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Bob Widlar His proud statement: "I don't work" caused him frequent troubles when crossing the Mexican border and eventually, Widlar created a set of fake business cards presenting him as a "road agent" for "Morgan Associates". In November 1974 Widlar returned to National Semiconductor as a consultant. Richard Hodgson said in 1995: Some of Widlar's designs like the LM12 power amplifier and the LM10 ultra-low-voltage amplifier introduced in 1978, remain in production in the 21st century. The LM10 is capable of operating with a 1.1V power supply, thus instead of a conventional bandgap reference it employs Widlar's "sub"-bandgap circuit locked at 200 mV and the low-voltage Widlar output stage. For 10 years, no one else in the industry was able to produce a circuit that matched the LM10. In 1981 Swanson, Dobkin and Widlar co-founded Linear Technology. Swanson steered the company into producing second-source parts for other companies. Three years later the relationships fell apart in a patent right dispute. Widlar claimed rights over Linear's LT1 to LT20 chips, and in May 1984 walked away, leaving the case to his lawyers. In October 1984 Swanson fired Widlar after stealing his designs and invoked the mandatory share repurchase provision that was in Widlar's contract. According to Bo Lojek, Widlar's notebooks contained sufficient evidence to prove that many of the disputed patents were created by Widlar before Linear Technology was formed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3483624 | 416,744 |
Laws of information systems This is a variation on Darwin’s theory of evolution and is manifested in the case of memories, storage devices, databases etc. The information processing needs of an organization or society will always exceed its information processing capabilities. This can be seen as a converse of Moore’s law – doubling of processing power every two years. Whenever a new technology is introduced it is overwhelmed by new applications or increased usage. For instance, current technologies are not up to the task of processing images streaming from space probes in real time. This is also evidenced in the case of email, internet, search engines etc. that are being swamped by volume. A good system produces benefits that are disproportionately high in comparison to the initial investment. Any complex system, including an information system is typically interconnected with other systems. So a good system has ripple effects which show up as unexpected benefits. The freeway system in the U.S. for example, led to the growth of the automotive, steel and motel industries. Another example is the Sabre system that has been designed for making reservations but has been used in crew scheduling and flight forecasting. As a corollary a bad system produces problems that are disproportionately high in comparison to its area of operation, a prime example here being the 64K memory limitation of DOS which for a long time stymied software developers. Every software that involves users has a “right” design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22358403 | 266,617 |
Virtual output queueing VOQ scheduling is often referred to as "arbitration" (resolving the concurrent access wishes), whereas the ordering of packets ("packet scheduling") is an additional task following the VOQ arbitration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15112572 | 376,030 |
Heavy equipment or heavy machinery refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. "Heavy equipment" usually comprises five equipment systems: implementation, traction, structure, power train, control and information. has been used since at least the 1st century BCE when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane in "De architectura" when it was powered via human or animal labor. "Heavy equipment" functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied, making tasks which could take hundreds of people and weeks of labor without "heavy equipment" far less intensive in nature. Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion. The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise "De architectura". The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818. Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=491658 | 195,123 |
Arbuscular mycorrhiza This early symbiosis allows plants to tap into the well-established hyphal network and be supplied with adequate phosphorus nutrition during early growth, which greatly improves the crop yield. Restoration of native AM fungi increases the success of ecological restoration project and the rapidity of soil recovery. AM fungi enhance soil aggregate stability is due to the production of extraradical hyphae and a soil protein known as glomalin. Glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) have been identified using a monoclonal antibody (Mab32B11) raised against crushed AMF spores. It is defined by its extraction conditions and reaction with the antibody Mab32B11. There is other circumstantial evidence to show that glomalin is of AM fungal origin. When AM fungi are eliminated from soil through incubation of soil without host plants, the concentration of GRSP declines. A similar decline in GRSP has also been observed in incubated soils from forested, afforested, and agricultural land and grasslands treated with fungicide. Glomalin is hypothesized to improve soil aggregate water stability and decrease soil erosion. A strong correlation has been found between GRSP and soil aggregate water stability in a wide variety of soils where organic material is the main binding agent, although the mechanism is not known. The protein glomalin has not yet been isolated and described, and the link between glomalin, GRSP, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is not yet clear. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1372958 | 144,180 |
Titanium In addition to the ASTM specifications, titanium alloys are also produced to meet aerospace and military specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards, and country-specific specifications, as well as proprietary end-user specifications for aerospace, military, medical, and industrial applications. powder is manufactured using a flow production process known as the Armstrong process that is similar to the batch production Hunter process. A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium metal; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) is filtered from the extra sodium. is then separated from the salt by water washing. Both sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride. All welding of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen). Contamination causes a variety of conditions, such as embrittlement, which reduce the integrity of the assembly welds and lead to joint failure. Commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be formed readily, but processing must take into account of the tendency of the metal to springback. This is especially true of certain high-strength alloys. cannot be soldered without first pre-plating it in a metal that is solderable. The metal can be machined with the same equipment and the same processes as stainless steel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30040 | 83,338 |
Television The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube. One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth, potentially three times that of the existing black-and-white standards, and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum. In the United States, after considerable research, the National Systems Committee approved an all-electronic system developed by RCA, which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. As black-and-white TVs could receive the same transmission and display it in black-and-white, the color system adopted is [backwards] "compatible". ("Compatible Color", featured in RCA advertisements of the period, is mentioned in the song "America", of West Side Story, 1957.) The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29831 | 409,824 |
Mycorrhizae and changing climate This makes it difficult to pinpoint exact movements of particular fungi which may be in competition with one another, however these Alaskan trees have obligate endomycorrhizal symbiotes in great quantities, so accounting for their movement is easier. The measurements showed that there were varying distributions of not only the ectomycorrhizal fungi in trees, but the ericoid mycorrhizae, orchid mychorrhize, and arbuscular mycorrhizae in shrubs and fruit plants. They found that of the measurable ectomycorrhizal species richness and density, "– the colonization of seedlings declines with increased distance from forest edge for both native and invasive tree species across fine spatial scales." Thus, the greatest inhibitor of forest expansion is actually the mycorrhizae that prioritize a host's growth rather than their establishment (planting of the seed). The nutrients in the soil cannot sustain the complete growth of a tree within the perimeters of the amount of nutrient absorption that a mycorrhizae (that focuses on growth rather than establishment) will allow. The mycorrhizae which help a plant's establishment will aid the species (and in turn themselves) the most, by maintaining a healthy and balanced intake of nutrients. Species that are moving away from the equator due to change in climate likely experience the best benefits when establishing mycorrhizae infect their roots and spread to other offspring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59393212 | 158,252 |
Permanent magnet motor A permanent magnet motor is a type of electric motor that uses permanent magnets rather than windings on its field. This type of motor is used in the Chevy Bolt, the Chevy Volt, and the Tesla Model 3 rear wheel drive. Recent dual motor Tesla models use traditional induction motors.. Permanent magnet motors are more efficient than induction motor or motors with field windings for certain high-efficiency applications such as electric vehicles. Tesla's Chief Motor Designer was quoted discussing these advantages, saying: Permanent magnet motors rely on neodymium. “Rare earth production is as bad as you can get in terms of environmental damage,” according to a trader in rare earth metals. China, the top producer of neodymium, restricted shipments to Japan in 2010 during a controversy over disputed ownership of islands. China imposed strict export quotas on several rare earth metals, saying it wanted to control pollution and preserve resources. The quotas were lifted in 2015. Although neodymium is relatively abundant, global demand for neodymium outstripped production by about 10% in 2017. https://www.controleng.com/single-article/understanding-permanent-magnet-motors/345972809e774096c1b1eeec350f0168.html?tx_ttnews%5BsViewPointer%5D=1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51695411 | 214,793 |
Ann Moyal After returning to Australia, Moyal declined a PhD scholarship to the Australian National University (ANU) and instead became the inaugural assistant editor of the university's "Australian Dictionary of Biography", under Keith Hancock. Manning Clark described her as "one of the unsung heroines in the turbulent years" of the project. She left the dictionary in 1962 to become a research associate at the Australian Academy of Science and the ANU Research School of Social Sciences. Moyal's later career focused on the history of science. She was a science editor with University of Chicago Press (1967–1970) and from 1972 lectured at the New South Wales Institute of Technology. A 1975 article on the Australian Atomic Energy Commission "made her reputation as the leading Australian expert on the history of atomic energy in Australia ". From 1977 to 1979 she was the director of the Centre for Science Policy at Griffith University. Moyal's later career was conducted as an independent scholar, and in 1995 she helped establish the Independent Scholars Association of Australia; she served as the organisation's president until 2000. In 1996, she curated an exhibition on Australian scientists for the National Portrait Gallery. Moyal was a Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales (FRSN) and the Australian Academy of the Humanities (FAHA) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60144544 | 158,494 |
Instituto de Medicina Molecular The current Executive Director is the malaria researcher Maria Mota. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12086235 | 257,722 |
World currency In Christianity and Judaism, adherents are forbidden to charge interest to other adherents or to the poor (Leviticus 25:35–38; Deuteronomy 23:19). Islam forbids usury, known in Arabic as riba. Some religious adherents who oppose the paying of interest are currently able to use banking facilities in their countries which regulate interest. An example of this is the Islamic banking system, which is characterized by a nation's central bank setting interest rates for most other transactions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4044516 | 456,199 |
Lacquer They were used, for example, on brass items such as musical instruments. Faster-drying and more durable versions of these lacquers were developed in the early 1920s and soon greatly displaced much use of the slower-drying paints and lacquers that preceded them; they were extensively used in the automotive industry and others for the next 30 years until further chemical advancements replaced them. Prior to their introduction, mass-produced automotive finishes were limited in colour, damaged easily, and took a long time to dry, with Japan black being the fastest drying and thus the most economical to use. In 1923, General Motors' Oakland brand automobile was the first to introduce one of the new fast-drying nitrocellulose lacquers, a bright blue, produced by DuPont under their Duco tradename. In 1924 the other GM makes followed suit, and by 1925 nitrocellulose lacquers were thoroughly disrupting the traditional paint business for automobiles, appliances, furniture, musical instruments, caskets, and other products. Nitrocellulose lacquers are also used to make firework fuses waterproof. The nitrocellulose and other resins and plasticizers are dissolved in the solvent, and each coat of lacquer dissolves some of the previous coat. These lacquers were a huge improvement over earlier automobile and furniture finishes, both in ease of application and in colour retention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216140 | 35,170 |
Lean enterprise is a practice focused on value creation for the end customer with minimal waste and processes. The term has historically been associated with lean manufacturing and Six Sigma (or Lean Six Sigma) due to lean principles being popularized by Toyota in the automobile manufacturing industry and subsequently the electronics and internet software industries. Principles for lean enterprise derive from lean manufacturing and Six Sigma principles: There are five principles, originating from lean manufacturing, outlined by James Womack and Daniel Jones There are key lean enterprise principles originating from Lean Six Sigma principles. These principles focus on eliminating 8 varieties of waste (Muda) and form the acronym DOWNTIME: These 8 varieties of waste are derivative from the original 7 wastes as defined in the Toyota Production System. They are: The 8th waste of non-utilized talent was not recognized until post-Americanization of the Toyota Production System. The lean startup principles, developed in 2008 from lean manufacturing, also now contribute to our understanding of lean enterprise: Henry Ford developed a process called assembly line production. This is a manufacturing process in which parts are added as the assembly moves from work station to work station where parts are added in sequence until final assembly is produced. Alfred Sloan of General Motors further developed the concept of assembly line production by building a process called mass production that allowed scale and variety | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26802549 | 209,830 |
