in large part by the transportation sector | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1197343 | 293,928 |
Care-of address The Correspondent Node will send its information again to the Home Network. Thus, it has to be sent on through the tunnel to the foreign agent and then to the Mobile Node. When all mobile nodes share the same IP address with the foreign agent, this is implemented by the foreign agent acting as a proxy ARP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5006898 | 120,657 |
Pressure head In fluid mechanics, pressure head is the height of a liquid column that corresponds to a particular pressure exerted by the liquid column on the base of its container. It may also be called static pressure head or simply static head (but not static head pressure). Mathematically this is expressed as: where Note that in this equation, the pressure term may be gauge pressure or absolute pressure, depending on the design of the container and whether it is open to the ambient air or sealed without air. is a component of hydraulic head, in which it is combined with elevation head. When considering dynamic (flowing) systems, there is a third term needed: velocity head. Thus, the three terms of "velocity head", "elevation head", and "pressure head" appear in the head equation derived from the Bernoulli equation for incompressible fluids: where Fluid flow is measured with a wide variety of instruments. The venturi meter in the diagram on the left shows two columns of a measurement fluid at different heights. The height of each column of fluid is proportional to the pressure of the fluid. To demonstrate a classical measurement of pressure head, we could hypothetically replace the working fluid with another fluid having different physical properties. For example, if the original fluid was water and we replaced it with mercury at the same pressure, we would expect to see a rather different value for pressure head. In fact the specific weight of water is 9.8 kN/m and the specific weight of mercury is 133 kN/m | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7180591 | 440,644 |
Gröbner basis The dimension is the maximal size of a subset "S" of the variables such that there is no leading monomial depending only on the variables in "S". Thus, if the ideal has dimension 0, then for each variable "x" there is a leading monomial in the that is a power of "x". Both dimension and degree may be deduced from the Hilbert series of the ideal, which is the series formula_26, where formula_27 is the number of monomials of degree "i" that are not multiple of any leading monomial in the Gröbner basis. The Hilbert series may be summed into a rational fraction where "d" is the dimension of the ideal and formula_29 is a polynomial such that formula_30 is the degree of the ideal. Although the dimension and the degree do not depend on the choice of the monomial ordering, the Hilbert series and the polynomial formula_29 change when one changes of monomial ordering. Most computer algebra systems that provide functions to compute Gröbner bases provide also functions for computing the Hilbert series, and thus also the dimension and the degree. The computation of Gröbner bases for an "elimination" monomial ordering allows computational elimination theory. This is based on the following theorem. Consider a polynomial ring formula_32 in which the variables are split into two subsets "X" and "Y". Let us also choose an elimination monomial ordering "eliminating" "X", that is a monomial ordering for which two monomials are compared by comparing first the "X"-parts, and, in case of equality only, considering the "Y"-parts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=357328 | 111,448 |
Content repository API for Java The eXo JCR by eXo Platform is an open source repository with paid commercial support and documentation. Many other commercial vendors are working on JCR compatibility and products. Alfresco is an open source content management system which provides a JCR API onto their repository. GX released the new community version of its Web enterprise content management (ECM) platform based natively on Apache Jackrabbit and JSR. PHP adaptions have been started by TYPO3, translating the Java API to PHP. The PHPCR interfaces are also implemented by Jackalope, a PHP frontend talking to the Jackrabbit backend through the WebDAV interface, and Midgard, a cross-language content repository. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2878742 | 478,430 |
HITAC Researchers at Japan's Economic Planning Agency introduced an improved version (102B) as a substitute to the punch card system. In 1961, the 201 was developed as a smaller computer for business use. Moreover, in 1958, The Railway Technical Research Institute of Japan dispatched MARS. Although the first version of MARS did not include the system, its successor MARS101 utilized the 3030. After that point, Hitachi consistently used it as its mainframe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29435262 | 135,956 |
Rotor machine A long key takes longer to convey (securely) to the parties who need it, and so mistakes are more likely in key distribution. Also, many users do not have the patience to carry out lengthy, letter-perfect evolutions, and certainly not under time pressure or battlefield stress. The 'ultimate' cipher of this type would be one in which such a 'long' key could be generated from a simple pattern (ideally automatically), producing a cipher in which there are so many substitution alphabets that frequency counting and statistical attacks would be effectively impossible. Enigma, and the rotor machines generally, were just what was needed since they were seriously polyalphabetic, using a different substitution alphabet for each letter of plaintext, and automatic, requiring no extraordinary abilities from their users. Their messages were, generally, much harder to break than any previous ciphers. It is straightforward to create a machine for performing simple substitution. In an electrical system with 26 switches attached to 26 light bulbs, any one of the switches will illuminate one of the bulbs. If each switch is operated by a key on a typewriter, and the bulbs are labelled with letters, then such a system can be used for encryption by choosing the wiring between the keys and the bulb: for example, typing the letter A would make the bulb labelled Q light up. However, the wiring is fixed, providing little security. Rotor machines change the interconnecting wiring with each key stroke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=196223 | 448,326 |
