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Engine efficiency One solution to this issue is to shift the load in a multi-cylinder engine from some of the cylinders (by deactivating them) to the remaining cylinders so that they may operate under higher individual loads and with correspondingly higher effective compression ratios. This technique is known as variable displacement. Most petrol (gasoline, Otto cycle) and diesel (Diesel cycle) engines have an expansion ratio equal to the compression ratio. Some engines, which use the Atkinson cycle or the Miller cycle achieve increased efficiency by having an expansion ratio larger than the compression ratio. Diesel engines have a compression / expansion ratio between 14:1 to 25:1. In this case the general rule of higher efficiency from higher compression does not apply because diesels with compression ratios over 20:1 are indirect injection diesels (as opposed to direct injection). These use a prechamber to make possible the high RPM operation required in automobiles/cars and light trucks. The thermal and gas dynamic losses from the prechamber result in direct injection diesels (despite their lower compression / expansion ratio) being more efficient. An engine has many moving parts that produce friction. Some of these friction forces remain constant (as long as applied load is constant); some of these friction losses increase as engine speed increases, such as piston side forces and connecting bearing forces (due to increased inertia forces from the oscillating piston) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7248770 | 299,692 |
Eflornithine It has been noted that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) exhibits high activity in tumor cells, promoting cell growth and division, while absence of ODC activity leads to depletion of putrescine, causing impairment of RNA and DNA synthesis. Typically, drugs that inhibit cell growth are considered candidates for cancer therapy, so eflornithine was naturally believed to have potential utility as an anti-cancer agent. By inhibiting ODC, eflornithine inhibits cell growth and division of both cancerous and noncancerous cells. However, several clinical trials demonstrated minor results. It was found that inhibition of ODC by eflornithine does not kill proliferating cells, making eflornithine ineffective as a chemotherapeutic agent. The inhibition of the formation of polyamines by ODC activity can be ameliorated by dietary and bacterial means because high concentrations are found in cheese, red meat, and some intestinal bacteria, providing reserves if ODC is inhibited. Although the role of polyamines in carcinogenesis is still unclear, polyamine synthesis has been supported to be more of a causative agent rather than an associative effect in cancer. Other studies have suggested that eflornithine can still aid in some chemoprevention by lowering polyamine levels in colorectal mucosa, with additional strong preclinical evidence available for application of eflornithine in colorectal and skin carcinogenesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1453225 | 144,444 |
Professional ethics This is not only for the benefit of the client but also for the benefit of those belonging to that profession. Disciplinary codes allow the profession to define a standard of conduct and ensure that individual practitioners meet this standard, by disciplining them from the professional body if they do not practice accordingly. This allows those professionals who act with a conscience to practice in the knowledge that they will not be undermined commercially by those who have fewer ethical qualms. It also maintains the public’s trust in the profession, encouraging the public to continue seeking their services. In cases where professional bodies regulate their own ethics, there are possibilities for such bodies to become self-serving and fail to follow their own ethical code when dealing with renegade members. This is particularly true of professions in which they have almost a complete monopoly on a particular area of knowledge. For example, until recently, the English courts deferred to the professional consensus on matters relating to their practice that lay outside case law and legislation. In many countries there is some statutory regulation of professional ethical standards such as the statutory bodies that regulate nursing and midwifery in England and Wales. Failure to comply with these standards can thus become a matter for the courts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=844530 | 477,079 |
Shields parameter The Shields parameter, also called the Shields criterion or Shields number, is a nondimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow. It is a nondimensionalization of a shear stress, and is typically denoted formula_1 or formula_2. It is given by: where: By multiplying the top and bottom of the by "D", you can see that it is proportional to the ratio of fluid force on the particle to the weight of the particle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25486644 | 423,645 |
Dibenzo-18-crown-6 is a benzannulated crown ether. It is related to the non-benzannulated 18-crown-6. This compound may be synthesized from catechol and bis(chloroethyl) ether:. This crown ether, like other crown ethers, has strong complexing abilities and has high affinity for alkali metal cations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12829194 | 89,598 |
Digital camera 96 mm (on camera phones) CMOS sensor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52797 | 115,908 |
Robust control The major obstacle to achieving high loop gains is the need to maintain system closed loop stability. Loop shaping which allows stable closed loop operation can be a technical challenge. systems often incorporate advanced topologies which include multiple feedback loops and feed-forward paths. The control laws may be represented by high order transfer functions required to simultaneously accomplish desired disturbance rejection performance with robust closed loop operation. High-gain feedback is the principle that allows simplified models of operational amplifiers and emitter-degenerated bipolar transistors to be used in a variety of different settings. This idea was already well understood by Bode and Black in 1927. The theory of robust control began in the late 1970s and early 1980s and soon developed a number of techniques for dealing with bounded system uncertainty. Probably the most important example of a robust control technique is H-infinity loop-shaping, which was developed by Duncan McFarlane and Keith Glover of Cambridge University; this method minimizes the sensitivity of a system over its frequency spectrum, and this guarantees that the system will not greatly deviate from expected trajectories when disturbances enter the system. An emerging area of robust control from application point of view is sliding mode control (SMC), which is a variation of variable structure control (VSC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3282143 | 370,861 |
Westinghouse Electric Company As of January 2009, six AP1000 plants had been ordered in the US, and several other customers had chosen the AP1000, if they were to build new nuclear plants, for a combined total of at least 14 new plants, announced by the NuStart Consortium, Duke Power, Progress Energy, Southern Nuclear and SCE&G. In May 2011 after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, US government regulators found problems with the design of the shield building of the new reactors. Gregory Jaczko, chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission since 2005 said that computations submitted by Westinghouse about the building's design appeared to be wrong and "had led to more questions." He said the company had not used a range of possible temperatures for calculating potential seismic stresses on the shield building in the event of an earthquake, for example. The NRC asked Westinghouse not only to fix its calculations, but also to explain why it submitted flawed information in the first place. Westinghouse countered that the "confirmatory items" that the commission was asking for were not "safety significant." In November 2011, the AP1000 Oversight Group published a report highlighting six areas of major concern and un-reviewed safety questions requiring immediate technical review by the NRC. The report concluded that certification of the AP1000 should be delayed until the original and current "unanswered safety questions" raised by the AP1000 Oversight Group are resolved | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238339 | 399,010 |
Arkansas Health Connector Arkansas Health Connector/Arkansas Private option is the health insurance marketplace, previously known as health insurance exchange, in the U.S. state of Arkansas, created in accordance with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The marketplace operates a web site and a toll-free resource center. The marketplace is offered to individuals and families who are not covered by their employer. It allows enrollees to compare health insurance plans and provides those who qualify with access to tax credits. Enrollment started on October 1, 2013. The Arkansas Exchange will be run as a State-Federal partnership where the state will be responsible for the disseminating information regarding the marketplace. Actual enrollment of consumers in Arkansas will be handled by the Federally Facilitated Marketplace at HealthCare.gov. As of December 2013, the state of Arkansas has received over 53 million dollars for operation of the site. In 2014, 3 insurance providers will be participating in the state of Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40688133 | 487,566 |
Two-hybrid screening A number of methods exist for the production of these random sequences, including cassette mutagenesis. Regardless of the source of the DNA library, it is ligated into the appropriate place in the relevant plasmid/phagemid using the appropriate restriction endonucleases. By placing the hybrid proteins under the control of IPTG-inducible "lac" promoters, they are expressed only on media supplemented with IPTG. Further, by including different antibiotic resistance genes in each genetic construct, the growth of non-transformed cells is easily prevented through culture on media containing the corresponding antibiotics. This is particularly important for counter selection methods in which a "lack" of interaction is needed for cell survival. The reporter gene may be inserted into the "E. coli" genome by first inserting it into an episome, a type of plasmid with the ability to incorporate itself into the bacterial cell genome with a copy number of approximately one per cell. The hybrid expression phagemids can be electroporated into "E. coli" XL-1 Blue cells which after amplification and infection with VCS-M13 helper phage, will yield a stock of library phage. These phage will each contain one single-stranded member of the phagemid library. Once the selection has been performed, the primary structure of the proteins which display the appropriate characteristics must be determined. This is achieved by retrieval of the protein-encoding sequences (as originally inserted) from the cells showing the appropriate phenotype | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2015367 | 169,523 |
Principles of European Contract Law Instead, the Commission on European Contract Law (an organisation independent from any national obligations) started work in 1982 under the chairmanship of Ole Lando, a lawyer and professor from Denmark. The Commission consisted of 22 members from all member states of the European Union and was partly financed by the EU. In the year 1995 the first part of the PECL was published; since 1999 the second part has been available and the third part was completed in 2002. Today, the work of the Commission on European Contract Law is continued by the "Study Group on a European Civil Code". The Group is managed by Christian von Bar, a German law professor. The Group was founded in 2005. The PECL were inspired by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) from 1980; however, they are a so-called "Soft Law", such as the American Restatement of the Law of Contract, which is supposed to restate the Common Law of the United States. Therefore, the PECL do not represent a legally enforceable regulation: "The term 'soft law' is a blanket term for all sorts of rules, which are not enforced on behalf of the state, but are seen, for example, as goals to be achieved." Thus, the PECL are very similar to the "Principles of International Commercial Contracts" of UNIDROIT – International Institute for the Unification of Private Law ("Unidroit Principles") which were already published in 1994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22207678 | 458,319 |
Allee effect As these mechanisms are more easily observable in the field, they tend to be more commonly associated with the concept. Nevertheless, mechanisms of that are less conspicuous such as inbreeding depression and sex ratio bias should be considered as well. Although numerous ecological mechanisms for Allee effects exist, the list of most commonly cited facilitative behaviors that contribute to Allee effects in the literature include: mate limitation, cooperative defense, cooperative feeding, and environmental conditioning. While these behaviors are classified in separate categories, they can overlap and tend to be context dependent (will operate only under certain conditions – for example, cooperative defense will only be useful when there are predators or competitors present). Classic economic theory predicts that human exploitation of a population is unlikely to result in species extinction because the escalating costs to find the last few individuals will exceed the fixed price one achieves by selling the individuals on the market. However, when rare species are more desirable than common species, prices for rare species can exceed high harvest costs. This phenomenon can create an "anthropogenic" where rare species go extinct but common species are sustainably harvested. The anthropogenic has become a standard approach for conceptualizing the threat of economic markets on endangered species. However, the original theory was posited using a one dimensional analysis of a two dimensional model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1466225 | 149,259 |
Morris J. Berman oil spill This affected the population levels of certain species of fish in the years following the spill. Another example of lost habitat was the reef area lost near the grounding site of the "Berman". Over 152 species were estimated to have resided in these reefs. Some of these species include fish, shellfish, algae, and sponges. The reef was the main source of food and shelter for all of these species. The reef also provided a natural breakwater that helped to diminish storm surge from hurricanes. The effectiveness of the reef as a breakwater and habitat area were greatly decreased after it was damaged by the barge. Large pieces of the reef were lost after the barge ran into it. Oil was present at many beach areas surrounding the spill site. Beaches near the immediate site of the spill were closed to all visitors, either because of the presence of heavy oil or cleanup efforts. While other beaches in the surrounding areas did have some oil, they were left open to visitors. People were strongly discouraged from visiting these open beaches, though. Tourists and residents that continued to visit oil affected beaches were not able to use the beach normally due to the presence of oil. Beach goers reported damaged swimming gear as well as headaches that were caused by the oil fumes. The San Juan National Historic Site was also affected after the spill. Due to its close proximity to the water, intense oil vapors were present inside of the fort located at the site for up to three weeks following the spill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25682562 | 76,274 |