Justice Democrats The organization was noted for issuing a much smaller set of endorsements in 2020 than it did in 2018. Communications Director Waleed Shahid has justified this as an effort to give the most promising candidate a larger share of the group's resources. After the 2016 presidential election resulted in a victory for Donald Trump, many progressives pointed to the perceived loyalty of politicians to large donors as a major contributing factor to Hillary Clinton's loss to Trump. These critics contend that a campaign finance model more similar to that of Bernie Sanders, whose 2016 presidential campaign was funded by small individual donations, will increase public trust in politicians and accountability to constituents. On January 23, 2017, Cenk Uygur and Kyle Kulinski, founded with ten others, including former staffers from the Sanders campaign such as its Director of Organizing Technology, Saikat Chakrabarti, and MoveOn.org fundraiser Zack Exley. According to the organization, they seek to create a left-wing populist movement to support alternative Democratic candidates beginning with the 2018 mid-term elections, in order to either defeat the incumbent Democrats or cause them to become accountable to their constituents. They require their candidates to take a pledge to refuse financial contributions from billionaires and corporations. In addition, they hope to rebuild the Democratic Party on a national level and to defeat President Trump if he runs for re-election in 2020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52973326 | 474,254 |
Antibiotic use in livestock The practice of using antibiotics for growth stimulation has been deemed problematic for these following reasons: Antibiotic resistance - often referred to as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) although this term covers anti-virals, anti-fungals and other products - can occur when antibiotics are present in concentrations too low to inhibit bacterial growth, triggering cellular responses in the bacteria that allow them to survive. These bacteria can then reproduce and spread their antibiotic-resistant genes to other generations, increasing their prevalence and leading to infections that cannot be healed by antibiotics. This is a growing matter of concern as antibiotic resistance is considered to be a serious future threat to human welfare. Infectious diseases are the third leading cause of death in Europe and a future without effective antibiotics would fundamentally change the way modern medicine is practised. Bacteria can alter their genetic inheritance through two main ways, either by mutating their genetic material or acquiring a new one from other bacteria. The latter being the most important for causing antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains in animals and humans. One of the methods bacteria can obtain new genes is through a process called conjugation which deals with transferring genes using plasmids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40364158 | 156,532 |
Time Inc. Though Ripp had intended to remain Executive Chairman until 2018, he wound up leaving the board in 2017 and John Fahey served as non-executive chairman for the months prior to the company's sale to Meredith. On May 28, 2015, announced the purchase of entertainment and sports news site . In July 2015, "Time Inc." acquired League Athletics in Tucson, SportsSignup in Saratoga Springs, and iScore in Los Alamitos. The three companies will be a part of Sports Illustrated Play. After attempting a few TV shows in 2014 and 2015, the company formed Productions in 2016 as its in-house production company. On February 11, 2016, announced that it has acquired Viant, a leading people based marketing platform and owner of MySpace. In February 2017, it was reported that Meredith Corporation and a group of investors led by Edgar Bronfman Jr. were considering purchasing In 2016, acquired Bizrate Insights. On April 28, 2017, the company's board of directors dropped the plan of selling the company and instead focus on growth strategies. On November 26, 2017, it was announced that Meredith Corporation would acquire in a $2.8 billion deal. $640 million in backing will be provided by Koch Equity Development, but the Koch family will not have a board seat or otherwise influence the company's operations. Prior to the sale closing in January 2018, sold Essence Communications to Richelieu Dennis, the founder of hair- and skin-care products maker Sundial Brands. In January 2018, Meredith removed signage and references to Time, Inc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6696324 | 499,905 |
Broadcasting House There was, reportedly, controversy over some features of the statues when built and they were said to have been modified. They were reported to have been sculpted by Gill as God and Man, rather than Prospero and Ariel, and that there is a small carved picture of a beautiful girl on the back of Prospero. Additional carvings of Ariel are on the exterior in many bas-reliefs, some by Gill, others by Gilbert Bayes. The reception area contains a statue of 'The sower' by Gill. Several works of art were commissioned by the BBC for the refurbishment of Broadcasting House, at an overall cost of more than £4 million. Among these is "World", a pavement artwork by the Canadian-born architect and artist Mark Pimlott. According to the BBC, the work "reflects the global dimension of the BBC’s broadcasting and consists of over 750 stone flags inscribed with place names from around the world, as well as those from history, mythology and fantasy. The artwork is enhanced by elegant steel lines of longitude and latitude, a subtle scheme of small embedded lights and some audio installation linked to key output from the World Service." On the roof of the John Peel wing, mirroring the radio mast, is "Breathing", a cone-shaped glass structure reaching into the sky to the same height as the mast. It was sculpted by Jaume Plensa as a memorial to journalists killed in the line of duty. It includes words from a poem by James Fenton and is illuminated day and night | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=594606 | 347,416 |
Zigbee In 2009, the Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics Consortium (RF4CE) and ZigBee Alliance agreed to deliver jointly a standard for radio frequency remote controls. ZigBee RF4CE is designed for a broad range of consumer electronics products, such as TVs and set-top boxes. It promised many advantages over existing remote control solutions, including richer communication and increased reliability, enhanced features and flexibility, interoperability, and no line-of-sight barrier. The ZigBee RF4CE specification uses a subset of ZigBee functionality allowing to run on smaller memory configurations in lower-cost devices, such as remote control of consumer electronics. The radio design used by ZigBee has few analog stages and uses digital circuits wherever possible. Products that integrate the radio and microcontroller into a single module are available. The ZigBee qualification process involves a full validation of the requirements of the physical layer. All radios derived from the same validated semiconductor mask set would enjoy the same RF characteristics. ZigBee radios have very tight constraints on power and bandwidth. An uncertified physical layer that malfunctions can increase the power consumption of other devices on a ZigBee network. Thus, radios are tested with guidance given by Clause 6 of the 802.15.4-2006 Standard. This standard specifies operation in the unlicensed 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz (worldwide), 902 to 928 MHz (Americas and Australia) and 868 to 868.6 MHz (Europe) ISM bands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=195337 | 366,797 |
Ectopic expression Practices of ectopic expression in biological science is not only limited to identifying a function of the gene in a known cell or tissue type but also implemented to discover unknown or additional functions of the gene by ectopic expression. Paired box protein Pax-6 in humans is a transcription factor, which is a main regulatory gene of eye and brain development. of "Drosophila" homolog "eyeless" ("ey") has been used to identify roles of Pax-6 in humans. Using tissue specific "UAS-Gal4" system, "ey" can be induced on the legs, wings, halters and antennae of the transgenic flies to demonstrate that functions of "ey". Olfactory receptor gene (OR) is normally expressed in human and mouse olfactory tissue with a main function as odorant receptor for the detection of odorants. Individuals with a defect in this gene have disorders of taste and smell. It has been reported that ORs is also expressed on sperms and testis with special emphasis in a manner of ectopic expression. In a study, researchers identified ectopic expression of OR genes in non-olfactory tissues in the mouse model by measuring transcript levels. Here they found relatively low OR gene expression compared to the olfactory tissue, which result indicates that the OR gene in other tissue have no extra function, but they suggest that there is a possibility that small OR subsets can have functional roles in different tissue. Synovial Sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint-2 (SSX2) proteins are known to localize in nucleus and work as a transcriptional repressor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2990869 | 66,210 |
Organ printing Gelatin is a thermosensitive polymer with properties exhibiting excellent wear solubility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, as well as a low immunologic rejection. These qualities are advantageous and result in high acceptance of the 3D bioprinted organ when implanted in vivo. Synthetic polymers are human made through chemical reactions of monomers. Their mechanical properties are favorable in that their molecular weights can be regulated from low to high based on differing requirements. However, their lack of functional groups and structural complexity has limited their usage in organ printing. Current synthetic polymers with excellent 3D printability and in vivo tissue compatibility, include polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and polyurethane (PU). PEG is a biocompatible, nonimmunogenic synthetic polyether that has tunable mechanical properties for use in 3D bioprinting. Though PEG has been utilized in various 3D printing applications, the lack of cell-adhesive domains has limited further use in organ printing. PLGA, a synthetic copolymer, is widely familiar in living creatures, such as animals, humans, plants, and microorganisms. PLGA is used in conjunction with other polymers to create different material systems, including PLGA-gelatin, PLGA-collagen, all of which enhance mechanical properties of the material, biocompatible when placed in vivo, and have tunable biodegradability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3160379 | 72,287 |
Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management is an undergraduate college degree program which began at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. PCPS, now known as The University of the Sciences in Philadelphia is the oldest school of pharmacy in the United States and North America, founded in 1821. This program is ideal for students interested in learning the business and management side of health care and the pharmaceutical industry. It provides strong focus on the basic sciences, combining biological and pharmaceutical science coursework with marketing and general management studies. The program prepares students for a variety of careers, including pharmaceutical sales; health care and health information management; food, drug and medical device industry regulatory oversight; and pharmacy distribution systems development and implementation. Graduates are also prepared to continue their education in post-graduate programs that could include business, science, or regulatory affairs master's degrees. This degree is also offered at Saint Joseph's University, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which was one of the first universities to offer this specialized program of study. Outside of Pennsylvania, is offered at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences in Boston, Massachusetts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11157102 | 464,594 |
Hydrogenation Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes some important physical properties, such as the melting range, which is why liquid oils become semi-solid. Solid or semi-solid fats are preferred for baking because the way the fat mixes with flour produces a more desirable texture in the baked product. Because partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are cheaper than animal fats, they are available in a wide range of consistencies, and have other desirable characteristics (such as increased oxidative stability and longer shelf life), they are the predominant fats used as shortening in most commercial baked goods. A side effect of incomplete hydrogenation having implications for human health is the isomerization of some of the remaining unsaturated carbon bonds to their trans isomers. Trans fats (resulting from partial hydrogenation) have been implicated in circulatory diseases including heart disease. The conversion from cis to trans bonds is chemically favored because the trans configuration has lower energy than the natural cis one. At equilibrium, the trans/cis isomer ratio is about 2:1. Many countries and regions have introduced mandatory labeling of trans fats on food products and appealed to the industry for voluntary reductions. The food industry has moved away from partially hydrogenated fats (i.e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 | 500,585 |
Endangered species recovery plan An endangered species recovery plan is a document describing the current status, threats and intended methods for increasing rare and endangered species population sizes. The U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 requires that all species considered endangered must have a plan implemented for their recovery, but the format is also useful when considering the conservation of any endangered species. Recovery plans act as a foundation from which you can build a conservation effort and they can help to make conservation more effective. The United States congress said in 1973 that endangered species "are of aesthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people." They therefore set laws to protect endangered species. Section 4(f) of the United States Endangered Species Act from 1973 directs the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce to develop and implement recovery plans to promote the conservation of endangered and threatened species. The Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service are responsible for administering the act. The recovery plan is a document which specifies what research and management actions are necessary to support recovery, but does not itself commit manpower or funds. Recovery plans are used in setting funding priorities and provide direction to local, regional, and state planning efforts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6981653 | 331,962 |
Catastrophic failure A catastrophic failure is a sudden and total failure from which recovery is impossible. Catastrophic failures often lead to cascading systems failure. The term is most commonly used for structural failures, but has often been extended to many other disciplines in which total and irrecoverable loss occurs. Such failures are investigated using the methods of forensic engineering, which aims to isolate the cause or causes of failure. For example, catastrophic failure can be observed in steam turbine rotor failure, which can occur due to peak stress on the rotor; stress concentration increases up to a point at which it is excessive, leading ultimately to the failure of the disc. In firearms, catastrophic failure usually refers to a rupture or disintegration of the barrel or receiver of the gun when firing it. Some possible causes of this are an out-of-battery gun, an inadequate headspace, the use of incorrect ammunition, the use of ammunition with an incorrect propellant charge, a partially or fully obstructed barrel, or weakened metal in the barrel or receiver. A failure of this type, known colloquially as a "kaboom", or "kB" failure, can pose a threat not only to the user(s) but even many bystanders. In chemical engineering, thermal runaway can cause catastrophic failure. Examples of catastrophic failure of engineered structures include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1107703 | 313,232 |