Philip Morrison In 1941 he became an instructor at the University of Illinois. In December 1942, with World War II raging around the globe, he was recruited by Robert F. Christy to join the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago in January 1943. There he worked with Eugene Wigner on the design of nuclear reactors. Concerned about the danger from the German nuclear energy project, Morrison helped persuade the director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., to initiate the Alsos Mission in order to gather information on it. With the work in Chicago winding down in mid-1944, Morrison moved to the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico as a group leader. His first task was to help determine how much plutonium a bomb would require. He calculated that would be sufficient. He then worked with George Kistiakowsky on the explosive lenses required to detonate the implosion-type nuclear weapon. Morrison transported the core of the Trinity test gadget to the test site in the back seat of a Dodge sedan. He was an eyewitness to the test on July 16, 1945, and wrote a report on it. A month later, as leader of Project Alberta's pit crew, he helped load the atomic bombs on board the aircraft that participated in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war ended, Morrison and Robert Serber traveled to Hiroshima as part of the Manhattan Project's mission to assess the damage. Morrison returned to Los Alamos, where he remained until 1946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1741545 | 250,379 |
West Baden Springs Hotel Before MacDonald could begin foreclosure proceedings, Marlin declared bankruptcy and the hotel's ownership was tied up in litigation for nearly a decade. The Jesuits and Northwood's owners maintained the building's structure, leaving it in reasonably good shape when MacDonald purchased it in 1983. The property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987, but Marlin failed to preserve the building while it was in bankruptcy. Visitors continued to tour the structure until 1989, when it was declared unsafe, and closed. During the winter of 1991 ice built up on the roof and in drainpipes lead to the partial collapse of an exterior wall. In 1992 the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the hotel as one of America's most endangered places and the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana matched an anonymous $70,000 donation to pay for work to stabilize the main structure. Tie rods were installed, the roof was patched, drainage was improved on roof parapets, and the structure around the partially collapsed wall was secured. HLFI also created promotional materials to help find a buyer and promoted the establishment of a local zoning and redevelopment commission. Minnesota Investment Partners purchased the property in May 1994 for $500,000 from the bankruptcy receiver. Grand Casinos, Inc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11054648 | 364,577 |
Hotel Jugoslavija Distinguished creators and builders, architects Milorad Pantović, Vladeta Maksimović, Miroslav Janković and academic Ivan Antić took part in designing of the hotel and the interior. Planned and built for two decades, it was nicknamed "Belgrade Babylon". The hotel was ceremonially was opened on 31 July 1969 by Rudi Kolak, president of the Yugoslav Chamber of Commerce. It was used as an accommodation for celebrities and high officials visiting Belgrade. Some of the famous people who stayed in the include Queen Elizabeth II, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, U Thant, Willy Brandt, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Tina Turner, Neil Armstrong, and Buzz Aldrin. Hotel had the biggest chandelier in the world until 2010, designed and made by Swarovski in 1969. It has 40.000 crystals, 5.000 bulbs and weight of 14 tonnes., Size is 30 x 9 meters (90 x 28 ft) in rectangle shape. During the 1999 NATO bombings of Yugoslavia, the hotel was hit by two missiles, damaging the west wing. Part of the hotel was owned by Arkan, and had been used as a barracks for his paramilitary forces. One wing reopened on 9 February 2008 as the Grand Casino Beograd. In the early 1970s, architect Branislav Jovin designed the plateau and the quay in front of the hotel. Generally considered beautiful and elegant, the project allows the cascade descent from the hotel to the Danube's bank. Early 1990s saw the expansion of the "splavovi" (singular, "splav"), barge-clubs on the rivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5868405 | 332,536 |
Engineering education The following technical universities prepare mainly engineers in Bulgaria: The Bulgarian engineers are united in the Federation of Scientific and Technical Unions, established in 1949. It comprises 33 territorial and 19 national unions. In Denmark, the engineering degree is delivered by either universities or engineering colleges (e.g. Engineering College of Aarhus). Students receive first a baccalaureate degree (3 years of studies) followed by a master's degree (1–2 years of studies) according to the principles of the Bologna declaration, though traditionally. The engineering doctorate degree is the "PhD" (3 years of studies). The quality of Danish engineering expertise has long been much vaunted. Danish engineers, especially from engineering colleges, have also been praised at being very practical (i.e. skilled at physical work related to their discipline), ascribed to the high quality of the apprenticeship courses many Danish engineers go through as part of their education. Finland's system is derived from Germany's system. Two kinds of universities are recognized, the universities and the universities of applied sciences [Ammattikorkeakoulu]. Universities award typically 'Bachelor of Science in Technology' and 'Master of Science in Technology' degrees. Bachelor's degree is a three-year degree as master's degree is equivalent for two-year full-time studies. In Finnish the master's degree is called diplomi-insinööri, similarly as in Germany ("Diplom-Ingenieur") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8081063 | 216,231 |