Boolean satisfiability problem Provided that the complexity classes P and NP are not equal, neither 2-, nor Horn-, nor XOR-satisfiability is NP-complete, unlike SAT. The restrictions above (CNF, 2CNF, 3CNF, Horn, XOR-SAT) bound the considered formulae to be conjunctions of subformulae; each restriction states a specific form for all subformulae: for example, only binary clauses can be subformulae in 2CNF. Schaefer's dichotomy theorem states that, for any restriction to Boolean operators that can be used to form these subformulae, the corresponding satisfiability problem is in P or NP-complete. The membership in P of the satisfiability of 2CNF, Horn, and XOR-SAT formulae are special cases of this theorem. An extension that has gained significant popularity since 2003 is satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) that can enrich CNF formulas with linear constraints, arrays, all-different constraints, uninterpreted functions, "etc." Such extensions typically remain NP-complete, but very efficient solvers are now available that can handle many such kinds of constraints. The satisfiability problem becomes more difficult if both "for all" (∀) and "there exists" (∃) quantifiers are allowed to bind the Boolean variables. An example of such an expression would be ; it is valid, since for all values of "x" and "y", an appropriate value of "z" can be found, viz. "z"=TRUE if both "x" and "y" are FALSE, and "z"=FALSE else. SAT itself (tacitly) uses only ∃ quantifiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4715 | 418,613 |
Living Building Challenge They provide height and floor area incentives for buildings in exchange for meeting high-performance green building requirements.”. By achieving certification, the project can build up to 25% more floor area than regulations in certain zones allow, and in some cases more building height. In many cases, projects have to request variances or alternative compliance pathways for building codes due to their design choices for the Living Building Challenge. Regulators often require evidence of the proposed performance of the new or innovative materials and technologies LBC project use, which create further obstacles and documentation requirements from project teams. Some criticisms from the field include the standard's need for more guidance for teams, the subjectiveness of some imperatives, the need for life cycle analysis, the energy measurement unit to change to carbon emissions, and the lack of regional considerations. In addition, there are criticisms of a project's large number of obstacles due to building code regulations that have not been changing in time to adapt to climate change. In turn, this has caused a decrease in the rate of newly registered projects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28479203 | 210,248 |
Building engineering physics As of 2010, the discipline of building engineering physics had not been adapted widely in the construction industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26616666 | 209,804 |
Charles O. Holliday Charles Otis "Chad" Holliday, Jr. (born March 9, 1948) is an American businessman, former chairman of Bank of America and former chairman, former chief executive officer and a former director of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont). He is chairman emeritus of the U.S. Council on Competitiveness and chairman of the Business Roundtable's Task Force for Environment, Technology and Economy. Holliday is also a founding member of the International Business Council and serves on the board of advisors of the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. In October 2014, it was announced that he would succeed Jorma Ollila as chairman of Royal Dutch Shell from May 2015. Holliday was born in 1948 and grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. He graduated from John Overton High, where he met his future wife, Ann. Holliday earned his B.S. in industrial engineering from the University of Tennessee in 1970. He was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity Zeta chapter. Holliday started at DuPont in the summer of 1970 at DuPont's Old Hickory site. He then turned a summer job at DuPont into a full-time position as an engineer. He advanced through manufacturing and supervisory positions around the world until he was named CEO in 1998. Holliday was the 18th CEO of DuPont in more than 200 years of DuPont history. Under Holliday's leadership, DuPont established a goal of achieving sustainable growth – increasing shareholder and societal value while simultaneously decreasing DuPont's environmental footprint | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=256056 | 35,459 |
Yakov Modestovich Gakkel (Russian: Яков Модестович Гаккель; (1874–1945) was a Russian scientist and engineer who made significant contributions to the development of aircraft and locomotives in the former Soviet Union. His father was a military engineer and he attended the Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute. In 1896, he was arrested for revolutionary activities and imprisoned for several months. After being released, he was allowed to graduate, then exiled to Siberia. He was sent to work at The Lena Goldfields (later the site of the infamous Lena massacre), near Bodaybo. While there, he participated in the construction of hydroelectric facilities and helped wire the goldfields with one of Russia's first high-voltage power lines. When he returned from exile in 1903, he became a teacher at the Institute and was involved in the construction of the Saint Petersburg Tramway. Six years later, he received an award from the Westinghouse Electric company that allowed him to begin developing his first airplane, the Gakkel-I. That same year, he was one of the founders of Russia's first airplane construction company, the "Pоссии авиастроительное предприятие С.С. Щетинин" ( Russian Association of Aeronautics), named after one of its major backers. On May 24, 1910, the Gakkel-III made a 200-meter (656 ft) flight; the first by an airplane of entirely Russian design and construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44611729 | 360,952 |
List of nuclear power accidents by country The plume spread in the near distance primarily over Belarus and after that covered extensive portions of Europe with traces of radioactivity, leaving reindeer in Northern Europe and sheep in portions of England unfit for human consumption. A "Zone of alienation" has been formed around the reactor. At least 57 accidents and severe incidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and over 56 severe incidents have occurred in the USA. Relatively few accidents have involved fatalities. Note that not all ratings are final as Cancer and Uncounted/Hidden results may have/will occur. This list is incomplete. See also Laka Foundation's list of recent nuclear and radiological incidents in Belgium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27883107 | 230,837 |
Robot The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China, Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic Egypt, attempted to build self-operating machines, some resembling animals and humans. Early descriptions of automata include the artificial doves of Archytas, the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu Ban, a "speaking" automaton by Hero of Alexandria, a washstand automaton by Philo of Byzantium, and a human automaton described in the "Lie Zi". Many ancient mythologies, and most modern religions include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus (Vulcan to the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and Galatea, the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life. Since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete include Talos, a man of bronze who guarded the island from pirates. In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer Ctesibius (c. 270 BC) "applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures." In the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". Hero of Alexandria , a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25781 | 113,406 |
Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland Ireland describes its IP–based BEPS tools as being part of its "knowledge economy"; however, U.S. tax academics describe IP as "the leading tax-avoidance vehicle in the world". Despite its small size, Ireland ranks 6th in the 2018 U.S. Global Intellectual Property Center (GIPC) league table of the top 50 global centres for IP–leglislation, and 4th in the important "Patents" sub-category (see graphic opposite). While Ireland's most important BEPS tools are all IP–based, Ireland has other BEPS tools including Transfer Pricing–based BEPS tools (e.g. contract manufacturing), and Debt–based BEPS tools (e.g. the Irish Section 110 SPV, and the Irish L-QIAIF). Ireland's IP–based BEPS tools have only attracted material operations from multinationals whose home jurisdiction had a "worldwide tax" system; namely, the U.K pre–2009, and the U.S. pre–2018 (see "Table 1"). Ireland has not attracted material technology or life sciences multinationals (outside of a specific plant, under its TP–based "Contract Manufacturing" BEPS tool), whose home jurisdiction operates a "territorial tax" system. , there are only 6 remaining jurisdictions in the world who operate a "worldwide tax" system, of which Ireland is one (e.g. Chile, Greece, Ireland, Israel, South Korea, Mexico). In 2016, U.S. tax academic, James R. Hines Jr. showed firms from "territorial tax" systems make little use of corporate–tax havens, as their tax code applied lower rates to foreign-sourced profits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1917953 | 460,842 |
Magnetometer Akubra hats are very popular in Australia, but their steel rims must be removed before use on magnetic surveys. Steel rings on notepads, steel capped boots and steel springs in overall eyelets can all cause unnecessary noise in surveys. Pens, mobile phones and stainless steel implants can also be problematic. The magnetic response (noise) from ferrous object on the operator and console can change with heading direction because of induction and remanence. Aeromagnetic survey aircraft and quad bike systems can use special compensators to correct for heading error noise. Heading errors look like herringbone patterns in survey images. Alternate lines can also be corrugated. Recording data and image processing is superior to real-time work because subtle anomalies often missed by the operator (especially in magnetically noisy areas) can be correlated between lines, shapes and clusters better defined. A range of sophisticated enhancement techniques can also be used. There is also a hard copy and need for systematic coverage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=83060 | 208,592 |
Electric energy markets by country This article reports production, consumption, exports and imports of electricity by country. Dependent territories, not fully recognized countries and supranational entities are not ranked. By default countries are ranked by their total electricity production. All data is taken from CIA World Factbook. General: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20966671 | 398,379 |
Media coverage of North Korea When foreign journalists do visit the country, they often run into problems, because North Korean and Western journalists have different understandings about the role of the media. (The situation is different for Russian and Chinese journalists reporting on North Korea). North Koreans expect Western journalists to behave like Soviet journalists during the Cold War, while Western journalists would like to exert the freedom of the press more widely. Researching topics like prison camps are out of bounds, and North Korean officials are often reluctant to give statements on the record. As with tourists, foreign journalists are always accompanied by minders, and any encounters with locals have been arranged. Foreign journalists have access to the Internet, making real-time reporting possible. Although control is strict, foreign journalists are only rarely expelled from the country. In 2014, photographer Eric Lafforgue was banned from returning after taking many candid photographs. In 2019, Australian student Alek Sigley was detained and deported on the grounds that the columns he wrote for news outlets such as NK News were espionage. In 2019, there were only five foreign correspondents permanently stationed in North Korea: from Russia's TASS news agency; China’s People’s Daily, China Central Television, and Xinhua; and Cuba's Prensa Latina. Cuba's correspondent had greater access than many foreign journalists, but still faced restrictions, such as being unable to use public transport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41703203 | 496,059 |
Reliability engineering is used to design a realistic and affordable test program that provides empirical evidence that the system meets its reliability requirements. Statistical confidence levels are used to address some of these concerns. A certain parameter is expressed along with a corresponding confidence level: for example, an MTBF of 1000 hours at 90% confidence level. From this specification, the reliability engineer can, for example, design a test with explicit criteria for the number of hours and number of failures until the requirement is met or failed. Different sorts of tests are possible. The combination of required reliability level and required confidence level greatly affects the development cost and the risk to both the customer and producer. Care is needed to select the best combination of requirements—e.g. cost-effectiveness. Reliability testing may be performed at various levels, such as component, subsystem and system. Also, many factors must be addressed during testing and operation, such as extreme temperature and humidity, shock, vibration, or other environmental factors (like loss of signal, cooling or power; or other catastrophes such as fire, floods, excessive heat, physical or security violations or other myriad forms of damage or degradation). For systems that must last many years, accelerated life tests may be needed. The purpose of accelerated life testing (ALT test) is to induce field failure in the laboratory at a much faster rate by providing a harsher, but nonetheless representative, environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1724836 | 85,960 |
Hugo Salinas Price (born March 11, 1932) is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the founder of Mexico's Elektra retail chain. The current head of Elektra is his son Ricardo Salinas Pliego. Elektra began as a factory assembling electronic appliances for the Salinas y Rocha chain, a national retailer of appliances. Elektra then set up a direct sales operation offering appliances on installments. currently is retired from retailing and focuses on being a proponent of a sound financial policy for Mexico. Salinas Price is President, Mexican Civic Association Pro Silver, A.C. Salinas was born on March 11, 1932 in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, his mother's home town. He graduated from the Academy of the New Church Secondary Schools in 1949. He studied at the Wharton School from University of Pennsylvania, at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) and law from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22508336 | 458,454 |
Examples of in vitro transdifferentiation by initial epigenetic activation phase approach List: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35722424 | 178,289 |