Seymour Papert Seymour Aubrey Papert (; 29 February 1928 – 31 July 2016) was a South African-born American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator, who spent most of his career teaching and researching at MIT. He was one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, and of the constructionist movement in education. He was co-inventor, with Wally Feurzeig and Cynthia Solomon, of the Logo programming language. Born to a Jewish family, Papert attended the University of the Witwatersrand, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy in 1949 followed by a PhD in mathematics in 1952. He then went on to receive a second doctorate, also in mathematics, at the University of Cambridge (1959), supervised by Frank Smithies. Papert worked as a researcher in a variety of places, including St. John's College, Cambridge, the Henri Poincaré Institute at the University of Paris, the University of Geneva, and the National Physical Laboratory in London before becoming a research associate at MIT in 1963. He held this position until 1967, when he became professor of applied math and was made co-director of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by its founding director Professor Marvin Minsky, until 1981; he also served as Cecil and Ida Green professor of education at MIT from 1974 to 1981. Papert worked on learning theories, and was known for focusing on the impact of new technologies on learning in general, and in schools as learning organizations in particular | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27802 | 113,600 |
Imperial Wireless Chain From when the Post Office began operating the "Post Office Beam" services, through to March, 31st, 1929, they had earned gross receipts of £813,100 at a cost of £538,850, leaving a net surplus of £274,250. Even before the final link became operational between Australia and Canada, it was apparent that the commercial success of the Wireless Chain was threatening the viability of the cable telegraphy companies. An "Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference" was therefore held in London in January 1928, with delegates from Great Britain, the self-governing Dominions, India, the Crown Colonies and Protectorates, to "examine the situation which arose as a result of the competition of the Imperial Beam Wireless Services with the cable services of various parts of the empire, to report upon it and to make recommendations with a view to a common policy being adopted by the various governments concerned." It concluded that the cable companies would not be able to compete in an unrestricted market, but that the cable links remained of both commercial and strategic value. It therefore recommended that the cable and wireless interests of the Eastern Telegraph Company, the Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Company, Western Telegraph Company and Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company should be merged to form a single organisation holding a monopolistic position | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29466325 | 205,824 |
General communication channel The general communication channel (GCC) was defined by G.709 is an in-band side channel used to carry transmission management and signaling information within optical transport network elements. Two types of GCC are available: In contrast to SONET/SDH where the data communication channel (DCC) has a constant data rate, GCC data rate depends on the OTN line rate. For example, GCC0 data rate in the case of OTU1 is ~333kbit/s, and for OTU2 its data rate is ~1.3 Mbit/s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13567558 | 137,908 |
David Gries (born 26 April 1939 in Flushing, Queens, New York) is an American computer scientist at Cornell University, United States mainly known for his books "The Science of Programming" (1981) and "A Logical Approach to Discrete Math" (1993, with Fred B. Schneider). He was Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs in the Cornell University College of Engineering from 2003–2011. His research interests include programming methodology and related areas such as programming languages, related semantics, and logic. His son, Paul Gries, has been a co-author of an introductory textbook to computer programming using the language Python and is a Professor, Teaching Stream in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto. Gries earned a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) from Queens College in 1960. He spent the next two years working as a programmer-mathematician for the U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory, where he met his wife, Elaine. He earned a Master of Science (M.S.) in mathematics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1963. While at Illinois, Gries worked with Manfred Paul and Ruediger Wiehle to write a full compiler for the language ALGOL for the IBM 7090 mainframe computer. He earned his "Dr. rer. nat." in 1966 from the Technical University of Munich, studying under Friedrich L. Bauer and Joseph Stoer. He was a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1, which supports and maintains the languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8588742 | 103,823 |
Dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands In particular, Buchwald's group focused on the development of the dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands, while Hartwig's group investigated bisphosphinoferrocene and trialkylphosphine ligands. Due to the Buchwald group's discovery and extensive development of the dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands, they are also informally known as the "Buchwald ligands." The dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands were highly successful for these applications in cross-coupling, enabling excellent scope to be realized for these transformations. Moreover, derivatives of BrettPhos (see below) are uniquely capable of achieving the palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl (pseudo)halides with a variety of challenging nucleophiles, including fluoride, trifluoromethyl sources, nitrite (for nitroarene synthesis), and cyanate (for urea synthesis via isocyanates). In addition to these processes, their use has also been extended to transformations catalyzed by Au, Ag, Cu, Rh, and Ru, among other transition metals. Today, these ligands are widely used in both academia and industry. All of the Buchwald ligands are air-stable crystalline solids. Many can be bought commercially or synthesized in only a few steps from inexpensive starting materials. One pot protocols have been developed for the synthesis of these ligands and have been employed on >10 kg scales. Their enhanced catalytic activity over other ligands in palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions have been attributed to their electron-richness, steric bulk, and some special structural features | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53839046 | 45,392 |
Techno-populism Latin American left-wing populism is described by an endeavor to reclassify democracy through advancing positions that are progressively important for 'the people' as opposed to different individuals from society. Contemporary populism isn't just changing the importance of the very idea of democracy in Latin America, it is starting an open and scholastic discussion on the weaknesses of the neoliberal model of the U.S. and their political impact on Latin America in the most recent decades. "The long-term persistence of state pathologies under democratic rule is likely to have corrosive effect on public confidence in basic state institutions in many countries. However it has been argued that Latin American countries with a strong party system and solid political institutions can avoid populist reactions, since in these cases the proper functioning of the institutions of democratic representation leave little space for the (re)emergence of populism". Techno Populism is a movement of networked individuals which pursues and enacts citizens of a nation to play a critical role in conferring unity to a leading technocratic and leaderless political organisation.". Techno-Populist movements have had a presence in European politics since the advent of the internet but they have also existed prior to the internet under different names and methods to campaign to the public | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60620821 | 291,462 |
Crail Ranch Buildings The Historic listed in the National Register of Historic Places are two rustic cabins, the remnants of a homestead dating to the late 1890s in Gallatin County, Montana in the area now known as Big Sky. The historic cabins are part of the Crail Ranch Homestead Museum, which depicts the homestead era in Big Sky from about 1896 to 1970 through displays of objects, photographs and documents on loan from a descendant of the original homesteaders. The Crail Ranch was established as a homestead beginning in 1902 by Augustus Franklin "Frank" Crail (1842 - 1924) and his family. Frank Crail was born in November 1842, the second son of a farming family in Tipton County, Indiana. In 1865, at the age of twenty-two, Crail traveled alone to the Missouri frontier and joined a wagon train heading to the Montana Territory. By 1868, he was working in a quartz mine near Helena, Montana. Finding mining not to his liking, and finding freight hauling through Indian country too dangerous, Crail turned to homesteading based on the Homestead Act of 1862. In 1871, Crail partnered with two other ranchers and developed a homestead parcel in the Bridger Mountains, just north of the town of Bozeman in Gallatin County, Montana. Some of the original cabins and out buildings that Crail built on that land are still in existence. In 1886, at age 44, Frank Crail met and married Sallie Lorrie Creek, age 22, who had come to Montana with her family from Platte County, Missouri in about 1884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63264675 | 352,130 |
Protein adsorption in the food industry Cleaning speed and efficiency is improved due to increased diffusion of the cleaner into the soil matrix, now composed of smaller, more soluble proteins. Enzyme-based cleaners are especially useful for biofilm removal. Bacteria are somewhat difficult to remove with traditional alkaline or acid cleaners. Enzyme cleaners are more effective on biofilms since they work as proteases by breaking down proteins at bacterial attachment sites. They work at maximum efficiency at high pH and at temperatures below 60 °C. Enzyme cleaners are an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional chemical cleaners because of biodegradability and other environmental factors, such as reduced wastewater generation and energy savings from using cold water. However, they are typically more expensive than alkaline or acid cleaners. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32006111 | 486,798 |
Responsivity The responsivity in these applications can have a variety of units. The signal strength typically is controlled by varying either intensity (intensity-response function) or contrast (contrast-response function). The neural response measure depends on the part of the nervous system under study. For example, at the level of the retinal cones, the response might be in photocurrent. In the central nervous system the response is usually spikes per second. In functional neuroimaging, the response measure is usually BOLD contrast. The responsivity units reflect the relevant stimulus and physiological units. When describing an amplifier, the more common term is gain. "Deprecated synonym" sensitivity. A system's sensitivity is the inverse of the stimulus level required to produce a threshold response, with the threshold typically chosen just above the noise level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41663 | 379,709 |
Traffic message channel Traffic Message Channel (TMC) is a technology for delivering traffic and travel information to motor vehicle drivers. It is digitally coded using the ALERT C or TPEG protocol into RDS Type 8A groups carried via conventional FM radio broadcasts. It can also be transmitted on Digital Audio Broadcasting or satellite radio. TMC allows silent delivery of dynamic information suitable for reproduction or display in the user's language without interrupting audio broadcast services. Both public and commercial services are operational in many countries. When data is integrated directly into a navigation system, traffic information can be used in the system's route calculation. Detailed technical proposals for an RDS-TMC broadcasting protocol were first developed in the European Community's DRIVE programme research project RDS-ALERT, a partnership of the BBC, Philips, Blaupunkt, TRRL and CCETT led by Castle Rock Consultants (CRC). The main goal of the project was to develop and build consensus upon a draft standard for broadcasting RDS-TMC traffic messages in densely coded digital form. An initial proposal for defining RDS-TMC data fields had been made to the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) in Madrid, based on a scheme developed by CCETT and Philips in the Eureka-sponsored CARMINAT research project. This proposal required the use of at least two 104-bit RDS data groups for each message | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=914773 | 417,304 |
Apicomplexan life cycle Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages evolved to allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is typified by a "cellular variety" with a distinct morphology and biochemistry. Not all apicomplexa develop all the following cellular varieties and division methods. This presentation is intended as an outline of a hypothetical generalised apicomplexan organism. Apicomplexans (sporozoans) replicate via ways of multiple fission (also known as schizogony). These ways include ', ' and , although the latter is sometimes referred to as schizogony, despite its general meaning. Merogony is an asexually reproductive process of apicomplexa. After infecting a host cell, a trophozoite (see glossary below) increases in size while repeatedly replicating its nucleus and other organelles. During this process, the organism is known as a ' or '. Cytokinesis next subdivides the multinucleated schizont into numerous identical daughter cells called merozoites (see glossary below), which are released into the blood when the host cell ruptures. Organisms whose life cycles rely on this process include "Theileria", "Babesia", "Plasmodium", and "Toxoplasma gondii." Sporogony is a type of sexual and asexual reproduction. It involves karyogamy, the formation of a zygote, which is followed by meiosis and multiple fission. This results in the production of sporozoites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25391738 | 170,071 |
Power electronics In order to preserve the PWM features with a single carrier signal, the normalized carrier frequency, mf, needs to be a multiple of three. This keeps the magnitude of the phase voltages identical, but out of phase with each other by 120 degrees. The maximum achievable phase voltage amplitude in the linear region, ma less than or equal to one, is '. The maximum achievable line voltage amplitude is ' The only way to control the load voltage is by changing the input DC voltage. Current source inverters convert DC current into an AC current waveform. In applications requiring sinusoidal AC waveforms, magnitude, frequency, and phase should all be controlled. CSIs have high changes in current over time, so capacitors are commonly employed on the AC side, while inductors are commonly employed on the DC side. Due to the absence of freewheeling diodes, the power circuit is reduced in size and weight, and tends to be more reliable than VSIs. Although single-phase topologies are possible, three-phase CSIs are more practical. In its most generalized form, a three-phase CSI employs the same conduction sequence as a six-pulse rectifier. At any time, only one common-cathode switch and one common-anode switch are on. As a result, line currents take discrete values of –ii, 0 and ii. States are chosen such that a desired waveform is output and only valid states are used. This selection is based on modulating techniques, which include carrier-based PWM, selective harmonic elimination, and space-vector techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1001628 | 454,204 |