Spinal cord injury research All 8 cervical subjects in this Phase 1–2 trial had exhibited improved upper extremity motor scores (UEMS) relative to baseline with no serious adverse side effects, and a 2010 Phase 1 trial in 5 thoracic patients has found no safety issues after 5–6 years of followup. Six-month efficacy data is expected in January 2017; meanwhile, a higher dose is being investigated and the study is now also recruiting patients with incomplete injuries. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent; they can develop into every type of cell in an organism. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent; they can differentiate into different kinds of neural cells, either neurons or glia, namely oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The hope is that these cells when injected into an injured spinal cord will replace killed neurons and oligodendrocytes and secrete factors that support growth. However they may fail to differentiate into neurons when transplanted, either remaining undifferentiated or becoming glia. A phase I/II clinical trials implanting NSCs into humans with SCI began in 2011 and ended in June 2015. Mesenchymal stem cells do not need to come from fetuses, so avoid difficulties around ethics; they come from tissues including bone marrow, adipose tissue, the umbilical cord. Unlike other types of stem cells, mesenchymal cells do not present the threat of tumor formation or triggering an immune system response | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48644210 | 157,545 |
Mathematical economics The market would "clear" at that price—no surplus or shortage would exist. The word "tâtonnement" is used to describe the directions the market takes in "groping toward" equilibrium, settling high or low prices on different goods until a price is agreed upon for all goods. While the process appears dynamic, Walras only presented a static model, as no transactions would occur until all markets were in equilibrium. In practice very few markets operate in this manner. Edgeworth introduced mathematical elements to Economics explicitly in "", published in 1881. He adopted Jeremy Bentham's felicific calculus to economic behavior, allowing the outcome of each decision to be converted into a change in utility. Using this assumption, Edgeworth built a model of exchange on three assumptions: individuals are self-interested, individuals act to maximize utility, and individuals are "free to recontract with another independently of...any third party." Given two individuals, the set of solutions where the both individuals can maximize utility is described by the "contract curve" on what is now known as an Edgeworth Box. Technically, the construction of the two-person solution to Edgeworth's problem was not developed graphically until 1924 by Arthur Lyon Bowley. The contract curve of the Edgeworth box (or more generally on any set of solutions to Edgeworth's problem for more actors) is referred to as the core of an economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18967255 | 512,946 |
Interstellar (film) " Richard Roeper of "Chicago Sun-Times" awarded the film a full four stars and wrote, "This is one of the most beautiful films I have ever seen—in terms of its visuals, and its overriding message about the powerful forces of the one thing we all know but can't measure in scientific terms. Love." Describing Nolan as a "merchant of awe," Tim Robey of "The Telegraph" thought that "Interstellar" was "agonisingly" close to a masterpiece, highlighting the conceptual boldness and "deep-digging intelligence" of the film. Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "This grandly conceived and executed epic tries to give equal weight to intimate human emotions and speculation about the cosmos, with mixed results, but is never less than engrossing, and sometimes more than that." In his review for the Associated Press, Jake Coyle praised the film for its "big-screen grandeur," while finding some of the dialogue "clunky." He described it further as "an absurd endeavor" and "one of the most sublime movies of the decade." Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" listed "Interstellar" as one of the most disappointing films of 2014, stating that the film "has a lack of flow, loss of momentum following the climax, clumsy sound mixing," and "thin characters" despite seeing the film twice in order to "give it a second chance." He wrote that "Interstellar" "ends up as a stripped-down and somewhat muted variation on any number of 'go into space to save the world' movies." Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6009939 | 252,200 |
Spaghetti bridge A spaghetti bridge is a bridge (architectural model) made of uncooked spaghetti or other hard, dry, straight noodles. Bridges are constructed for both educational experiments and competitions. The aim is usually to construct a bridge with a specific quantity of materials over a specific span, that can sustain a load. In competitions, the bridge that can hold the greatest load for a short period of time wins the contest. There are many contests around the world, usually held by schools and colleges. This annual competition, held at Okanagan College in British Columbia, started in 1983. The winner of the 2009 competition Norbert Pozsonyi and Aliz Totivan of the Szechenyi Istvan University of Gyor in Hungary. They won $1,500 with a bridge that weighed 982 grams and held 443.58 kg. Second place went to Brendon Syryda and Tyler Pearson of Okanagan College with a bridge that weighed 982 grams and held 98.71 kg. The competition is open to contestants around the world, however the rules state that contestants must be full-time secondary or post-secondary students. building contests around the world include: Winston Science http://www.winston-school.org/?PageName=LatestNews&Section=Highlights&ItemID=106650&ISrc=School&Itype=Highlights&SchoolID=4831 - Estimating the weight and the failure load of a spaghetti bridge: a deep learning approach DOI:10.1080/0952813X.2019.1694590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25394740 | 325,251 |