Forum am Wall The building in Bremen, Germany, dates from 1908 when it was constructed in the Neo-Renaissance style as the municipal police headquarters (Polizeihaus). While the building still houses a small police station, it is now home to the city's central library. In addition to a restaurant and some small cafés, the building is also a venue for concerts and exhibitions. The building located at No. 201, Am Wall, was designed by Carl Börnstein. Completed in 1908, it was built in connection with the relocation of administrative offices after the Stadthaus had been demolished to make room for the New Town Hall. As premises for the State Archives and the registrar's office were needed in addition to those for the police headquarters, it was logical that the site should be close to the Courthouse. In the interests of making maximum use of the available space, the complex takes the form of a trapezium enclosed by two wings. The inner courtyard is divided into three smaller sections. In line with the architecture parlante approach, the extensive rusticated socle and mezzanine storey are evocative of a town gate flanked by towers and round-arched portals. The tall gables and the bays protruding from the rendered façade are features of more modern administrative architecture. Most of the building's Neo-Renaissance decorations were removed after the war, giving the building a more martial appearance and enhancing its authenticity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41425310 | 327,571 |
Long reach excavator Long reach machines are particularly useful in dredging operations. The "high reach excavator" is a development of the excavator with an especially long boom arm, that is primarily used for demolition. Instead of excavating ditches, the high reach excavator is designed to reach the upper stories of buildings that are being demolished and pull down the structure in a controlled fashion. It has largely replaced the wrecking ball as the primary tool for demolition. "Ultra high reach demolition excavators" (UHD) are demolition excavators with several tens of meters of reach. Reaches of up to are in operation as of 2016. The long reach excavator imported to New Zealand for demolitions of tall buildings following the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes has been nicknamed Twinkle Toes. It is the largest excavator in the Southern Hemisphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7818373 | 216,069 |
Package on package (PoP) is an integrated circuit packaging method to combine vertically discrete logic and memory ball grid array (BGA) packages. Two or more packages are installed atop each other, i.e. stacked, with a standard interface to route signals between them. This allows higher component density in devices, such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), and digital cameras, at the cost of slightly higher height requirements. Stacks with more than 2 packages are uncommon, due to heat dissipation considerations. Two widely used configurations exist for PoP: During PCB assembly, the bottom package of a PoP stack is placed directly on the PCB, and the other package(s) of the stack are stacked on top. The packages of a PoP stack become attached to each other (and to the PCB) during reflow soldering. The package on package technique tries to combine the benefits of traditional packaging with the benefits of die-stacking techniques, while avoiding their drawbacks. Traditional packaging places each die in its own package, a package designed for normal PCB assembly techniques that place each package directly on the PCB side-by-side. The 3D die-stacking system in package (SiP) techniques stacks multiple die in a single package, which has several advantages and also some disadvantages compared to traditional PCB assembly. In embedded PoP techniques, chips are embedded in a substrate on the bottom of the package | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12792117 | 403,580 |
Policy-based management As such, automation should be a key aspect of dynamic analysis mechanisms so that the operational impact of a conflict can be kept to a minimum. To effectively use policies and drive the functionality of a managed system in a consistent manner, it is necessary to check that newly created policies do not conflict with each other or with policies already deployed in the system. To achieve this, detection processes utilise information regarding the conditions under which conflicts can arise to search policy spaces and identify policies that meet the conflict criteria. Based on the types of conflicts identified in the literature and the different application domains in which they occur, research has concentrated in the development of mechanisms and techniques for their effective detection. Although simple conflicts (e.g. modality conflicts) can be detected by syntactic analysis, more specialised inconsistencies require a precise definition of the conditions for a conflict, which sometimes include domain-specific knowledge, and processes that utilise such information to signal the occurrence of a conflict. Popular approaches for the detection of conflicts have been based on: meta-policies (detection rules), policy relationships, applicability spaces, and information models. Resolution is the latter part of policy analysis, which aims at handling detected inconsistencies, preferably in an automated manner, so that consistency among policies can be restored | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42581248 | 393,543 |
Gaia hypothesis The American biologist had also awakened criticism from the scientific community with her advocacy of the theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles and her contributions to the endosymbiotic theory, nowadays accepted. Margulis dedicated the last of eight chapters in her book, "The Symbiotic Planet", to Gaia. However, she objected to the widespread personification of Gaia and stressed that Gaia is "not an organism", but "an emergent property of interaction among organisms". She defined Gaia as "the series of interacting ecosystems that compose a single huge ecosystem at the Earth's surface. Period". The book's most memorable "slogan" was actually quipped by a student of Margulis': "Gaia is just symbiosis as seen from space". James Lovelock called his first proposal the "Gaia hypothesis" but has also used the term "Gaia theory". Lovelock states that the initial formulation was based on observation, but still lacked a scientific explanation. The has since been supported by a number of scientific experiments and provided a number of useful predictions. In fact, wider research proved the original hypothesis wrong, in the sense that it is not life alone but the whole Earth system that does the regulating. In 1985, the first public symposium on the Gaia hypothesis, "Is The Earth A Living Organism?" was held at University of Massachusetts Amherst, August 1–6. The principal sponsor was the National Audubon Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 | 25,644 |
Self-replicating machine For example, the term clanking replicator was once used by Drexler to distinguish macroscale replicating systems from the microscopic nanorobots or "assemblers" that nanotechnology may make possible, but the term is informal and is rarely used by others in popular or technical discussions. Replicators have also been called "von Neumann machines" after John von Neumann, who first rigorously studied the idea. However, the term "von Neumann machine" is less specific and also refers to a completely unrelated computer architecture that von Neumann proposed and so its use is discouraged where accuracy is important. Von Neumann himself used the term universal constructor to describe such self-replicating machines. Historians of machine tools, even before the numerical control era, sometimes figuratively said that machine tools were a unique class of machines because they have the ability to "reproduce themselves" by copying all of their parts. Implicit in these discussions is that a human would direct the cutting processes (later planning and programming the machines), and would then be assembling the parts. The same is true for RepRaps, which are another class of machines sometimes mentioned in reference to such non-autonomous "self-replication". In contrast, machines that are "truly autonomously" self-replicating (like biological machines) are the main subject discussed here. The general concept of artificial machines capable of producing copies of themselves dates back at least several hundred years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1600053 | 260,530 |
Vasa (ship) "Vasa" was armed with powerful guns and built with a high stern, which would act as a firing platform in boarding actions for some of the 300 soldiers it was supposed to carry, but the high-sided hull and narrow upper deck were not optimised for boarding. It was neither the largest ship ever built, nor the one carrying the greatest number of guns. What made her arguably the most powerful warship of the time was the combined weight of shot that could be fired from the cannon of one side: 588 pounds (267 kg), excluding "stormstycken", guns used for firing anti-personnel ammunition instead of solid shot. This was the largest concentration of artillery in a single warship in the Baltic at the time, perhaps in all of northern Europe, and it was not until the 1630s that a ship with more firepower was built. This large amount of naval artillery was placed on a ship that was quite small relative to the armament carried. By comparison, "USS Constitution", a frigate built by the United States 169 years after "Vasa", had roughly the same firepower, but was over 700 tonnes heavier. The "Constitution", however, belonged to a later era of naval warfare that employed the line of battle-tactic, where ships fought in single file (or "line ahead") while the group as a whole attempted to present the batteries of one side toward the enemy. The guns would be aimed in the same direction and fire could be concentrated on a single target | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187604 | 448,138 |
Stickam The event was organized by several CBS radio stations in Southern California, including KRTH-FM (K-Earth 101), KTWV-FM (94.7 The WAVE), KLSX-FM (91.7), KFWB-AM (News 980) and KNX-AM (News 1070). featured the event on Stickam.com and provided players that were embedded on many additional sites, including MilitaryConnection.com, Newsblaze.com, TalkingWithHeroes.com and RealMilitaryFlix.com. In July 2010 the company held another webathon to help raise money for 1-800-Suicide. The webathon featured live streaming and helped the charity win $100,000 from the Chase Challenge. "Social users" refers to people who use primarily for its social features, including hosting their own videochats or participating in one of the site's group chat rooms. In February 2010, also launched Shuffle, where users could connect instantly to random people from all over the world. Stickam's policy promised that violators of its terms of service would be permanently banned. Live Chat allowed the user to display their webcam live feed over the internet. The user had the ability to choose who could view their live stream. In the actual stream room, there were 7 camera spots. The largest one was for the owner of the chat. The other six spots were for six other people to stream their live webcam feed. The live chat also allowed users to chat through a chat box similar to what one would see on any regular chat site. The main user could "kick" or ban people who were disruptive or threatening | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8120660 | 287,031 |
Electronic article surveillance The occasional shoplifter, not being familiar with these systems and their mode of operation, will either get caught by them, or preferably, will be dissuaded from attempting any theft in the first place. Informed shoplifters are conscious of how tags can be removed or deactivated. A common method of defeating RF tags is the use of so-called booster bags. These are typically large paper bags that have been lined with multiple layers of aluminium foil to effectively shield the RF label from detection, much like a Faraday cage. A similar situation would be the loss of signal that a cell phone suffers inside an elevator: The electro-magnetic, or radio, waves are effectively blocked, reducing the ability to send or receive information. However, they may miss some tags or be unable to remove or deactivate all of them, especially if concealed or integrated tags are used. As a service to retailers, many manufacturers integrate security tags in the packaging of their products, or even inside the product itself, though this is rare and not especially desirable either for the retailer or the manufacturer. The practical totality of EAS labels are discarded with the product packaging. This is of particular application in everyday items that consumers might carry on their person to avoid the inconvenience of potentially live reactivated EAS tags when walking in and out of retail stores. Hard tags, typically used for clothing or ink tags, known as benefit denial tags, may reduce the rate of tag manipulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1802422 | 455,776 |
Lawrence Bartell Bartell chaired the Division of Chemical Physics of the American Physical Society from 1977 to 1978 and served on the editorial boards of several scientific journals specializing in chemical physics. A type of electron microscope used by his research group was noted by the "Guinness Book of World Records" in the 1970s as most powerful in the world at the time. After his retirement, Bartell has written several memoirs, including a paper describing his experiences working on the Manhattan Project and a self-published book called "True Stories of Strange Events and Odd People: A Memoir". Bartell died in September 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53440068 | 256,506 |
Elite Hall Elite Hall, at 98 W. Main St. in Hyrum, Utah, is a historic dance hall that was built in 1917 that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2003, when it was listed, it was deemed significant for association with community life in Hyrum and as one of only two surviving spring-loaded dance floors in Utah. It has an "imposing presence" on the Main Street of Hyrum, and is mainly commercial-style but has elements of Prairie School styling in its design. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39423523 | 329,685 |
Sam Beckett As Sam would soon discover, quantum-leaping had an unforeseen side-effect: He was struck with partial amnesia; he describes his own situation with the analogy of his brain being like a hunk of Swiss cheese, with his memory full of holes and lacking some personal information about his past, the most consistently absent detail being his marriage to Donna (with Donna preferring that Sam not be reminded of their marriage so that he can more easily commit to the people his hosts are in love with and thus solve whatever he is there to accomplish, consoling herself about Sam's 'cheating' by reasoning that his amnesia means that he isn't technically cheating on her but is the equivalent of a man unaware that someone else is in love with him). To lead Sam and the audience from this confusion comes Al, an observer from Sam's own time, except Al has to convince Sam he is not a hallucination; as a hologram tuned to Sam's brainwaves that only Sam can see and hear, convincing an amnesiac he is real is difficult. Al conveys to Sam a theory to return Sam to the present: that an unknown influence (God, Fate, or Time) was using Sam to correct a mistake in the past — in this case, saving the life of the pilot Sam had displaced, who was killed in an experimental aircraft in the original history. When Sam corrected the timeline, he leaped forward, but not all the way home; this time, he found himself assuming the identity of a minor-league professional baseball player named Tim Fox | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6286802 | 214,245 |