Ethnolichenology Other lichens commonly featured in folk medicines include Iceland moss and Lungwort. Only a few lichens are truly poisonous, with species of "Letharia" and "Vulpicida" being the primary examples. These lichens are yellow because they have high concentrations of the bright yellow toxin vulpinic acid. Wolf lichen ("Letharia vulpina") was used in Scandinavia to poison wolves. The process begins by adding the lichens to various baits such as reindeer blood and other meats, while sometimes mixing the concoction with ground glass or strychnine. Wolves that ate the concoction were reported to succumb in less than 24 hours. The Achomawi people of northern California use "Letharia" to poison arrowheads. The arrowheads would be soaked in the lichens for a year sometimes with the addition of rattlesnake venom. Although toxic, wolf lichens were used to treat sores and inflammation by indigenous people in north California and southern British Columbia, and even taken internally as medicine. There are records of lichens being used as food by many different human cultures across the world. Lichens are eaten by people in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, and perhaps elsewhere. Often lichens are merely famine foods eaten in times of dire needs, but in some cultures lichens are a staple food or even a delicacy. Two problems often encountered with eating lichens is that they usually contain mildly toxic secondary compounds, and that lichen polysaccharides are generally indigestible to humans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5538792 | 192,524 |
Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector The eccentricity corresponds to the cosine of the angle shown in Figure 3. In the degenerate limit of circular orbits, and thus vanishing A, the circle centers at the origin (0,0). For brevity, it is also useful to introduce the variable formula_16. This circular hodograph is useful in illustrating the symmetry of the Kepler problem. The seven scalar quantities "E", A and L (being vectors, the latter two contribute three conserved quantities each) are related by two equations, and , giving five independent constants of motion. (Since the magnitude of A, hence the eccentricity "e" of the orbit, can be determined from the total angular momentum "L" and the energy "E", only the "direction" of A is conserved independently; moreover, since A must be perpendicular to L, it contributes "only one" additional conserved quantity.) This is consistent with the six initial conditions (the particle's initial position and velocity vectors, each with three components) that specify the orbit of the particle, since the initial time is not determined by a constant of motion. The resulting 1-dimensional orbit in 6-dimensional phase space is thus completely specified. A mechanical system with "d" degrees of freedom can have at most constants of motion, since there are 2"d" initial conditions and the initial time cannot be determined by a constant of motion. A system with more than "d" constants of motion is called "superintegrable" and a system with constants is called maximally superintegrable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719460 | 421,990 |
Breechblock This type of locking is usually reserved for low-pressure applications such as the .22 cal rimfire series. More often, the bolt locks closed with two or more lugs that operate like a bayonet mount. Multiple lugs permit a smaller degree of rotation to lock and unlock the breech. Most types are front-locking and have the lugs mounted near the breech face. A notable exception is the rear-locking system used in the Lee–Enfield. Rotating bolts can be adapted to automatic or semi-automatic designs and lever or pump actions. In these cases, the bolt is held by a bolt carrier. With the breech locked, an initial rearward movement of the bolt carrier causes the bolt to rotate and unlock. Similarly, when closing the breech, the final forward movement of the carrier causes the bolt to rotate and lock the breech. This action is commonly achieved by a slot cut in the carrier that engages a pin through the bolt perpendicular to the axis of the barrel. It is a type of linear cam. Straight-pull bolt-action firearms do not require the operator to rotate the cocking handle to cycle the action. Some straight-pull designs may use a rotating bolt but other breech-locking mechanisms can be employed. The breechblock in a sliding block slides across the face of the breech to close it. The sliding action is perpendicular to the axis of the barrel. When the breechblock slides down to expose the breech, it is referred to as a falling block, as used in the Sharps rifle. A sliding block is common in artillery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1252144 | 442,718 |
Deep water source cooling The energy source is very local and fully renewable, provided that the water and heat rejected into the environment (often the same lake or a nearby river) does not disturb the natural cycles. It does not use any ozone depleting refrigerant. Depending on the needs and on the water temperature, couple heating and cooling can be considered. For example, heat could first be extracted from the water (making it colder); and, secondly, that same water could cycle to a refrigerating unit to be used for even more effective cold production. requires a large and deep water quantity in the surroundings. To obtain water in the 3 to 6 °C (37 to 43 °F) range, a depth of to is generally required, depending on the local conditions. The set-up of a system is expensive and labour-intensive. The system also requires a great amount of source material for its construction and placement. Cornell University's Lake Source Cooling System uses Cayuga Lake as a heat sink to operate the central chilled water system for its campus and to also provide cooling to the Ithaca City School District. The system has operated since the summer of 2000 and was built at a cost of $55–60 million. It cools a 14,500 ton (51 megawatt) load. The intake pipe of the system is 3,200 m (10,498 ft) long and has a pipe diameter of 1,600 mm (63"), installed at a depth of 229 m (750 ft), allowing access to water temperatures between 3-5 C (37-41 F). The water is returned to the lake through a 1,200 mm (47") outfall pipe, 780 m (2,560 ft) long | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17122264 | 426,543 |
Silicone resin More recently, a less reactive tetraethoxysilane - (TEOS) or ethyl polysilicate and various disiloxanes are used as starting materials. The algae Stichococcus bacillaris, and certain fungal species have been seen to colonize silicone resins used at archaeological sites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1369104 | 39,742 |
Restriction enzyme , EcoP15) recognize two separate non-palindromic sequences that are inversely oriented. They cut DNA about 20–30 base pairs after the recognition site. These enzymes contain more than one subunit and require AdoMet and ATP cofactors for their roles in DNA methylation and restriction digestion, respectively. They are components of prokaryotic DNA restriction-modification mechanisms that protect the organism against invading foreign DNA. Type III enzymes are hetero-oligomeric, multifunctional proteins composed of two subunits, Res () and Mod (). The Mod subunit recognises the DNA sequence specific for the system and is a modification methyltransferase; as such, it is functionally equivalent to the M and S subunits of type I restriction endonuclease. Res is required for restriction digestion, although it has no enzymatic activity on its own. Type III enzymes recognise short 5–6 bp-long asymmetric DNA sequences and cleave 25–27 bp downstream to leave short, single-stranded 5' protrusions. They require the presence of two inversely oriented unmethylated recognition sites for restriction digestion to occur. These enzymes methylate only one strand of the DNA, at the N-6 position of adenosyl residues, so newly replicated DNA will have only one strand methylated, which is sufficient to protect against restriction digestion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 | 471,256 |
GLIMMER We first move the start of B until the overlap region scores higher for B. Then we move the start of A until it scores higher. Then B again, and so on, until either the overlap is eliminated or no further moves can be made. The above example has been taken from the paper 'Identifying bacterial genes and endosymbiont DNA with Glimmer"" Ribosome binding site(RBS) signal can be used to find true start site position. results are passed as an input for RBSfinder program to predict ribosome binding sites. 3.0 integrates RBSfinder program into gene predicting function itself. ELPH software( which was determined as highly effective at identifying RBS in the paper) is used for identifying RBS and is available at this website. Gibbs sampling algorithm is used to identify shared motif in any set of sequences. This shared motif sequences and their length is given as input to ELPH. ELPH then computes the position weight matrix(PWM) which will be used by 3 to score any potential RBS found by RBSfinder. The above process is done when we have a substantial amount of training genes. If there are inadequate number of training genes, 3 can bootstrap itself to generate a set of gene predictions which can be used as input to ELPH. ELPH now computes PWM and this PWM can be again used on the same set of genes to get more accurate results for start-sites. This process can be repeated for many iterations to obtain more consistent PWM and gene prediction results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1854663 | 173,025 |
Offshoring Research Network Other researchers argue that knowledge-intensive tasks remain difficult to decompose because of the complex and often tacit knowledge involved in carrying out these tasks. ORN findings, however, suggest that this trend is likely to continue as more and more service providers offer product development services, as firms look for external sources of new ideas (e.g., open innovation), and as new business models and technologies (e.g. Internet marketplaces such as Innocentive.com) emerge. One major factor contributing to recent offshoring and outsourcing trends is the emergence of new geographic knowledge services clusters. In general, business clusters can be defined as geographic concentrations of firms and institutions related to particular industries or fields. In the offshoring space, a new type of cluster is emerging, quite different from [Silicon Valley], which often serves as a prototype of an industry cluster. These new types of clusters are highly dependent on foreign investment and are characterized by the supply of specialized talent and expertise that is demanded across industries. One key example of such a cluster is Bangalore for IT-related services and software programmers who have developed specialized service capabilities, which are in demand worldwide in several different industries, including manufacturing, financial and professional services | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22039743 | 451,882 |
Recognition sequence A recognition sequence is a DNA sequence to which a structural motif of a DNA-binding domain exhibits binding specificity. Recognition sequences are palindromes. The transcription factor Sp1 for example, binds the sequences 5'-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3', where (G/T) indicates that the domain will bind a guanine or thymine at this position. The restriction endonuclease PstI recognizes, binds, and cleaves the sequence 5'-CTGCAG-3'. A recognition sequence is different from a recognition site. A given recognition sequence can occur one or more times, or not at all, on a specific DNA fragment. A recognition site is specified by the position of the site. For example, there are two PstI recognition sites in the following DNA sequence fragment, starting at base 9 and 31 respectively. A recognition sequence is a specific sequence, usually very short (less than 10 bases). Depending on the degree of specificity of the protein, a DNA-binding protein can bind to more than one specific sequence. For PstI, which has a single sequence specificity, it is 5'-CTGCAG-3'. It is always the same whether at the first recognition site or the second in the following example sequence. For Sp1, which has multiple (16) sequence specificity as shown above, the two recognition sites in the following example sequence fragment are at 18 and 32, and their respective recognition sequences are 5'-GGGGCGGAGC-3' and 5'-TGGGCGGAAC-3'. 5'-AACGTTAGCTGCAGTC"GGGGCGGAGC"TAGGCTGCAGGAAT"TGGGCGGAAC"CT-3' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6754094 | 152,599 |
Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning Now cinnabar is an extremely good drug and can be taken even by a newborn baby, but once it has been changed by heat it can kill an (adult) person. If we consider the change and transformation of opposites into one another, since (cinnabar) can be changed into a deadly poison why should it not also be changed into something of extreme benefit? Since it can change into something which kills, there is good reason to believe that it may have the pattern-principle ["li"] of saving life; it is simply that we have not yet found out the art (of doing this). Thus we cannot deny the possibility of the existence of methods for transforming people into feathered immortals, but we have to be very careful about what we do. (tr. Needham and Ho 1970: 327). Su Shi (1037–1101), the Song dynasty scholar and pharmacologist, was familiar with the life-prolonging claims of alchemists, but wrote in a letter that, "I have recently received some cinnabar (elixir) which shows a most remarkable colour, but I cannot summon up enough courage to try it." (tr. Needham and Ho 1970: 320). The forensic medical expert Song Ci was familiar with the effects of metal poisoning, and his c. 1235 "Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified" handbook for coroners gives a test for mercury poisoning: plunge a piece of gold into the intestine or tissues and see if a superficial amalgam forms. He also describes the colic, cramps, and discharge of blood from arsenic poisoning, and gives several antidotes including emetics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52875786 | 44,795 |
Inertial measurement unit An inertial measurement unit (IMU) is an electronic device that measures and reports a body's specific force, angular rate, and sometimes the orientation of the body, using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers. IMUs are typically used to maneuver aircraft (an attitude and heading reference system), including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), among many others, and spacecraft, including satellites and landers. Recent developments allow for the production of IMU-enabled GPS devices. An IMU allows a GPS receiver to work when GPS-signals are unavailable, such as in tunnels, inside buildings, or when electronic interference is present. A wireless IMU is known as a WIMU. An inertial measurement unit works by detecting linear acceleration using one or more accelerometers and rotational rate using one or more gyroscopes. Some also include a magnetometer which is commonly used as a heading reference. Typical configurations contain one accelerometer, gyro, and magnetometer per axis for each of the three vehicle axes: pitch, roll and yaw. IMUs are often incorporated into Inertial Navigation Systems which utilize the raw IMU measurements to calculate attitude, angular rates, linear velocity and position relative to a global reference frame. The IMU equipped INS forms the backbone for the navigation and control of many commercial and military vehicles such as manned aircraft, missiles, ships, submarines, and satellites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30873515 | 285,789 |
Howland Cultural Center A system using water in vertical pipes to be dug 250 feet (76 m) into the earth beneath the center will both heat and cool the building. It heats the building with up 70% more efficiency and cools up to 40% more efficiently. In addition it is quieter, enhancing the building's acoustics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13216779 | 343,972 |