Paul Virilio Virilio attributed the suicides to the organization's restructuring which required frequent relocation of employees and expectations of constant communication. Virilio was one of the many cultural theorists (and other postmodernists) criticized by physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont in 1997 for what they characterize as misunderstanding and misuse of science and mathematics. Virilio's works are the subject of chapter 10 of "Fashionable Nonsense". Their criticism consists of a series of quotes (often long) from Virilio's works, and then explanations of how Vilirio confuses basic physics concepts and abuses scientific terminology, to the point of absurdity. In the authors' words: A criticism of a passage often reads something like this: They end their chapter with a long quote followed by this comment: A book-length cricism of Virilio's work to 2004 was written by Steve Redhead. He observed: He also notes that Virilio does not pass the grade in academic studies: However, for Law and Popular Culture, Redhead concedes Virilio as a factor: In 2014 an analyst of security, technology and global politics noted: He credits Virilio with balancing the propaganda of progress against the management of fear at some cost: Both the speed of light and globalization figure in Virilio's writing. At one point he wrote: Virilio is also quoted as saying, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=619823 | 278,580 |
X-dimension of recorded spot In fax systems, the is the effective recorded spot dimension measured in the direction of the recorded line. The effective recorded spot dimension" is the largest center-to-center spacing between recorded spots, which gives minimum peak-to-peak variation of density of the recorded line. implies that the facsimile equipment response to a constant density in the object (original) is a succession of discrete recorded spots. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41873 | 304,041 |
Sight glass A sight glass or water gauge is a type of level sensor, a transparent tube through which the operator of a tank or boiler can observe the level of liquid contained within. Simple sight glasses may be just a plastic or glass tube connected to the bottom of the tank at one end and the top of the tank at the other. The level of liquid in the sight glass will be the same as the level of liquid in the tank. Today, however, sophisticated float switches have replaced sight glasses in many such applications. If the liquid is hazardous or under pressure, more sophisticated arrangements must be made. In the case of a boiler, the pressure of the water below and the steam above is equal, so any change in the water level will be seen in the gauge. The transparent tube (the “glass” itself) may be mostly enclosed within a metal or toughened glass shroud to prevent it from being damaged through scratching or impact and offering protection to the operators in the case of breakage. This usually has a patterned backplate to make the magnifying effect of the water in the tube more obvious and so allow for easier reading. In some locomotives where the boiler is operated at very high pressures, the tube itself would be made of metal-reinforced toughened glass. It is important to keep the water at the specified level, otherwise the top of the firebox will be exposed, creating an overheat hazard and causing damage and possibly catastrophic failure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4160674 | 374,892 |
Drakon (novel) During a test of the generator an error occurs and before she can get clear she is caught by the wormhole and is sent to an alternate Earth, called Earth/2. The event is detected by the "USSNF President Douglas", which is an FTL starship of the United States of Samothrace utilizing wormhole technology and is positioned a tenth of a lightyear outside Pluto. Gwendolyn lands in a warehouse where a drug deal is taking place between 22 persons. They notice her and try to kill her, but she kills all of them instead and steals their money. Detective Henry Carmaggio arrives later on the crime scene where he learns that most of the victims died from blunt trauma or as a result of cutting blows from a bladed weapon honed to an unnatural sharpness. They also find an arm that does not belong to any of the victims and appears to be from an animal. Meanwhile, Gwendolyn tries to figure out where she has ended up and learns that she is in New York City in 1995. She quickly learns that not only did she travel back in time but also to a parallel Earth, one where the Domination of Draka never existed. She hides out for a while in various apartments, after killing the owners. Carmaggio is constantly one step behind and during his interviews with the victims’ acquaintances he meets Jennifer Feinberg. Gwendolyn decides that she needs to figure out a way to contact her Earth. In an effort to make her stolen drug money look legitimate she decides to go to Cali, Colombia where she recruits her first followers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18119737 | 289,732 |
State-owned enterprise Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997) have developed the leading application of the incomplete contract theory to the issue of state-owned enterprises. These authors compare a situation in which the government is in control of a firm to a situation in which a private manager is in control. The manager can invest to come up with cost-reducing and quality-enhancing innovations. The government and the manager bargain over the implementation of the innovations. If the negotiations fail, the owner can decide about the implementation. It turns out that when cost-reducing innovations do not harm quality significantly, then private firms are to be preferred. Yet, when cost-reductions may strongly reduce quality, state-owned enterprises are superior. Hoppe and Schmitz (2010) have extended this theory in order to allow for a richer set of governance structures, including different forms of public-private partnerships. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=204768 | 493,495 |