Proebsting's paradox In probability theory, is an argument that appears to show that the Kelly criterion can lead to ruin. Although it can be resolved mathematically, it raises some interesting issues about the practical application of Kelly, especially in investing. It was named and first discussed by Edward O. Thorp in 2008. The paradox was named for Todd Proebsting, its creator. If a bet is equally likely to win or lose, and pays b times the stake for a win, the Kelly bet is: times wealth. For example, if a 50/50 bet pays 2 to 1, Kelly says to bet 25% of wealth. If a 50/50 bet pays 5 to 1, Kelly says to bet 40% of wealth. Now suppose a gambler is offered 2 to 1 payout and bets 25%. What should he do if the payout on new bets changes to 5 to 1? He should choose "f"* to maximize: because if he wins he will have 1.5 (the 0.5 from winning the 25% bet at 2 to 1 odds) plus 5"f"*; and if he loses he must pay 0.25 from the first bet, and "f"* from the second. Taking the derivative with respect to "f"* and setting it to zero gives: which can be rewritten: So "f"* = 0.225. The paradox is that the total bet, 0.25 + 0.225 = 0.475, is larger than the 0.4 Kelly bet if the 5 to 1 odds are offered from the beginning. It is counterintuitive that you bet more when some of the bet is at unfavorable odds. Todd Proebsting emailed Ed Thorp asking about this. Ed Thorp realized the idea could be extended to give the Kelly bettor a nonzero probability of being ruined | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19739736 | 370,362 |
Kelly criterion Primarily, it is useful for stock investment, where the fraction devoted to investment is based on simple characteristics that can be easily estimated from existing historical data – expected value and variance. This approximation leads to results that are robust and offer similar results as the original criterion. Considering a single asset (stock, index fund, etc.) and a risk-free rate, it is easy to obtain the optimal fraction to invest through geometric Brownian motion. The value of a lognormally distributed asset formula_152 at time formula_153 (formula_154) is from the solution of the geometric Brownian motion where formula_156 is a Wiener process, and formula_157 (percentage drift) and formula_158 (the percentage volatility) are constants. Taking expectations of the logarithm: Then the expected log return formula_160 is For a portfolio made of an asset formula_152 and a bond paying risk-free rate formula_163, with fraction formula_39 invested in formula_152 and formula_166 in the bond, the expected one-period return is given by however people seem to deal with the expected log return formula_168 for one-period instead in the context of Kelly: Solving formula_170 we obtain formula_172 is the fraction that maximizes the expected logarithmic return, and so, is the Kelly fraction. Thorp arrived at the same result but through a different derivation. Remember that formula_173 is different from the asset log return formula_160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3047554 | 370,659 |
Paracetamol Based on a systematic review, paracetamol was recommended by the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society as a first-line treatment for lower back pain. The American College of Physicians, , noted evidence that it was no different than placebo in the treatment of nonradicular low back pain. Other systematic reviews have also concluded that evidence for its efficacy is lacking. A joint statement of the German, Austrian, and Swiss headache societies and the German Society of Neurology recommends the use of paracetamol in combination with caffeine as one of several first-line therapies for treatment of tension and migraine headaches. In the treatment of acute migraine, it is superior to placebo, with 39% of people experiencing pain relief at one hour compared with 20% in the control group. combined with NSAIDs may be more effective for treating postoperative pain than either paracetamol or NSAIDs alone. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac are more effective than paracetamol for controlling dental pain or pain arising from dental procedures; combinations of NSAIDs and acetaminophen are more effective than either alone. is particularly useful when NSAIDs are contraindicated due to hypersensitivity or history of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding. It can also be used in combination with NSAIDs when these are ineffective in controlling dental pain alone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=83406 | 185,399 |
PLATO (computer system) The Intel 8080 microprocessors in these terminals made them capable of executing programs locally, and allowed small software modules to be downloaded into the terminal to augment the PLATO courseware with rich animation and other sophisticated capabilities that were not available otherwise using a traditional terminal-based approach. Early in 1972, researchers from Xerox PARC were given a tour of the PLATO system at the University of Illinois. At this time, they were shown parts of the system, such as the "Show Display" application generator for pictures on PLATO (later translated into a graphics-draw program on the Xerox Star workstation), the "Charset Editor" for "painting" new characters (later translated into a "Doodle" program at PARC), and the "Term Talk" and "Monitor Mode" communications programs. Many of the new technologies they saw were adopted and improved upon, when these researchers returned to Palo Alto, California. They subsequently transferred improved versions of this technology to Apple Inc.. By 1975, the PLATO System served University of Illinois students like Richard Powers and almost 150 other locations from a donated CDC Cyber 73, including not only the users of the PLATO III system, but a number of grammar schools, high schools, colleges and universities, and military installations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1000474 | 417,593 |
Magnetic gear Such a device can be termed a torque multiplier. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45515158 | 432,007 |
Semiconductor device When a doped semiconductor contains excess holes, it is called a p-type semiconductor ("p" for positive electric charge); when it contains excess free electrons, it is called an n-type semiconductor ("n" for negative electric charge). A majority of mobile charge carriers have negative charge. The manufacture of semiconductors controls precisely the location and concentration of p- and n-type dopants. The connection of n-type and p-type semiconductors form p–n junctions. The most common semiconductor device in the world is the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), also called the MOS transistor. As of 2013, billions of MOS transistors are manufactured every day. Semiconductor devices made per year have been growing by 9.1% on average since 1978, and shipments in 2018 are predicted for the first time to exceed 1 trillion, meaning that well over 7 trillion has been made to date, in just in the decade prior. A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there forms a depletion region where current conduction is inhibited by the lack of mobile charge carriers. When the device is "forward biased" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is "reverse biased" and thus the depletion region expanded | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40344 | 381,974 |
Even Higher The book acknowledges that in the broadcasting industry, looking forward 25 months is a challenge, let alone 25 years, not only because of the developing technologies involved but also because of influences outside the direct broadcasting industry, such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube which have a huge effect on broadcasting today but were almost unknown just ten years ago. Excerpts from "Even Higher" "High Above" is edited by Chris Forrester with contributions from some of the best-known names in the industry, including Gerhard Zeiler (RTL and now TBS), Mark Hollinger (Discovery), Dr Abe Peled (NDS/Cisco), Greg Moyer (Scripps). Jean-Yves Le Gall (Arianespace), David Wood (EBU), David Mercer (Strategy Analytics) and Dr Kaiichi Kubota (NHK) along with broadcasting technology journalists, Geoff Bains, Julian Clover, and Jörn Krieger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38563338 | 412,520 |
Risk assessment Dynamic risk assessment is the final stage of an integrated safety management system which can provide appropriate response during changing circumstances. It relies on experience, training and continuing education, including effective debriefing to analyse not only what went wrong, but also what went right, and why, and to share this with other members of the team and the personnel responsible for the planning level risk assessment. Application of risk assessment procedures is common in a wide range of fields, and these may have specific legal obligations, codes of practice, and standardised procedures. Some of these are listed here. There are many resources that provide health risk information. The National Library of Medicine provides risk assessment and regulation information tools for a varied audience. These include: The United States Environmental Protection Agency provides basic information about environmental health risk assessments for the public for a wide variety of possible environmental exposures. The Environmental Protection Agency began actively using risk assessment methods to protect drinking water in the United States after passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. The law required the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a study on drinking water issues, and in its report the NAS described some methodologies for doing risk assessments for chemicals that were suspected carcinogens, recommendations that top EPA officials have described as perhaps the study's most important part | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=219072 | 500,180 |
Biosimilar A biosimilar is a biologic medical product (also known as biologic) highly similar to another already approved biological medicine (the 'reference medicine'). Biosimilars are approved according to the same standards of pharmaceutical quality, safety and efficacy that apply to all biological medicines. Biosimilars are officially approved versions of original "innovator" products and can be manufactured when the original product's patent expires. Reference to the innovator product is an integral component of the approval. Unlike with generic drugs of the more common small-molecule type, biologics generally exhibit high molecular complexity and may be quite sensitive to changes in manufacturing processes. Despite that heterogeneity, all biopharmaceuticals, including biosimilars, must maintain consistent quality and clinical performance throughout their lifecycle. A biosimilar is not regarded as a generic of a biological medicine. This is mostly because the natural variability and more complex manufacturing of biological medicines do not allow an exact replication of the molecular micro-heterogeneity. Drug-related authorities such as the EU's European Medicines Agency (EMA), the US's Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Health Products and Food Branch of Health Canada hold their own guidance on requirements for demonstration of the similar nature of two biological products in terms of safety and efficacy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12924448 | 12,076 |
Daniel Starch (1883–1979) was an American psychologist and marketing researcher. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of marketing and consumer research in the early 20th century. Starch received a BS in mathematics and psychology from the Morningside College in Iowa. After that he moved for postgraduation studies to the University of Iowa, where he completed his PhD in psychology in 1906. The advisor of his thesis was Charles E. Seashore. After that he worked briefly as a lecturer in Iowa and then went on to teach at Wellesley College in Massachusetts while pursuing further studies at Harvard University. In 1908 he became a professor at the University of Wisconsin where he stayed until 1919. From 1920 to 1926 he was a professor at Harvard University and in 1923 he founded the marketing research company and Staff. Later he resigned from his position at Harvard to concentrate on his company and work in the private sector. In 1932 he worked as a consultant and director of a research department of the American Association of Advertising Agencies as well. Starch ran his own company for 50 years until his retirement in 1973 at the age of 90. Starch authored several books in the fields of psychology, advertising and marketing research. Best known are "Experiments in Educational Psychology" (1911) and his pioneering work about advertising "Advertising: Its Principles, Practice, and Technique" and its follow-up "Principles of Advertising" (1923) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30619241 | 479,721 |
Moshav A moshav (, plural "", lit. "settlement, village") is a type of Israeli town or settlement, in particular a type of cooperative agricultural community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second wave of "aliyah". A resident or a member of a moshav can be called a "moshavnik" (). The moshavim are similar to kibbutzim with an emphasis on community labour. They were designed as part of the Zionist state-building programme following the green revolution Yishuv ("settlement") in the British Mandate of Palestine during the early 20th century, but in contrast to the collective farming kibbutzim, farms in a moshav tended to be individually owned but of fixed and equal size. Workers produced crops and goods on their properties through individual or pooled labour and natural resources and used profit and foodstuffs to provide for themselves. Moshavim are governed by an elected council (, "va'ad", lit. "committee"). Community projects and facilities were financed by a special tax (, "mas va'ad", lit. "committee tax"). This tax was equal for all households of the community, thus creating a system where good farmers were better off than bad ones, unlike in the communal kibbutzim where (at least theoretically) all members enjoyed the same living standard. There are several variants, of which the most common are: The first moshav, Nahalal, was established in the Jezreel Valley (also known as the Valley of Esdraelon) on September 11, 1921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1597952 | 455,133 |
Ryde Pumping Station Birmingham), lifted 3,400 gal/min of water to Ryde tank and Chatswood, to supply Sydney's northern distribution system. By 1916 the need to further increase pumping capacity could no longer be accommodated in the existing station. Land on the eastern boundary of the old station was acquired, and a second much larger pumping station built. The new station was completed during 1921 and commissioned on 15 September. Gradually the new station took over the pumping duties of the old until the old pumping station ceased to operate during November 1930. The old station was used as a store until it was demolished in 1961. The new pumping station went through continual upgrades and amplifications to raise its pumping capacity from (including the old pumping station) in 1921, to in 1956, to (410ML/day) in 1973, to in 1982. In 1921 the station was pumping to Chatswood, Pymble, Wahroonga, Hermitage, Mobbs Hill and Beecroft Reservoirs - thus to most of the North Shore. By 1982 the conversion to electrification was completed. With 13 pumping units installed and another on standby, the capacity of the station after electrification stood at . The combination of electrification over steam, more powerful prime movers and improved suction mains, rising mains and manifolds, resulted in the great increase in capacity at the new station. This led to Ryde becoming the largest domestic water pumping station in Australia at that time. Turpentine-Ironbark forest on Wianamatta shale was the main vegetation type for much of the Ryde area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58096974 | 305,469 |