Timeline of motor vehicle brands Electric: Electricar; internal-combustion: Janémian, Jouffret, Radior; cyclecar: Able, Ajams, Astatic, La Comfortable, De Marçay, Elfe, Kevah, Santax; sports car: Fonlupt Germany. Internal-combustion: Joswin, Selve; touring car: Steiger Japan: Mazda UK. Internal-combustion: Aeroford, Cubitt, Galloway, Palmerston, Payze; light car: Albert; cyclecar: Allwyn, Archer, Baughan, Bell, Black Prince, Blériot-Whippet, Bound, Cambro, CFB, Winson; sports car: Sports Junior USA: Ace, Alsace, Aluminum, Astra, Binghamton Electric, Carroll, Colonial, Colonial/Shaw, Friend, Gardner, Gray Light Car, LaFayette, Lorraine, Mason Truck, Sheridan, Standard Steam Car, Stanwood Canada: Brock Six, London Six France: Amilcar, Ballot, Bernardet, Coadou et Fleury, Colda, Le Favori, Georges Irat, Hinstin, Janoir, Madoz, Quo Vadis, Le Roitelet, Solanet Germany: Alfi, Arimofa, Atlantic, Pawi, Rumpler Tropfenwagen, Zündapp Italy: Ansaldo, Aurea, IENA, motorcycle: Moto Guzzi Japan: Ales UK: Amazon, Barnard, Scott Sociable, Skeoch US. Steam: Coats, Davis, internal combustion: Adria, Aero Car, Ajax, Automatic, Birmingham, Colonial, Davis Totem, Durant, Earl, Handley-Knight, Jacquet Flyer, Kessler, Wills Sainte Claire Canada: Colonial France: Astra, Bucciali, Induco, JG, Vaillant Germany: Juho, Komet UK: Abbey, Abingdon, Albatros, Alberford, Aster, Atomette, Autogear, Baby Blake, Bean, Bow-V-Car, Christchurch-Campbell, Clyno, Frazer Nash, Gwynne, Packman & Poppe, Wigan-Barlow, Xtra US | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33287451 | 282,038 |
Transverse isotropy Assumptions that are made in the Backus approximation are: For shorter wavelengths, the behavior of seismic waves is described using the superposition of plane waves. Transversely isotropic media support three types of elastic plane waves: Solutions to wave propagation problems in such media may be constructed from these plane waves, using Fourier synthesis. A layered model of homogeneous and isotropic material, can be up-scaled to a transverse isotropic medium, proposed by Backus. Backus presented an equivalent medium theory, a heterogeneous medium can be replaced by a homogeneous one that predicts wave propagation in the actual medium. Backus showed that layering on a scale much finer than the wavelength has an impact and that a number of isotropic layers can be replaced by a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium that behaves exactly in the same manner as the actual medium under static load in the infinite wavelength limit. If each layer formula_43 is described by 5 transversely isotropic parameters formula_44, specifying the matrix The elastic moduli for the effective medium will be where formula_48 denotes the volume weighted average over all layers. This includes isotropic layers, as the layer is isotropic if formula_49, formula_50 and formula_51. Solutions to wave propagation problems in linear elastic transversely isotropic media can be constructed by superposing solutions for the quasi-P wave, the quasi S-wave, and a S-wave polarized orthogonal to the quasi S-wave | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1708801 | 85,840 |
Oil content meter An oil content meter (OCM) is an integral part of all oily water separator (OWS) systems. Oil content meters are also sometimes referred to as oil content monitors, bilge alarms, or bilge monitors. The OCM continuously monitors how much oil is in the water that is pumped out the discharge line of the OWS system. The OCM will not allow the oil concentration of the exiting water to be above the Marpol standard of 15 ppm. This standard was first adopted in 1977 with Resolution A.393(X) which was published by IMO. These standards were updated various but the most current resolution is MEPC 107(49). The oil content meter will sound an alarm if the liquid leaving the system has an unsatisfactory amount of oil in the mixture. If it is still above that standard, then the bilge water will be reentered into the system until it meets the required criteria. The OCM uses light beams to determine how oily the water in the system is. The system will then gauge the oil concentration based on a light intensity meter. Modern oil content meters also have a data logging system that can store oil concentration measurements for more than 18 months. If the OCM determines that there is far too much of a type of oil, the OCM may be fouled and needs to be flushed out. Running clean water through the OCM sensor cell is one way it can be cleaned. Also scrubbing the sensor area with a bottle brush is another effective method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46899448 | 240,069 |
Cash flow A cash flow is a real or virtual movement of money: Cash flows are narrowly interconnected with the concepts of value, "interest rate" and liquidity. A cash flow that shall happen on a future day "t" can be transformed into a cash flow of the same value in "t". Cash flows are often transformed into measures that give information e.g. on a company's value and situation: notion is based loosely on cash flow statement accounting standards. The term is flexible and can refer to time intervals spanning over past-future. It can refer to the total of all flows involved or a subset of those flows. Within cash flow analysis, 3 types of cash flow are present and used for the cash flow statement: The (total) net cash flow of a company over a period (typically a quarter, half year, or a full year) is equal to the change in cash balance over this period: positive if the cash balance increases (more cash becomes available), negative if the cash balance decreases. The total net cash flow for a project is the sum of cash flows that are classified in three areas: Depreciation*(tax rate) which locates at the end of the formula is called depreciation shield through which we can see that there is a negative relation between depreciation and cash flow. The sum of the three component above will be the cash flow for a project. And the cash flow for a company also include three parts: The sum of the three components above will be the total cash flow of a company. The net cash flow only provides a limited amount of information | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53751 | 466,254 |
Ecology Ecosystems are broadly categorized as terrestrial, freshwater, atmospheric, or marine. Differences stem from the nature of the unique physical environments that shapes the biodiversity within each. A more recent addition to ecosystem ecology are technoecosystems, which are affected by or primarily the result of human activity. A food web is the archetypal ecological network. Plants capture solar energy and use it to synthesize simple sugars during photosynthesis. As plants grow, they accumulate nutrients and are eaten by grazing herbivores, and the energy is transferred through a chain of organisms by consumption. The simplified linear feeding pathways that move from a basal trophic species to a top consumer is called the food chain. The larger interlocking pattern of food chains in an ecological community creates a complex food web. Food webs are a type of concept map or a heuristic device that is used to illustrate and study pathways of energy and material flows. Food webs are often limited relative to the real world. Complete empirical measurements are generally restricted to a specific habitat, such as a cave or a pond, and principles gleaned from food web microcosm studies are extrapolated to larger systems. Feeding relations require extensive investigations into the gut contents of organisms, which can be difficult to decipher, or stable isotopes can be used to trace the flow of nutrient diets and energy through a food web | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9630 | 40,259 |
Interbilayer forces in membrane fusion Membrane fusion is a key biophysical process that is essential for the functioning of life itself. It is defined as the event where two lipid bilayers approach each other and then merge to form a single continuous structure. In living beings, cells are made of an outer coat made of lipid bilayers; which then cause fusion to take place in events such as fertilization, embryogenesis and even infections by various types of bacteria and viruses. It is therefore an extremely important event to study. From an evolutionary angle, fusion is an extremely controlled phenomenon. Random fusion can result in severe problems to the normal functioning of the human body. Fusion of biological membranes is mediated by proteins. Regardless of the complexity of the system, fusion essentially occurs due to the interplay of various interfacial forces, namely hydration repulsion, hydrophobic attraction and van der Waals forces. Lipid bilayers are structures of lipid molecules consisting of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head group. Therefore, these structures experience all the characteristic Interbilayer forces involved in that regime. Two hydrated bilayers experience strong repulsion as they approach each other. These forces have been measured using the Surface forces apparatus (S.F.A), an instrument used for measuring forces between surfaces. This repulsion was first proposed by Langmuir and was thought to arise due to water molecules that hydrate the bilayers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20639064 | 74,288 |
Moving average Mathematically, the weighted moving average is the convolution of the datum points with a fixed weighting function. One application is removing pixelisation from a digital graphical image. In technical analysis of financial data, a weighted moving average (WMA) has the specific meaning of weights that decrease in arithmetical progression. In an "n"-day WMA the latest day has weight "n", the second latest "n" − 1, etc., down to one. The denominator is a triangle number equal to formula_7 In the more general case the denominator will always be the sum of the individual weights. When calculating the WMA across successive values, the difference between the numerators of WMA and WMA is "np" − "p" − ⋅⋅⋅ − "p". If we denote the sum "p" + ⋅⋅⋅ + "p" by Total, then The graph at the right shows how the weights decrease, from highest weight for the most recent datum points, down to zero. It can be compared to the weights in the exponential moving average which follows. An exponential moving average (EMA), also known as an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), is a first-order infinite impulse response filter that applies weighting factors which decrease exponentially. The weighting for each older datum decreases exponentially, never reaching zero. The graph at right shows an example of the weight decrease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=990809 | 517,211 |
Vark All the tested Indian foils contained on average trace levels of nickel (487 ppm), lead (301 ppm), copper (324 ppm), chromium (83 ppm), cadmium (97 ppm) and manganese (43 ppm). All of these are lower than natural anthropogenic exposures of these metals; the authors suggest there is a need to address a lack of purity standards in European Union and Indian food additive grade silver. The total silver metal intake per kilogram of sweets eaten, from vark, is less than one milligram. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1581831 | 97,889 |
Loop around It also comes with an automatic number announcement circuit. Because of the potential for abuse, however, telephone companies seek to protect them. The most common protection techniques are: Eventually, telephone companies designed devices to prevent this misuse of the loop around. Some devices blocked the audio if frequencies other than the milliwatt tone were present, which thwarted the average abuser, but skilled violators discovered that playing a 1000 Hz tone while speaking softly, the suppression unit could be subverted, and a notch filter could be used while listening to remove the tone at the other end. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4436402 | 411,048 |
Product-determining step The product-determining step is the step of a chemical reaction that determines the ratio of products formed via differing reaction mechanisms that start from the same reactants. The product determining step is not rate limiting if the rate limiting step of each mechanism is the same. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14466384 | 12,408 |
Booster (electric power) A booster was a motor–generator (MG) set used for voltage regulation in direct current (DC) electrical power circuits. The development of alternating current and solid-state devices has rendered it obsolete. Boosters were made in various configurations to suit different applications. In the days of direct current mains, voltage drop along the line was a problem so line boosters were used to correct it. Suppose that the mains voltage was 110 V. Houses near the power station would receive 110 volts but those remote from the power station might receive only 100 V so a line booster would be inserted at an appropriate point to "boost" the voltage. It consisted of a motor, connected in parallel with the mains, driving a generator, in series with the mains. The motor ran at the depleted mains voltage of 100 V and the generator added another 10 V to restore the voltage to 110 V. This was an inefficient system and was made obsolete by the development of alternating current mains, which allowed for high-voltage distribution and voltage regulation by transformers. Again in the days of direct current mains, power stations often had large lead-acid batteries for load balancing. These supplemented the steam-powered generators during peak periods and were re-charged off-peak. Sometimes one cell in the battery would become "sick" (faulty, reduced capacity) and a "milking booster" would be used to give it an additional charge and restore it to health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11278410 | 373,090 |
Electrostatic plotter Electrostatic plotters were known in the early days of computer graphics; by 1967, several manufacturers commercially supplied electrostatic plotters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44903627 | 229,792 |
Gallery forest Gallery forests are forests that form as corridors along rivers or wetlands and project into landscapes that are otherwise only sparsely treed such as savannas, grasslands, or deserts. Gallery forests are able to exist where the surrounding landscape does not support forests for a number of reasons. The riparian zones in which they grow offer greater protection from fire which would kill tree seedlings. In addition, the alluvial soils of the gallery habitat are often of higher fertility and have better drainage than the soils of the surrounding landscape with a more reliable water supply at depth. As a result, the boundary between gallery forest and the surrounding woodland or grassland is usually abrupt, with the ecotone being only a few metres wide. Gallery forests have shrunk in extent worldwide as a result of human activities, including domestic livestock's preventing tree seedling establishment and the construction of dams and weirs causing flooding or interfering with natural stream flow. In addition to these disturbances, gallery forests are also threatened by many of the same processes that threaten savannas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18359501 | 140,007 |
Moenomycin family antibiotics First described in 1965, the moenomycins are a family of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics, metabolites of the bacterial genus "Streptomyces". Moenomycin A is the founding member of the antibiotic family with the majority discovered by the end of the late 1970s. The moenomycins can be reduced to three key structural features It is the combination of different isoprenoid chains and variously substituted tetrasaccharides that give rise to the diversity of the moenomycin family. Based on degradation experiments, the defining mark of a moenomycin is the presence of the 25-carbon alcohol moenocinol or diumycinol upon hydrolysis of the lipid tail; these alcohols originate from the L1 or L2 lipid respectively in the figure. These two structures are the only observed lipid tails within the moenomycin family, with AC326-α being the only known for producing diumycinol. With regards to the tetrasaccharide portion, stereochemistry and functionality can differ at R and R depending on if this saccharide unit is D-gluco versus D-galacto; there is an axial methyl group in the former case with the exception of moenomycin A and C where there is instead an axial hydroxyl. The oligosaccharide motif can be deoxygenated, hydroxylated, or glycosylated at the R position – notable examples of the pentasaccharide motif include moenomycin A and AC326-α. It is believed the additional glycan can enhance specificity and binding to the target protein, affording increased activity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53416251 | 187,045 |