Collective intelligence Mathematically, "c" and "g" are both variables summarizing positive correlations among different tasks supposing that performance on one task is comparable with performance on other similar tasks. "c" thus is a source of variance among groups and can only be considered as a group's standing on the "c" factor compared to other groups in a given relevant population. The concept is in contrast to competing hypotheses including other correlational structures to explain group intelligence, such as a composition out of several equally important but independent factors as found in individual personality research. Besides, this scientific idea also aims to explore the causes affecting collective intelligence, such as group size, collaboration tools or group members' interpersonal skills. The MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, for instance, announced the detection of "The Genome of Collective Intelligence" as one of its main goals aiming to develop a "taxonomy of organizational building blocks, or genes, that can be combined and recombined to harness the intelligence of crowds". Individual intelligence is shown to be genetically and environmentally influenced. Analogously, collective intelligence research aims to explore reasons why certain groups perform more intelligent than other groups given that "c" is just moderately correlated with the intelligence of individual group members. According to Woolley et al.'s results, neither team cohesion nor motivation or satisfaction is correlated with "c" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20756850 | 262,001 |
Particle filter For instance, for any function formula_163 we have the particle estimates where This also shows that if then We shall assume that filtering equation is stable, in the sense that it corrects any erroneous initial condition. In this situation, the particle approximations of the likelihood functions are unbiased and the relative variance is controlled by for some finite constant "c". In addition, for any formula_117: for some finite constants formula_119 related to the asymptotic bias and variance of the particle estimate, and for some finite constant "c". The bias and the variance of the particle particle estimates based on the ancestral lines of the genealogical trees are controlled by the non asymptotic uniform estimates for any function "F" bounded by 1, and for some finite constants formula_174 In addition, for any formula_117: for some finite constants formula_119 related to the asymptotic bias and variance of the particle estimate, and for some finite constant "c". The same type of bias and variance estimates hold for the backward particle smoothers. For additive functionals of the form with with functions formula_163 bounded by 1, we have and for some finite constants formula_183 More refined estimates including exponentially small probability of errors are developed in. "Sequential importance Resampling (SIR)", Monte Carlo filtering (Kitagawa 1993) and the bootstrap filtering algorithm (Gordon et al | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1396948 | 101,442 |
International Tunneling and Underground Space Association The is an organization founded in 1974, comprising currently 75 member nations and 310 affiliate members, aiming to encourage the use of the subsurface for the benefit of public, environment and sustainable development, and to promote advances in planning, design, construction, maintenance and safety of tunnels and underground space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15491314 | 290,951 |
DisplayID codice_42 Display device data block provides information about display panel characteristics for embedded applications, such as display technology, panel type, and pixel response times. Display interface features block - superseded by codice_14 Display Interface Features. Data blocks not described above are: codice_44 Serial Number Data block provides product serial number as an ASCII string. codice_45 General Purpose ASCII String block provides general purpose text strings that may be required by specific applications. codice_46 Interface Power Sequencing block defines display interface signal timings required for entering and exiting sleep mode. codice_47 Transfer Characteristics block defines detailed gamma curves according to VESA Display Transfer Characteristic Data Block (DTCDB) standard, as may be required by Byte 1 in codice_5 Color characteristics block. codice_18 Stereo Display Interface block describes stereoscopic 3D/VR modes - superseded by codice_17 Stereo display interface. codice_20 Tiled Display Topology data block defines multi-panel displays - superseded by codice_19 Tiled Display Topology. codice_53 Vendor specific block defines proprietary vendor data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27944315 | 414,295 |
Software company The UML sequence diagram of interaction between these groups may look like: At each stage a different group plays a key role, however each type of role must be involved throughout the whole development process: Well-run software companies possess various systems and procedures implemented and working internally across all the sub-teams. These include: There are also Application Lifecycle Management (ALM), which embed some of these functionalities in one package and are used across the groups. They are delivered from various vendors like Borland, ECM or Compuware. Well-established software companies typically have some way of measuring their own efficiency. This is usually done by defining the set of key performance indicators (KPI), such as A number of organizations are focused on reaching the optimum level of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), where "optimum" does not necessarily mean the highest. There are also other systems such as Carnegie-Mellon University's SEMA, or particular ISO standards. Small software companies will sometimes use less formalized approaches. Each organization works out its own style, which lies somewhere between total technocracy (where all is defined by numbers) and total anarchy (where there are no numbers at all). Whichever way the organization goes, they consider the pyramid describing the cost and risk of introducing change to already-begun development processes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=212862 | 235,468 |