Computer memory In computing, memory refers to a device that is used to store information for immediate use in a computer or related computer hardware device. It typically refers to semiconductor memory, specifically metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) memory, where data is stored within MOS memory cells on a silicon integrated circuit chip. The term "memory" is often synonymous with the term "primary storage". operates at a high speed, for example random-access memory (RAM), as a distinction from storage that provides slow-to-access information but offers higher capacities. If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to secondary storage; a very common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called "virtual memory". An archaic synonym for memory is store. The term "memory", meaning "primary storage" or "main memory", is often associated with addressable semiconductor memory, i.e. integrated circuits consisting of silicon-based MOS transistors, used for example as primary storage but also other purposes in computers and other digital electronic devices. There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory, volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory (used as secondary memory) and ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM memory (used for storing firmware such as BIOS) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6806 | 418,718 |
The Shift Project Since 2013, The Shift has been gathering experts on the energy rehabilitation of buildings and made propositions like the Energy Efficiency Passport. In addition to being experimented by the Shift through the nonprofit organization "Expérience P2E", this building passport was then included in the Energy Transition Law and is now used by various actors in the building industry. In 2016, at request, the engineer Francisco Luciano gathered a team of experts including the SNCF, Vinci Autoroutes, EDF, the CVTC, start-ups in car sharing, the senior official Olivier Paul-Dubois-Taine and researchers. In September 2017, The Shift published the report ""Decarbonize mid-density areas – Less carbon more bond"", for which The Shift and the project leader Francisco Luciano were invited by the Ministry for Transportation to attend the Mobility Foundations and various governmental working groups. The report, which is aimed to be well-argued and quantitative, concludes that it is possible to strongly decarbonize mobility in suburban areas thanks to cycling, car sharing and fast public transports. The working group also studied the delivery of goods and remote work. On 4 October 2018, the think tank published a report on the digital economy impact on climate and environment. The report notes that the worldwide energy consumption of the digital economy grows at a very fast rate (about 9% a year) with a worsening energy efficiency, unlike most economic sectors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59748413 | 194,957 |
Eco-capitalism Eco-capitalism, also known as environmental capitalism or (sometimes) green capitalism, is the view that capital exists in nature as "natural capital" (ecosystems that have ecological yield) on which all wealth depends. Therefore, governments should use market-based policy-instruments (such as a carbon tax) to resolve environmental problems. The term "Blue Greens" is often applied to those who espouse eco-capitalism. is considered as the right-wing equivalent to Red Greens. The roots of eco-capitalism can be traced back to the late 1960s. The "Tragedy of the Commons", an essay published in 1968 in "Science" by Garrett Hardin, claimed the inevitability of malthusian catastrophe due to liberal or democratic government's policies to leave family size matters to the family, and enabling the welfare state to willingly care for potential human overpopulation. Hardin argued that if families were given freedom of choice in the matter, but were removed from a welfare state, parents choosing to overbear would not have the resources to provide for their "litter", thus solving the problem of overpopulation. This represents an early argument made from an eco-capitalist standpoint: overpopulation would technically be solved by a free market. John Baden, a collaborator with Garrett Hardin on other works including "Managing the Commons," founded the Political Economy Research Center (now called the Property and Environment Research Center) in 1982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=673858 | 516,638 |
Byzantine glass Although there is considerable archaeological evidence establishing primary glass-making sites, secondary glass-making sites remain difficult to pinpoint. The largest number of glass production sites from the Early Byzantine period have been unearthed in Syria and Palestine, as well as Egypt. Glass factories have also been discovered in Greece (Corinth, Thessoloniki) and Asia Minor. A chemical analysis of sixth-century weights demonstrated that glass was also manufactured in Carthage and along the Danube River. Literary sources refer to glass-making sites in Constantinople, Emesa (Homs, Syria), and various Egyptian towns. Though some towns were home to glass-maker guilds, most Byzantine glass-makers were independent entrepreneurs. Glass-workers could be either male or female. An extant glass-making contract from Armenia mentions a woman glass manufacturer. Glass vessel shapes in the Byzantine period did not deviate greatly from those of the high Roman period. Beginning in the late fifth century, glassblowers in the near east produced increasingly larger vessels. They also introduced the folded, stemmed foot. In the sixth and seventh centuries vessels typically features a delicate u-shaped mouth. A number of "classical" Roman glassware shapes were phased out by the fifth century including: bowls, flat- bottomed cups and beakers, and footed wine jugs featuring trefoil mouths. A major innovation of the Byzantine period was the invention of the glass lamp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53479414 | 256,518 |
History of the graphical user interface In the 1960s, Douglas Engelbart's project at the Augmentation Research Center at SRI International in Menlo Park, California developed the oN-Line System (NLS). This computer incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows used to work on hypertext. Engelbart had been inspired, in part, by the memex desk-based information machine suggested by Vannevar Bush in 1945. Much of the early research was based on how young children learn. So, the design was based on the childlike primitives of eye-hand coordination, rather than use of command languages, user-defined macro procedures, or automated transformations of data as later used by adult professionals. led to the advances at Xerox PARC. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. In 1973, Xerox PARC developed the Alto personal computer. It had a bitmapped screen, and was the first computer to demonstrate the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface (GUI). It was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, as well as other XEROX offices, and at several universities for many years. The Alto greatly influenced the design of personal computers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, notably the Three Rivers PERQ, the Apple Lisa and Macintosh, and the first Sun workstations. The GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Larry Tesler, Dan Ingalls, David Smith, Clarence Ellis and a number of other researchers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13914 | 224,014 |
3DISCO It is worth to mention that uDISCO was highlighted by media worldwide including New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Business Insider, Nature and Science magazines. It was also chosen as one of the top 10 scientific images of 2016 by Nature. DIPCO (from “diagnosing immunolabelled paraffin-embedded cleared organs”) is pipeline combine deparaffinization of FFPE embedded tumor specimens, iDISCO clearing and phenotyping of tumor tissue. Tumor FFPE samples are widely stored in biobanks and used for diagnostics, and their 3D analysis could potentially help to improve stratification of cancer patients. Clearing methods, including 3DISCO, was mainly developed for neuroscience research first. The reason is in high morphological and functional complexity of nervous system, which investigation is time-consuming and laborious with classical histology methods. Majority of studies is therefore focused on mouse central nervous system (rodents are one of main model organisms for neurobiology). Authors of method used it first for studying regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of mouse, including counting of microglia, astrocytes and mapping trajectories of axons after injury. was also used for mapping the development of mouse CNS. Its modification iDISCO was used for functional studies of brain activity or for mapping amyloid plaques, microglia, vasculature and other properties of brains in Alzheimer diseased patients and mouse models | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57126929 | 180,251 |
Vacuum filler These problems are caused by a variety of influences, such as air content or viscosity being too high, insufficient feed volume in the feed system, temperature-related influences and mechanical influences such as friction and fragmentation. The aforementioned problems can be eradicated by modifying upstream process steps, adapting recipes and making technical modifications. Hanging lines in the field of sausage production are auxiliary devices for linking and hanging portions of sausage. In principle, the application is similar to that of a holding device, however significantly higher filling capacities can be achieved. Hanging lines are available with various different degrees of automation. Multi-machine electronic control and documentation systems are used to document a filling process involving vacuum fillers or to monitor filling weights. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36604500 | 242,265 |
Melex Luckily, he found a distributor who could supply a Polish motor produced by a company named Celma, which was located in Cieszyn, Poland. Siedlecki placed his order, received the motors, finished his business activities, and returned to the U.S. Arriving back in the U.S., a chance ride in a golf cart used to transport employees across a factory floor sparked an idea. While riding in the cart, Siedlecki realized that Celma’s low-cost electric motor could be used for more than powering a cotton gin. It could also power a golf cart. In a fortunate turn of events, it also happened that Celma was interested in selling their electric motors in the U.S.To move forward with his idea, Siedlecki needed a manufacturer for the golf cart body. Siedlecki was aware of a factory in his hometown of Mielec, Poland that could produce the cart.This wasn’t just any factory, however. This factory was a part of his personal heritage. His stepfather, Adam Krysiewicz, built the original plant in Mielec. Armed with his idea and a commitment to making the business a reality, Siedlecki began reaching out to potential investors. Despite several initial funding setbacks, by mid-July of 1970, he had secured a signed contract for 25,000 carts to be produced over a 4-year period. As a result of his efforts, the Lelex was produced in Poland, then shipped and sold in the U.S. Just 10 carts shipped on that first order in December of 1970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16156519 | 376,358 |
ATX The 12 V rail was only used by computer fans and motors of peripheral devices (HDD, FDD, CD-ROM, etc.) While designing the Pentium 4 platform in 1999/2000, the standard 20-pin power connector was found insufficient to meet increasing power-line requirements; the standard was significantly revised into ATX12V 1.0 (ATX12V 1.x is sometimes inaccurately called ATX-P4). ATX12V 1.x was also adopted by AMD Athlon XP and Athlon 64 systems. However, some early model Athlon XP and MP boards (including some server boards) and later model lower-end motherboards do not have the 4-pin connector as described below. Numbering of the revisions may be a little confusing: refers to the design, and goes up to version 2.2 in 2004 (with the 24 pins of ATX12V 2.0) while ATX12V describes only the PSU. For instance, 2.03 is pretty commonly seen on PSU from 2000 & 2001 and often include the P4 12V connector, even if the norm itself does not define it yet! The main changes and additions in ATX12V 1.0 (released in February 2000) were: Formally called the "+12 V Power Connector", this is commonly referred to as the P4 connector because this was first needed to support the Pentium 4 processor. Before the Pentium 4, processors were generally powered from the 5 V rail. Later processors operate at much lower voltages, typically around 1 V and some draw over 100 A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=356488 | 450,180 |
McN5652 is a molecule that can be radiolabeled and then used as a radioligand in positron emission tomography (PET) studies. The [C]-(+)-enantiomer binds to the serotonin transporter. The radioligand is used for molecular neuroimaging and for imaging of the lungs. It was developed by Johnson & Johnson's McNeil Laboratories. According to McNeil, was among the strongest SRI ever reported at the time of its discovery (sub nM Ki). However, it is not completely 5-HT selective: the racemate has 5-HT=0.68, NA=2.9, and D=36.8nM, whereas (+)-enantiomer has 5-HT=0.39, NA=1.8, and D=23.5 nM. Paroxetine was listed as 5-HT=0.44 nM, NA=20, and DA=460nM in the same paper by the same authors. See for example: cited in PC44438935. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18977868 | 140,468 |
History of aviation ) The most successful early pioneering pilot of this type of aircraft was the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont who effectively combined a balloon with an internal combustion engine. On 19 October 1901, he flew his airship "Number 6" over Paris from the Parc de Saint Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back in under 30 minutes to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize. Santos-Dumont went on to design and build several aircraft. The subsequent controversy surrounding his and others' competing claims with regard to aircraft overshadowed his great contribution to the development of airships. At the same time that non-rigid airships were starting to have some success, the first successful rigid airships were also being developed. These would be far more capable than fixed-wing aircraft in terms of pure cargo carrying capacity for decades. Rigid airship design and advancement was pioneered by the German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. Construction of the first Zeppelin airship began in 1899 in a floating assembly hall on Lake Constance in the Bay of Manzell, Friedrichshafen. This was intended to ease the starting procedure, as the hall could easily be aligned with the wind. The prototype airship "LZ 1" (LZ for "Luftschiff Zeppelin") had a length of was driven by two Daimler engines and balanced by moving a weight between its two nacelles. Its first flight, on 2 July 1900, lasted for only 18 minutes, as LZ 1 was forced to land on the lake after the winding mechanism for the balancing weight had broken | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177680 | 268,169 |