User activity monitoring User behavior analytics add an additional layer of protection that will help security professionals keep an eye on the weakest link in the chain. By monitoring user behavior, with the help of dedicated software that analyzes exactly what the user does during their session, security professionals can attach a risk factor to the specific users and/or groups, and immediately be alerted with a red flag warning when a high-risk user does something that can be interpreted as a high-risk action such as exporting confidential customer information, performing large database queries that are out of the scope of their role, accessing resources that they shouldn't be accessing and so forth. UAM collects user data by recording activity by every user on applications, web pages and internal systems and databases. UAM spans all access levels and access strategies (RDP, SSH, Telnet, ICA, direct console login, etc...). Some UAM solutions pair with Citrix and VMware environments. UAM solutions transcribe all documented activities into user activity logs. UAM logs match up with video-playbacks of concurrent actions. Some examples of items logged are names of applications run, titles of pages opened, URLs, text (typed, edited, copied/pasted), commands, and scripts. UAM uses screen-recording technology that captures individual user actions. Each video-like playback is saved and accompanied by a user activity log | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45116490 | 99,870 |
Injection pump When all the cylinders are rotated at once, they simultaneously vary their injection volume to produce more or less power from the engine. Inline pumps still find favour on large multi-cylinder engines such as those on trucks, construction plant, static engines and agricultural vehicles. For use on cars and light trucks, the rotary pump or distributor pump was developed. It uses a single injection cylinder driven from an axial cam plate, which injects into the individual fuel lines via a rotary distribution valve. Later incarnations such as the Bosch VE pump vary the injection timing with crankshaft speed to allow greater power at high crank speeds, and smoother, more economical running at slower revolution of crankshaft. Some VE variants have a pressure-based system that allows the injection volume to increase over normal to allow a turbocharger or supercharger equipped engine to develop more power under boost conditions. All injection pumps incorporate a governor to cut fuel supply if the crankshaft rpm endangers the engine - the heavy moving parts of diesel engines do not tolerate overspeeding well, and catastrophic damage can occur if they are over-revved. Poorly maintained and worn engines can consume their lubrication oil through worn out crankcase ventilation systems and 'run away', causing increasing engine speed until the engine destroys itself. This is because most diesel engines only regulate their speed by fuel supply control and don't have a throttle valve to control air intake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2691067 | 425,339 |
Haus Wittgenstein He nevertheless seemed committed to the idea of becoming an architect: the Vienna City Directory listed him as "Dr Ludwig Wittgenstein, occupation: architect" between 1933 and 1938. After World War II, the house became a barracks and stables for Russian soldiers. It was owned by Thomas Stonborough, son of Margaret until 1968 when it was sold to a developer for demolition. For two years after this the house was under threat of demolition. The Vienna Landmark Commission saved it—after a campaign by Bernhard Leitner—and made it a national monument in 1971. Since 1975 it has housed the cultural department of the Bulgarian Embassy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17992600 | 314,045 |
Hyperpolarization (physics) The process of MEOP is very efficient (high polarization rate), however, compression of the gas up to atmospheric pressure is needed. Compounds containing NMR-sensitive nuclei, such as H, C or N, can be hyperpolarized using Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). DNP is typically performed at low temperature (≈1 K) and high magnetic field (≈3 T). The compound is subsequently thawed and dissolved to yield a room temperature solution containing hyperpolarized nuclei. This liquid can be used in "in vivo" metabolic imaging for oncology and other applications. The C polarization levels in solid compounds can reach up to ≈64% and the losses during dissolution and transfer of the sample for NMR measurements can be minimized to a few percent. Compounds containing NMR-active nuclei can also be hyperpolarized using chemical reactions with para-hydrogen, see Para-Hydrogen Induced Polarization (PHIP). Molecular hydrogen, H, contains two different spin isomers, para-hydrogen and ortho-hydrogen, with a ratio of 25:75 at room temperature. Creating para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) means that this ratio is increased, in other words that para-hydrogen is enriched. This can be accomplished by cooling hydrogen gas and then inducing ortho-to-para conversion via an iron-oxide or charcoal catalyst. When performing this procedure at ~70 K (i.e. with liquid nitrogen), para-hydrogen is enriched from 25% to ca. 50%. When cooling to below 20 K and then inducing the ortho-to-para conversion, close to 100% parahydrogen can be obtained | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=900726 | 84,729 |
NICAM Full size VCRs already made full use of the tape, so the high quality audio signal was recorded diagonally "under" the video signal, using additional helical scan heads and depth multiplexing. The mono audio track (and on some machines, a non-NICAM, non-Hi-Fi stereo track) was also recorded on the linear track, as before, to ensure backwards-compatibility of recordings made on Hi-Fi machines when played on non-Hi-Fi VCRs. Such devices were often described as "HiFi audio", "Audio FM" / "AFM" (FM standing for "Frequency Modulation"), and sometimes informally as "Nicam" VCRs (due to their use in recording the Nicam broadcast audio signal). They remained compatible with non-HiFi VCR players since the standard audio track was also recorded, and were at times used as an alternative to audio cassette tapes due to their exceptional bandwidth, frequency range, and extremely flat frequency response. While recording in video mode (compatible with DVD-Video), most DVD recorders can only record one of the three channels (Digital I, Digital II, Analogue mono) allowed by the standard. Newer standard such as DVD-VR allows recording all the digital channels (in both stereo and bilingual mode), whereas the mono channel will be lost. Codecs for digital media on computers will often convert to another digital audio format to compress drive space. Related websites or technical explanations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=501983 | 195,193 |
Abdul Kader Kamli Abdul Kader Kamli, with more than 150 articles published in professional journals/magazines, is an authority on information and communication technology in the Arab world. He is often quoted by regional and international media organizations on the digital migration of the region. In his capacity as President and Research Director of Madar Research Group, which he founded in 2002, Kamli has pioneered regional research and consultancy in the various fields of the emerging knowledge economy; from ICT adoption by governments, industry sectors and individuals, to e-learning, e-banking and other applications of ICT. Prior to founding Madar Research Group, he co-founded Ajeeb.com, the largest Arab horizontal web portal at that time (based on Sakhr Software technology). In 2001 and while serving as General Manager of Ajeeb.com, Kamli founded the Ajeeb Research Unit, which specialized in researching the Arab knowledge economy and coined the idea for the first-ever Arab news aggregation services; Johaina. Kamli is also co-founder of the Middle East edition of PC Magazine and founder of Internet Arab World magazine, published by the Dabbagh Information Technology Group (DIT), and he served a long tenure as Editor-in-Chief for both publications. Kamli holds a university degree in Engineering, and has an experience of about 30 years in the ICT, media and research industries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27739525 | 229,128 |
Lithium In December 2019, Finnish mining company Keliber Oy reported its Rapasaari lithium deposit has estimated proven and probable ore reserves of 5.280 million tonnes. In June 2010, "The New York Times" reported that American geologists were conducting ground surveys on dry salt lakes in western Afghanistan believing that large deposits of lithium are located there. "Pentagon officials said that their initial analysis at one location in Ghazni Province showed the potential for lithium deposits as large as those of Bolivia, which now has the world's largest known lithium reserves." These estimates are "based principally on old data, which was gathered mainly by the Soviets during their occupation of Afghanistan from 1979–1989". Stephen Peters, the head of the USGS's Afghanistan Minerals Project, said that he was unaware of USGS involvement in any new surveying for minerals in Afghanistan in the past two years. 'We are not aware of any discoveries of lithium,' he said." Lithia ("lithium brine") is associated with tin mining areas in Cornwall, England and an evaluation project from 400-meter deep test boreholes is under consideration. If successful the hot brines will also provide geothermal energy to power the lithium extraction and refining process. is found in trace amount in numerous plants, plankton, and invertebrates, at concentrations of 69 to 5,760 parts per billion (ppb) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 | 48,348 |
Atanasoff–Berry computer This process would be repeated manually for each of the equations, which would result in a system of equations with one fewer variable. Then the whole process would be repeated to eliminate another variable. George W. Snedecor, the head of Iowa State's Statistics Department, was very likely the first user of an electronic digital computer to solve real-world mathematics problems. He submitted many of these problems to Atanasoff. On June 26, 1947, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly were the first to file for patent on a digital computing device (ENIAC), much to the surprise of Atanasoff. The ABC had been examined by John Mauchly in June 1941, and Isaac Auerbach, a former student of Mauchly's, alleged that it influenced his later work on ENIAC, although Mauchly denied this. The ENIAC patent did not issue until 1964, and by 1967 Honeywell sued Sperry Rand in an attempt to break the ENIAC patents, arguing the ABC constituted prior art. The United States District Court for the District of Minnesota released its judgement on October 19, 1973, finding in "Honeywell v. Sperry Rand" that the ENIAC patent was a derivative of John Atanasoff's invention. Campbell-Kelly and Aspray conclude: The case was legally resolved on October 19, 1973 when U.S. District Judge Earl R. Larson held the ENIAC patent invalid, ruling that the ENIAC derived many basic ideas from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1349 | 134,495 |
Stress intensity factor The Mode I critical stress intensity factor, formula_31, is the most often used engineering design parameter in fracture mechanics and hence must be understood if we are to design fracture tolerant materials used in bridges, buildings, aircraft, or even bells. Polishing cannot detect a crack. Typically, if a crack can be seen it is very close to the critical stress state predicted by the stress intensity factor. The G-criterion is a fracture criterion that relates the critical stress intensity factor (or fracture toughness) to the stress intensity factors for the three modes. This failure criterion is written as where formula_37 is the fracture toughness, formula_38 for plane strain and formula_39 for plane stress. The critical stress intensity factor for "plane stress" is often written as formula_37. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2547532 | 345,984 |
Molecular mass A theoretical average molecular mass can be calculated using the standard atomic weights found on a typical periodic table, since there is likely to be a statistical distribution of atoms representing the isotopes throughout the molecule. The average molecular mass of a sample, however, usually differs substantially from this since a single sample average is not the same as the average of many geographically distributed samples. To a first approximation, the basis for determination of molecular mass according to Mark–Houwink relations is the fact that the intrinsic viscosity of solutions (or suspensions) of macromolecules depends on volumetric proportion of the dispersed particles in a particular solvent. Specifically, the hydrodynamic size as related to molecular mass depends on a conversion factor, describing the shape of a particular molecule. This allows the apparent molecular mass to be described from a range of techniques sensitive to hydrodynamic effects, including DLS, SEC (also known as GPC when the eluent is an organic solvent), viscometry, and diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY). The apparent hydrodynamic size can then be used to approximate molecular mass using a series of macromolecule-specific standards. As this requires calibration, it's frequently described as a "relative" molecular mass determination method. It is also possible to determine absolute molecular mass directly from light scattering, traditionally using the Zimm method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19836 | 95,405 |
Mixer-wagon A mixer-wagon, or diet feeder, is a specialist agricultural machine used for accurately weighing, mixing and distributing total mixed ration (TMR) for ruminant farm animals, in particular cattle and most commonly, dairy cattle. Trailed mixer-wagons vary in size from 5 m to more than 45 m. Some self-propelled mixer-wagons may be bigger than this. Displacement varies according to ration dry matter. More water means more weight. With dry (45% DM; dry matter) rations, a 14m mixer-wagon such as the one pictured, may contain 3 tonnes fully loaded, or enough for about 60 Holstein cows. A mixer-wagon commonly consists of: The system can weigh in all the ingredients of a ration in any chosen order and weigh out according to chosen quantities corresponding to the needs of different groups of animals. As each ingredient is loaded, a visual and audible signal alerts the operator when the required amount is reached. The flashing light and "beep" system repeats faster and faster until the ingredient is complete, when the signal becomes continuous for 2 seconds. The computer then shifts to the next ingredient and displays the product name and weight to be loaded. Loading is generally done using the mixer-wagon cutting and loading device, a high capacity tractor loader, or a telescopic handler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13651655 | 441,470 |
Charles C. Noble Charles "Chuck" Carmin Noble (May 18, 1916 – August 16, 2003) was an American Major General and engineer who worked on the Manhattan Project, led construction in Nuremberg after World War II, developed the early American ICBM program, was the chief Engineer in the Vietnam War, and made the controversial yet successful decision to open Morganza Spillway in northern Louisiana for the first time to relieve pressure upstream and save New Orleans during the 1973 Mississippi Flood. Charles "Chuck' Carmin Noble was born on May 18, 1916 in Syracuse New York of Italian immigrants Anthony Noto and Julia Samarra. Both Anthony and Julia immigrated from Italy through Ellis Island. Later the family changed their name to Noble during World War II to avoid recognition of their Italian heritage. The family worked in the coal mines and had no wealth reserves so even though Charles was an excellent student and desired additional education the family was not able to pay for more schooling. Chuck desired to enter the military as a vehicle for advancement in life later reflecting that "You must have long term goals to keep you from being frustrated by short term failures." Chuck enrolled in the Army Preparatory School at Fort Totten, after high school hoping that it might help him obtain an appointment to West Point. Chuck later elected to take the national merit exam scoring the highest mark in the nation which allowed him admission to West Point and Annapolis. Charles chose West Point, and entered the Academy on 1 Jul 1936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54194482 | 262,185 |