Species complex The different species can also differ in their ecology, such as by having different breeding strategies or habitat requirements, which must taken into account for appropriate management. For example, giraffe populations and subspecies differ genetically to such an extent that they may be considered species. Although the giraffe, as a whole, is not considered to be threatened, if each cryptic species is considered separately, there is a much higher level of threat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2528728 | 173,256 |
Criticism of Microsoft After banning 'Teresa', a lesbian gamer who had been harassed by other users for being a homosexual, a senior Xbox Live team member, Stephen Toulouse, has clarified the policy, stating that "Expression of any sexual orientation [...] is not allowed in gamertags" but that they are "examining how we can provide it in a way that won't get misused". GLAAD weighed in on the controversy as well, supporting the steps that Microsoft has taken over the years to engage the LGBT community. Criticism of other software companies: General mechanisms at work: Discussions of Microsoft's business practices<nowiki>:</nowiki> TCO<nowiki>:</nowiki> Tax evasion<nowiki>:</nowiki> User feedback<nowiki>:</nowiki> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709683 | 476,495 |
Magnetic circuit Magnetic flux always forms a closed loop, as described by Maxwell's equations, but the path of the loop depends on the reluctance of the surrounding materials. It is concentrated around the path of least reluctance. Air and vacuum have high reluctance, while easily magnetized materials such as soft iron have low reluctance. The concentration of flux in low-reluctance materials forms strong temporary poles and causes mechanical forces that tend to move the materials towards regions of higher flux so it is always an attractive force(pull). The inverse of reluctance is called "permeance". Its SI derived unit is the henry (the same as the unit of inductance, although the two concepts are distinct). The reluctance of a magnetically uniform magnetic circuit element can be calculated as: where This is similar to the equation for electrical resistance in materials, with permeability being analogous to conductivity; the reciprocal of the permeability is known as magnetic reluctivity and is analogous to resistivity. Longer, thinner geometries with low permeabilities lead to higher reluctance. Low reluctance, like low resistance in electric circuits, is generally preferred. The following table summarizes the mathematical analogy between electrical circuit theory and magnetic circuit theory. This is mathematical analogy and not a physical one. Objects in the same row have the same mathematical role; the physics of the two theories are very different | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1115085 | 50,263 |
Trastuzumab has had a "major impact in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer." The combination of trastuzumab with chemotherapy has been shown to increase both survival and response rate, in comparison to trastuzumab alone. It is possible to determine the "erbB2 status" of a tumor, which can be used to predict efficacy of treatment with trastuzumab. If it is determined that a tumor is overexpressing the erbB2 oncogene and the patient has no significant pre-existing heart disease, then a patient is eligible for treatment with trastuzumab. It is surprising that although trastuzumab has great affinity for HER2 and high doses can be administered (because of its low toxicity), 70% of HER2+ patients do not respond to treatment. In fact resistance to the treatment develops rapidly, in virtually all patients. A mechanism of resistance involves failure to downregulate p27 (Kip1) as well as suppressing p27 translocation to the nucleus in breast cancer, enabling cdk2 to induce cell proliferation. The optimal duration of add-on trastuzumab treatment after surgery for early breast cancer is currently unknown. One year of treatment is generally accepted based on current clinical trial evidence that demonstrated the superiority of one-year treatment over none. However, a small Finnish trial also showed similar improvement with nine weeks of treatment over no therapy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=614750 | 142,348 |
Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. allows insects (e.g. water striders), usually denser than water, to float and slide on a water surface. At liquid–air interfaces, surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid molecules to each other (due to cohesion) than to the molecules in the air (due to adhesion). The net effect is an inward force at its surface that causes the liquid to behave as if its surface were covered with a stretched elastic membrane. Thus, the surface comes under tension from the imbalanced forces, which is probably where the term "surface tension" came from. Because of the relatively high attraction of water molecules to each other through a web of hydrogen bonds, water has a higher surface tension (72.8 millinewtons per meter at 20 °C) than most other liquids. is an important factor in the phenomenon of capillarity. has the dimension of force per unit length, or of energy per unit area. The two are equivalent, but when referring to energy per unit of area, it is common to use the term surface energy, which is a more general term in the sense that it applies also to solids. In materials science, surface tension is used for either surface stress or surface energy. Due to the cohesive forces a molecule is pulled equally in every direction by neighbouring liquid molecules, resulting in a net force of zero. The molecules at the surface do not have the "same" molecules on all sides of them and therefore are pulled inward | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=113302 | 365,353 |