Cycling probe technology (CPT) is a molecular biological technique for detecting specific DNA sequences. CPT operates under isothermal conditions. In some applications, CPT offers an alternative to PCR. However, unlike PCR, CPT does not generate multiple copies of the target DNA itself, and the amplification of the signal is linear, in contrast to the exponential amplification of the target DNA in PCR. CPT uses a sequence specific chimeric probe which hybridizes to a complementary target DNA sequence and becomes a substrate for RNase H. Cleavage occurs at the RNA internucleotide linkages and results in dissociation of the probe from the target, thereby making it available for the next probe molecule. Integrated electrokinetic systems have been developed for use in CPT. makes use of a chimeric nucleic acid probe to detect the presence of a particular DNA sequence. The chimeric probe consists of an RNA segment sandwiched between two DNA segments. The RNA segment contains 4 contiguous purine nucleotides. The probes should be less than 30 nucleotides in length and designed to minimize intra-probe and inter-probe interactions. utilizes a cyclic, isothermal process that begins with the hybridization of the chimeric probe with the target DNA. Once hybridized, the probe becomes a suitable substrate for RNase H. RNase H, an endonuclease, cleaves the RNA portion of the probe, resulting in two chimeric fragments. The melting temperature (T) of the newly cleaved fragments is lower than the melting temperature of original probe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1686285 | 85,661 |
Two-hybrid screening In recent years a mammalian two hybrid (M2H) system has been designed to study mammalian protein-protein interactions in a cellular environment that closely mimics the native protein environment. Transiently transfected mammalian cells are used in this system to find protein-protein interactions. Using a mammalian cell line to study mammalian protein-protein interactions gives the advantage of working in a more native context. The post-translational modifications, phosphorylation, acylation and glycosylation are similar. The intracellular localization of the proteins is also more correct compared to using a yeast two hybrid system. It is also possible with the mammalian two-hybrid system to study signal inputs. Another big advantage is that results can be obtained within 48 hours after transfection. In 2005 a two hybrid system in plants was developed. Using protoplasts of "A. thaliana" protein-protein interactions can be studied in plants. This way the interactions can be studied in their native context. In this system the GAL4 AD and BD are under the control of the strong 35S promoter. Interaction is measured using a GUS reporter. In order to enable a high-throughput screening the vectors were made gateway compatible. The system is known as the protoplast two hybrid (P2H) system. The sea hare "A californica" is a model organism in neurobiology to study among others the molecular mechanisms of long-term memory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2015367 | 169,531 |
Computational aeroacoustics By damping the source gradually to zero at the exit of the domain or adding some additional terms to correct this end-effect, these cut-off errors can be minimized. Also called 'Acoustic Analogy'. To obtain Lighthill's aeroacoustic analogy the governing Navier-Stokes equations are rearranged. The left hand side is a wave operator, which is applied to the density perturbation or pressure perturbation respectively. The right hand side is identified as the acoustic sources in a fluid flow, then. As Lighthill's analogy follows directly from the Navier-Stokes equations without simplification, all sources are present. Some of the sources are then identified as turbulent or laminar noise. The far-field sound pressure is then given in terms of a volume integral over the domain containing the sound source. The source term always includes physical sources and such sources, which describe the propagation in an inhomogeneous medium. The wave operator of Lighthill's analogy is limited to constant flow conditions outside the source zone. No variation of density, speed of sound and Mach number is allowed. Different mean flow conditions are identified as strong sources with opposite sign by the analogy, once an acoustic wave passes it. Part of the acoustic wave is removed by one source and a new wave is radiated to fix the different wave speed. This often leads very large volumes with strong sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4248526 | 423,981 |
Mount Washington Cog Railway The locomotives push passenger cars that have a capacity of 70 riders. The Cog Railway also rosters eight wooden coaches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=379369 | 204,393 |
Monoboard A monoboard is a device or product that consists of a single printed circuit board (PCB). The primary benefit of a monoboard solution is cost savings. There are a number of ways that incorporating all parts on a single board can reduce costs. The primary reason is that solutions with multiple boards require connections between the boards via edge connectors, and sometimes include a ribbon cable. By connecting devices directly together on the same PCB, there is no need for these additional connectors and cables. Additionally, PCB space may be optimized using electronic design automation (EDA) tools, resulting in a smaller device as well as further cost savings. Aesthetically enhanced micro branding is used as well. The disadvantages of using a monoboard solution is that they are inflexible to upgrades. For example, take a personal computer; in most personal computers, the video card is an external device that plugs into a dedicated slot in the motherboard and may be swapped out with a higher performing card. However, in small form-factor designs, a graphics processing unit (GPU) may be placed directly on the board. The typical reason is to reduce size and cost, but this removed the ability to later upgrade the device. Another common example is with data acquisition hardware. Many DAQ solutions involve the use of DAQ modules, which are cards that plug into a backplane. Different DAQ modules can be purchased with different functionalities depending on the speed and resolution of signals being acquired | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1700811 | 375,407 |
2-Fluoroethanol is the chemical compound with the formula CHFCHOH and the simplest fluorohydrin. This colorless liquid is one of the simplest stable fluorinated alcohols. It was developed for use as a rodenticide, insecticide, and acaricide. Owing to its easy oxidation to fluoroacetic acid, fluoroethanol is highly toxic ( = 10 mg/kg). The related difluoro- and trifluoroethanols are far less dangerous. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22396088 | 170,805 |
History of eugenics Maxwell J. Mehlman argues that our democratic society could be endangered if unequal access to genetic enhancement technology creates a "genobility" and the gap between the genetically enhanced and unenhanced widens. Mehlman suggests that the government should subsidize the cost of genetic enhancement technology to ensure it is equally available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37440011 | 188,950 |
Decibel However, as mentioned above, the 10 log intensity convention prevails more generally in physical optics, including fiber optics, so the terminology can become murky between the conventions of digital photographic technology and physics. Most commonly, quantities called "dynamic range" or "signal-to-noise" (of the camera) would be specified in 20 log dB, but in related contexts (e.g. attenuation, gain, intensifier SNR, or rejection ratio) the term should be interpreted cautiously, as confusion of the two units can result in very large misunderstandings of the value. Photographers typically use an alternative base-2 log unit, the stop, to describe light intensity ratios or dynamic range. Suffixes are commonly attached to the basic dB unit in order to indicate the reference value by which the ratio is calculated. For example, dBm indicates power measurement relative to 1 milliwatt. In cases where the unit value of the reference is stated, the decibel value is known as "absolute". If the unit value of the reference is not explicitly stated, as in the dB gain of an amplifier, then the decibel value is considered relative. The SI does not permit attaching qualifiers to units, whether as suffix or prefix, other than standard SI prefixes. Therefore, even though the decibel is accepted for use alongside SI units, the practice of attaching a suffix to the basic dB unit, forming compound units such as dBm, dBu, dBA, etc., is not | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8410 | 395,439 |
Roy Clay He was elected Vice Mayor in 1976. Clay was married to Virginia Clay, with whom he had three sons. After his wife died in 1995 Clay founded the Virginia Clay Annual Golf Classic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175648 | 115,432 |
Bendix G-20 The computer was introduced in 1961 by the Bendix Corporation, Computer Division, Los Angeles, California. The G-20 followed the highly successful G-15 vacuum tube computer. Bendix sold its computer division to Control Data Corporation in 1963, effectively terminating the G-20. The G-20 weighed about . The G-20 system was a general purpose mainframe computer, constructed of transistorized modules and core memory. Word size was 32 bits, plus parity. Up to 32k words of memory could be used. Single and Double precision floating point were allowed, as well a custom scaled format, called Pick-a-Point. A special form of the pick-a-point allowed an integer. Memory locations 1 through 63 were used as index registers. One hundred and ten instructions were in the instruction set. The CPU included integral block I/O and interrupt facilities. Multiply time was 51-63 microseconds, and divide time was 72-84 microseconds. Basic memory cycle time was 6 microseconds. A special programming language, called 20-GATE, was developed for the G-20. A special configuration of the G-20, a dual processor G-21, was used to support campus computing at Carnegie Institute of Technology in the 1960s. Usually the two processors ran independently, one CPU handling card-based input, and the other handling jobs submitted through one of 16 AT&T Dataphones connected to telephone lines, usually via Teletype Model 35 KSR, Model 35 ASR and Teletype Model 33 ASR teleprinters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15412723 | 404,996 |
Palivizumab (brand name Synagis which is manufactured by MedImmune) is a monoclonal antibody produced by recombinant DNA technology. It is used in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. It is recommended for infants that are high-risk because of prematurity or other medical problems such as congenital heart disease. is a humanized monoclonal antibody (IgG) directed against an epitope in the A antigenic site of the F protein of RSV. In two phase III clinical trials in the pediatric population, palivizumab reduced the risk of hospitalization due to RSV infection by 55% and 45%. is dosed once a month via intramuscular (IM) injection, to be administered throughout the duration of the RSV season. targets the fusion protein of RSV, inhibiting its entry into the cell and thereby preventing infection. was approved for medical use in 1998. is used to reduce the risk of respiratory syncytial virus in children at increased risk of severe disease. The American Academy of Pediatrics has published guidelines for the use of palivizumab. The most recent updates to these recommendations are based on new information regarding RSV seasonality, palivizumab pharmacokinetics, the incidence of bronchiolitis hospitalizations, the effect of gestational age and other risk factors on RSV hospitalization rates, the mortality of children hospitalized with RSV infection, the effect of prophylaxis on wheezing, and palivizumab-resistant RSV isolates. All infants younger than one year who were born at <29 weeks (i.e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6609299 | 14,125 |
Wood Many other types of sports and recreation equipment, such as skis, ice hockey sticks, lacrosse sticks and archery bows, were commonly made of wood in the past, but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium, titanium or composite materials such as fiberglass and carbon fiber. One noteworthy example of this trend is the family of golf clubs commonly known as the "woods", the heads of which were traditionally made of persimmon wood in the early days of the game of golf, but are now generally made of metal or (especially in the case of drivers) carbon-fiber composites. Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in "Xylophaga" may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood. "Alphaproteobacteria", "Flavobacteria", "Actinobacteria", "Clostridia", and "Bacteroidetes" have been detected in wood submerged for over a year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33550 | 331,062 |
Analog television The format of such a signal in 525-line NTSC is: Each pre- or post- equalizing pulse consists in half a scan line of black signal: 2 μs at 0 V, followed by 30 μs at 0.3 V. Each long sync pulse consists in an equalizing pulse with timings inverted: 30 μs at 0 V, followed by 2 μs at 0.3 V. In video production and computer graphics, changes to the image are often kept in step with the vertical synchronization pulse to avoid visible discontinuity of the image. Since the frame buffer of a computer graphics display imitates the dynamics of a cathode-ray display, if it is updated with a new image while the image is being transmitted to the display, the display shows a mishmash of both frames, producing a page tearing artifact partway down the image. Vertical synchronization eliminates this by timing frame buffer fills to coincide with the vertical blanking interval, thus ensuring that only whole frames are seen on-screen. Software such as video games and computer-aided design (CAD) packages often allow vertical synchronization as an option, because it delays the image update until the vertical blanking interval. This produces a small penalty in latency, because the program has to wait until the video controller has finished transmitting the image to the display before continuing. Triple buffering reduces this latency significantly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2393 | 418,563 |
Diseconomies of scale Larger firms have a reputation to uphold and as a result may place more restrictions on employees, limiting their efficiency. This will be seen amplified in a regulated industry, where a company losing its license would be an extremely serious event. Large firms also tend to be old and in mature markets. Both of these have negative implications for future growth. Old firms tend to have a large retiree base, with high associated pension and health costs, and also tend to be unionized, with associated higher labor costs and lower productivity. Mature markets tend to only offer the potential for small, incremental growth. (Everybody might go out and buy a new invention next year, but it is unlikely they will all buy cars next year, since most people already have them.) While diseconomies of scale are typically associated with large mature firms, similar problems have been observed in the growth phase of small and medium-sized manufacturing companies. Mclean has observed that this can occur once the workforce exceeds around 20 employees. At this point business complexity grows more rapidly than revenue. The business experiences falling productivity, leading to rising variable costs along with rapidly rising overheads. Solutions to the diseconomies of scale for large firms may involve splitting the company into smaller organisations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=396723 | 453,528 |