Pension regulation is a legal term encompassing, the set of laws, rules and authoritative standards governing the pension industry, and the procedures needed to enforce them. varies widely from one jurisdiction to another - notably due to the persistence of discrepancies in the degree of autonomy and breadth of authority and discretionary power that national and regional pension regulators have at their disposal to enforce efficiently existing laws and regulations, in relation with local judicial practices and varying jurisprudential trends. seeks to provide the various norms and standards needed to, foster market efficiency, consistency, transparency and accountability across the pension industry: it is a key driver of pension funds's risk management. In Europe, in the wake of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, some pension experts such as Anton van Nunen have argued that excessive or misplaced regulatory activism can sometimes have negative unintended consequences, notably when it comes to the strict enforcement of asset liability matching in times high market volatility and the systematic use of bonds-based risk metrics across all asset classes. This characteristic defines a party bearing a risk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31239248 | 502,818 |
Median graph One can equivalently describe a collection of binary characteristics as a "split system", a family of sets having the property that the complement set of each set in the family is also in the family. This split system has a set for each characteristic value, consisting of the species that have that value. When the latent vertices are included, the resulting split system has the Helly property: every pairwise intersecting subfamily has a common intersection. In some sense median graphs are characterized as coming from Helly split systems: the pairs ("W", "W") defined for each edge "uv" of a median graph form a Helly split system, so if one applies the Buneman graph construction to this system no latent vertices will be needed and the result will be the same as the starting graph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16970848 | 512,406 |
Companding also reduces the noise and crosstalk levels at the receiver. Companders are used in concert audio systems and in some noise reduction schemes. The use of companding in an analog picture transmission system was patented by A. B. Clark of AT&T in 1928 (filed in 1925): In 1942, Clark and his team completed the SIGSALY secure voice transmission system that included the first use of companding in a PCM (digital) system. In 1953, B. Smith showed that a nonlinear DAC could be complemented by the inverse nonlinearity in a successive-approximation ADC configuration, simplifying the design of digital companding systems. In 1970, H. Kaneko developed the uniform description of segment (piecewise linear) companding laws that had by then been adopted in digital telephony. In the 1980s (and '90s), many of the music equipment manufacturers (Roland, Yamaha, Korg) used companding when compressing the library waveform data in their digital synthesizers. This dates back to the late '80s when memory chips were often one of the most costly components in the instrument. Manufacturers usually quoted the amount of memory in its compressed form: i.e. 24 MB of physical waveform ROM in a Korg Trinity is actually 48 MB when uncompressed. Similarly, Roland SR-JV expansion boards were usually advertised as 8 MB boards with '16 MB-equivalent content'. Careless copying of this technical information, omitting the "equivalence" reference, can often cause confusion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40927 | 206,890 |
C20H23N7O7 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24218245 | 30,663 |
Open-loop controller In an open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output", which is the process variable that is being controlled. It does not use feedback to determine if its output has achieved the desired goal of the input command or process "set point". There are many open-loop controls, such as on/off switching of valves, machinery, lights, motors or heaters, where the control result is known to be approximately sufficient under normal conditions without the need for feedback. The advantage of using open-loop control in these cases is the reduction in component count and complexity. However, an open-loop system cannot correct any errors that it makes or correct for outside disturbances, and cannot engage in machine learning. Fundamentally, there are two types of control loop: open-loop (feedforward) control, and closed loop (feedback) control. In open-loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" (or "controlled process variable"). A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. The control action is the switching on/off of the boiler, but the controlled variable should be the building temperature, but is not as this is open-loop control of the boiler, which does not give closed-loop control of the temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=564756 | 119,961 |
Cyclic olefin copolymer COC is commonly extruded with cast or blown film equipment in the manufacture of packaging films. Most often, due to cost, COC is used as a modifier in monolayer or multilayer film to provide properties not delivered by base resins such as polyethylene. Grades of COC based on ethylene show a certain amount of compatibility with polyethylene and can be blended with PE via commercial dry blending equipment. These films are then used in consumer applications including food and healthcare packaging. Key COC enhancements can include thermoformability, shrink, deadfold, easy tear, enhanced stiffness, heat resistance and higher moisture barrier. Common applications include shrink films and labels, twist films, protective or bubble packaging, and forming films. Another noted application which often relies on a high percentage of COC in the end product is pharmaceutical blister packaging. The high purity, moisture barrier, clarity, and sterilization compatibility of COC resins make them an excellent alternative to glass in a wide range of medical products. Breakage prevention and weight reduction are common reasons for choosing COC in these applications. COC has a very low energy and nonreactive surface, which can extend shelf life and purity of medications such as insulin and other protein drugs in applications such as vials, syringes and cartridges. The high UV transmission of COC also drives diagnostic applications such as cuvettes and microplates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11487713 | 81,863 |
Heritability one of the most misleading in the history of science" and argue that it has no value except in very rare cases. When studying complex human traits, it is impossible to use heritability analysis to determine the relative contributions of genes and environment, as such traits result from multiple causes interacting. The controversy over heritability estimates is largely via their basis in twin studies. The scarce success of molecular-genetic studies to corroborate such population-genetic studies' conclusions is the "missing heritability" problem. Eric Turkheimer has argued that newer molecular methods have vindicated the conventional interpretation of twin studies, although it remains mostly unclear how to explain the relations between genes and behaviors. According to Turkheimer, both genes and environment are heritable, genetic contribution varies by environment, and a focus on heritability distracts from other important factors. Overall, however, "heritability" is a concept widely applicable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155624 | 193,279 |
History of artificial life Work is also underway to create cellular models of artificial life. Initial work on building a complete biochemical model of cellular behavior is underway as part of a number of different research projects, namely Blue Gene which seeks to understand the mechanisms behind protein folding. Aguilar, W., Santamaría-Bonfil, G., Froese, T., and Gershenson, C. (2014). The past, present, and future of artificial life. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 1(8). https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2014.00008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7754370 | 288,176 |
Royal Artillery Barracks, Woolwich Woolwich Dockyard was one of the principal Royal Dockyards during the Tudor and Stuart periods; it closed in 1869 as the Thames was by then too difficult to navigate for the naval vessels of the time, and most of the site then served as an overflow depot for the Arsenal's ordnance stores. The Royal Marines, who had provided a military presence in the Dockyard, were housed in their own barracks just to the south, in Frances Street. After closure of the dockyard (and the consequent departure of the Marines) these barracks were renamed Cambridge Infantry Barracks and they went on to house various regiments until (despite being listed) they were almost entirely demolished in 1972. The adjacent Royal Marine Infirmary was likewise renamed in 1869 as Red Barracks, Woolwich; it went on to serve as headquarters of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps until 1921. From 1885, the barracks also housed Artillery College (formed out of the Royal Artillery Institution) until its move to Shrivenham at the start of the Second World War; afterwards, the Royal Artillery Records Office was based there. Again, despite being listed in 1972, Red Barracks was demolished in 1975; the perimeter wall remains. On the northwest corner of Frances Street and Hillreach, opposite the barracks security gate, is the Kings Arms pub, targeted by the IRA in November 1974 in a bombing which killed Royal Artillery Gunner Richard Dunne and another man, and injured 35 others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2217790 | 339,884 |
Cook stove " Improved stoves are more efficient, meaning that the stove's users spend less time gathering wood or other fuels, suffer less emphysema and other lung diseases prevalent in smoke-filled homes, while reducing deforestation and air pollution. However, a closed stove may result in production of more soot and ultra-fine particles than an open fire would. For instance, an improvement of the energy efficiency from 25% for the traditional Lao stove (wood and charcoal fired) to 29% efficiency for an improved Lao stove, results in 21% less wood fuel being needed, and saves 182,000 ton CO2eq emissions, as reported in a GHG-compensation project. The traditional Lao stove needs an average of 385 kilograms of charcoal and 450 kilograms of wood per year as fuel. For making a kilogram of charcoal about seven kilograms of wood is needed. The report also indicates that in Cambodia 369,000 tons of non-renewable biomass wood fuel is consumed yearly for charcoal production for these stoves, destroying 45 km² of deciduous forests. 4% of the forest regrows. Some designs also make the stove safer, preventing burns that often occur when children stumble into open fires. Some of the new stove designs are as follows: A variety of new brick and mortar stoves have emerged. Most of the new designs incorporate a combustion chamber found in a Rocket stove. By confining combustion to an insulated and enclosed area, the stoves increase the core temperature and thereby achieve more complete combustion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3488248 | 238,716 |
Egyptian Labour Corps These men often sang while they worked and this was thought to be an indication that they were happy, but one Egyptian chant sung by the workers was, "Kam Lehloh, Kam Yaum?" which translates as "How many days, how many nights?" The was described in February 1918 as organised into Companies of 600 men with a Subaltern commanding officer and two junior officers. Three to six of these Companies formed a Camp under an officer commanding of an Area. The officers were at first drawn from Arabic speaking Anglo-Egyptians and afterwards NCOs and privates were recruited from British units and trained in Arabic. Their level of proficiency was recognised by a special rate of extra duty pay. Supervision was provided by the reis of each gang and by civilian foremen who were paid from English £1/10/- to English £15/-/- per month. These civilian foremen were graded as 'NCO Foremen' provided with a uniform and treated as acting Non-commissioned officers of the ELC. It was found to be 'practicable and advisable' to recruit different companies from different parts of Egypt and new gangs could be trained in particular types of work required to ensure efficient and rapid handling of stores and materiel. The great value of the service of the was acknowledged by Allenby in his despatch of 16 December 1917 where he mentions the great value and importance of their service, their steadiness under fire and devotion to duty under difficult conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28274308 | 481,007 |
Reversed-phase chromatography (also called RPC, reverse-phase chromatography, or hydrophobic chromatography) includes any chromatographic method that uses a hydrophobic stationary phase. RPC refers to liquid (rather than gas) chromatography. In the 1970s, most liquid chromatography was performed using a solid support stationary phase (also called a column) containing unmodified silica or alumina resins. This type of technique is now referred to as normal-phase chromatography. Since the stationary phase is hydrophilic in this technique, molecules with hydrophilic properties contained within the mobile phase will have a high affinity for the stationary phase, and therefore will adsorb to the column packing. Hydrophobic molecules experience less of an affinity for the column packing, and will pass through to be eluted and detected first. Elution of the hydrophilic molecules adsorbed to the column packing requires the use of more hydrophilic or more polar solvents in the mobile phase to shift the distribution of the particles in the stationary phase towards that of the mobile phase. is a technique using alkyl chains covalently bonded to the stationary phase particles in order to create a hydrophobic stationary phase, which has a stronger affinity for hydrophobic or less polar compounds. The use of a hydrophobic stationary phase is essentially the reverse of normal phase chromatography, since the polarity of the mobile and stationary phases have been inverted – hence the term reversed-phase chromatography. employs a polar (aqueous) mobile phase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5979294 | 93,047 |
Joseph Kobzon On 3 September 2014 deputies of the Dnipropetrovsk City Council deprived Kobzon of the title of "Honorary citizen of Dnipropetrovsk", on 25 November 2014 Poltava City Council removed his title of "Honorary citizen of Poltava", and on 28 January 2015 Kramatorsk City Council removed his title of "Honorary citizen of Kramatorsk." In autumn 2014, Ukraine's national security service banned him from entering the country. Kobzon responded by saying that "he shouldn't need a visa to visit his own homeland and birthplace." He stated that he welcomed any decision by Ukraine's authorities to strip him of honours, as he didn't want to be "an honorary citizen of a country that is run by a fascist regime." He requested that Ukraine also strip him of his People's Artist of Ukraine award. In February 2015, Kobzon was awarded Honorary Citizenship of Yenakiieve in Donetsk Oblast (controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic), and was later awarded the honour of 'People's Artist' by self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic. In February 2015, the European Union added Kobzon to its list of sanctioned individuals; Kobzon responded that he was "very pleased and grateful." He was "proud to be included in a list of people who are not indifferent to the fate of internally displaced Russian-speakers in Donbass and the fate of Russia". Russian MPs spoke out in response to the EU sanctions, while Kobzon's fans launched a Twitter campaign in his support | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1333921 | 39,615 |