Comparison of digital audio editors The following tables compare general and technical information among a number of digital audio editors and multitrack recording software. Please see the individual products articles for further information. Basic general information about the software: creator/company, license/price etc. Basic general information about the software: creator/company, license/price etc. The plugin types the software can run natively (without emulation). The various file types the software can read/write. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13427598 | 203,766 |
Neuroscience Other major organizations devoted to neuroscience include the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO), which holds its meetings in a country from a different part of the world each year, and the Federation of European Societies (FENS), which holds a meeting in a different European city every two years. FENS comprises a set of 32 national-level organizations, including the British Association, the German Society ("Neurowissenschaftliche Gesellschaft"), and the French "Société des Neurosciences". The first National Honor Society in Neuroscience, Nu Rho Psi, was founded in 2006. In 2013, the BRAIN Initiative was announced in the US. An International Brain Initiative was created in 2017, currently integrated by more than seven national-level brain research initiatives (US, Europe, Allen Institute, Japan, China, Australia, Canada, Korea, Israel) spanning four continents. In addition to conducting traditional research in laboratory settings, neuroscientists have also been involved in the promotion of awareness and knowledge about the nervous system among the general public and government officials. Such promotions have been done by both individual neuroscientists and large organizations. For example, individual neuroscientists have promoted neuroscience education among young students by organizing the International Brain Bee, which is an academic competition for high school or secondary school students worldwide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21245 | 154,153 |
Standard of care ” An attorney is held to the standard that any reasonable attorney in possession of the same knowledge and skill that an ordinary member of his or her profession possesses, as long as he is acting with reasonable care and diligence, in good faith and honest belief that his advice and acts are well founded at the time. Here, mere errors in judgment are excusable (Best Judgment Rule) and cannot be judged solely with the gift of hindsight without substantial injustice. He or she is required to exercise ordinary care and caution (diligence) in the use of that skill (Due Care Rule), and procedural and technical failures are held to be the most common breaches. (cf, "Hodges v. Carter", 239 N.C. 517, 80 S.E.2d 144 (1954). (failed service of process).) In "Cordas v. Peerless Taxi Company", 27 N.Y.S.2d 198 (1941), Justice Carlin held that a taxicab driver hijacked at gunpoint by a fleeing mugger in New York City may be excused from negligence for jumping out of the moving taxicab to save his own life, leaving the cab on an unguided trajectory towards bystanders. While some persons might choose to be singularly heroic, that standard is not one that is required for an ordinary prudent person. Such a person is held excused from liability, even if such failure might endanger others. An ordinary prudent person is not under any obligation to undertake a heroic duty at the risk of his own life. "The first duty in an emergency is to one's own self, as long as that person did not contribute to or cause the emergency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2319031 | 482,709 |
Fulvic acid This created analytical challenges and mass confusion for those products that are fulvic isolates, having no measurable or very low humic acid in them. It is also the primary reason that fulvic acid content claims were usually inaccurate and much higher than is being brought to light with the new standardised method. The Lamar standardized method involves combining the sample with one litre of a 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution, mixing for at least an hour, removing insoluble material with a centrifuge, precipitating humic acids by acidifying to pH 1 with hydrochloric acid, and absorbing the unprecipitated fulvic acids onto a macroporous absorbent resin. The isolated humic and fulvic acids are then separately dried, and weighed before and after ashing in a furnace. The method was developed by a team of scientists and individuals from various organizations involved in soil science. The Lamar method was recently accepted as the standardized method for fulvic acid quantification by Association of American Plant Food Control Officials, the Humic Products Trade Association, and the International Humic Substances Society. Until the emergence of the standardized Lamar method in 2015, this has been the most accurate of all testing methods for fulvic acid and may still hold promise since the results produced, with regards to fulvic acid content, are somewhat similar to the Lamar method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9398035 | 54,483 |
Planck's law In 1860, still not knowing of Stewart's measurements for selected qualities of radiation, Kirchhoff pointed out that it was long established experimentally that for total heat radiation, of unselected quality, emitted and absorbed by a body in equilibrium, the dimensioned total radiation ratio , has one and the same value common to all bodies, that is, for every value of the material index . Again without measurements of radiative powers or other new experimental data, Kirchhoff then offered a fresh theoretical proof of his new principle of the universality of the value of the wavelength-specific ratio at thermal equilibrium. His fresh theoretical proof was and still is considered by some writers to be invalid. But more importantly, it relied on a new theoretical postulate of "perfectly black bodies", which is the reason why one speaks of Kirchhoff's law. Such black bodies showed complete absorption in their infinitely thin most superficial surface. They correspond to Balfour Stewart's reference bodies, with internal radiation, coated with lamp-black. They were not the more realistic perfectly black bodies later considered by Planck. Planck's black bodies radiated and absorbed only by the material in their interiors; their interfaces with contiguous media were only mathematical surfaces, capable neither of absorption nor emission, but only of reflecting and transmitting with refraction. Kirchhoff's proof considered an arbitrary non-ideal body labeled as well as various perfect black bodies labeled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=191123 | 448,242 |