Analogue filter Zeroes of "F" correspond to zero loss and the poles of "F" correspond to transmission zeroes. "J" sets the passband ripple height and the stopband loss and these two design requirements can be interchanged. The zeroes and poles of "F" and "J" can be set arbitrarily. The nature of "F" determines the class of the filter; A Chebyshev response simultaneously in the passband and stopband is possible, such as Cauer's equal ripple elliptic filter. Darlington relates that he found in the New York City library Carl Jacobi's original paper on elliptic functions, published in Latin in 1829. In this paper Darlington was surprised to find foldout tables of the exact elliptic function transformations needed for Chebyshev approximations of both Cauer's image parameter, and Darlington's insertion-loss filters. Darlington considers the topology of coupled tuned circuits to involve a separate approximation technique to the insertion-loss method, but also producing nominally flat passbands and high attenuation stopbands. The most common topology for these is shunt anti-resonators coupled by series capacitors, less commonly, by inductors, or in the case of a two-section filter, by mutual inductance. These are most useful where the design requirement is not too stringent, that is, moderate bandwidth, roll-off and passband ripple. Edward Norton, around 1930, designed a mechanical filter for use on phonograph recorders and players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23431648 | 393,006 |
Proglacial river A proglacial river is a river that flows from the margin of a glacier. These rivers are strongly affected by the highly-seasonal water supply from the glacier and by the large supply of sediment that arrives at the glacier terminus. This high sediment supply often makes them steep and braided. Many modern proglacial rivers drain glaciers in the mountain ranges of Alaska and the Himalayas. Past and present proglacial rivers in front of large ice sheets deposited large outwash plains of sediment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48047392 | 328,269 |
East Kolkata Wetlands Sarkar, R. (2002). Valuing the ecosystem benefits of treatment of manmade wetlands using conventional economic indicators - a case study of the East Calcutta Wetlands, Occasional Papers no. 01/2002, Department of Business Management, University of Calcutta. Schuyt, K., and Brander, L. (2004). 'The Economic Values of World's Wetlands', Living Waters, Conserving the source of life, WWF, Gland/Amsterdam. Scott, D. A. (1989) (ed.). A Directory of Asian Wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK Sewell, R. B.(1934). A study of the fauna of the Salt Lake, Calcutta. Record of the Indian Museum. 36. Stewart. D. (1836). 'Report on the project of The Salt Lake Reclamation & Irrigation Company Limited', in Selection from the records of the Bengal Government, (containing papers from 1985 to 1964), Government of West Bengal, Calcutta, India. Thomas, R. W., and Huggett, R. J. (1980), Modelling in Geography: A Mathematical Approach, Harper & Row, London. Trisal, C. L., and Zutshi, D. P. (1985). 'Ecology and Management of Wetland Ecosystems in India', Paper presented at the Regional Meeting of the National MAB Committee of Central and South Asian Countries, New Delhi. Turner, R. K., and Bateman, I. J. (1995). 'Wetland Valuation: three case studies', in Perring "et al." (eds.), Biodiversity loss, economic and ecological issues, Cambridge University Press. UNESCO (2000). Science for the twenty-first century, a new commitment, World Conference on Science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6885984 | 331,852 |
Chine (boating) A chine in boat design is a sharp change in angle in the cross section of a hull. A hull without chines has a gradually curving cross section. A hard chine is an angle with little rounding, where a soft chine would be more rounded, but still involve the meeting of distinct planes. Chine log construction is a method of building hard chine boat hulls. Hard chines are common in plywood hulls, while soft chines are often found on fiberglass hulls. The oldest type of engineered boats are dugout canoes, which were built by hollowing out a log. These designs generally had rounded bottoms, which made best use of the round shape of the logs. Traditional planked hulls in most cultures are built by placing wooden planks oriented parallel to the waterflow and attached to bent wooden frames. This also produced a rounded hull, generally with a sharp bottom edge to form the keel. Planked boats were built in this manner for most of history. The first hulls to start incorporating hard chines were probably shallow draft cargo carrying vessels used on rivers and in canals. Once sufficiently powerful marine motors had been developed to allow powerboats to plane, it was found that the flat underside of a chined boat provided maximum hydrodynamic lift and speed. The scow in particular, in the form of the scow schooner, was the first significant example of a hard chine sailing vessel. While sailing scows had a poor safety reputation, that was due more to their typical cheap construction and tendency to founder in storms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5158850 | 215,695 |
Astronomy Theoretical astronomy seeks to explain observational results and observations are used to confirm theoretical results. Amateurs play an active role in astronomy. It is one of the few sciences in which this is the case. This is especially true for the discovery and observation of transient events. Amateur astronomers have helped with many important discoveries, such as finding new comets. "Astronomy" (from the Greek ἀστρονομία from ἄστρον "astron", "star" and -νομία "-nomia" from νόμος "nomos", "law" or "culture") means "law of the stars" (or "culture of the stars" depending on the translation). should not be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the two fields share a common origin, they are now entirely distinct. "Astronomy" and "astrophysics" are synonyms. Based on strict dictionary definitions, "astronomy" refers to "the study of objects and matter outside the Earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties," while "astrophysics" refers to the branch of astronomy dealing with "the behavior, physical properties, and dynamic processes of celestial objects and phenomena". In some cases, as in the introduction of the introductory textbook "The Physical Universe" by Frank Shu, "astronomy" may be used to describe the qualitative study of the subject, whereas "astrophysics" is used to describe the physics-oriented version of the subject | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50650 | 13,269 |
Benjamin Baker (engineer) By this time he had already made himself an authority on bridge construction, and shortly afterwards he was engaged on the work which made his reputation with the general public: the design and erection of the Forth Bridge in collaboration with Sir John Fowler and William Arrol. It was an almost unique design as a large cantilever bridge, and was built entirely in steel, another unprecedented development in bridge engineering. Stiffness was provided by hollow tubes which were riveted together so as to make sound joints. Baker promoted his design in numerous public lectures, and arranged demonstrations of the stability of the cantilever by using his assistants as stage props. With Sir John Fowler, he designed and engineered the Forth Bridge after the Tay bridge collapse. It was a cantilever bridge and Baker gave numerous lectures on the principles which lay behind his design. Thomas Bouch had originally been awarded the contract but he lost it after the Tay Bridge Inquiry reported in June 1880. The bridge was built entirely in steel, much stronger than cast iron. He used hollow steel tubes to create the cantilever, and it was then the largest bridge of its kind in the world. The bridge is regarded as an engineering marvel. It is in length, and the double track is elevated above high tide. It consists of two main spans of , two side spans of , 15 approach spans of and five of ).[3] Each main span comprises two 680 ft (210 m) cantilever arms supporting a central 350 ft (110 m) span girder bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=143580 | 365,435 |
List of fascist movements On 14 December 1931 Anton Mussert and Cornelis van Geelkerken founded the "Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland" (NSB), the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands. It started as a fascist movement, Italian style, but at the same time its ideology was based on Hitlers NSDAP. In the years 1935–1936 the party embraced antisemitism. Its best pre-war election result was 7,9% of the voters (1935). The maximum number of member of the NSB was 100,000 (around 1,25% of the Dutch population). Soon after the German occupation in May 1940 the NSB became the only allowed political party. Never once during the years of WW II the NSB was giving any real power, instead, the Germans used the NSB for their own purposes. After the German defeat, the NSB disappeared. On 29 June 1932 Jan Baars (previously active in the "Vereeniging 'De Bezem"') founded the "Algemeene Nederlandsche Fascisten Bond" (General Dutch Fascist Federation). It was the first Dutch fascist political party to gain significant election results and it had a considerable number of members. Its political views were quite moderate and it disapproved German Nazi racism and antisemitism. It ended its existence in 1934. Its main successful successor was "Zwart Front" (Black Front), 1934–1941. Its leaders were of a Catholic origin and the party was strongly based on Italian fascism. During the pre-war period, it never established a prominent position like Mussert's NSB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843627 | 506,608 |
Flocoumafen is an anticoagulant of the 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist type. It is a second generation (i.e., high potency) chemical in this class, used commercially as a rodenticide. It has a very high toxicity and is restricted to indoor use and sewers (in the UK). This restriction is mainly due to the increased risk to non-target species, especially due to its tendency to bio-accumulate in exposed organisms. Studies have shown that rodents resistant to first-generation anticoagulants can be adequately controlled with flocoumafen. It was synthesized in 1984 by Shell International Chemical. To most rodents is 1 mg/kg, but it can vary a lot between species: from 0.12 mg/kg: Microtus arvalis to more than 10 mg/kg Acomys cahirinus. For dogs: 0.075 - 0.25 mg/kg. Antidote is vitamin K1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20831512 | 146,351 |
Breaker boy Thus, the second function of a coal breaker is to remove as many impurities as economically desirable and technologically feasible, and then grade the coal-based on the percent of impurities remaining. This was not necessary when coal was used in cottage-industry grade production methods, but became necessary when economies of scale moved production into early factories with a larger workforce and those installations began producing glass and iron in greater quantities. In the U.S. prior to 1830, very little bituminous coal was mined and the fuel of the early American Industrial Revolution—anthracite coal—underwent little processing before being sent to market, which was primarily ironworks and smithies producing wrought iron. The miner himself would use a sledgehammer to break up large lumps of coal, then use a rake whose teeth were set two inches apart to collect the larger pieces of coal for shipment to the surface for such were easiest to pack densely in the sack-like bags that could be slung over the back, or onto a pack animal for the trip out of the mine. The smaller lumps of coal were considered non-marketable and left in the mine. Beginning about 1830, surface processing of coal in the U.S. began concurrently with various canal projects in the Eastern Seaboard. These developments lagged behind that of Great Britain, better matching the timing of similar developments in Continental Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10780562 | 472,153 |
Rubber Board There is a well structured field establishment set up under the Rubber Production Department which renders free advisory and extension services to rubber growers on all aspects of rubber cultivation, production, processing and marketing and simultaneously attends to implementation of various development schemes as well. The set up comprises four Zonal Offices, 44 Regional Offices and 191 Field Offices located at all important rubber growing centers. The Rubber Production Department formulates and implements all schemes relating to cultivation and production, most schemes relating to processing and the schemes for promoting and assisting small holders’ self-help groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19385859 | 481,455 |
Geer tube The was an early single-tube color television cathode ray tube, developed by Willard Geer. The used a pattern of small phosphor-covered three-sided pyramids on the inside of the CRT faceplate to mix separate red, green and blue signals from three electron guns. The had a number of disadvantages, and was never used commercially due to the much better images generated by RCA's shadow mask system. Nevertheless, Geer's patent was awarded first, and RCA purchased an option on it in case their own developments didn't pan out. Color television had been studied even before commercial broadcasting became common, but it was only in the late 1940s that the problem was seriously considered. At the time, a number of systems were being proposed that used separate red, green and blue signals (RGB), broadcast in succession. Most experimental systems broadcast entire frames in sequence, with a colored filter (or "gel") that rotated in front of an otherwise conventional black and white television tube. Each frame encoded one color of the picture, and the wheel spun in sync with the signal so the correct gel was in front of the screen when that colored frame was being displayed. Because they broadcast separate signals for the different colors, all of these systems were incompatible with existing black and white sets. Another problem was that the mechanical filter made them flicker unless very high refresh rates were used. RCA worked along different lines entirely, using a luminance-chrominance system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21747724 | 405,371 |
Tholin Makemake exhibits methane, large amounts of ethane and tholins, as well as smaller amounts of ethylene, acetylene and high-mass alkanes may be present, most likely created by photolysis of methane by solar radiation. The reddish color typical of tholins is characteristic of many Trans-Neptunian objects, including plutinos in the outer Solar System such as 28978 Ixion. Spectral reflectances of Centaurs also suggest the presence of tholins on their surfaces. The "New Horizons" exploration of the classical Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth revealed reddish color at its surface, suggestive of tholins. Tholins were detected "in situ" by the "Rosetta" mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Tholins are not typically characteristic of main-belt asteroids, but have been detected on the asteroid 24 Themis. Tholins might have also been detected in the stellar system of the young star HR 4796A using the Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The HR 4796 system is approximately 220 light years from Earth. Models show that even when far from UV radiation of a star, cosmic ray doses may be fully sufficient to convert carbon-containing ice grains entirely to complex organics in less than the lifetime of the typical interstellar cloud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=458078 | 175,043 |