Dynatrace is a software intelligence company providing application performance management (APM), artificial intelligence for operations (AIOps), cloud infrastructure monitoring, and digital experience management (DEM), with products for the information technology departments and digital business owners of medium and large businesses. The company's services include performance management software for programs running on-premises and in the cloud. This software manages the availability and performance of software applications and the impact on user experience in the form of deep transaction tracing, synthetic monitoring, real user monitoring, and network monitoring. The company was acquired by private equity firm Thoma Bravo in December 2014, as part of a corporate group that included Compuware. On July 31, 2019, separated from the Compuware Group and completed its initial public offering (NYSE:DT), with a majority of its equity still held by Thoma Bravo. The earliest forms of began February 2, 2005 with the founding of dynaTrace Software GmbH in Linz, Austria, and on May 9, 2005 with the Compuware acquisition of Adlex, Inc. On January 2, 2007 it acquired Proxima Technology's Centauri Business Service Manager. After acquiring Gomez, Inc. on November 9, 2009 and dynaTrace Software July 1, 2011 the product set held the Compuware APM name until Private Equity firm Thoma Bravo took the company private in 2014. In time with separating from Compuware, the Compuware APM group renamed to Dynatrace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44743280 | 475,310 |
Magnetohydrodynamic generator In 1976, it became clear that no nuclear reactor in the next 25 years would use MHD, so the International Atomic Energy Agency and ENEA (both nuclear agencies) withdrew support from the ILG-MHD, leaving UNESCO as the primary sponsor of the ILG-MHD. Over more than a ten-year span, engineers in former Yugoslavian Institute of Thermal and Nuclear Technology (ITEN), Energoinvest Co., Sarajevo, had built the first experimental Magneto-Hydrodynamic facility power generator in 1989. It was here it was first patented. In the 1980s, the U.S. Department of Energy began a vigorous multiyear program, culminating in a 1992 50 MW demonstration coal combustor at the Component Development and Integration Facility (CDIF) in Butte, Montana. This program also had significant work at the Coal-Fired-In-Flow-Facility (CFIFF) at University of Tennessee Space Institute. This program combined four parts: Initial prototypes at the CDIF were operated for short durations, with various coals: Montana Rosebud, and a high-sulphur corrosive coal, Illinois No. 6. A great deal of engineering, chemistry and material science was completed. After final components were developed, operational testing completed with 4,000 hours of continuous operation, 2,000 on Montana Rosebud, 2,000 on Illinois No. 6. The testing ended in 1993. The Japanese program in the late 1980s concentrated on closed-cycle MHD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1502835 | 84,533 |
St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts Additional restorations to the Centre's theatres and exterior were completed in 2007 by 3rd Uncle Design Inc (Toronto); the -million construction cost was shared by the city and the Centre's patrons. The Bluma Appel Theatre has been the Canadian Stage Company’s main stage for over 25 years. The "Town Hall" was renamed the Jane Mallett Theatre in November 1984, in memory of Canadian actress Jane Mallett. It is used mainly for recitals, chamber concerts, public debates, stage and film presentations. Louis Applebaum was music consultant 1968-71. Franz Kraemer was music director 1971-9, succeeded by a team: Costa Pilavachi, music administrator, and Paul Robinson, director of music programming. Robinson resigned in 1980 and Pilavachi continued in sole charge of music until Jane Forner replaced him in 1982. In the 1970s and 1980s, music presentations at the St Lawrence Centre for the Arts included several annual series and a broad spectrum of chamber music performances, in addition to special series and events. Canadian Sound, a festival of music by Canadian composers and performers, was presented in 1976. The Orford String Quartet presented a Beethoven series during the 1982-3 season. In addition to its regular chamber series in 1984-5, CentreStage Music (the concert arm of CentreStage) presented its 17-day Bach 300 festival at the St Lawrence Centre and various venues throughout the city | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25093634 | 325,054 |
Special temporary authority A station may go silent entirely for up to ten days without notifying the FCC at all, and up to thirty days with only a letter of notification. A station that is or will be silent for longer than thirty days must apply for a "silent STA", which can be granted for up to six months. The FCC typically required that silence be for reasons beyond the operator's control, such as total equipment failure or loss of programming, and asked for plans to return the station to air. The commission has since started to grant silent STAs for financial reasons. Stations that are silent can also apply for an operational STA to resume broadcasting from a temporary facility, to avoid losing its license after one continuous year of silence. The one-year limit was written into the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and cannot be overridden by the FCC due to extenuating circumstances. This silent/operational STA process presents a loophole in that it can be used to work around the Telecommunications Act indefinitely, and such STAs are normally granted with little oversight. In January 2018, the FCC initiated a crackdown on stations that exploit the loophole. The first high-profile case was co-owned stations WBVA in Bayside, Virginia and WVAB in Virginia Beach, Virginia, whose 2017 license renewals were designated for a hearing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21739534 | 205,147 |
Mechanical television Another place where high-quality imagery is produced by opto-mechanics is the laser printer, where a small rotating mirror is used to deflect a modulated laser beam in one axis while the motion of the photoconductor provides the motion in the other axis. A modification of such a system using high power lasers is used in laser video projectors, with resolutions as high as 1024 lines and each line containing >1500 points. Such systems produce, arguably, the best quality video images. They are used, for instance, in planetariums. The long wave infrared cameras used in military applications such as giving fighter pilots night vision. These cameras use a high sensitivity infrared photo receptor (usually cooled to increase sensitivity), but instead of disks of lenses, these systems use rotating prisms to provide a 525 or 625 line standard video output. The optical parts are made from germanium, because glass is opaque at the wavelengths involved. These cameras have found a new role in sporting events where they are able to show (for example) where a ball has struck a bat. Laser lighting display techniques are combined with computer emulation in the LaserMAME project. It is a vector-based system, unlike the raster displays thus-far described. Laser light reflected from computer-controlled mirrors traces out images generated by classic arcade software which is executed by a specially modified version of the MAME emulation software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1361581 | 400,486 |
Latch-up It leads to a breakdown of an internal junction. This frequently happens in circuits which use multiple supply voltages that do not come up in the required sequence on power-up, leading to voltages on data lines exceeding the input rating of parts that have not yet reached a nominal supply voltage. Latch-ups can also be caused by an electrostatic discharge event. Another common cause of latch-ups is ionizing radiation which makes this a significant issue in electronic products designed for space (or very high-altitude) applications. High-power microwave interference can also trigger latch ups. Both CMOS integrated circuits and TTL integrated circuits are more susceptible to latch-up at higher temperatures. All CMOS ICs have latch-up paths, but there are several design techniques that reduce susceptibility to latch-up. In CMOS technology, there are a number of intrinsic bipolar junction transistors. In CMOS processes, these transistors can create problems when the combination of n-well/p-well and substrate results in the formation of parasitic n-p-n-p structures. Triggering these thyristor-like devices leads to a shorting of the Vdd and GND lines, usually resulting in destruction of the chip, or a system failure that can only be resolved by power-down. Consider the n-well structure in the first figure. The n-p-n-p structure is formed by the source of the NMOS, the p-substrate, the n-well and the source of the PMOS. A circuit equivalent is also shown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2081342 | 415,348 |
Ultrasonic welding In the medical industry ultrasonic welding is often used because it does not introduce contaminants or degradation into the weld and the machines can be specialized for use in clean rooms. The process can also be highly automated, provides strict control over dimensional tolerances and does not interfere with the biocompatibility of parts. Therefore, it increases part quality and decreases production costs. Items such as arterial filters, anesthesia filters, blood filters, IV catheters, dialysis tubes, pipettes, cardiometry reservoirs, blood/gas filters, face masks and IV spike/filters can all be made using ultrasonic welding. Another important application in the medical industry for ultrasonic welding is textiles. Items like hospital gowns, sterile garments, masks, transdermal patches and textiles for clean rooms can be sealed and sewn using ultrasonic welding. This prevents contamination and dust production and reduces the risk of infection. Packaging is an application where ultrasonic welding is often used. Many common items are either created or packaged using ultrasonic welding. Sealing containers, tubes and blister packs are common applications. is also applied in the packaging of dangerous materials, such as explosives, fireworks and other reactive chemicals. These items tend to require hermetic sealing, but cannot be subjected to high temperatures. One example is a butane lighter. This container weld must be able to withstand high pressure and stress and must be airtight to contain the butane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=710115 | 421,953 |
Youmail US robocalls have reached new highs in the years since, leading to President Trump signing legislation on December 31, 2019 to help reduce the volume of unwanted robocalls. In March 2020, the index identified an expanding set of robocalls leveraging the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying these illegal calls, YouMail notified carriers, enterprises, and the authorities to locate, take down, and punish the callers, helping shut down the COVID-19 scams in just days. YouMail virtual numbers provide a second phone number to separate business calls from personal calls, while keeping cell phones private and protected from unwanted calls. YouMail's virtual receptionist is an auto-attendant that creates an impression of a big business that callers reach. Third party developers use YouMail's API to create apps for other platforms, such as MagikMail for Windows Phone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20633866 | 261,834 |
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium ODM is often combined with Study Data Model standard to more fully model trial arms or trial activities. ODM is also used in sending forms data from a clinical trial system to an electronic health record (EHR) system. Define-XML supports the interchange of dataset metadata for clinical research applications in a machine-readable format. An important use case for Define-XML is to support the submission of clinical trials data in CDISC SDTM, SEND or ADaM format to regulatory authorities. The key metadata components to support submissions are: Define-XML can also be used to describe proprietary, non-CDISC dataset structures. The Define-XML model is implemented using extensions to the CDISC Operational Data Model (ODM) XML schema. The current version is 2.0 published on the CDISC web site. Clinical Trial Representation allows representing basic characteristic of a clinical trial, such as study sponsor, study name, size of the trial (number of participants). The standard was first introduced in 2016. CDISC BRIDG model is a unifying model of the domain of clinical research and research studies. It defines basic elements such as investigator, subject, study, intervention. It is used to keep all standards consistent. It was first introduced in 2006 with version 2 released in 2008. It can be obtained as UML model as well as .OWL format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3626922 | 459,421 |
JPEG XS The (ISO/IEC 21122) standard is a lightweight low latency image and video compression algorithm that maintains lossless quality. It has applications for streaming high quality content for virtual reality, drones, autonomous vehicles using cameras, gaming, and broadcasting. In 2016, the asked for an improvement of the JPEG format. The was unveiled by Belgian company intoPIX in April 2018 at the NAB Show in Las Vegas. It was presented with more media attention at the Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show in January 2019. An advantage of the format is that it uses less processing CPU than other formats. It also has a low latency, which can reach a few microseconds. Fraunhofer IIS claims transparent compression at ratios of up to 10:1. The maximum supported resolution is 8K, and the maximum supported frame rate is 120 fps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59625279 | 114,697 |
Ministers Island This barn was used for breeding of Van Horne's prizewinning Clydesdale horses and Dutch Belted cattle, one of the only such herds in North America. This farm served as a nursery for his larger operations in East Selkirk, Manitoba. The farm was also home to pigs, geese, ducks, chickens and turkeys. The produce of the farm and gardens was shipped to Montreal by night train during the winter months, providing the family with fresh food throughout the year. The barn was surrounded by several outbuildings, including a creamery, smaller barns, and living quarters for the workers. Adjacent to Covenhoven were several large greenhouses, providing the Van Hornes with grapes, peaches, nectarines, cherries and cucumbers. An expert gardener, Van Horne's grounds became famous for their extensive parterres of flowers and orchards, and miles of manicured roads that bordered the island. Cultivated gardens surrounded Covenhoven, while paths were maintained across the island for walking, riding, and carriage rides. In addition to the barns and greenhouses, Covenhoven was supported by numerous outbuildings, including a windmill, a gas house, a carriage house, and a gardener's cottage. At the southern tip of the island, Van Horne constructed a bathhouse: a perfectly round, two-level building, the upper level offering panoramic views of the bay while the lower level contained changing rooms and provided access to the beach, and the family's in-ground tidal swimming pool | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13854501 | 344,361 |
International Securities Identification Number Collect odd and even characters: 103000003331163510 = (1, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1), (0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 6, 5, 0) Multiply the group containing the rightmost character (which is the SECOND group) by 2: Add up the individual digits: (1 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 1) + (0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 6 + 2 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 0) + 0) = 27 Take the 10s modulus of the sum: 27 mod 10 = 7 Subtract from 10: 10 − 7 = 3 Take the 10s modulus of the result (this final step is important in the instance where the modulus of the sum is 0, as the resulting check digit would be 10). 3 mod 10 = 3 So the ISIN check digit is three. BAE Systems: ISIN GB0002634946, expanded from SEDOL 000263494 The main body is the SEDOL, padded on the front with the addition of two zeros. The country code "GB" is then added on the front, and the check digit on the end as in the example above. The Treasury Corporation of Victoria ISIN illustrates a flaw in ISIN's check digit algorithm which allows transposed letters: Suppose the ISIN was mis-typed as AU0000VXGZA3 (instead of AU0000XVGZA3) A = 10, G = 16, U = 30, V = 31, X = 33, Z = 35. "AU0000VXGZA" -> 10 30 00 00 31 33 16 35 10" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=285182 | 463,188 |
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