Hari Punja Hari Punja, OF, OBE (born 1936) is an Indo-Fijian businessman and Chairman of Group of Companies. and Sons Limited is a very diversified (and probably the largest) company in Fiji. was born in Cuvu, Sigatoka, Fiji and received his education in Fiji and Australia. He trained as a chemical engineer. Punja joined the business in 1960. He has served as a mayor of Lautoka and on a number of prestigious boards such as Fiji Broadcasting Commission and Fiji Sugar Corporation. He served as a Senator from 1996 to 1999. Punja has been married to Tara for about fifty years and has five children: Rohit, Ajai, Sanjay, Deepa, Leena. Punja has been bestowed with many credentials and honors. Some of these include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2106868 | 67,127 |
Polymer characterization A true workhorse for polymer characterization is thermal analysis, particularly Differential scanning calorimetry. Changes in the compositional and structural parameters of the material usually affect its melting transitions or glass transitions and these in turn can be linked to many performance parameters. For semicrystalline polymers it is an important method to measure crystallinity. Thermogravimetric analysis can also give an indication of polymer thermal stability and the effects of additives such as flame retardants. Other thermal analysis techniques are typically combinations of the basic techniques and include differential thermal analysis, thermomechanical analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and dielectric thermal analysis. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and dielectric spectroscopy are essentially extensions of thermal analysis that can reveal more subtle transitions with temperature as they affect the complex modulus or the dielectric function of the material. The characterization of mechanical properties in polymers typically refers to a measure of the strength, elasticity, viscoelasticity, and anisotropy of a polymeric material. The mechanical properties of a polymer are strongly dependent upon the Van der Waals interactions of the polymer chains, and the ability of the chains to elongate and align in the direction of the applied force. Other phenomena, such as the propensity of polymers to form crazes can impact the mechanical properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18886480 | 56,536 |
Paigah Tombs As all the Nizam's tombs till the ascending to the throne by 7th Nizams were exposed to the sky, to emulate the tomb of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb, of whom the Nizam were the governor. So the Paigah nobles preferred their graves to be without any roof. It is as per the simple tenets of Islam. The surrounding beautiful structure of walls have latticed panels with geometrical and floral design. The delicate polished stucco work and Jali is art is tic which represents the general style of the period. The sublime beauty of has enchanted many through the years. It lies just 6 km from Hyderabad making the location easily accessible. A cranked up signage stating the name will welcome you. As you step inside the compound you will be instantly transformed into an era where beauty and craftsmanship went hand in hand, even if it was to follow them in the after-life! Each step you take around the mausoleum will bring you closer to the exemplary craftsmanship with elaborately carved canopies and marble inlaid floral designs. The most fascinating aspect about the destination is that none of the designs are repetitive. Each of the Paigah noble’s tombs features something uniquely different and part of the wonder is in discovering the differences in the carvings. It is a treasure house of intricately designed latticework. It fills one with such wonder to see the delicately carved wooden doors and window screens done in jaali (perforated) work | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13793592 | 344,333 |
Bausch Health " The House Oversight Committee also requested documents from Valeant amid public concern around drug prices. In October 2015, the Federal Trade Commission began an investigation into Valeant's increasing control of the production of rigid gas permeable contact lenses. Valeant's acquisition of Bausch & Lomb in 2013, and Paragon Vision Services in 2015, is alleged to have given the company control of over 80% of the production pipeline for hard contact lenses. A series of unilateral price increases beginning in Fall 2015 spurred the FTC's investigation. On November 15, 2016, Valeant agreed to divest itself of Paragon Holdings and Pelican Products to settle charges that its May 2015 acquisition of Paragon reduced competition for the sale of FDA-approved "buttons", the polymer discs used to make gas permeable contact lenses. From 2015 to 2017, Valeant shares plummeted more than 90 percent. Large hedge funds such as Bill Ackman's Pershing Square Capital Management, Paulson & Co., and Viking Global Investors lost billions. By April 2016, the market value of hedge fund holdings in Valeant had fallen by $7.3 billion. However, hedge fund herding continued to incite hedge fund portfolio managers to continue to buy Valeant shares. In March 2016, the Board of Directors said that CEO J. Michael Pearson would be leaving the company as soon as a replacement was found and that investor Bill Ackman would be added as a director | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2350163 | 168,886 |
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