Commodity market In traditional stock market exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), most trading activity took place in the trading pits in face-to-face interactions between brokers and dealers in open outcry trading. In 1992 the Financial Information eXchange (FIX) protocol was introduced, allowing international real-time exchange of information regarding market transactions. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ordered U.S. stock markets to convert from the fractional system to a decimal system by April 2001. Metrification, conversion from the imperial system of measurement to the metrical, increased throughout the 20th century. Eventually FIX-compliant interfaces were adopted globally by commodity exchanges using the FIX Protocol. In 2001 the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (later merged into the CME group, the world's largest futures exchange company) launched their FIX-compliant interface. By 2011, the alternative trading system (ATS) of electronic trading featured computers buying and selling without human dealer intermediation. High-frequency trading (HFT) algorithmic trading, had almost phased out "dinosaur floor-traders". The robust growth of emerging market economies (EMEs, such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China), beginning in the 1990s, "propelled commodity markets into a supercycle" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48190 | 465,999 |
Dip soldering The workpiece is often agitated to aid the flow of the solder. The workpiece holder must allow an inclination of so that the solder may run off to insure a smooth finish. This process is generally limited to all-metal work pieces, although other materials, such as circuit boards can also tolerate momentary contact with the hot molten solder without damage. There is not much equipment or setup for this process. All that is needed is the solder pot with its temperature control panel, the bath of molten solder, and the work holding device. Usually the work holding device is custom made for each respective workpiece for either manual or automated dipping. Some materials are easier to solder than others. Copper, silver, and gold are easy to solder. Iron and nickel are a little more difficult. Titanium, magnesium, cast irons, steels, ceramics, and graphites are hard to solder. However, if they are first plated they are more easily soldered. An example of this is tin-plating, in which a steel is sheet coated with tin so that it can be soldered more easily. is used extensively in the electronics industry. However, they have a limited service use at elevated temperatures because of the low melting point of the filler metals. Soldered materials do not have much strength and are therefore not used for load-bearing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12115584 | 403,415 |
Fermentative hydrogen production Furthermore, hydrogen production by this bacterium is not inhibited at high hydrogen partial pressures; however, its yield is lower compared to strict anaerobes like "Clostridia". A theoretical maximum of 4 mol H/mol glucose can be produced by strict anaerobic bacteria. Facultative anaerobic bacteria such as "E. aerogenes" have a theoretical maximum yield of 2 mol H/mol glucose. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19220980 | 308,702 |
Seismometer This can be mathematically integrated later to give velocity and position. Strong-motion seismometers are not as sensitive to ground motions as teleseismic instruments but they stay on scale during the strongest seismic shaking. Strong motion sensors are used for intensity meter applications. Accelerographs and geophones are often heavy cylindrical magnets with a spring-mounted coil inside. As the case moves, the coil tends to stay stationary, so the magnetic field cuts the wires, inducing current in the output wires. They receive frequencies from several hundred hertz down to 1 Hz. Some have electronic damping, a low-budget way to get some of the performance of the closed-loop wide-band geologic seismographs. Strain-beam accelerometers constructed as integrated circuits are too insensitive for geologic seismographs (2002), but are widely used in geophones. Some other sensitive designs measure the current generated by the flow of a non-corrosive ionic fluid through an electret sponge or a conductive fluid through a magnetic field. Seismometers spaced in an array can also be used to precisely locate, in three dimensions, the source of an earthquake, using the time it takes for seismic waves to propagate away from the hypocenter, the initiating point of fault rupture (See also Earthquake location). Interconnected seismometers are also used, as part of the International Monitoring System to detect underground nuclear test explosions, as well as for Earthquake early warning systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=231826 | 222,983 |
Rotary atomizers The Rotary, Pressure-swirl or Twin-fluid Atomizers are used in general. Still, for special applications, alternative atomizer types are there such as the 'electrostatic' atomizer in which electrical pressure is used to drive the atomization, and the 'ultrasonic' atomizing device in which the liquid is passed through a transducer vibrating at ultrasonic frequencies to generate shorter wavelengths which convert the fluid into smaller droplets. Since the flow rate of liquid is low in both of these devices, their applications are limited. work on the principle of centrifugal energy; this energy is used to produce a high relative speed between the fluid and air which is essential for atomization. A rotary atomizer comprises a rotating surface. This surface can be in the form of a flat or a vaned disc, a cup, or a slotted wheel. A basic rotary atomizer is displayed in the figure. The liquid first flows radially outwards in the disc and is then released from the disc's outer limits at a relatively very high speed. The atomization relies on the liquid's flow rate and the disc's rotational speed. The fluid is released from the disc's outer limits as uniform-sized droplets at low flow rates. At a comparatively high flow rate, ligaments are generated along the disc's outer limits which later on break into smaller droplets. When the flow rate is further increased, the ligaments become unable to fit in with the liquid flow, and hence a fine sheet of liquid is produced which expands past the disc's rim | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62379588 | 445,791 |
Critical Assessment of Function Annotation There are several computational methods of protein function prediction that can infer protein function using a variety of biological and evolutionary data, but there is significant room for improvement. Accurate prediction of protein function can have longstanding implications on biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The CAFA experiment is designed to provide unbiased assessment of computational methods, to stimulate research in computational function prediction, and provide insights into the overall state-of-the-art in function prediction. The experiment consists of three phases: Organizers provide protein sequences with unknown or incomplete function to community and set the deadline for the submission of predictions After all predictions are stored and the experiment enters a waiting period in which protein functions are expected to accumulate in public databases Predictors are ranked according to their performance. The results are publicly shared in scientific meetings and published after peer review. The CAFA experiment is conducted by the Automated Function Prediction (AFP) Special Interest Group (AFP/SIG). An AFP/SIG meeting has been held alongside the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology conference in 2005, 2006, 2008, 2011, and 2012. The first CAFA experiment was organized between fall 2010 and spring 2012. The organizers provided 48,000 sequences for the community with the task to prediction Gene Ontology annotations for each of these sequences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34567821 | 179,385 |
Restrictive design rules Design rules are maintained and released by a semiconductor foundry for its customers (layout designers of integrated circuits) to follow. (RDRs) curtail some of the "freedom" layout designers have traditionally had with regular design rules in less advanced process technologies. To achieve and maintain an acceptable return on investment for its customers and by extension for itself, a foundry may be compelled, for technological reasons, to adopt RDRs to better ensure the completed layout design of an integrated circuit is manufacturable with a desired yield in more advanced process technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282158 | 111,772 |
Stand-up comedy The Comedy Story also supported local comedians and helped them grow. This outlet eventually become Canvas Laugh Club in Mumbai. Around 2011, people started organizing different comedy open mic events in Mumbai, Delhi (and Gurgaon), Bangalore. All of this happened in association with growth of a counterculture in Indian cities which catered to the appetite of younger generations for live events for comedy, poetry, storytelling, and music. Various stand up events were covered by popular news channels such NDTV / Aajtak etc. and were appreciated by millions of viewers. As a result of these developments, plus the increasing penetration of YouTube (along with Internet/World Wide Web), Indian stand up comedy started reaching further masses. While the established comedians such as Vir Das, Papa CJ were independently growing through various corporate / international performances, other comedians such as Vipul Goyal, Biswa Kalyan Rath, Kenny Sebastian, Kanan Gill grew popular through YouTube videos. The industry, still in its early stages, now sees a lot more influx of aspiring comedians as it transforms the ecosystem around it. Mark Twain and Jerry Seinfeld, both American masters of stand-up comedy, believe in practice and rehearsal. Twain prepared, rehearsed, revised and adapted his material for his popular humorous presentations. Seinfeld says: "Most contemporary comedy is profane, outraged and disposable" but his philosophy is to give the best that he has | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=103067 | 470,507 |
Nuclear disarmament Proponents of nuclear disarmament say that it would lessen the probability of nuclear war occurring, especially accidentally. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine deterrence. In 1945 in the New Mexico desert, American scientists conducted "Trinity," the first nuclear weapons test, marking the beginning of the atomic age. Even before the Trinity test, national leaders debated the impact of nuclear weapons on domestic and foreign policy. Also involved in the debate about nuclear weapons policy was the scientific community, through professional associations such as the Federation of Atomic Scientists and the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. On August 6, 1945, towards the end of World War II, the "Little Boy" device was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings (including the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division) and killed 70,000–80,000 people outright, with total deaths being around 90,000–146,000. Detonation of the "Fat Man" device exploded over the Japanese city of Nagasaki three days later on 9 August 1945, destroying 60% of the city and killing 35,000–40,000 people outright, though up to 40,000 additional deaths may have occurred over some time after that. Subsequently, the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles grew | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22165 | 251,450 |
External debt Examples of liquidity monitoring indicators include the The final indicators are more forward-looking, as they point out how the debt burden will evolve over time, given the current stock of data and average interest rate. The dynamic ratios show how the debt-burden ratios would change in the absence of repayments or new disbursements, indicating the stability of the debt burden. An example of a dynamic ratio is the ratio of the average interest rate on outstanding debt to the growth rate of nominal GDP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535650 | 509,036 |
3D Repo The front-end visualization was programmed in XML3D and was featured at Web3D 2013 in San Sebastián, Spain. The main scientific advancement was the introduction of externalized web 3D resources in various encodings that enabled interactivity and prevented web browsers from becoming unresponsive while loading very large 3D models over the Internet. SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 in Singapore also introduced a native Android application and the very first 3D differencing tool "Interactive 3D Diff". Subsequent collaboration with Prof Niloy Mitra at University College London led to the development of a reverse engineering system "3D Timeline" presented at Eurographics 2014 in Strasbourg, France. Unlike Interactive 3D Diff which required prior correspondence information, i.e. matching object-level identifiers between revisions, 3D Timeline reverse engineered the relationships and changes between 3D components over multiple revisions without prior correspondence. Based on the potential commercial impact of 3D Repo, the project was awarded VEIV Advance Scholarship in order to devise a business plan. This was nominated for the Royal Academy of Engineering ERA Foundation Entrepreneurs Award in December 2013. A commercial company was registered in April 2014 following the award of an Innovate UK Smart grant which also helped to secure initial angel funding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55675206 | 129,455 |
DNA-directed RNA interference Biomics Biotechnologies has evaluated around 5000 siRNA sequences of this gene for effective knockdown; five sequences were chosen for further investigation and shown to have potent silencing activity when converted into shRNA expression cassettes. A multi-cassette construct, Hepbarna, is under preclinical development for delivery by an adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV-8) liver-targeting vector. Classified as an orphan disease, there is currently no therapy for OPMD, caused by a mutation in the poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) gene. Silencing the mutant gene using ddRNAi offers a potential therapeutic approach. Besides the ex vivo approach by the City of Hope National Medical Center discussed above, the Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, is extensively researching the composition of multi-cassette DNA constructs to tackle HIV. As with all gene therapies, a number of safety and toxicity issues need to be evaluated during the development of ddRNAi therapeutics: Oncogene activation by viral insertion: Some gene therapy vectors integrate into the host genome, thereby acting as insertional mutagens. This was a particular issue with early retroviral vectors where insertions adjacent to oncogenes resulted in the development of lymphoid tumors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39654121 | 18,143 |
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